Article(id=1156983785934902092, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1156983783787421903, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2309537, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1701619200000, receivedDateStr=2023-12-04, revisedDate=1721318400000, revisedDateStr=2024-07-19, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1753776030286, onlineDateStr=2025-07-29, pubDate=1739808000000, pubDateStr=2025-02-18, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753776030286, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-29, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753776030286, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753776030286, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1156983783787421903, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='5', pageStart='1753', pageEnd='2192', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1753776029774, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1769691857141, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1223739602251436918, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1156983783787421903, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1223739602251436919, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1156983783787421903, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1850, endPage=1855, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1156983786710848339, articleId=1156983785934902092, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=Development of Software for Analyzing Anchorage Parameters of Anchor Rods Based on Wavelet Transform and STA/LTA, columnId=1156264152168518571, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Papers·Mining and Metallurgical Engineering, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

With the rapid development of infrastructure projects in China, the use of anchor bolts in mining, geology, and tunnel engineering continues to increase. The non-destructive testing of anchor bolt quality is crucial for enhancing the stability and safety of engineering projects. Based on the stress wave detection method, wavelet threshold functions and STA/LTA algorithms were employed to comprehensively evaluate anchor bolt engineering. A software for non-destructive testing and intelligent analysis of anchor bolt anchorage was developed, integrating signal filtering and acquisition of anchorage parameters. Through numerical simulation analysis of anchor bolt anchorage, the lengths of anchor bolts were calculated using both manual picking and software-based arrival time extraction. The results show that the software-calculated anchor bolt lengths have an overall error controlled within 5%, offering higher precision than manual picking, which is significant for improving the safety and stability of project engineering.

, correspAuthors=Qing-feng LI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Dun NIU, Qing-feng LI, Hai-lin HUANG, Yi-wen CHEN), CN=ArticleExt(id=1156983923331912484, articleId=1156983785934902092, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=CN, title=基于小波变换和STA/LTA的锚杆锚固参数分析软件开发, columnId=1156264152306930605, journalTitle=科学技术与工程, columnName=论文·矿冶工程, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

随着中国基础建设事业的迅猛发展,锚杆锚固在矿业、地质、隧道等工程上的使用量不断攀升,锚杆锚固质量的无损检测对于提高工程项目稳定安全具有重要意义。因此,以应力波检测法为基础,运用小波阈值函数、STA/LTA等算法,对锚杆工程进行综合评价,设计开发出集信号滤波、锚杆锚固参数获取等功能为一体的锚杆锚固无损检测与智能分析软件。通过锚杆锚固数值模拟分析,分别计算人工拾取和软件到时提取的锚杆长度,得出软件计算出的锚杆长度总体误差控制在5%之内,比人工拾取精度更高,对于提高项目工程安全稳定具有重要意义。

, correspAuthors=李青锋, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*李青锋(1970—),男,汉族,湖南新宁人,博士,教授。研究方向:动力灾害防治学。E-mail:
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牛顿(1998—),男,汉族,山东菏泽人,硕士。研究方向:动力灾害防治学。E-mail:

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牛顿(1998—),男,汉族,山东菏泽人,硕士。研究方向:动力灾害防治学。E-mail:

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牛顿(1998—),男,汉族,山东菏泽人,硕士。研究方向:动力灾害防治学。E-mail:

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companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 湖南科技大学地球科学与空间信息工程学院, 湘潭 411100)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1225467167093732182, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156983785934902092, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Stress wave propagation path diagram in the bolt, figureFileSmall=cAYcws2jfspH5TsSlbe/uQ==, figureFileBig=XWxlLamiaypDA/qW5yqM/A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225467167181812571, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156983785934902092, language=CN, label=图1, caption=应力波在锚杆内传播路径示意图, figureFileSmall=cAYcws2jfspH5TsSlbe/uQ==, figureFileBig=XWxlLamiaypDA/qW5yqM/A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225467167320224614, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156983785934902092, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Wavelet threshold denoising process, figureFileSmall=yK0PiEGPMA+f7t71dup5UA==, figureFileBig=otiagfFFpZAjDJmGDfBbsg==, tableContent=null), 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The physical and mechanical parameters of the materials used in the model

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
介质
类别
密度/
(kg·m-3)
体积
模量/
GPa
剪切
模量/
GPa
内摩
擦角/
(°)
黏结
强度/
MPa
抗拉
强度/
MPa
锚杆 7 840 175 80.8
辅助杆 7 840 175 80.8
托盘 7 840 175 80.8
螺母 7 840 175 80.8
锚固介质 2 600 25.3 15.2 35 8.0 2.0
围岩 2 810 20.8 9.62 39 8.7 2.5
), ArticleFig(id=1225467170356900864, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156983785934902092, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

模型中所用材料的物理力学参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
介质
类别
密度/
(kg·m-3)
体积
模量/
GPa
剪切
模量/
GPa
内摩
擦角/
(°)
黏结
强度/
MPa
抗拉
强度/
MPa
锚杆 7 840 175 80.8
辅助杆 7 840 175 80.8
托盘 7 840 175 80.8
螺母 7 840 175 80.8
锚固介质 2 600 25.3 15.2 35 8.0 2.0
围岩 2 810 20.8 9.62 39 8.7 2.5
), ArticleFig(id=1225467170507894796, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156983785934902092, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Anchoring scheme parameters

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方案 锚杆长度/m 锚固段长度/m 非锚固段长度/m
方案1 2.00 0.25 1.75
方案2 0.35 1.65
方案3 0.50 1.50
), ArticleFig(id=1225467170637918235, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156983785934902092, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

锚固方案参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方案 锚杆长度/m 锚固段长度/m 非锚固段长度/m
方案1 2.00 0.25 1.75
方案2 0.35 1.65
方案3 0.50 1.50
), ArticleFig(id=1225467170897965092, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156983785934902092, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Statistical table of anchorage length test results

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方案 锚固段
实际
长度/m
锚固段
人工计算
长度/m
锚固段
智能软件
计算长度/
m
锚固段
人工计算
长度误
差率/%
锚固段
智能软件
计算长度
误差率/%
1 0.25 0.211 0.238 15.6 4.8
2 0.35 0.328 0.338 6.3 3.4
3 0.50 0.540 0.483 8.0 3.4
), ArticleFig(id=1225467171057348657, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156983785934902092, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

锚固长度检测结果统计表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方案 锚固段
实际
长度/m
锚固段
人工计算
长度/m
锚固段
智能软件
计算长度/
m
锚固段
人工计算
长度误
差率/%
锚固段
智能软件
计算长度
误差率/%
1 0.25 0.211 0.238 15.6 4.8
2 0.35 0.328 0.338 6.3 3.4
3 0.50 0.540 0.483 8.0 3.4
), ArticleFig(id=1225467171195760701, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156983785934902092, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Statistical table of non-anchorage length test results

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方案 非锚固段
实际长度/
m
非锚固段
人工计算
长度/m
非锚固段
智能软件
计算长度/
m
非锚固段
人工计算
长度误
差率/%
非锚固段
智能软件
计算长度
误差率/%
1 1.75 1.913 1.715 9.3 2.1
2 1.65 1.572 1.608 4.7 2.5
3 1.50 1.392 1.426 7.2 4.9
), ArticleFig(id=1225467171350949958, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156983785934902092, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

非锚固长度检测结果统计表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方案 非锚固段
实际长度/
m
非锚固段
人工计算
长度/m
非锚固段
智能软件
计算长度/
m
非锚固段
人工计算
长度误
差率/%
非锚固段
智能软件
计算长度
误差率/%
1 1.75 1.913 1.715 9.3 2.1
2 1.65 1.572 1.608 4.7 2.5
3 1.50 1.392 1.426 7.2 4.9
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基于小波变换和STA/LTA的锚杆锚固参数分析软件开发
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牛顿 1 , 李青锋 1, * , 黄海霖 2 , 陈懿雯 1
科学技术与工程 | 论文·矿冶工程 2025,25(5): 1850-1855
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科学技术与工程 | 论文·矿冶工程 2025, 25(5): 1850-1855
基于小波变换和STA/LTA的锚杆锚固参数分析软件开发
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牛顿1 , 李青锋1, * , 黄海霖2, 陈懿雯1
作者信息
  • 1 湖南科技大学资源环境与安全工程学院, 湘潭 411100
  • 2 湖南科技大学地球科学与空间信息工程学院, 湘潭 411100
  • 牛顿(1998—),男,汉族,山东菏泽人,硕士。研究方向:动力灾害防治学。E-mail:

通讯作者:

*李青锋(1970—),男,汉族,湖南新宁人,博士,教授。研究方向:动力灾害防治学。E-mail:
Development of Software for Analyzing Anchorage Parameters of Anchor Rods Based on Wavelet Transform and STA/LTA
Dun NIU1 , Qing-feng LI1, * , Hai-lin HUANG2, Yi-wen CHEN1
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Resource & Environment and Safety Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan 411100, China
  • 2 College of Earth Sciences and Spatial Information Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan 411100, China
出版时间: 2025-02-18 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2309537
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随着中国基础建设事业的迅猛发展,锚杆锚固在矿业、地质、隧道等工程上的使用量不断攀升,锚杆锚固质量的无损检测对于提高工程项目稳定安全具有重要意义。因此,以应力波检测法为基础,运用小波阈值函数、STA/LTA等算法,对锚杆工程进行综合评价,设计开发出集信号滤波、锚杆锚固参数获取等功能为一体的锚杆锚固无损检测与智能分析软件。通过锚杆锚固数值模拟分析,分别计算人工拾取和软件到时提取的锚杆长度,得出软件计算出的锚杆长度总体误差控制在5%之内,比人工拾取精度更高,对于提高项目工程安全稳定具有重要意义。

锚杆锚固无损检测  /  锚固参数  /  锚杆锚固质量  /  软件开发  /  VB6.0

With the rapid development of infrastructure projects in China, the use of anchor bolts in mining, geology, and tunnel engineering continues to increase. The non-destructive testing of anchor bolt quality is crucial for enhancing the stability and safety of engineering projects. Based on the stress wave detection method, wavelet threshold functions and STA/LTA algorithms were employed to comprehensively evaluate anchor bolt engineering. A software for non-destructive testing and intelligent analysis of anchor bolt anchorage was developed, integrating signal filtering and acquisition of anchorage parameters. Through numerical simulation analysis of anchor bolt anchorage, the lengths of anchor bolts were calculated using both manual picking and software-based arrival time extraction. The results show that the software-calculated anchor bolt lengths have an overall error controlled within 5%, offering higher precision than manual picking, which is significant for improving the safety and stability of project engineering.

non-destructive testing of bolt anchoring  /  anchoring parameter  /  bolt anchoring quality  /  software development  /  VB6.0
牛顿, 李青锋, 黄海霖, 陈懿雯. 基于小波变换和STA/LTA的锚杆锚固参数分析软件开发. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (5) : 1850 -1855 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2309537
Dun NIU, Qing-feng LI, Hai-lin HUANG, Yi-wen CHEN. Development of Software for Analyzing Anchorage Parameters of Anchor Rods Based on Wavelet Transform and STA/LTA[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (5) : 1850 -1855 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2309537
锚杆锚固支护技术成本低、支护效果好,是中国巷道支护的主要形式之一,随着采掘机械化水平和开采深度的不断提高,在强烈的矿山压力作用下,易导致锚杆材料锈蚀变形甚至失效[1],巷道区域事故不断增多,如何有效保障巷道围岩稳定成为急需解决的问题[2-5]。因此,准确获知锚杆锚固支护状态及其关键参数对于沿空留巷巷道服务期内围岩稳定性高时效、精准控制非常重要[6]
目前,在锚杆锚固质量检测方面应用最广泛的技术通常有损检测与无损检测。有损检测拉拔试验能直观判断锚杆黏结力大小,但会对加固的岩体产生扰动,检测效率低、对场地要求高且检测周期长[7],所以近年来逐步被无损检测技术替代。国内外许多学者对锚杆锚固的无损检测做了大量研究,Bacic等[8]使用胶锤对锚杆顶端进行激励,通过反射信号频率判断锚杆是否存在灌铅缺陷。云天禹等[9]及冯彦东等[10]通过对锚杆杆体反射的应力波特征进行研究,计算出锚杆长度,并通过有无缺陷反射波,判断锚杆质量。卢清芹等[11]设计一种用于配合锚杆预紧效果检测技术的辅助检测杆,提高了信号的识别准确度,并得到锚杆频域信号越集中显现表明锚固系统预紧的效果越好等结论。
综上所述,基于应力波原理的锚杆检测技术具有易操作、误差小、可实时检测等特点,拥有很好的应用前景[12],不过此类检测方法需配备相应检测系统才能进行。因此,针对当前基于无损检测技术的锚杆服役性能智能评价体系缺失[13]的现状,现设计开发锚杆锚固参数无损检测与智能分析软件,运用小波迭代阈值方法[14]和基于小波时频分析方法[15-17]实现对应力波信号的去噪及自动到时提取,可以计算出锚固段长度,并以此作为判断锚杆锚固质量的标准之一。以期使软件具有低成本、高稳定性等特点,降低锚杆锚固检测难度,提高检测效率及准确率,具有良好的工程价值,对提高项目工程安全稳定具有重要意义。
在煤矿巷道中,通常使用的锚杆长度为2 000 mm,直径为18 mm,由于锚杆的长度远超过其直径,它可以被视为一维杆,一端固定而另一端受约束。此外,假设介质变形后,界面仍然保持平面状态,并假设轴向力只沿着横截面的杆纵向均匀分布,忽略其他方向的应力分量,这确保应力波仅经历一次反射和透射,并在介质材料的作用下以恒定速度传播。锚杆的应力波一维模型振动方程为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}\frac{{\partial }^{2}u}{{\partial }^{2}x}=\frac{1}{{V}_{c}^{2}}\frac{{\partial }^{2}u}{\partial {t}^{2}} \\ {V}_{c}=\sqrt{\frac{E}{\rho }}\end{array}\right.$
式(1)中:$\frac{\partial u}{\partial x}$为质点应变值;$\frac{{\partial }^{2}u}{\partial {t}^{2}}$为质点振动的加速度;Vc为质点的振动速度;E为物体的弹性模量。
式(1)可以计算出应力波在锚杆中的传播速度。因此,提出一种锚杆锚固智能检测系统,主要通过对无损检测技术采集的锚杆应力波波形进行分析处理,从而确定锚杆的锚固参数。应力波在锚杆内传播路径如图1所示。锚杆自由段、锚固长度计算公式如下。
$L_{0}=\frac{1}{2} v_{1} t_{1}$
$L_{1}=\frac{v_{1} t_{2}}{2}-L_{0}$
$L_{2}=\frac{v_{2}\left(t_{3}-t_{2}\right)}{2}$
式中:t1为辅助杆内信号反射时间;t2为锚固开始端反射时间;t3为底端反射时间;L0为辅助杆长度;L1为锚杆自由段长度;L2为锚杆锚固长度。根据理论计算,应力波在锚杆自由段传播速度v1=5 175 m/s,锚固段中的传播速度v2=4 316 m/s。
步骤1 信号的去噪处理。因信号和噪声在不同频带上的小波分解系数分布强度不同,因而采用sym系列中的ym8作为小波基函数对信号进行小波分解,分别提取出低频信号和高频信号,再以硬阈值的方法根据阈值处理函数得到阈值,去除各频道上的噪声小波系数,然后对处理后的系数进行小波重构,得到去噪后的时域波形。小波阈值去噪过程如图2所示。
步骤2 对去噪后信号进行到时提取。STA/LTA算法最初是由Stevenson[18]提出,后来通过Allen[19]的不断改进,多用于信号的识别和拾取。该算法的基本原理是在一个滑动的长时间窗内选取一个短时间窗,当两个窗口终点或起点重合时,通过短时窗信号平均值(short term average,STA)和长时窗信号平均值(long term average,LTA)的比值来反映信号振幅或能量的变化。在微震信号到达时,STA的变化速度比LTA快,因此STA/LTA值会明显增加,当该比值大于特定阈值时,即可判定发生微震事件,从而实现自动检测和拾取微震初至的目的。STA/LTA算法的具体公式如下。
$\operatorname{STA}(i)=\frac{1}{m_{\mathrm{s}}} \sum_{j=i-m_{1}}^{i} \mathrm{CF}(j)$
$\operatorname{LTA}(i)=\frac{1}{m_{1}} \sum_{j=i-m_{1}}^{i} \operatorname{CF}(j)$
$\frac{\operatorname{STA}}{\operatorname{LTA}}(i)=\frac{\operatorname{STA}(i)}{\operatorname{LTA}(i)} \geqslant \lambda$
式中:i为采样时刻;ms为短时窗长度;ml为长时窗长度;λ为设定的触发阈值;CF(i)为在时刻i的关于微震信号的特征函数值,用于表征微震数据的振幅、能量或其变化。
锚杆锚固参数无损检测与智能分析软件使用Visaul Basic6.0来编程,这是Microsoft开发的一种面向对象的编程语言,可以通过图形用户界面(graphical user interface,GUI)进行开发并创建应用程序,具有效率高、操作简单、代码编写任务量小等特点[20]。此软件编写过程中主要运用到快速傅里叶变换算法、小波去噪算法、STA/LTA算法等,主要分为数据显示、数据处理和数据保存模块,如图3所示。软件具备功能及特点如下。
软件主页面可以显示时域图波形、工程与采集参数。针对性读取.dat格式的锚杆锚固数据,并将锚杆锚固因受到激振而产生的应力波波形显示出来,形成时域图,同时读取锚杆名称、触发类型、通道数、采样时间等工程与采集参数。
双击软件主页面显示的时域图,通过快速傅里叶变换可获得相对的频域图,并且软件可以跟随鼠标光标移动实时读取频域图上的数据,包括频率等,极大地方便了后期深入的研究,如图4所示。
在软件主页面菜单栏点击“波形操作-去噪”,待弹框弹出,通过小波基函数分解重构即可得到去噪后的数据。在软件主页面菜单栏点击“波形操作-到时提取”,弹框将提取的到时显示出来,从上到下分别是信号起跳点、辅助杆末端起跳点、锚固端结束时间。软件根据提取出来的到时进行计算,可以得到锚杆锚固参数,包括锚固长度和非锚固长度,与理想长度比较计算出误差值,即可以此为根据给出锚杆锚固质量,分为优、良、合格、差4个等级,如图5所示。
锚杆锚固的原始数据为“.dat”格式,普通的软件无法打开,因此将数据转化为“.txt”格式,不仅可以准确方便地保存数据,还可以清晰地查看数据,为深入研究提供基础。
软件的操作流程是:打开软件后,首先使用账号密码登录软件,打开锚杆锚固应力波文件,此时时域图、工程与采集参数显示在主页面;点击“波形操作-去噪”,完成去噪处理;点击“波形操作-到时提取”,得到锚杆锚固参数与锚固质量评价结果。最后双击时域图获得相应的频域图。
在煤矿锚杆支护中锚杆直径相对围岩体尺寸是无穷小的,因此对于整个围岩体无法1∶1地还原实际现场模型。从理论上分析研究,模型尺寸越大,网格划分越细,其计算结果越精确,但也会导致计算时间延长、计算速度变慢。因此为了精准分析应力的传播特性,锚固围岩体的模型横截面尺寸采用500 mm×600 mm。模型中锚杆直径20 mm、长度2 000 mm,辅助杆直径30 mm、长度1 030 mm,锚固介质厚度10 mm,钻孔直径30 mm、孔深1 930 mm,托盘厚度5 mm、长度与宽度均为95 mm、内径26 mm,螺母长25 mm、内径20 mm、外径30 mm,锚杆外露端长为40 mm,锚杆采用端锚的锚固方式,托盘与围岩设置为刚性接触,建立的锚杆锚固模型如图6所示。为减少边界反射传播的影响,围岩四周与底部施加静态边界条件,实现吸收入射至边界上的应力波。对辅助杆进行竖向位移的限制(重力方向),使不平衡力容易较快地实现平衡。边界条件的施加如图7所示。模型中所用材料的物理力学参数如表1所示。
激振荷载为公式的半正弦波,如式(8)所示,其中t0取60 μs,峰值激振荷载的作用强度为 100 MPa。激振位置与采集点的位置布置根据实际检测过程布置,在辅助检测杆端面距中心位置一定距离的区域,沿Y轴(杆体轴向)垂直于端面施加,采集位置为端面的中心位置。
$p(t)=\left\{\begin{array}{ll} \frac{I}{t_{0}}\left[1-\cos \left(\frac{2 \pi}{t_{0}} t\right)\right], & 0 \leqslant t<t_{0} \\ 0, & t \geqslant t_{0} \end{array}\right.$
式(8)中:I为激振荷载的冲量;t0为激振力的作用时间。
通过建立不同锚固长度的模型方案,对不同方案下的应力波传播规律进行研究,根据应力波波形特征得到不同锚固段的长度,从而检验算法结果是否正确。方案参数如表2所示。在数值模拟中监测模型节点(1.985,2.875,2)处的x方向的速度变化曲线,不同锚固长度下的端锚锚杆中应力波传播的时域波形如图8所示。
已知辅助检测杆长度为1.033 m,根据理论公式及波形信号分别计算各方案下锚杆的长度。
以方案1为例,已知应力波在锚杆自由段传播速度v1=5 175 m/s,锚固段中的传播速度锚固段波速v2=4 316 m/s,人工拾取的锚固开始端反射时间t2=0.001 137 5 s,锚固底端反射时间t3=0.001 235 5 s,根据式(3)计算得锚杆锚固段长度L2=0.211 m,实际锚杆锚固段长度为0.25 m,误差率为15.6%;而本软件拾取的锚固开始端反射时间t2=0.001 061 s,锚固底端反射时间t3=0.001 171 s,根据式(3)计算得锚杆锚固段长度L2=0.243 854 m,实际锚杆锚固段长度为0.25 m,误差率为4.8%。对于非锚固段,人工拾取的锚固开始端反射时间为t2=0.001 137 5 s,根据式(2)计算得锚杆自由段长L1=1.913 m,实际锚杆非锚固段长度为1.75 m,误差率为9.3%;而本软件拾取的锚固开始端反射时间为t2=0.001 061 s,根据式(3)计算得锚杆锚固段长度L2=0.243 854 m,实际锚杆锚固段长度为0.25 m,误差率为2.45%。按相同方法计算可得各方案下锚杆长度参数检测结果,整理如表3表4所示。
通过检测结果分析可知,锚杆锚固无损检测与智能分析软件提高了锚杆长度无损检测的信号判读的准确度,通过数据处理的手段,可以剔除干扰信号,并识别应力波的起跳点,减小检测结果的误差,总体误差能控制在5%之内,极大提高了检测结果的精确性。
(1)锚杆锚固无损检测与智能分析软件运用小波变换阈值去噪方法和STA/LTA算法实现了对应力波信号的去噪及到时提取,并输出锚固段长度及锚杆锚固质量评价结果。
(2)通过锚杆锚固数值模拟分析,对比人工拾取与软件到时提取的锚杆计算长度,软件总体误差能控制在5%之内,比人工拾取精度更高,提高了检测效率及准确率,具有良好的工程价值。
  • 国家自然科学基金(5227041958)
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2025年第25卷第5期
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2309537
  • 接收时间:2023-12-04
  • 首发时间:2025-07-29
  • 出版时间:2025-02-18
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  • 收稿日期:2023-12-04
  • 修回日期:2024-07-19
基金
国家自然科学基金(5227041958)
作者信息
    1 湖南科技大学资源环境与安全工程学院, 湘潭 411100
    2 湖南科技大学地球科学与空间信息工程学院, 湘潭 411100

通讯作者:

*李青锋(1970—),男,汉族,湖南新宁人,博士,教授。研究方向:动力灾害防治学。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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