Article(id=1156983785574191942, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1156983783787421903, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2402999, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1713801600000, receivedDateStr=2024-04-23, revisedDate=1731859200000, revisedDateStr=2024-11-18, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1753776030200, onlineDateStr=2025-07-29, pubDate=1739808000000, pubDateStr=2025-02-18, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753776030200, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-29, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753776030200, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753776030200, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1156983783787421903, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='5', pageStart='1753', pageEnd='2192', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1753776029774, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1769691857141, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1223739602251436918, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1156983783787421903, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1223739602251436919, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1156983783787421903, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1764, endPage=1773, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1156983786161394509, articleId=1156983785574191942, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=Review on Machine Learning for Predicting Concrete Properties, columnId=1177980718987751529, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Surveies·Architectural Science, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Under the guidance of the “14th Five-Year Plan” and the “Dual Carbon” goals, construction materials face significant challenges, particularly as the adaptability and accuracy of traditional concrete performance prediction models are questioned. Recently, machine learning (ML) has demonstrated high accuracy and efficiency in predicting concrete performance. The research progress of ML in this field was systematically reviewed, focusing on its applications in mechanical properties, mix design, and durability, while identifying its limitations and proposing improvement strategies. CiteSpace software was used to analyze the current state of ML research in construction engineering, examining publication volume, research hotspots, and trends. This analysis offers valuable reference for future researchers, aiding in the effective application of ML technology to drive innovation in construction materials and support environmental sustainability goals.

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在“十四五”规划和“双碳”目标指引下,建筑材料的组成面临着重大挑战,尤其是传统混凝土性能预测模型的适应性和准确性受到质疑。近年来,机器学习(machine learning,ML)技术在混凝土性能预测领域展示出较高的预测精度和效率。系统回顾了ML在混凝土性能预测方面的研究进展,特别聚焦于其在混凝土的力学性能、配合比设计及耐久性评估等方面的应用进展和不足,并提出相应的改进策略。此外,还利用CiteSpace软件探讨了ML在建筑工程领域的研究现状,从发文量、研究热点及其演进趋势等角度综合分析,不仅为未来研究者提供参考,也旨在助力其更有效地利用这一技术,推动建筑材料的创新发展与环境可持续性目标的实现。

, correspAuthors=张明亮, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*张明亮(2000—),男,汉族,河北邢台人,硕士研究生。研究方向:复合材料性能。E-mail:
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孔祥清(1982—),女,汉族,山东菏泽人,博士,教授。研究方向:复合材料性能。E-mail:

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H0为分离超平面;H1H2为支持向量平面;ξ为松弛变量

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A为低费用点;B为平衡点;C为高强度点

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Keywords centrality and frequency statistics

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序号 关键词
名称
中心性 频数 序号 关键词
名称
中心性 频数
1 机器学习 1.25 413 11 物联网 0.03 12
2 人工智能 0.14 63 12 集成学习 0.01 12
3 深度学习 0.06 34 13 预测 0.00 12
4 随机森林 0.00 31 14 数据驱动 0.00 11
5 大数据 0.06 26 15 风景园林 0.02 11
6 预测模型 0.01 23 16 抗压强度 0.01 10
7 神经网络 0.02 21 17 决策树 0.01 10
8 数据挖掘 0.01 18 18 岩石力学 0.01 10
9 智能家居 0.02 17 19 高斯过程 0.02 8
10 混凝土 0.01 13 20 故障诊断 0.03 6
), ArticleFig(id=1225467192825791237, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156983785574191942, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

关键词中心性和频数统计

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序号 关键词
名称
中心性 频数 序号 关键词
名称
中心性 频数
1 机器学习 1.25 413 11 物联网 0.03 12
2 人工智能 0.14 63 12 集成学习 0.01 12
3 深度学习 0.06 34 13 预测 0.00 12
4 随机森林 0.00 31 14 数据驱动 0.00 11
5 大数据 0.06 26 15 风景园林 0.02 11
6 预测模型 0.01 23 16 抗压强度 0.01 10
7 神经网络 0.02 21 17 决策树 0.01 10
8 数据挖掘 0.01 18 18 岩石力学 0.01 10
9 智能家居 0.02 17 19 高斯过程 0.02 8
10 混凝土 0.01 13 20 故障诊断 0.03 6
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机器学习用于预测混凝土性能的研究进展
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孔祥清 1, 2 , 张明亮 1, * , 康然 1 , 赵元浩 1
科学技术与工程 | 综述·建筑科学 2025,25(5): 1764-1773
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科学技术与工程 | 综述·建筑科学 2025, 25(5): 1764-1773
机器学习用于预测混凝土性能的研究进展
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孔祥清1, 2 , 张明亮1, * , 康然1, 赵元浩1
作者信息
  • 1 辽宁工业大学土木建筑工程学院, 锦州 121001
  • 2 中国石油大学(华东)储运与建筑工程学院, 青岛 266580
  • 孔祥清(1982—),女,汉族,山东菏泽人,博士,教授。研究方向:复合材料性能。E-mail:

通讯作者:

*张明亮(2000—),男,汉族,河北邢台人,硕士研究生。研究方向:复合材料性能。E-mail:
Review on Machine Learning for Predicting Concrete Properties
Xiang-qing KONG1, 2 , Ming-liang ZHANG1, * , Ran KANG1, Yuan-hao ZHAO1
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Civil Engineering, Liaoning University of Technology, Jinzhou 121001, China
  • 2 College of Pipeline and Civil Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, China
出版时间: 2025-02-18 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2402999
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在“十四五”规划和“双碳”目标指引下,建筑材料的组成面临着重大挑战,尤其是传统混凝土性能预测模型的适应性和准确性受到质疑。近年来,机器学习(machine learning,ML)技术在混凝土性能预测领域展示出较高的预测精度和效率。系统回顾了ML在混凝土性能预测方面的研究进展,特别聚焦于其在混凝土的力学性能、配合比设计及耐久性评估等方面的应用进展和不足,并提出相应的改进策略。此外,还利用CiteSpace软件探讨了ML在建筑工程领域的研究现状,从发文量、研究热点及其演进趋势等角度综合分析,不仅为未来研究者提供参考,也旨在助力其更有效地利用这一技术,推动建筑材料的创新发展与环境可持续性目标的实现。

混凝土  /  机器学习  /  性能预测  /  可视化分析  /  CiteSpace

Under the guidance of the “14th Five-Year Plan” and the “Dual Carbon” goals, construction materials face significant challenges, particularly as the adaptability and accuracy of traditional concrete performance prediction models are questioned. Recently, machine learning (ML) has demonstrated high accuracy and efficiency in predicting concrete performance. The research progress of ML in this field was systematically reviewed, focusing on its applications in mechanical properties, mix design, and durability, while identifying its limitations and proposing improvement strategies. CiteSpace software was used to analyze the current state of ML research in construction engineering, examining publication volume, research hotspots, and trends. This analysis offers valuable reference for future researchers, aiding in the effective application of ML technology to drive innovation in construction materials and support environmental sustainability goals.

concrete  /  machine learning  /  performance prediction  /  visual analytics  /  CiteSpace
孔祥清, 张明亮, 康然, 赵元浩. 机器学习用于预测混凝土性能的研究进展. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (5) : 1764 -1773 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2402999
Xiang-qing KONG, Ming-liang ZHANG, Ran KANG, Yuan-hao ZHAO. Review on Machine Learning for Predicting Concrete Properties[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (5) : 1764 -1773 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2402999
机器学习(machine learning, ML),作为人工智能的一个重要分支,专注于赋予计算机通过数据分析进行预测和自我优化的能力。自20世纪90年代以来,ML迅速发展并广泛应用于图像与语音识别[1-2]、自动驾驶汽车[3-4]、医疗诊断[5-6]等关键技术领域,展现出显著的潜力和影响力。近年来,在工程材料领域,随着数据挖掘和人工智能技术的不断进步,传统的材料识别技术,比如基于经验的试错法[7],正逐渐面临被替代的趋势。伴随实验和计算机模拟的深入,数据的可用量正迅速增加,在这种数据驱动的挑战中,ML模型和算法被视为有效的应对工具。这些技术的发展极大地推动了合金材料[8-9]、光热材料[10-11]和复合材料[12-13]等研究领域的突破性进展,但在混凝土材料的应用探索尚处于起步阶段。
混凝土材料作为建筑领域使用最广泛的材料之一,其性能的准确预测对评估建筑或结构的全生命周期寿命具有关键作用。在“十四五”规划和“双碳”目标的推动下,建筑行业不仅面临新挑战,也促使混凝土材料的快速发展。为了满足性能要求,多种胶凝材料、纤维和化学外加剂被添加到混凝土混合物中[14-16]。目前,混凝土的配合比设计主要根据相关规范及实践中的经验公式来设定,随后通过试验来逐步调优,以制得符合性能要求的混凝土。此过程计算密集,操作繁杂并伴随较高的原料消耗[17-18]。而且,在现代混凝土技术发展中,对于组成复杂的混凝土,传统基于经验的统计模型(如线性或非线性回归分析)难以满足其性能预测需求。例如,Nunea等[19]研究发现,加入特定比例的高效减水剂后,统计模型在预测混凝土抗压强度(compressive strength,CS)方面的准确性大幅下降,预测精度较差。此外,新型混凝土,如超高性能混凝土、再生骨料混凝土及自密实混凝土(self compacting concrete,SCC),因其原材料种类多样且配合比设计复杂,存在原材料组成与混凝土性能之间的高度非线性关系,增加了设计和预测的难度。Chou等[20]指出,由于力学性能与混合物成分之间的关系错综复杂,对高性能混凝土(high performance concrete,HPC)的部分力学性能进行建模尤其困难。因此,这些统计模型在评估具备新增特性的新型混凝土性能时的准确性值得商榷。
近年来,为了弥补经验模型在预测混凝土性能方面的不足,引入ML作为一个有效的替代方案,减少了传统数据处理中主观假设的影响,显著提升了预测的准确性[21]。此外,ML还能有效降低实现理想混凝土性能所需的高成本和耗时长的试验批次问题,简化了相关实验流程[22-23]。ML因其具有解决变量共线性和分析高维变量的能力,已被广泛应用于克服传统混凝土性能预测方法的缺陷[24-25]。ML在混凝土性能设计中的应用,对促进土木行业向绿色智能转型及其智能化、数字化和信息化的提升,发挥关键作用,为行业创新提供新途径[26-27]。现介绍ML算法在混凝土性能预测中的应用,分析面临的主要问题,并通过CiteSpace对发文量、研究热点以及演进趋势进行分析,最后给出研究结论。
支持向量机(support vector machine,SVM)是由 Cortes等[28]提出的一种在数据分类和预测中广泛使用的监督学习模型。如图1所示,通过构建模型,SVM能够将新的样例基于以往的数据划分为两个类别中的一个,使其表现为一种非概率的二元线性分类器。SVM 将训练示例映射到点上,尽可能拉大两个类别之间的距离。新的示例被映射并预测到同一空间,具体取决于它们落在间隙的哪一侧。SVM借助核技术实现非线性分类,通过隐式地将输入映射到更高维的特征空间。
决策树(decision tree,DT)是一种在分类和回归任务中广泛使用的ML算法,它使用树状模型来表示决策及其潜在结果。决策过程一般从树的根节点开始,对待测数据的特征节点进行比较,并根据比较结果选择下一个比较分支,直到叶节点为最终决策结果[29]。分支根据属性对数据进行分类,并递归修剪树。递归过程在无法再分割时停止。
人工神经网络(artificial neural network,ANN)是模仿人脑工作机制的算法结构,旨在识别数据中的复杂模式。由输入层、多个隐藏层和输出层组成,通过节点之间的连接传递信息[30]。每个节点接收输入,进行加权求和后通过激活函数处理,以此实现非线性映射。ANN通过学习数据之间的关系,调整网络权重,优化预测结果,广泛应用于图像识别、语言处理等领域,展示了强大的处理和学习能力。结构如图2所示。
极端梯度提升(extreme gradient boosting,XGBoost)是一种高效的ML算法,特别是在分类和回归任务中表现出色。它是梯度提升决策树(gradient boosted decision tree,GBDT)算法的一种优化实现,通过加强模型的正则化来减少过拟合,提高了模型的泛化能力[31]。XGBoost通过构建多个DT模型,使每棵新树纠正前一棵的错误,逐步降低误差,并利用并行技术提高计算效率,如图3所示。此外,它支持多种目标函数,适用于回归、分类和排序问题,具备处理缺失数据和自动多线程等优势。
预测流程涉及数据收集、预处理、模型选择与训练、性能评估及优化等多个环节[32]。如图4所示,该流程从收集大量实验与模拟数据开始,经预处理和特征工程后,选用合适的ML模型进行训练与验证。模型评估采用精确度、决定系数(R2)、平均绝对误差(mean absolute error,MAE)、均方根误差(root mean squared error,RMSE)、曲线下的面积(area under curve,AUC)等统计指标。此过程可发现模型过拟合或欠拟合,之后利用网格搜索、随机搜索或贝叶斯优化等方法调整超参数。同时,为揭示ML模型的工作原理,还采用特征重要性排序、沙普利加性解释(Shapley additive explanations,SHAP)和部分依赖图(partial dependence plot,PDP)分析模型预测行为等[33]
在针对混凝土力学性能的研究中, ML技术被用于预测和优化包括CS在内的关键力学指标,如抗拉强度、弹性模量等。这些指标对于确保建筑及基础设施的安全性发挥着至关重要的作用。特别是CS的研究,在现有研究中的数量可观,成为了众多学者的研究焦点[34-36]。因此,主要探讨ML技术在预测混凝土CS方面的有效应用。
研究人员已通过采用不同的ML模型[36-39],实现了对混凝土CS高精度的预测。初始研究采用的SVM模型,在数据量较小的情况下展现了较好的预测精度[40]。如Deng等[41]与Omran等[42]使用SVM模型在仅有86组实验数据的情况下来预测混凝土的CS,性能评估表明所采用的模型是可靠的。Yaseen等[43]提出了最小二乘支持向量法(least squares support vector machine,LSSVM)来预测发泡混凝土的CS,该模型达到了可靠的精度。此外,Kadir等[37]采用包括SVM在内的4种ML算法对多目标大数据量的混凝土28 d CS进行预测,最终得到DT算法具有最小的误差。与复杂的DT相比SVM属于简单模型,学习能力相对较弱。采用粒子群优化的混合模型和灰狼优化的常规ML模型可以提升预测精度。如Tran等[44]和Parhi等[45]研究表明优化算法可以显著提高单一模型的预测精度,用优化后的模型进行SHAP分析探索输入和输出之间的关系,结果表明温度和龄期是影响CS的两个关键因素。同时,Zhang等[46]表明单目标优化模型不适用于多目标优化(multi-objective optimization,MOO),提出了元启发式算法结合集成模型来优化混凝土配合比设计,得到了CS与费用之间的关系如图5所示。随着新型混凝土输入变量的增多,研究者提出采用更复杂的神经网络预测[47]。Hamidian等[48]采用ANN与改进的粒子群算法相结合,其预测稻壳灰混凝土CS的R2达到了0.980 3,显示出比其他算法更高的精确度。此外,研究者还运用集成stacking模型对稻壳灰混凝土的CS进行预测,发现预测值与实际值高度一致[49]
综上所述, ML在预测混凝土CS方面已被充分验证,然而其在分析其他力学性能(如抗拉强度,弹性模量等)研究较少。此外,随着数据量的增加,数据之间复杂的非线性关系使得简单模型难以实现良好的收敛,而采用学习能力更强的复杂模型虽能降低泛化误差,但仍面临过拟合问题。因此,如何降低过拟合问题仍是混凝土力学性能预测的关键。此外,ML模型的主要缺点之一是需要全面可信的实验数据,这些数据有时不可用或难以获取,所以研究者必须深入探索以克服数据获取的困难。同时,混合模型是ML对超参数调优的强大工具,在目前的研究中处于空白,值得进一步研究。
传统的混凝土耐久性预测方法主要基于机理驱动的模型,该方法存在一定的局限性。例如,当材料成分发生变化时,现有模型将不再适用。此外,随着考虑的影响因素指标增加,传统方法构建的显式方程难以有效评估各指标的重要性及其相互作用。相比之下,采用ML模型预测混凝土耐久性不仅保证了预测的准确性,还能通过特征重要性分析,揭示输入变量对耐久性指标的作用机制。目前,通过ML模型评估的混凝土耐久性包括抗氯离子,抗碳化,抗硫酸盐和抗冻性能。
鉴于此,众多学者对混凝土耐久性进行了细致研究。在研究初期,Khan[50]使用ANN研究了硅灰对HPC抗氯离子性能的影响,发现含有硅灰的二元胶凝体系比传统混凝土表现出更好的抗氯离子性能。随着更多变量的引入,简单的ML模型难以准确衡量不同成分对氯离子抵抗性的贡献。于是,Tran[51]集成了8种ML算法来预测氯离子渗透系数,还使用了SHAP和PDP方法分析了各变量间的相互影响,如图6所示。结果发现,氯离子渗透系数与含水量和骨料含量呈正相关,与铝酸三缸含量和粉煤灰比表面呈负相关。与氯离子预测模型类似,用于碳化的ML模型通常选择材料成分和环境条件作为输入变量。Felix等[52]使用ANN预测混凝土的碳化深度,重点考虑了水泥含量、粉煤灰含量和环境相对湿度等因素。该模型可用于预测混凝土在整个使用周期的碳化深度。然而,混凝土的耐久性与成本之间存在矛盾,导致难以设计出同时满足耐久性和经济性要求的混凝土。Chen等[53]开发了一种智能优化程序,可有效评估HPC耐久性和成本之间的竞争关系,研究表明混凝土的抗氯离子性和抗冻性与成本呈正相关。
混凝土抗硫酸盐和抗冻性的ML模型预测由于数据库局限性,仍处于起步阶段[54]。随着材料成分的增多,需要考虑多种胶凝体系和再生骨料掺入对混凝土耐久性的影响。虽然ML模型获得的预测精度高于传统模型,但模型的泛化能力还需要进一步研究。特别在抗碳化预测中考虑到碳化率这个动态过程时,预测值与实验值会存在一定的误差,这也是具有挑战性的方面。
混凝土配合比设计是确保混凝土质量和性能满足工程要求的关键过程,设计方法多样且均通过调整水灰比、骨料用量和减水剂含量等参数,本质上构成了一个高维空间的最优解问题。在寻找最优解的过程中需要投入大量的人力和物力资源。
近年来,一些研究人员开始将ML用于混凝土配合比设计。例如,赵庆新等[55]利用BP神经网络以水泥强度、水胶比和砂石含量等为输入变量,设计出优化后的SCC配合比,并证实了该神经网络能在满足性能要求的基础上,准确预测不同条件下的配合比。此外,其他学者探索了如何在保证混凝土强度的同时,降低成本并减少碳排放。Zhang等[56]利用元启发式算法开发了一个MOO模型,系统研究了硅灰混凝土CS、成本和碳排放三者间的关系,如图7所示,从优化的结果来看,CS的提高往往伴随成本和碳排放的增加。Wang等[57]基于灰狼优化算法并综合8个模型对再生砖骨料混凝土三目标优化进行了综合评估,揭示了再生砖骨料的最佳替代率介于25%~75%。进一步的研究表明,基于树的集成模型和非支配排序遗传算法Ⅱ(non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm Ⅱ, NSGA-Ⅱ)可以有效提高MOO过程中设计参数的预测精度[58]
综上所述,利用ML进行混凝土配合比设计,不仅显著降低了试验工作量,还能实施多参数的优化与设计。通过引入先进的算法,模型的预测精度得到了显著提高。需要注意的是,在建立MOO模型时需要考虑变量间的多重共线性,以确保实际混合物方案符合设计要求。然而,针对混凝土配合比的反向设计研究目前仍是一个尚未探索的新领域。
CiteSpace文献分析工具由美国德雷赛尔大学陈超美教授开发[59],结合多学科知识可视化科学文献数据。通过该工具检索“机器学习”和“建筑工程”关键词的中国知网(CNKI)文献,共795条,进行可视化分析。综合考察了ML在建筑工程领域的应用趋势和研究现状,探讨研究热点,预测未来方向,并提出发展建议,以促进该领域的进一步研究。
通过发文量(图8)的变化趋势,能够清晰地洞察到ML技术在建筑工程领域的应用现状及其发展动态。具体而言,2016年以前,相关研究的年发文量保持在不超过10篇的水平。然而,自2016年起,该领域的发文量呈现出逐年上升的趋势,显示出ML在建筑工程领域的关注度持续攀升,研究团队规模日益扩大,标志着该研究领域正处于热点阶段。
在关键词共现图谱里,各节点分别对应不同的关键词,其中节点的尺寸体现了关键词出现的频率。节点之间的连线揭示了关键词的共现关系,而节点和连线颜色从蓝到红的变化反映了研究的时间跨度[60]。图谱(图9)显示共计290个关键词节点与523条相互连接的线,其中节点较大的部分突出了建筑工程领域内ML的研究焦点。根据CiteSpace分析的高频关键词(前20名)的中心性和出现频次(表1),“机器学习”“人工智能”与“深度学习”3个关键词在建筑工程研究领域的重要性得到了显著体现。
利用热点网络图谱,关键词聚类技术对研究主题进行了细致概括和归纳,有效揭示了主要的研究领域。此过程采用谱聚类算法对知识进行系统分类,并从中提取标签主题词,代表研究前沿领域[61]。在完成关键词共现分析后,通过聚类分析技术绘制关键词图谱,识别出10个主要聚类。这些聚类依据所含关键词数量排序,数量越多的聚类排名越前。图10展示了这些聚类的文献结果。分析显示,机器学习(#0)的研究领域覆盖广泛,聚类单元间联系各异。特别是,人工智能(#1)与大数据(#2)领域的研究重叠明显,联系密切,显示了广泛的共引现象,而其他聚类单元的相互关系则相对较弱。其中故障诊断(#9)作为一个新兴的研究方向,当与深度学习(#4)结合时,能显著提高工作效率,具有广阔的研究前景。
演进趋势分析有助于理解研究发展脉络、挖掘热点变化规律及其驱动因素,指导未来研究方向。通过结合关键词突现分析与时间线图,可以有效探索关键词随时间的分布情况,识别频率变化大且增长快的突现词,进一步揭示各时间段内的学科前沿与研究焦点。
结合图11图12,可将国内近15年来针对ML在建筑工程中的研究分为3个阶段。
(1)2010—2016年,突现词为“高斯过程”,该阶段的研究主要集中在采用高斯过程对建筑材料特性、施工过程中的质量控制等方面的预测和分析。
(2)2016—2022年,这一阶段突现词为“大数据”“人工智能”“智能家居”等,表明研究焦点开始扩展至建筑工程的整个生命周期,从设计、施工到运维。在这一时期,大数据和人工智能技术被广泛应用于优化设计流程、提升施工效率和智能化管理居住环境,标志着向着更智能、更高效的建筑工程发展方向迈进。
(3)2022—2024年,这一阶段的突现词为“集成学习”“预测模型”“抗压强度”“混凝土”。反映出学术界和行业对提高建筑结构性能、延长服务寿命的持续关注,通过集成学习优化结构设计和材料选择,利用先进的预测模型对混凝土等建筑材料的性能进行预测和提升,进一步推动了建筑工程向着更加可持续和安全的方向发展。
综述了ML模型在混凝土性能评估中的应用进展,并概述了几种常用的ML模型与常规预测流程。进一步分析了混凝土在力学性能、耐久性和配合比设计方面的研究进展和存在的不足。此外,利用CiteSpace软件分析了ML在建筑工程领域的研究现状、热点与发展趋势。在此基础上得出以下结论。
(1)在混凝土性能预测中,存在“偏科”现象,这并非研究人员主观原因所致。目前的算法需依赖大量数据进行训练以确保结果的准确性,但数据本身的可靠性无法完全保证,这便是导致此现象的主要原因。未来,应致力于积累更多高质量数据或改进算法,以增强预测的准确性和算法的通用性。
(2)随着新型混凝土变量维数的增加,算法的可解释性将更具挑战。因此,将具有鲁棒性且可解释的算法与高精度预测模型有效结合变得尤为重要。混合模型便是此类结合的良好示例,值得在未来的研究中进一步探讨和深化。
(3)在混凝土配合比设计中,多目标优化虽取得了一定的成就但仍面临诸多挑战。在确保性能的同时降低成本和碳排放,探索之路仍然漫长。未来,可以考虑结合ML和人工智能技术,优化多种算法,以指导混凝土配合比的反向设计开发。这种方法有望显著提高设计效率并促进环境可持续发展。
(4)在建筑工程领域,ML的文献数量逐年增多,研究焦点已从基本的回归算法转向更复杂的人工智能和深度学习技术。通过关键词突现分析可以看出,混凝土、预测模型和抗压强度仍然是当前研究的重点领域。未来研究应当结合能耗分析和建筑特性,推动多学科的交叉融合,为实现 “双碳”目标奠定坚实的科学基础。
  • 国家重点研发计划(2022YFA1403504)
  • 广东省基础与应用基础研究基金区域联合基金(2022A1515140003)
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2025年第25卷第5期
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2402999
  • 接收时间:2024-04-23
  • 首发时间:2025-07-29
  • 出版时间:2025-02-18
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  • 收稿日期:2024-04-23
  • 修回日期:2024-11-18
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国家重点研发计划(2022YFA1403504)
广东省基础与应用基础研究基金区域联合基金(2022A1515140003)
作者信息
    1 辽宁工业大学土木建筑工程学院, 锦州 121001
    2 中国石油大学(华东)储运与建筑工程学院, 青岛 266580

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*张明亮(2000—),男,汉族,河北邢台人,硕士研究生。研究方向:复合材料性能。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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