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Aiming at the problem of redundancy in the phase space reconstruction of sample entropy algorithm, the phase space reconstruction process of sample entropy algorithm was replaced by a symbolic variable matrix, and an improved sample entropy algorithm was established. The analysis of white noise and powder noise simulation signals shows that the improved sample entropy algorithm can extract signal features effectively and has high computational efficiency. In the past, bearing clearance faults of complex compressors were studied, and the improved sample entropy algorithm was applied to extract features and compared with sample entropy. The feature extraction results of the method are highly consistent with the sample entropy algorithm, and the computational efficiency of the algorithm is much higher than that of the sample entropy algorithm.

, correspAuthors=Wei LUO, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Yan-yang LI, Wei LUO), CN=ArticleExt(id=1156983936271344084, articleId=1156983786526302431, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=CN, title=基于符号变量矩阵的改进样本熵算法, columnId=1156262732954461139, journalTitle=科学技术与工程, columnName=论文·机械、仪表工业, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

针对样本熵算法在相空间重构过程中存在冗余运算的问题,通过构建符号变量矩阵的方法,对样本熵算法的相空间重构过程进行替换,建立改进的样本熵算法。白噪声和粉噪声仿真信号分析表明,改进的样本熵算法能有效提取信号的特征,并且具有较高计算效率。以往复压缩机轴承间隙故障为研究对象,应用改进的样本熵算法对其进行特征提取,并与样本熵进行对比,该方法特征提取结果与样本熵算法保持高度一致,算法的计算效率远高于样本熵算法。

, correspAuthors=罗伟, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*罗伟(1979—),男,汉族,湖南株洲人,硕士,教授。研究方向:电气工程。E-mail:
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李彦阳(1980—),女,汉族,黑龙江讷河人,博士研究生,讲师。研究方向:往复机械设备故障机理与诊断。E-mail:

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李彦阳(1980—),女,汉族,黑龙江讷河人,博士研究生,讲师。研究方向:往复机械设备故障机理与诊断。E-mail:

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李彦阳(1980—),女,汉族,黑龙江讷河人,博士研究生,讲师。研究方向:往复机械设备故障机理与诊断。E-mail:

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Modular Machine Tool & Automatic Manufacturing Technique, 2019(4): 120-123, 132., articleTitle=A fault diagnosis method for reciprocating compressor bearings based on parameter optimization VMD and MDE, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1225467196541944764, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156983786526302431, awardId=KYTD202103, language=CN, fundingSource=湖南铁道职业技术学院机电一体化科研创新团队建设资助(KYTD202103), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1225467180834275330, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156983786526302431, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1225467180876218372, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156983786526302431, companyId=1225467180834275330, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 College of Civil Engineering and Water Conservancy Institute, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural 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label=图5, caption=两种不同轴瓦状态图, figureFileSmall=7Sh0UphsMfIKm98OguE7pw==, figureFileBig=2/B3lxvlZ0Ppe8op+1TiMw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225467189797503623, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156983786526302431, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Time domain waveform of the bearing under normal condition, figureFileSmall=sFPZrOsfLX2vn8+H5MpF1A==, figureFileBig=LIOG6tFSMNKgnmzPSjPS7w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225467189906555536, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156983786526302431, language=CN, label=图6, caption=轴瓦正常状态下的时域波形图, figureFileSmall=sFPZrOsfLX2vn8+H5MpF1A==, figureFileBig=LIOG6tFSMNKgnmzPSjPS7w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225467190036578977, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156983786526302431, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Time domain waveform diagram of bearing bush under wear condition, figureFileSmall=0iOXRB3EPlQiYyKvCdi4QQ==, 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The two entropy algorithms correspond to the calculation time of feature extraction for white noise of different lengths

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样本
长度
SE
(S1)/s
ISE
(S2)/s
S1/S2 S2S1速度
提升的百分比/%
2 048 0.27 0.14 1.93 92.86
4 096 1.28 0.57 2.25 124.56
8 192 8.79 1.89 4.65 365.08
16 384 69.66 7.15 9.74 874.27
), ArticleFig(id=1225467193610126134, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156983786526302431, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

两种熵值算法对应不同长度白噪声的特征提取计算时间

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样本
长度
SE
(S1)/s
ISE
(S2)/s
S1/S2 S2S1速度
提升的百分比/%
2 048 0.27 0.14 1.93 92.86
4 096 1.28 0.57 2.25 124.56
8 192 8.79 1.89 4.65 365.08
16 384 69.66 7.15 9.74 874.27
), ArticleFig(id=1225467193807258436, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156983786526302431, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

The two entropy algorithms correspond to the calculation time of feature extraction for powder noise of different length

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样本
长度
SE
(S1)/s
ISE
(S2)/s
S1/S2 S2S1速度
提升的百分比/%
2 048 0.35 0.18 1.94 94.44
4 096 1.48 0.63 2.35 134.92
8 192 11.91 2.31 5.16 415.58
16 384 79.82 8.95 8.92 791.84
), ArticleFig(id=1225467194042139475, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156983786526302431, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

两种熵值算法对应不同长度粉噪声的特征提取计算时间

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样本
长度
SE
(S1)/s
ISE
(S2)/s
S1/S2 S2S1速度
提升的百分比/%
2 048 0.35 0.18 1.94 94.44
4 096 1.48 0.63 2.35 134.92
8 192 11.91 2.31 5.16 415.58
16 384 79.82 8.95 8.92 791.84
), ArticleFig(id=1225467194214105949, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156983786526302431, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

The two entropy algorithms under a single scale correspond to the entropy calculation time of bearing vibration signals under different length bearing bush wear states

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样本
长度
SE
(S1)/s
ISE
(S2)/s
S1/S2 S2S1速度
提升的百分比/%
6 014 4.96 2.12 2.01 133.96
12 028 24.52 4.91 4.93 399.39
18 042 75.31 9.89 7.85 661.48
24 056 143.91 15.78 9.12 816.62
), ArticleFig(id=1225467194503512938, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156983786526302431, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

单一尺度下两种熵值算法对应不同长度轴瓦磨损状态下轴承振动信号的熵值计算时间

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样本
长度
SE
(S1)/s
ISE
(S2)/s
S1/S2 S2S1速度
提升的百分比/%
6 014 4.96 2.12 2.01 133.96
12 028 24.52 4.91 4.93 399.39
18 042 75.31 9.89 7.85 661.48
24 056 143.91 15.78 9.12 816.62
), ArticleFig(id=1225467195971519362, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156983786526302431, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

The two entropy algorithms correspond to the entropy calculation time of bearing vibration signal under different length bearing wear conditions

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样本
长度
SE
(S1)/s
ISE
(S2)/s
S1/S2 S2S1速度
提升的百分比/%
6 014 5.25 2.65 1.98 98.11
12 028 28.10 6.51 4.32 331.64
18 042 97.73 12.64 7.73 673.18
24 056 190.61 21.25 8.97 796.99
), ArticleFig(id=1225467196185428884, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156983786526302431, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

多尺度下两种熵值算法对应不同长度轴瓦磨损状态下轴承振动信号的熵值计算时间

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样本
长度
SE
(S1)/s
ISE
(S2)/s
S1/S2 S2S1速度
提升的百分比/%
6 014 5.25 2.65 1.98 98.11
12 028 28.10 6.51 4.32 331.64
18 042 97.73 12.64 7.73 673.18
24 056 190.61 21.25 8.97 796.99
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基于符号变量矩阵的改进样本熵算法
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李彦阳 1, 2 , 罗伟 3, *
科学技术与工程 | 论文·机械、仪表工业 2025,25(5): 1913-1919
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科学技术与工程 | 论文·机械、仪表工业 2025, 25(5): 1913-1919
基于符号变量矩阵的改进样本熵算法
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李彦阳1, 2 , 罗伟3, *
作者信息
  • 1 黑龙江八一农垦大学土木水利学院, 大庆 163319
  • 2 东北石油大学机械科学与工程学院, 大庆 163318
  • 3 湖南铁道职业技术学院智能制造学院, 株洲 412001
  • 李彦阳(1980—),女,汉族,黑龙江讷河人,博士研究生,讲师。研究方向:往复机械设备故障机理与诊断。E-mail:

通讯作者:

*罗伟(1979—),男,汉族,湖南株洲人,硕士,教授。研究方向:电气工程。E-mail:
Improved Sample Entropy Algorithm Based on Symbolic Variable Matrix
Yan-yang LI1, 2 , Wei LUO3, *
Affiliations
  • 1 College of Civil Engineering and Water Conservancy Institute, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China
  • 2 College of Mechanical Science and Engineering, Northeast Petroleum University, Daqing 163318, China
  • 3 College of Intelligent Manufacturing, Hunan Railway Professional Technology College, Zhuzhou 412001, China
出版时间: 2025-02-18 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2309190
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针对样本熵算法在相空间重构过程中存在冗余运算的问题,通过构建符号变量矩阵的方法,对样本熵算法的相空间重构过程进行替换,建立改进的样本熵算法。白噪声和粉噪声仿真信号分析表明,改进的样本熵算法能有效提取信号的特征,并且具有较高计算效率。以往复压缩机轴承间隙故障为研究对象,应用改进的样本熵算法对其进行特征提取,并与样本熵进行对比,该方法特征提取结果与样本熵算法保持高度一致,算法的计算效率远高于样本熵算法。

样本熵  /  改进的样本熵  /  计算效率  /  特征提取  /  往复压缩机

Aiming at the problem of redundancy in the phase space reconstruction of sample entropy algorithm, the phase space reconstruction process of sample entropy algorithm was replaced by a symbolic variable matrix, and an improved sample entropy algorithm was established. The analysis of white noise and powder noise simulation signals shows that the improved sample entropy algorithm can extract signal features effectively and has high computational efficiency. In the past, bearing clearance faults of complex compressors were studied, and the improved sample entropy algorithm was applied to extract features and compared with sample entropy. The feature extraction results of the method are highly consistent with the sample entropy algorithm, and the computational efficiency of the algorithm is much higher than that of the sample entropy algorithm.

sample entropy  /  improved sample entropy  /  computational efficiency  /  feature extraction  /  reciprocating compressor
李彦阳, 罗伟. 基于符号变量矩阵的改进样本熵算法. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (5) : 1913 -1919 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2309190
Yan-yang LI, Wei LUO. Improved Sample Entropy Algorithm Based on Symbolic Variable Matrix[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (5) : 1913 -1919 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2309190
往复压缩机因压力稳定、运输介质广泛等特点,被广泛应用于石油、化工等行业。由于其工作环境恶劣,工作强度高,使得往复压缩机中轴承和气阀等重要零件在工作过程中极易发现故障,造成巨大安全事故,给生产的正常运行带来巨大的经济损失[1-2]。因此,针对往复压缩机建立一套完善的实时故障诊断和保护系统,可以有效地降低事故发生率。然而,往复压缩机产生的故障种类繁多,振动信号的样本数据长度大,并且整个故障诊断过程复杂且效率低。因此,采用传统的振动信号熵值分析法存在一定缺陷,不利于往复压缩机的实时在线监测与保护。
样本熵算法(sample entropy)是著名学者Richman在改进近似熵的基础上提出的[3],样本熵算法属于一种典型的振动信号熵值分析方法,样本熵算法在特征提取过程中具有以下优势:所需数据短、拥有一定的抗噪和抗干扰的能力、对于在指定范围内的不同参数都能保持熵值结果的一致性。因此,被广泛应用于往复压缩机等机械故障振动信号的故障特征提取中[4]
然而针对样本熵算法计算冗余等问题,朱永升等[5]提出了二次滑动均值粗粒化的多尺度快速样本熵算法,并成功应用于脑电信号的特征提取过程,实验结果表明,该方法高效地提取了脑电特征,实现了脑电信号分析进一步飞跃。其次,孙桂琪等[6]通过构建二值化的方法,对样本熵算法进行改进,极大地提高算法的计算效率,并将其应用于语音信号的特征提取过程中。针对样本熵算法计算冗余的问题,姜苗苗等[7]通过构建KD树(K-dimensional tree)的方式改进样本熵算法,提高了样本熵的计算效率,增加了算法的实效性。上述改进样本熵计算效率的方法均是通过对算法进行替换改进,并未从算法冗余的关键步骤出发进行改进,而且均未对机械振动信号进行分析,因此,现从样本数算法冗余问题的本身出发,通过构建符号变量矩阵的方法,对样本熵算法在该相空间重构过程进行替换,得到一种提高样本熵算法计算效率的新改进样本熵算法。并成功将其应用于往复压缩机轴承间隙故障中进行故障特征提取,以提高往复压缩机轴承间隙故障诊断的整体计算效率,并在一定程度上解决当前自动诊断方法的实时性问题[8]
样本熵(sample entropy, SampEn)是由Lake等[9]改进近似熵得到一种新型的衡量时间序列复杂度方法。样本熵具体算法步骤如下。
步骤1 首先对时间序列X={xi}进行m维重构,即
$\boldsymbol{X}(i)=[x(i), x(i+1), \cdots, x(i+m-1)]$
式(1)中:i=1~N-m+1。
步骤2 定义X(i)与X(j)两个向量间的切比雪夫距离d[X(i),X(j)]为
$d[\boldsymbol{X}(i), \boldsymbol{X}(j)]=\max _{0 \sim m-1}|x(1+k)-x(j+k)|$
X(i)和X(j)中所有元素的差值都要小于或等于距离d[X(i),X(j)],并且每一个元素i都需要计算X(i)和其余向量X(j)之间的距离d[X(i),X(j)]。
步骤3 求解完距离d后需要统计出所有向量间切比雪夫距离d[X(i),X(j)]小于阈值r的数目,然后将小于阈值的向量个数与总矢量个数N-m相比得到${C}_{i}^{m}$(r)。
$C_{i}^{m}(r)=\frac{1}{N-m} \operatorname{num}\{d[\boldsymbol{X}(i), \boldsymbol{X}(j)]<r\}$
式(3)中:i=1,2,…,N-m+1,ij
步骤4 再对所有${C}_{i}^{m}$(r)求平均值,得到Bm(r)。
$B^{m}(r)=\frac{1}{N-m+1} \sum_{i=1}^{N-m+1} C_{i}^{m}(r)$
步骤5 再将维度m+1重复计算步骤1~ 步骤4,从而得到Bm+1(r)。
步骤6 从而得到该时间序列的样本熵。
$\operatorname{SampEn}(m, r)=\lim _{N \rightarrow \infty}\left\{-\ln \left[B^{m+1}(r) / B^{m}(r)\right]\right\}$
但由于实际情况中N为无穷大,于是N取某自然数时,实际样本熵值为
SampEn(m,r,N)=-ln[Bm+1(r)/Bm(r)]
样本熵算法的值只与m,rN等参数有关。其中不同的维度m与阈值r求解的样本熵值是不同的。样本熵算法参数的设置:m=1或2,r=0.1~0.25std(X),根据经验,该参数设置下的样本熵算法能够较合理地表示时间序列的复杂度。
首先根据图1所示的样本熵算法示意流程图可以看出,样本熵算法计算Bm+1(r) 的过程中包含了Bm(r)计算过程中向量X(i)与X(j)间的距离计算及该距离与阈值的比较,然而根据样本熵算法向量间距离的计算原理可知,对于该重复步骤可以利用合并简化的思想对样本熵算法进行改进,从而得到一种在保持与样本熵算法计算结果一致的同时,较显著地缩短算法的运行时间的改进样本熵算法。
以时间序列a={ai}(i∈[1,N])为例对样本熵算法存在的冗余运算问题进行具体说明,其中样本熵的相关参数设置为:维度m=2,阈值。
图2表示时间序列a={a1,a2,…,aN}在维度m和维度m+1下的重构过程。根据样本熵算法的原理可知,时间序列重构后,需要分别计算重构后各二维向量和各三维向量之间的距离,然后将该距离与阈值进行比较。相空间重构过程中不同维度向量间的距离计算方式如图3所示,需要具体分析该计算过程所存在的冗余步骤。
图3中可以看出,三维重构后得到的三维向量包含了二维重构后的二维向量,根据样本熵算法计算步骤中的步骤2“计算不同维度下向量间的距离”的原理可知,在计算三维向量间的距离d(W1,W2)时,其已包含了对二维向量T1T2间的距离计算,即向量(a1,a2)和(a2,a3)之间的距离计算步骤,并且计算完各二维向量和各三维向量之间的距离后,还需要将每个向量间的距离与阈值进行比较,以得到小于阈值的各数值,于是样本熵算法在此计算过程中将会产生多余的计算时长。为了解决样本熵算法所存在的此问题,对该计算步骤进行改进,首先,将时间序列重构后的最后一个二维向量TN-1进行舍去,保证重构后的二维向量总个数与三维向量总个数保持一致;然后,利用合并简化的思想,构建出一个包含各二维向量间和各三维向量间距离计算结果的符号变量矩阵,对样本熵算法相空间重构过程进行替换,简化了样本熵算法需要分别计算二维重构和三维重构后各向量间的距离及该距离与阈值的比较等步骤,从而较大地提高样本熵算法的计算效率。
针对样本熵算法在相空间重构过程中所存在的冗余运算问题,对样本熵算法进行改进。首先,通过构建出m+1维度下对应的不同向量间的切比雪夫距离总矩阵S,具体构建方式为:使用每个重构后的三维向量依次地与其后的所有列向量作差求绝对值构成矩阵列向量i的距离矩阵S(i),然后将所有S(i)矩阵依顺序合并作为距离总矩阵S,其中S(1)的求解步骤如式(7)所示。
S(1)=$\left[\begin{array}{l}x\left(2\right)-x\left(1\right)\dots x(N-2)-x\left(1\right)\\ x\left(3\right)-x\left(2\right)\dots x(N-1)-x\left(2\right)\\ x\left(4\right)-x\left(3\right)\dots x\left(N\right)-x\left(3\right)\end{array}\right]$
其次,引入符号变量矩阵的概念,将S(i)与阈值r进行比较,若S(i)小于r,则令Z(i)=1,反之令Z(i)=0,从而得到符号变量矩阵Z
最后,统计各维度下向量间距离小于阈值的个数,在维度为2时,向量间距离小于阈值的个数num2对应为符号变量矩阵Z 前两行中列向量(1,1)的个数;在维度为3时,向量间距离小于阈值的个数num3对应为符号变量矩阵Z中列向量(1,1,1)的个数,因此对于样本熵算法第三步统计小于阈值的向量间距离个数的过程,改进的样本熵算法只需提取符号变量矩阵Z中列向量(1,1)和(1,1,1)的个数所得到,从而很好地解决了样本熵算法需要重复计算不同维度下向量间的距离及该距离与阈值的比较等过程,提高了样本熵算法的整体运行速度。
改进样本熵算法的创新点主要是通过建立符号变量矩阵的方法,对原样本熵算法相空间重构过程进行替换,简化原样本熵算法在时间序列重构后向量间距离的计算和向量间距离小于阈值个数的统计等步骤,从而使得改进样本熵算法的特征提取结果在保持与原样本熵算法一致性的同时,较大地提高原样本熵算法的计算效率。
设原时间序列为X={xi},i∈[1,N],其中维度m=2,阈值r=0.20std(X)。
步骤1 使用原序列构建N-m个列向量W,其中i∈[1,N-m],W
W=$\left[\begin{array}{l}x\left(i\right)\\ x(i+1)\\ ︙\\ x(i+m)\end{array}\right]$
将这些列向量按顺序填充至矩阵T中,其中矩阵T 为3×(N-m)的矩阵。
步骤2 构造距离矩阵S。依顺序取出矩阵T中的列向量,使用其与顺序在其后的所有列向量作差求距离矩阵S,其中矩阵S为3行多列的矩阵。
步骤3 构造0-1符号化矩阵Z。对S矩阵中所有元素与阈值r做比较,如果S(r)≪r,则Z(i)=1;如果S(r)>r,则Z(i)=0。
步骤4 统计个数。其中,符号变量矩阵Z共有3行,计算矩阵Z前两行中列向量(1,1)的个数,定义为num2;计算矩阵Z中列向量(1,1,1)的个数,定义为num3。然后分别计算Cm=2(r)和Cm=3(r)的值。
$C^{m=2}(r)=\frac{1}{N-m} \text { num2 }$
$C^{m=3}(r)=\frac{1}{N-m} \text { num3 }$
步骤5 因此理论上此时间序列改进的样本熵为
FSampEn(m,r,N)=-ln[Cm=3(r)/Cm=2(r)]
分别采用高斯白噪声信号和粉噪声信号对改进的样本熵算法进行仿真对比分析,其中两种仿真信号的样本长度均为8 192,熵值算法的维度m=2,计算得到两种仿真信号的熵值结果随阈值的变化曲线如图4所示,结果表明,对于两种不同仿真信号的熵值曲线,改进的样本熵算法对阈值的敏感度与原样本熵算法保持着高度的一致性,因此证明了本文方法的有效性。
为了验证改进样本熵算法的实时性,选择2 048、4 096、8 192、16 384共4种不同样本长度的高斯白噪声信号和粉噪声信号分别进行特征提取计算时间对比分析,高斯白噪声信号和粉噪声信号的特征提取计算时间分别如表1表2所示。
可以明显看出,对于不同样本长度的白噪声信号和粉噪声信号,改进的样本熵算法(ISE)在计算效率均远高于原样本熵算法(SE),并且随着仿真信号样本长度的增加,改进样本熵算法的计算效率也出现了大幅度的提升,因此证明了改进样本熵算法实时性和处理大数据样本的高效性。
应用改进的样本熵算法和原样本熵算法对往复压缩机轴承间隙故障振动信号进行特征提取对比分析研究,其中选择2D12-70型往复压缩机的轴承间隙振动信号作为本文数据来源。2D12-70型往复压缩机相关参数如下:曲柄转速为496 r/min,活塞行程为240 mm,轴功率为500 kW,排气量为70 m3/min [10-11]。从实验室收集的往复压缩机振动数据中,选择一级气缸轴侧测点处收集的二级连杆小头滑动轴承轴瓦磨损状态下和轴瓦正常状态下的加速度振动数据进行研究,其中数据采样的频率为50 kHz,两种轴瓦状态如图5所示。
上述两种轴瓦状态对应的往复压缩机二级连杆小头滑动轴承振动时域图如图6图7所示,由于往复压缩机存在着整周循环曲柄连杆冲击,导致正常状态下的轴承振动时域图表现为冲击性且无规律性,如图6所示;当轴承的轴瓦出现磨损时,轴承外圈与内圈之间会出现一定的间隙,从而导致油膜润滑可能出现失效,从而引起外圈与内圈之间出现分离而导致的碰撞,形成冲击明显波形时域图,如图7所示。
利用改进的样本熵算法和原样本熵算法对往复压缩机轴瓦正常状态和磨损状态对应的两种二级连杆小头滑动轴承振动信号分别进行复杂度特征提取,采样频率为50 kHz,由于往复压缩机的采样频率高且总体数据庞大,为缩短特征提取过程的计算时间,选取两个周期长度的数据进行分析,两种熵值算法的维度都为m=2,从而得到两种不同熵值算法的熵值结果随阈值的变化曲线如图8所示,可以看出,对于往复压缩机轴承振动实测信号,改进的样本熵算法对阈值的敏感度与原样本熵算法同样保持着一致性。
设置阈值r为0.20倍时间序列的标准差,维度m=2,利用样本熵算法和改进的样本熵算法,分别计算不同采样时间下的往复压缩机二级连杆小头轴瓦磨损状态下的轴承振动信号的熵值变化情况,计算结果如图9所示,其中采用时间间隔为0.01 s,横坐标时间点表示从起始到当前的总采样时间,例如横坐标0.05 s时纵坐标值为1~2 500点的熵值。从图9中可以看出,改进的样本熵算法与原样本熵算法针对不同采样时间下轴瓦磨损状态轴承振动信号的熵值变化情况具有高度的一致性,并且该熵值变化情况与轴瓦磨损状态轴承振动信号本身的复杂情况基本一致,因此证明了本文算法与样本熵具有很好的一致性,改进样本熵算法同样适应于往复压缩机轴承间隙故障特征提取中。
为了进一步验证改进的样本熵算法在往复压缩机轴承间隙故障特征提取中计算效率的优越性,选取轴瓦磨损状态下的轴承振动信号为研究对象,分别利用单一尺度下的样本熵和改进样本熵以及多尺度下的样本熵和改进样本熵对轴瓦磨损状态下的轴承振动信号进行特征提取分析,计算结果分别如表3表4所示,其中表4的计算时间为尺度因子τ=2~10的平均值。
分析表3表4可知,对于时间序列长度不同的轴瓦磨损状态下的轴承振动信号,分别采用单一尺度下的样本熵和改进样本熵算法以及多尺度下的样本熵和改进样本熵算法进行特征描述时,发现在单一尺度和多尺度下改进样本熵算法的计算速度均大于原样本熵算法,并且随着样本长度的增加,改进样本熵算法的计算效率也出现了大幅的增加,因此改进的样本熵算法具有较好的实时性,为提高往复压缩机轴承间隙故障诊断的整体计算效率提供了一种新的思路,一定程度上解决了当前往复压缩机轴承故障诊断的实时性问题。
(1)针对样本熵算法计算步骤中存在冗余计算和计算复杂等问题,通过构建符号变量矩阵,对样本熵算法的相空间重构过程进行替换,简化原样本熵算法在时间序列重构后向量间距离的计算和向量间距离小于阈值个数的统计等步骤,得到一种提高样本熵计算效率的新熵值算法。
(2)通过进行仿真分析和往复压缩机轴承间隙振动信号的实例应用研究发现,改进样本熵算法的特征提取结果和原样本熵算法具有高度的一致性,因此改进的样本熵算法同样适用于时间序列的特征提取研究;并且对于样本长度不同的时间序列信号,改进样本熵算法的计算效率均大于样本熵算法,并且随着信号样本长度的增加,改进样本熵算法的计算效率出现了大幅的增加,因此证明了改进样本熵算法实时性和处理大数据样本的高效性。
  • 湖南铁道职业技术学院机电一体化科研创新团队建设资助(KYTD202103)
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2025年第25卷第5期
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2309190
  • 接收时间:2023-11-22
  • 首发时间:2025-07-29
  • 出版时间:2025-02-18
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  • 收稿日期:2023-11-22
  • 修回日期:2024-07-19
基金
湖南铁道职业技术学院机电一体化科研创新团队建设资助(KYTD202103)
作者信息
    1 黑龙江八一农垦大学土木水利学院, 大庆 163319
    2 东北石油大学机械科学与工程学院, 大庆 163318
    3 湖南铁道职业技术学院智能制造学院, 株洲 412001

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*罗伟(1979—),男,汉族,湖南株洲人,硕士,教授。研究方向:电气工程。E-mail:
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
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