Article(id=1156983785796493531, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1156983783787421903, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2401713, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1710172800000, receivedDateStr=2024-03-12, revisedDate=1731686400000, revisedDateStr=2024-11-16, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1753776030253, onlineDateStr=2025-07-29, pubDate=1739808000000, pubDateStr=2025-02-18, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753776030253, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-29, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753776030253, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753776030253, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1156983783787421903, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='5', pageStart='1753', pageEnd='2192', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1753776029774, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1769691857141, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1223739602251436918, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1156983783787421903, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1223739602251436919, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1156983783787421903, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1927, endPage=1935, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1156983786589216992, articleId=1156983785796493531, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=Stability Analysis and Parameter Optimization of Virtual Synchronous Machine Based on Small Signal Model, columnId=1156264600770302582, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Papers·Energy and Power Engineering, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To enhance the grid connection stability of virtual synchronous machines, a global optimization design method for virtual synchronous machine control parameters was proposed. Firstly, a small-signal model of the virtual synchronous generator with virtual exciter and governor was established, and the system eigenvalues were obtained by solving the state matrix. Secondly, the sensitivity of the controller parameters to the position of eigenvalues was studied, and a wide range of parameter optimization was conducted using genetic algorithms based on the main eigenvalue positions. Finally, analytical solutions of the model and MATLAB/Simulink simulation data were compared. The results show that significant improvements in frequency stability can be achieved by optimizing a wide range of virtual synchronous machine parameters. After optimization, the system response transient stability time is 0.25 s, only 5% of the transient stability time with general parameters, and the frequency stability improves noticeably with load changes.

, correspAuthors=Jun-qiang QIAO, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Ting HE, Jun-qiang QIAO, Guo-dong WU), CN=ArticleExt(id=1156983892793188988, articleId=1156983785796493531, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=CN, title=基于小信号模型的虚拟同步机稳定性分析及参数优化, columnId=1156264600912908920, journalTitle=科学技术与工程, columnName=论文·能源与动力工程, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为提高虚拟同步机并网稳定性,提出了一种虚拟同步机控制参数的全局优化设计方法。首先,建立具有虚拟励磁机和调速器的虚拟同步发电机小信号模型,通过求解状态矩阵得到系统的特征值。其次,研究特征值位置对控制器参数的敏感性,并利用遗传算法在主特征值位置的基础上对参数进行大范围优化。最后,将模型的解析计算解和MATLAB/Simulink仿真数据进行对比分析,结果表明,通过优化大范围的虚拟同步机(virtual synchronous generator,VSG)参数,可以显著提高频率稳定性,参数优化后系统响应瞬态稳定时间为0.25 s,仅为一般参数时系统响应瞬态稳定时间的5%,当负载变化时,频率稳定性有明显提高。

, correspAuthors=乔俊强, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*乔俊强(1979—),男,汉族,甘肃兰州人,博士,研究员。研究方向:新能源系统。E-mail:
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何婷(1987—),女,汉族,甘肃民勤人,硕士,助理研究员。研究方向:光伏发电技术。E-mail:

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何婷(1987—),女,汉族,甘肃民勤人,硕士,助理研究员。研究方向:光伏发电技术。E-mail:

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何婷(1987—),女,汉族,甘肃民勤人,硕士,助理研究员。研究方向:光伏发电技术。E-mail:

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companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3 国网甘肃省电力公司, 兰州 730046)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1225467174840615572, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156983785796493531, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=VSG topology circuit, figureFileSmall=zAPHUhFAhvD1cOTiiZKgsg==, figureFileBig=2nfSnNPcbKqOMtRp+LLCeQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225467175033553568, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156983785796493531, language=CN, label=图1, caption=VSG主电路拓扑, figureFileSmall=zAPHUhFAhvD1cOTiiZKgsg==, figureFileBig=2nfSnNPcbKqOMtRp+LLCeQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225467175209714354, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156983785796493531, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Eigenvalue sensitivity analysis, figureFileSmall=ozGsOD+3I4I71LkD5UQqNg==, figureFileBig=vlxct/TXZAmH4cYr4N4n0A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225467175406846664, tenantId=1146029695717560320, 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label=Fig.4, caption=Comparison of solutions to ordinary differential equations under general parameters and Simulink simulation, figureFileSmall=tCECbUVkj8OSv19CLrqwhA==, figureFileBig=bjp/qEVEm25Y57eK+TMcCg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225467176191181568, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156983785796493531, language=CN, label=图4, caption=一般参数下常微分方程解与Simulink仿真比较, figureFileSmall=tCECbUVkj8OSv19CLrqwhA==, figureFileBig=bjp/qEVEm25Y57eK+TMcCg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225467176421868302, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156983785796493531, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Comparison of solution to ordinary differential equation under global optimization parameters and Simulink simulation, figureFileSmall=dW3H78SX4URJtSnhja4Sfw==, figureFileBig=cXNNIGaiel//5wS5j8qeLw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225467176602223386, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, 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VSG single machine load independent microgrid system parameters

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 数值 参数 数值
滤波器
参数
Lf 4 mH 励磁机
参数
Ta 0.05
Rf 0.05 Ω Ka 24
Cf 3 μF Vref 1
Re 0.05 Ω 调速器
参数
Tsv 0.05
Le 2.4 mH Tch 0.05
虚拟同步
机参数
xd 1.56 Rd 0.005
xdd 0.296 Pref 1
xq 2 逆变器
参数
Vdc 100$\sqrt{2}$
xqd 0.4 Tinv 0.000 1
Td0 3.7 Kinv 0.5
Tq0 0.6 负载参数 RL 128 Ω
J 40 XL 96 Ω
D 0.2 仿真参数 Ts 0.000 01
ω 314 fs 10 kHz
基准值 Sbase 1 000 VA PLoad 800 W
Vnom 400 V QLoad 600 Var
Ibase 6.12 A solver Ode23tb
), ArticleFig(id=1225467178560963433, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156983785796493531, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

VSG 单机负荷独立微电网系统参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 数值 参数 数值
滤波器
参数
Lf 4 mH 励磁机
参数
Ta 0.05
Rf 0.05 Ω Ka 24
Cf 3 μF Vref 1
Re 0.05 Ω 调速器
参数
Tsv 0.05
Le 2.4 mH Tch 0.05
虚拟同步
机参数
xd 1.56 Rd 0.005
xdd 0.296 Pref 1
xq 2 逆变器
参数
Vdc 100$\sqrt{2}$
xqd 0.4 Tinv 0.000 1
Td0 3.7 Kinv 0.5
Tq0 0.6 负载参数 RL 128 Ω
J 40 XL 96 Ω
D 0.2 仿真参数 Ts 0.000 01
ω 314 fs 10 kHz
基准值 Sbase 1 000 VA PLoad 800 W
Vnom 400 V QLoad 600 Var
Ibase 6.12 A solver Ode23tb
), ArticleFig(id=1225467178741318526, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156983785796493531, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Global optimization control parameters

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 数值 参数 数值 参数 数值
Td0 1.475 2 xqd 0.017 32 Rd 0.005 79
Tq0 0.403 5 J 5.717 Tch 0.000 122
xd 0.063 5 D 0.979 Tsv 0.000 143
xq 2.944 9 Rsg 0.969 Ta 0.000 103
xdd 0.005 8 Ka 1.7
), ArticleFig(id=1225467178934256529, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156983785796493531, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

全局优化控制参数

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参数 数值 参数 数值 参数 数值
Td0 1.475 2 xqd 0.017 32 Rd 0.005 79
Tq0 0.403 5 J 5.717 Tch 0.000 122
xd 0.063 5 D 0.979 Tsv 0.000 143
xq 2.944 9 Rsg 0.969 Ta 0.000 103
xdd 0.005 8 Ka 1.7
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基于小信号模型的虚拟同步机稳定性分析及参数优化
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何婷 1, 2 , 乔俊强 1, 2, * , 吴国栋 3
科学技术与工程 | 论文·能源与动力工程 2025,25(5): 1927-1935
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科学技术与工程 | 论文·能源与动力工程 2025, 25(5): 1927-1935
基于小信号模型的虚拟同步机稳定性分析及参数优化
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何婷1, 2 , 乔俊强1, 2, * , 吴国栋3
作者信息
  • 1 甘肃自然能源研究所, 兰州 730046
  • 2 甘肃太阳能利用重点实验室, 兰州 730046
  • 3 国网甘肃省电力公司, 兰州 730046
  • 何婷(1987—),女,汉族,甘肃民勤人,硕士,助理研究员。研究方向:光伏发电技术。E-mail:

通讯作者:

*乔俊强(1979—),男,汉族,甘肃兰州人,博士,研究员。研究方向:新能源系统。E-mail:
Stability Analysis and Parameter Optimization of Virtual Synchronous Machine Based on Small Signal Model
Ting HE1, 2 , Jun-qiang QIAO1, 2, * , Guo-dong WU3
Affiliations
  • 1 Gansu Natural Energy Research Institute, Lanzhou 730046, China
  • 2 Gansu Key Laboratory of Solar Energy Utilization, Lanzhou 730046, China
  • 3 State Grid Gansu Electric Power Company, Lanzhou 730046, China
出版时间: 2025-02-18 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2401713
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为提高虚拟同步机并网稳定性,提出了一种虚拟同步机控制参数的全局优化设计方法。首先,建立具有虚拟励磁机和调速器的虚拟同步发电机小信号模型,通过求解状态矩阵得到系统的特征值。其次,研究特征值位置对控制器参数的敏感性,并利用遗传算法在主特征值位置的基础上对参数进行大范围优化。最后,将模型的解析计算解和MATLAB/Simulink仿真数据进行对比分析,结果表明,通过优化大范围的虚拟同步机(virtual synchronous generator,VSG)参数,可以显著提高频率稳定性,参数优化后系统响应瞬态稳定时间为0.25 s,仅为一般参数时系统响应瞬态稳定时间的5%,当负载变化时,频率稳定性有明显提高。

微电网  /  虚拟同步发电机  /  小信号分析  /  灵敏度分析  /  参数优化

To enhance the grid connection stability of virtual synchronous machines, a global optimization design method for virtual synchronous machine control parameters was proposed. Firstly, a small-signal model of the virtual synchronous generator with virtual exciter and governor was established, and the system eigenvalues were obtained by solving the state matrix. Secondly, the sensitivity of the controller parameters to the position of eigenvalues was studied, and a wide range of parameter optimization was conducted using genetic algorithms based on the main eigenvalue positions. Finally, analytical solutions of the model and MATLAB/Simulink simulation data were compared. The results show that significant improvements in frequency stability can be achieved by optimizing a wide range of virtual synchronous machine parameters. After optimization, the system response transient stability time is 0.25 s, only 5% of the transient stability time with general parameters, and the frequency stability improves noticeably with load changes.

microgrid  /  virtual synchronous generator  /  small signal analysis  /  sensitivity analysis  /  parameter optimization
何婷, 乔俊强, 吴国栋. 基于小信号模型的虚拟同步机稳定性分析及参数优化. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (5) : 1927 -1935 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2401713
Ting HE, Jun-qiang QIAO, Guo-dong WU. Stability Analysis and Parameter Optimization of Virtual Synchronous Machine Based on Small Signal Model[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (5) : 1927 -1935 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2401713
随着分布式能源在电力系统中的渗透率日益增加,电网对功率波动和系统故障的敏感性也随之增强,从而对电力系统的稳定性构成了重大挑战[1]。尤其是独立微电网,因其分布式能源众多且规模较小,更易面临电能质量不佳和系统稳定性问题[2]。为应对这些挑战,一种新型的控制策略——虚拟同步机(virtual synchronous generator,VSG)应运而生[3-4]。VSG控制通过模拟同步发电机的惯性、阻尼和下垂特性,能够在独立微电网中频率和电压异常时主动参与调频和调压。这种控制方法有助于提升微电网的系统稳定性和动态性能,因此受到国内外学者的广泛关注,将在微电网中发挥重要作用[5-6]。自VSG控制策略提出以来,已有众多学者对其建模和分析进行了大量研究,取得了许多重要成果。文献[7]提出基于频率扰动的微网预同步控制,利用VSG控制和有功无功功率控制共用电流内环,实现外环参考电流平滑过渡。文献[8]考虑了VSG动态响应性能,提出了更为完整的有功环和无功环控制参数设计方案。通过波特图和零极点分布图分析了控制参数变化对有功环稳态性能和动态性能的影响,以及对无功环的影响。文献[9]提出了一种等效同步发电机降阶方法,将独立微电网系统等效为改进的三阶同步发电机,其状态变量具有等效物理意义且有利于微电网群的二次控制设计。
除了控制策略外,研究者还致力于VSG控制参数的设计和优化,以满足最大系统稳定性的条件[10-11],VSG控制参数优化多采用智能算法及解析计算方法。文献[12]针对一个包含两台同步发电机和三台VSG的五机微电网系统,以VSG特征值实部、阻尼比和发电机电压角偏差为优化目标,应用粒子群算法进行控制参数优化。文献[13]研究了一个包含一台柴油发电机和两台VSG的三机九节点微电网系统,将频率振荡过程中系统消耗的动能作为优化目标,通过遗传算法进行参数优化,改善了微电网系统在受扰动后惯性中心频率的动态响应,提高了频率稳定性。文献[14]利用节点导纳矩阵建立了一个电力系统小信号模型,提出了一种基于H2范数的虚拟惯量解析优化方法,提高了低惯量电力系统的稳定性。但该方法无法明确表达系统频率电压变化与负荷功率波动之间的关系,不利于VSG控制参数优化设计。文献[15]以虚拟惯量控制参数为优化变量,建立惯量优化分布模型,并利用基于灵敏度分析的牛顿法求解模型,实现电力系统中虚拟惯量优化配置。
目前针对独立微电网VSG单机建立小信号模型并在其基础上给出VSG控制参数取值范围的研究仍然不多。现对文献[16]中描述的VSG控制系统设计进行扩展,增加虚拟励磁(virtual excitation,VE)和虚拟汽轮调速器(virtual turbine governor,VTG),其动态响应可以完全模拟同步发电机特性,并给出驱动电路和逆变器的小信号模型。研究虚拟同步发电机、励磁机和调速器的特征值对参数变化的敏感性。根据特征值确定稳定区域,计算参数灵敏度,最终得出参数整定的理论依据。尽可能地对影响系统稳定性的主要参数进行优化。
图1表示了三相逆变器通过LC滤波器和耦合阻抗与负载的连接方式,该系统包括三相桥式逆变电路、滤波器、输电线路和VSG控制器。LC滤波器及线路阻抗的动态特性的方程如下。
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}\frac{d{I}_{ldq}}{dt}=-\frac{{R}_{f}}{{L}_{f}}{I}_{ldq}\pm \omega {I}_{lqd}+\frac{1}{{L}_{f}}({V}_{dq}-{E}_{dq})\\ \frac{d{E}_{dq}}{dt}=\pm \omega {E}_{qd}+\frac{1}{{C}_{f}}({I}_{ldq}-{I}_{dq})\\ \frac{d{I}_{dq}}{dt}=-\frac{{R}_{e}}{{L}_{e}}{I}_{dq}\pm \omega {I}_{qd}+\frac{1}{{L}_{e}}({E}_{dq}-{V}_{odq})\end{array}\right.$
式(1)中:VdqEdqVodq分别为逆变器的调制波u、端电压et和公共耦合点处电压Voω-ϕ为参考频率和相位的旋转坐标系下的dq轴分量;LfCfRf分别为滤波电感、滤波电容及电阻;ReLe分别为逆变器与公共耦合点之间的线路电阻与电感;IldqIdq为流过LC滤波器电感电流Il与流过线路电流Idq轴分量。
逆变器在dq坐标下的输出电压为
$\frac{\mathrm{d}}{\mathrm{~d} t} V_{d q}=\frac{1}{T_{\mathrm{inv}}}\left(-V_{d q}+m_{d q} k_{\mathrm{inv}} V_{\mathrm{dc}}\right)$
式(2)中:mdq为逆变器占空比的dq轴分量;Vdc为逆变器输入直流电压;kinvTinv分别为逆变器开关电路的增益和时间常数。
为了准确描述同步发电机的动态运行特性,采用同步发电机的四阶模型,如式(3)~式(6)所示。
$\frac{\mathrm{d}}{\mathrm{~d} t} E_{q d}=\frac{1}{T_{d 0}}\left[-E_{q d}-\frac{\left(x_{d}-x_{d d}\right) I_{d}}{I_{\text {base }}}+E_{\mathrm{f} d}\right]$
$\frac{\mathrm{d}}{\mathrm{~d} t} E_{d d}=\frac{1}{T_{q 0}}\left[-E_{d d}-\frac{\left(x_{q}-x_{q d}\right) I_{q}}{I_{\text {base }}}\right]$
$\frac{\mathrm{d} \delta}{\mathrm{~d} t}=\Delta \omega$
$\begin{aligned} \frac{\mathrm{d} \Delta \omega}{\mathrm{~d} t}= & P_{\mathrm{m}}-\left[\frac{E_{q d} I_{q}}{I_{\text {base }}}+\frac{E_{d d} I_{q}}{I_{\text {base }}}-\frac{\left(x_{d d}-x_{q d}\right) I_{d} I_{q}}{I_{\text {base }}^{2}}\right]+ \\ & \frac{D \Delta \omega}{J} \end{aligned}$
式中:EqdEdd分别为dq轴暂态电势;xdxqdq轴同步电抗;xddxqddq轴暂态电抗;TodToqdq轴开路暂态时间常数;ω为转子转速;δ为功角;J为转动惯量;D为阻尼系数;Ibase为电流基准值。
励磁系统数学模型使用简单的一阶模型实现,表达式为
$\frac{\mathrm{d}}{\mathrm{~d} t} E_{\mathrm{f} d}=\frac{1}{T_{\mathrm{a}}}\left[-E_{\mathrm{f} d}+K_{\mathrm{a}}\left(V_{\mathrm{ref}}-\sqrt{\frac{V_{\mathrm{o} d}^{2}}{V_{\text {base }}}+\frac{V_{\mathrm{o} q}^{2}}{V_{\text {base }}}}\right)\right]$
式(7)中:Efd为励磁电势;Ta为励磁机时间常数;Ka为VE增益;Vref为参考电压;Vbase为电压基准值。
汽轮机调速器数学模型表达式为
$\frac{\mathrm{d}}{\mathrm{~d} t} P_{\mathrm{sv}}=\frac{1}{T_{\mathrm{sv}}}\left(-P_{\mathrm{sv}}+P_{\mathrm{ref}}-\frac{\Delta \omega}{R_{d}}\right)$
$\frac{\mathrm{d}}{\mathrm{~d} t} P_{\mathrm{m}}=\frac{1}{T_{\mathrm{ch}}}\left(-P_{m}+P_{\mathrm{sv}}\right)$
式中:Psv为中间状态变量;TsvTch分别为速度继电器的时间常数和伺服电机的惯性时间常数。
逆变器占空比为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{m}_{d}={E}_{dd}-\frac{{I}_{q}{x}_{qd}}{{I}_{base}}-\frac{{I}_{d}{R}_{sg}}{{I}_{base}}\\ {m}_{q}={E}_{qd}+\frac{{I}_{d}{x}_{dd}}{{I}_{base}}-\frac{{I}_{q}{R}_{sg}}{{I}_{base}}\end{array}\right.$
式(10)中:dq轴轴坐标系下电流、电压的基准值为Vbase=Vnom$\sqrt{2/3}$,Ibase=2Sbase/Vbase,Vnom为三相逆变器的线电压。
dq轴坐标下负载的电流和电压关系为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{V}_{od}={I}_{d}{R}_{L}-{I}_{q}{X}_{L}\\ {V}_{oq}={I}_{d}{X}_{L}+{I}_{q}{R}_{L}\end{array}\right.$
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{R}_{L}=\frac{{P}_{L}}{3{I}_{nom}^{2}}\\ {X}_{L}=\frac{{Q}_{L}}{3{I}_{nom}^{2}}\end{array}\right.$
式中:RLXL分别为负载的阻抗和感抗;PLQL分别为负载的有功功率和无功功率;Inom=Sbase/($\sqrt{3}$Vnom)。
小信号稳定性分析通过将电力系统的非线性模型转化为线性模型来研究系统的动态响应。这个过程简化了对复杂电力系统的分析,使其更易于分析系统的特性。具体步骤包括:①使用非线性微分方程对电力系统进行建模;②选取系统的一个稳定工作点,并在此点附近对模型进行线性化。这样使得原本复杂的系统被转化为更易于分析的线性模型。
电力系统非线性模型通常由状态方程组来描述,表达式为
$\frac{\mathrm{d} \boldsymbol{X}}{\mathrm{~d} t}=F(\boldsymbol{X})$
式(13)中:X为系统状态向量。
将上述非线性方程在平衡点附近线性化,假设ΔX是状态变量在平衡点附近的一个微小的扰动,那么状态方程展开成泰勒级数的形式可以表示为
$\begin{aligned} \frac{\mathrm{d}\left(\boldsymbol{X}_{\mathrm{e}}+\Delta \boldsymbol{X}\right)}{\mathrm{d} t}= & F\left(\boldsymbol{X}_{\mathrm{e}}\right)+\left.\frac{\mathrm{d} \boldsymbol{F}\left(X_{\mathrm{e}}\right)}{\mathrm{d} X}\right|_{X=X_{\mathrm{e}}} \Delta \boldsymbol{X}+ \\ & R(\Delta \boldsymbol{X}) \end{aligned}$
$\frac{dF\left({X}_{e}\right)}{dX}\left|{}_{X={X}_{e}}\right.$=A=[aij]n×n,矩阵中的元素aij=$\frac{\partial {f}_{i}}{\partial {x}_{j}}\left|{}_{X={X}_{e}}\right.$,此时$\frac{dF\left({X}_{e}\right)}{dX}$=0,F(Xe)=0,舍去变换过程中产生的二次项及高阶项RX),式(14)可以表示为
$\frac{\mathrm{d} \Delta \boldsymbol{X}}{\mathrm{~d} t}=\Delta \dot{\boldsymbol{X}}=\boldsymbol{A} \Delta \boldsymbol{X}$
对虚拟同步发电机系统进行小信号稳定性分析,需要对系统中每一个动态的元器件进行建模,然后将该模型在其稳定运行点处作线性化处理。由所建立的模型可知,虚拟同步发电机控制系统共有15个状态变量,记为x,现将其包含有小干扰的形式表示为
$\begin{aligned} \Delta x= & {\left[\Delta V_{d}, \Delta V_{q}, \Delta I_{l d}, \Delta I_{l q}, \Delta E_{d}, \Delta E_{q}, \Delta I_{d},\right.} \\ & \left.\Delta V_{q}, \Delta E_{d d}, \Delta E_{q d}, \Delta \delta, \Delta \omega, \Delta E_{\mathrm{fq}}, \Delta p_{s v}, \Delta p_{\mathrm{m}}\right] \end{aligned}$
根据李雅普诺夫稳定性判据,系统的稳定性可以通过计算状态矩阵A的特征值来分析。如果系统所有特征值的实部都是负值,那么系统被认为是渐近稳定的。根据实践经验,阻尼比应为正且大于预先指定的值,通常阻尼比应高于0.05。如果至少有一个特征值具有正实部,则系统被认为是不稳定的。本研究中方程的线性化是通过确定零初始条件点附近的状态矩阵来实现,状态矩阵如式(17)所示。式(17)中:a1=(IdXL+IqRL)/Vbase,b1=(IdRL-IqXL)/Vbase
为了评估虚拟同步机并网系统在各种参数组合下的稳定性,构建了一个目标函数,该函数基于系统特征值的实部和虚部与系统振荡模式的频率及阻尼比之间的关系。系统的小干扰稳定性要求特征值的实部必须为负,在这个基础上,为了增强系统各振荡模式的阻尼比,需要特征值实部的绝对值最大化并设定一个阈值。同时,为了减少虚拟同步机并网系统的振荡频率并缩短暂态过渡期间的振荡周期,需要特征值虚部的绝对值最小化。这样,通过精确调整这些指标,可以有效提升系统的整体稳定性。综合确定控制参数优化中的小干扰稳定性定量目标函数为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l} J=\max \sum_{i=1}^{N} \alpha\left[\operatorname{Re}\left(\lambda_{i}\right)\right]^{2}-\beta\left[\operatorname{Im}\left(\lambda_{i}\right)\right]^{2} \\ \operatorname{Re}\left(\lambda_{i}\right) \leqslant 0 \end{array}\right.$
式(18)中:λi为系统的第i个特征值;Re(λi)和Im(λi)分别为λi的实部和虚部;αβ分别为λi实部和虚部的权重。
考虑虚拟同步机并网系统根轨迹分析结果以及系统特征值实部约束,可得优化目标函数的约束条件如下。

Td0q0,minTd0q0Td0q0,max; xqd,minxqdxqd,max; DminDDmax; Rsg,minRsgRsg,max;

Ka,minKaKa,max; Ta,minTaTa,max; Tsv,minTsvTsv,max; Tch,minTchTch,max;

xdd,minxddxdd,max; JminJJmax; Rd,minRdRd,max

根据系统的特征值轨迹获得每个参数的最小值和最大值。
在面临复杂的虚拟同步机并网系统特征根优化和约束问题时,传统优化方法可能难以奏效。因此,采用遗传算法来解决控制器参数的优化问题。遗传算法是一种模仿生物遗传和进化机制的高效启发式搜索方法。这个算法以一组可能的解决方案开始,通过迭代过程在每一代中复制这些解决方案。解决方案的选择基于适应度评估,随后通过突变和交叉操作生成下一代。这个过程重复进行,随着迭代次数的增加,全局最优解以很大的概率被发现。遗传算法具备并行性、随机性、全局搜索能力和自适应特性,使其成为解决复杂非线性优化问题的理想选择。
通过分析VSG系统的特征值轨迹,得到系统的稳定范围和特征值的变化。研究虚拟同步机参数、虚拟励磁机和调速器参数变化的敏感性,以确定重要的、有影响的参数。在图2中,圆圈越大表示参数的值越高,在所有特征值中只考虑主导极点。对参数敏感性分析分为以下三类。
虚拟同步机参数包括:Td0,Tq0,xd,xq, xdd,xqd,J,DRsg。较低的JTd0导致了系统的不稳定性;然而较高的XddXqdRsg使系统容易发生不稳定,阻尼因子D对系统稳定性的影响不明显。
虚拟励磁参数包括KaTa,Ka对系统的稳定性影响没有Ta明显,励磁机时间常数Ta的增加使极点向s平面的右半部分移动,使系统更加不稳定。
虚拟调速器参数包括:Tsv,TchRd。尽管虚拟调速器参数TsvTch变化的影响几乎没有改变特征值的位置,但参数值越高,系统就越容易振荡和不稳定,更容易失稳,而较小的下垂系数Rd导致主极点位于右侧,从而导致系统不稳定。
使用Python的Scipy线性代数库求解线性化方程组的特征值,类似地使用Scipy积分库的ODE求解器求解非线性微分方程组,微分方程的特征值分析和数值求解时选取的参数如表1所示,通过遗传算法求解的各参数的最优值如表2所示。图3为基于VSG的逆变器中一般参数和最优参数的稳态点主特征值的位置,最优参数能够将主特征值移到平面的更左侧,从而提高系统的相对稳定性。因此,优化后的参数通过减少超调来提高系统的稳定性和瞬态响应。
图4将使用ODE求解器获得的VSG方程组解与Simulink中带有开关器件的逆变器仿真模拟结果进行对比分析,两种解决方案有相似的响应,由于逆变器和VE存在增益,因此在Simulink中模拟时,逆变器的负载电压和电流存在轻微的过冲现象;同时由于VSG、滤波器、耦合电抗和负载的耦合关系,系统角频率存在振荡,观察到约0.6%的系统频率偏差,系统频率的瞬态稳定时间约为5 s。
图5采用表2中全局最优参数对线性化的方程进行优化,以实现系统稳定性的最大化。采用优化参数使系统的主导极点向左移动,因此减少了系统角频率的过冲和振荡,如图5(c)所示。优化参数改善了系统频率的瞬态响应和稳态响应,系统频率的瞬态稳定时间约为0.25 s,仅为一般值时所需时间的5%。同时采用最优值求解时,逆变器的负载电压电流值的超调明显改善,但系统频率稳定性的提高影响了电压响应,负载电压的稳定时间和稳态响应略有增加,这种现象可以通过改变VE回路参数或参考电压改善负载电压响应。
图6(a)显示了系统中负载变化时主特征值轨迹,负载变化为基本负载的±40%时,当采用一般参数时,系统振荡随着负载的增加而增加;然而由于特征值向右移动,因此较低的负载导致低振荡。与最优条件相比,如图6(b)所示,一般值条件下的特征值更向右移动。
(1)对改进的VSG进行了数学建模、参数灵敏度分析和优化,为了优化系统稳定性,考虑了VSG的几个参数,包括VE、汽轮机和调速器。采用数学求解法和Simulink对一般参数和最优参数时逆变器负载电压、电流、虚拟角速度仿真表明,优化后的参数有效地提高了系统的动态性能。
(2)对系统进行了最大程度的参数优化,使特征值尽可能位于稳定区域,同时最小化阻尼频率。为分析基于VSG的独立逆变器的参数优化提供了依据。
(3)虽然研究聚焦于系统频率稳定性问题,并在提升频率稳定性方面取得成效,但这可能影响到系统的稳定时间和稳态响应。因此,未来的研究可以考虑基于电压稳定性极限,对励磁机参数进行进一步的优化,以平衡不同方面的性能。
  • 甘肃省青年科技基金计划(22JR11RA216)
  • 兰州市人才创新创业项目(2021-RC-78)
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2401713
  • 接收时间:2024-03-12
  • 首发时间:2025-07-29
  • 出版时间:2025-02-18
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  • 收稿日期:2024-03-12
  • 修回日期:2024-11-16
基金
甘肃省青年科技基金计划(22JR11RA216)
兰州市人才创新创业项目(2021-RC-78)
作者信息
    1 甘肃自然能源研究所, 兰州 730046
    2 甘肃太阳能利用重点实验室, 兰州 730046
    3 国网甘肃省电力公司, 兰州 730046

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*乔俊强(1979—),男,汉族,甘肃兰州人,博士,研究员。研究方向:新能源系统。E-mail:
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
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红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
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