Article(id=1156983784869552338, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1156983783787421903, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2402840, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1713369600000, receivedDateStr=2024-04-18, revisedDate=1731945600000, revisedDateStr=2024-11-19, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1753776030031, onlineDateStr=2025-07-29, pubDate=1739808000000, pubDateStr=2025-02-18, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753776030031, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-29, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753776030031, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753776030031, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1156983783787421903, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='5', pageStart='1753', pageEnd='2192', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1753776029774, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1769691857141, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1223739602251436918, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1156983783787421903, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1223739602251436919, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1156983783787421903, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1896, endPage=1903, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1156983785473532120, articleId=1156983784869552338, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=Step-by-step Progressive Design of High Energy Consumption Anti-collision Magnetorheological Dampers, columnId=1156262732765717457, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Papers·Mechanical and Instrumental Industry, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to better protect the safety of bridge piers and ships, a step-by-step progressive high energy consumption anti-collision magnetorheological damper for bridge piers was designed for the problems of passive energy dissipation, poor dynamic response and anti-collision energy dissipation, and limited adaptability of the device. The structural parameters of the damper were established through the establishment of a mechanical model. The structural strength and magnetic circuit were analyzed using finite elements. The results show that the strength of the structural components meets the requirements, the magnetic induction strength at the gap under 2 A current can reach about 1.2 T, three pistons are set up in the cylinder barrel, which can work together under different crash depth displacements to divide the energy dissipation of the damper into three stages, the minimum damping force under no current is 15 kN, the maximum damping force is 496 kN, and the damping force improves with displacement by 481 kN. The damping force under 2.5 A current increases with displacement from 78 kN to 1 204 kN, which is an improvement of about 15 times. It effectively improve the force of the damper and achieve the excellent effect of graded progressive impact energy dissipation. The application in the bridge pier collision avoidance device can achieve semi-active collision avoidance energy dissipation. The theoretical and finite element simulation results basically coincide with each other, proving the rationality of the damper design.

, correspAuthors=Guo-jun YU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Zhuang MENG, Guo-jun YU, Jun HE, Xiao-long YE, Fei GAO), CN=ArticleExt(id=1156983957712626497, articleId=1156983784869552338, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=CN, title=逐级递进式高耗能抗撞磁流变阻尼器设计, columnId=1156262732954461139, journalTitle=科学技术与工程, columnName=论文·机械、仪表工业, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=为了更好地保护桥墩与船舶安全,针对桥墩防撞装置多为被动式耗能,其动态响应及防撞耗能效果较差,装置适应性有限等问题设计了一种适用于桥墩的逐级递进式高耗能抗撞磁流变阻尼器。通过建立力学模型确立了阻尼器结构参数;使用有限元对结构强度及磁路进行分析。结果表明:结构部件强度满足要求,2 A电流下间隙处磁感应强度可达到1.2 T;缸筒内设置3个活塞,在不同的撞深位移下可协同工作,将阻尼器的耗能分成3个阶段, 无电流下最小阻尼力为15 kN,最大阻尼力为496 kN,阻尼力随着位移的变大增加了481 kN;2.5 A电流下阻尼力随位移从78 kN增大到1 204 kN,提升了约15倍。有效提高了阻尼器的出力且实现分级递进式抗冲耗能的优良效果;在桥墩防撞装置中应用可实现半主动式防撞耗能。理论与有限元仿真结果基本吻合,证明了阻尼器设计的合理性。, correspAuthors=于国军, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*于国军(1981—),男,汉族,江苏盐城人,博士,副教授。研究方向:工程结构抗震及振动控制。E-mail:
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孟壮(2000—),男,汉族,安徽合肥人,硕士研究生。研究方向:防灾减灾工程及防护领域。E-mail:

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孟壮(2000—),男,汉族,安徽合肥人,硕士研究生。研究方向:防灾减灾工程及防护领域。E-mail:

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孟壮(2000—),男,汉族,安徽合肥人,硕士研究生。研究方向:防灾减灾工程及防护领域。E-mail:

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Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing, 2023, 205: 110877., articleTitle=Design, analysis and optimization of a hybrid fluid flow magnetorheological damper based on multiphysics coupling model, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1225467184101638359, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156983784869552338, awardId=12372091, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金(12372091), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1225467184286187752, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156983784869552338, awardId=BE2022162, language=CN, fundingSource=江苏省重点研发项目(BE2022162), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1225467165336322312, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156983784869552338, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1225467165344710921, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156983784869552338, companyId=1225467165336322312, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Faculty of Civil Engineering and Mechanics, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1225467165357293834, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156983784869552338, companyId=1225467165336322312, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=江苏大学土木工程与力学学院, 镇江 212013)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1225467174295356010, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156983784869552338, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Overall schematic diagram of damper, figureFileSmall=DXyUaVFgtimeM5sVPnAUUA==, figureFileBig=9v87ecl2ejHpl4lneIdpnQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225467174454739581, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156983784869552338, language=CN, label=图1, caption=阻尼器整体示意图

1为副活塞杆;2为副螺栓;3为励磁线圈;4为副活塞;5为Yx形密封圈;6为O形密封圈;7为主缸筒;8为主螺栓;9为固定螺钉;10为隔磁片;11为主缸盖B;12为连接吊耳;13为导线通道;14为副缸盖;15为主活塞杆1;16为副凹孔;17为主缸盖A;18为主活塞A;19为主活塞B;20为主凹孔;21为连接缸盖;22为主活塞杆2

, figureFileSmall=DXyUaVFgtimeM5sVPnAUUA==, figureFileBig=9v87ecl2ejHpl4lneIdpnQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225467174857392791, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156983784869552338, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Schematic diagram of the first phase, figureFileSmall=iMIc/YtahcmfJFBR/yHXwA==, figureFileBig=Dl/Rm7J7Yqv4HNcc3LwZNQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225467175058719396, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156983784869552338, language=CN, label=图2, caption=第一阶段示意图, figureFileSmall=iMIc/YtahcmfJFBR/yHXwA==, figureFileBig=Dl/Rm7J7Yqv4HNcc3LwZNQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225467175260046009, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156983784869552338, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Schematic diagram of the second phase, figureFileSmall=s+Z4SblIZ81amGizqwONQw==, figureFileBig=jhGSHaqsHuCVlMBEZSFvSQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225467175473955532, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156983784869552338, language=CN, label=图3, caption=第二阶段示意图, figureFileSmall=s+Z4SblIZ81amGizqwONQw==, figureFileBig=jhGSHaqsHuCVlMBEZSFvSQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225467175813694184, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156983784869552338, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Schematic diagram of the third phase, figureFileSmall=SnI/5LeIW4nhJ3XAbUuu2A==, figureFileBig=Faf3PfqIg/bVlOgBSnOSxg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225467176073741047, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156983784869552338, language=CN, label=图4, caption=第三阶段示意图, figureFileSmall=SnI/5LeIW4nhJ3XAbUuu2A==, figureFileBig=Faf3PfqIg/bVlOgBSnOSxg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225467176300233478, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156983784869552338, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Simplified diagram of magnetic circuit structure, figureFileSmall=4mk/ygWA1nDuk5FLZqN6bA==, figureFileBig=lonEJ+QpzFgBFzYrQAq0Gw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225467176459617040, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156983784869552338, language=CN, label=图5, caption=磁路结构简化图

L为活塞长度;h为阻尼间隙高度;t为缸筒厚度;L1为一侧磁极长度;L2为线圈窗口宽度;d为活塞杆直径;W1线圈窗口内半径;W2为活塞半径;W3为缸筒外半径

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Basic structural parameters

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名称 参数 名称 参数
主活塞A间隙/mm 1 副活塞间隙/mm 1
主活塞A间隙长度/mm 70 副活塞间隙长度/mm 130
主活塞B间隙/mm 1 主活塞杆直径/mm 125
主活塞B间隙长度/mm 70 副活塞杆直径/mm 50
端盖厚度/mm 40 缸筒壁厚/mm 20
), ArticleFig(id=1225467182780432472, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156983784869552338, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

结构基本参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
名称 参数 名称 参数
主活塞A间隙/mm 1 副活塞间隙/mm 1
主活塞A间隙长度/mm 70 副活塞间隙长度/mm 130
主活塞B间隙/mm 1 主活塞杆直径/mm 125
主活塞B间隙长度/mm 70 副活塞杆直径/mm 50
端盖厚度/mm 40 缸筒壁厚/mm 20
), ArticleFig(id=1225467182923038823, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156983784869552338, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Basic parameters of piston magnetic circuit structure

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
结构指标 具体参数
主活塞磁极长度 40 mm
主活塞线圈匝数 650匝
主活塞线圈尺寸 内径190 mm,外径246 mm,宽28 mm
副活塞磁极长度 60 mm
副活塞线圈匝数 380匝
副活塞线圈尺寸 内径56 mm,外径86 mm,宽33 mm
), ArticleFig(id=1225467183120171140, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156983784869552338, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

活塞磁路结构基本参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
结构指标 具体参数
主活塞磁极长度 40 mm
主活塞线圈匝数 650匝
主活塞线圈尺寸 内径190 mm,外径246 mm,宽28 mm
副活塞磁极长度 60 mm
副活塞线圈匝数 380匝
副活塞线圈尺寸 内径56 mm,外径86 mm,宽33 mm
), ArticleFig(id=1225467183355052187, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156983784869552338, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Performance parameters for each stage of the damper

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
阶段 出力/kN 位移/mm 可调倍数
0~78 0~50 5.2
78~602 50~250 2.4
602~1 204 250~400 2.4
), ArticleFig(id=1225467183552184493, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156983784869552338, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

阻尼器各阶段性能参数

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阶段 出力/kN 位移/mm 可调倍数
0~78 0~50 5.2
78~602 50~250 2.4
602~1 204 250~400 2.4
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逐级递进式高耗能抗撞磁流变阻尼器设计
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孟壮 , 于国军 * , 何骏 , 叶晓龙 , 高飞
科学技术与工程 | 论文·机械、仪表工业 2025,25(5): 1896-1903
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科学技术与工程 | 论文·机械、仪表工业 2025, 25(5): 1896-1903
逐级递进式高耗能抗撞磁流变阻尼器设计
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孟壮 , 于国军* , 何骏, 叶晓龙, 高飞
作者信息
  • 江苏大学土木工程与力学学院, 镇江 212013
  • 孟壮(2000—),男,汉族,安徽合肥人,硕士研究生。研究方向:防灾减灾工程及防护领域。E-mail:

通讯作者:

*于国军(1981—),男,汉族,江苏盐城人,博士,副教授。研究方向:工程结构抗震及振动控制。E-mail:
Step-by-step Progressive Design of High Energy Consumption Anti-collision Magnetorheological Dampers
Zhuang MENG , Guo-jun YU* , Jun HE, Xiao-long YE, Fei GAO
Affiliations
  • Faculty of Civil Engineering and Mechanics, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
出版时间: 2025-02-18 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2402840
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为了更好地保护桥墩与船舶安全,针对桥墩防撞装置多为被动式耗能,其动态响应及防撞耗能效果较差,装置适应性有限等问题设计了一种适用于桥墩的逐级递进式高耗能抗撞磁流变阻尼器。通过建立力学模型确立了阻尼器结构参数;使用有限元对结构强度及磁路进行分析。结果表明:结构部件强度满足要求,2 A电流下间隙处磁感应强度可达到1.2 T;缸筒内设置3个活塞,在不同的撞深位移下可协同工作,将阻尼器的耗能分成3个阶段, 无电流下最小阻尼力为15 kN,最大阻尼力为496 kN,阻尼力随着位移的变大增加了481 kN;2.5 A电流下阻尼力随位移从78 kN增大到1 204 kN,提升了约15倍。有效提高了阻尼器的出力且实现分级递进式抗冲耗能的优良效果;在桥墩防撞装置中应用可实现半主动式防撞耗能。理论与有限元仿真结果基本吻合,证明了阻尼器设计的合理性。
逐级递进  /  抗撞耗能  /  磁流变阻尼器  /  结构设计  /  有限元分析

In order to better protect the safety of bridge piers and ships, a step-by-step progressive high energy consumption anti-collision magnetorheological damper for bridge piers was designed for the problems of passive energy dissipation, poor dynamic response and anti-collision energy dissipation, and limited adaptability of the device. The structural parameters of the damper were established through the establishment of a mechanical model. The structural strength and magnetic circuit were analyzed using finite elements. The results show that the strength of the structural components meets the requirements, the magnetic induction strength at the gap under 2 A current can reach about 1.2 T, three pistons are set up in the cylinder barrel, which can work together under different crash depth displacements to divide the energy dissipation of the damper into three stages, the minimum damping force under no current is 15 kN, the maximum damping force is 496 kN, and the damping force improves with displacement by 481 kN. The damping force under 2.5 A current increases with displacement from 78 kN to 1 204 kN, which is an improvement of about 15 times. It effectively improve the force of the damper and achieve the excellent effect of graded progressive impact energy dissipation. The application in the bridge pier collision avoidance device can achieve semi-active collision avoidance energy dissipation. The theoretical and finite element simulation results basically coincide with each other, proving the rationality of the damper design.

step-by-step progression  /  crash energy dissipation  /  magnetorheological dampers  /  structural design  /  finite element analysis
孟壮, 于国军, 何骏, 叶晓龙, 高飞. 逐级递进式高耗能抗撞磁流变阻尼器设计. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (5) : 1896 -1903 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2402840
Zhuang MENG, Guo-jun YU, Jun HE, Xiao-long YE, Fei GAO. Step-by-step Progressive Design of High Energy Consumption Anti-collision Magnetorheological Dampers[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (5) : 1896 -1903 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2402840
随着社会与经济对水路交通需求的日益增加,近年来跨江、海桥梁工程蓬勃兴起,船舶数量与规模增多,桥墩与通行船只之间的碰撞事件也随之骤增,导致桥墩受损频发[1]。传统的桥墩防撞装置多是被动式耗能,被动防撞措施虽可削弱桥墩受到的船舶撞击力,但其无法确保桥墩的完整性,且对船舶造成严重损害。随着智能技术及结构的发展,各种技术也丰富了主动防撞措施,防撞装置的研究从被动式耗能逐渐变为主动或半主动式耗能[2-3]
朱少杰等[4]针对建筑结构振动设计了一种具有高频抗冲耗能、磁控减振的双重减振的智能磁-率控式阻尼器,基于仿真与理论结果的比较,证实了智能磁-率控式阻尼器设计的合理性。Zhu等[5]提出了适用于发射装置的冲击荷载下的新型三通道结构,活塞头配有可单独控制的线圈和平行的3个环形通道,该阻尼器大大提高了三通道磁流变阻尼器的输出阻尼力,同时确保了较大的阻尼力可调系数。Liang等[6]提出了一种用于全地形车的新型非对称锥形流道磁流变阻尼器,其利用磁控特性产生可调节的阻尼力,并通过锥形流道实现不对称力输出,可有效地吸收和耗散能量。刘月辰等[7]提出一种节流通道旁置的新型双出杆磁流变阻尼器,该阻尼器较传统磁流变阻尼器,阻尼力可调范围更大且黏滞阻尼力较小,通过外置节流通道,可使结构尺寸和行程较传统阻尼器更小。Wang等[8]设计了一种剪切阀式的矿用磁流变(magnetorheological,MR)阻尼器。与传统阻尼器相比,该阻尼器具有更好的耗能特性,能够在短时间内提供更大的阻尼力。杨三锋等[9]提出了一种新型双出杆磁流变剪切增稠阻尼器,该阻尼器可达到磁场和活塞位移速度的双重控制,具有优异的可控性能,可有效实现在复杂振动环境下的消能减振作用。董小闵等[10]针对飞机座椅隔振与抗坠毁等问题设计了一种双模式变间隙磁流变阻尼器,该阻尼器在不同速度下均可提供平稳可控的阻尼力,可有效提升缓冲器效率。
船桥碰撞产生的冲击力较大,而冲击荷载作用下的磁流变阻尼器的特点是作用行程长、输出阻尼力大,以实现对传递到结构上的冲击力和位移的控制。磁流变阻尼器在桥墩防撞领域研究较少,现设计一种用于桥梁抗撞的逐级递进式高耗能磁流变阻尼器,通过建立阻尼器力学模型确定阻尼器结构参数;使用有限元对阻尼器的结构形式和磁路进行仿真分析;多个活塞配合运动可使阻尼器实现分级递进式出力,达到优异的抗冲耗能效果。
针对桥墩防撞装置设计的阻尼器结构构造形式如图1所示。
逐级递进式高耗能磁流变阻尼器为剪切阀式,通过将主副活塞杆相互套接,可有效地增加阻尼器的行程;副活塞固定在副活塞杆上布置于副缸筒内,两个主活塞固定在主活塞杆上均布置在主缸筒内,3个活塞协同配合工作将阻尼器运动分为3个阶段;在撞击力以及行程较小,副活塞工作,此时阻尼器可起到一定的抗冲作用,当撞击力和行程逐渐变大,两个主活塞开始协同工作,提高了阻尼器的出力且实现分级递进式抗冲耗能的优良效果,有效地增大了桥墩防撞装置的刚度变化范围,实现在初始撞击力较小的情况下阻尼器也能发挥优异的抗冲耗能效果;该阻尼器可针对不同的撞击力以及撞击深度实现不同的工作模式,从而提供可控的阻尼力;多种工作模式也提供了更好的动态响应和控制性能,进一步提升了阻尼器的适用范围、防撞性能及安全可靠性。
阻尼器3阶段工作示意图如图2~图4所示。
Bingham模型是结合电流变体特性建立的一种磁流变阻尼器理想伪静力学模型,该模型假设磁流变液屈服后可看作牛顿流体,其剪切应力随剪切速率线性增加,黏度保持不变。其本构方程为
$\tau=\operatorname{sgn}(\gamma) \tau_{0}+\eta \gamma, \tau \geqslant \tau_{0}$
$\gamma=0, \tau<\tau_{0}$
式中:τ为磁流变液的剪切应力;τ0为激励磁场下磁流变液的剪切屈服应力;η为磁流变液零场黏度;γ为剪切速率。Bingham模型结构简单,具有明确的物理量概念,常被用于理论分析和实际工程应用。
采用Bingham模型结合流体动力学,来建立平板间磁流变液的伪静力模型,阻尼力由黏滞力和库仑力两部分组成。剪切阀式阻尼器的阻尼力可简化阀式的阻尼力公式[11-12]
$F=F_{\tau}+F_{\eta}$
式(3)中:Fτ为库伦力;Fη为黏滞力。
根据Bingham本构模型对活塞两端进行压差计算,可得
$\Delta P=\Delta P_{\eta}+\Delta P_{\tau}$
$\Delta P=\frac{12 \eta l A_{\mathrm{p}}}{\pi D h^{3}} v+\frac{3 \tau_{\mathrm{y}} l}{h}$
式中:ΔPη为黏滞阻力提供的压差;ΔPτ为库伦阻尼力提供的压差;l为阻尼间隙长度;η为零场黏度;Ap为活塞面积;v为活塞运动速度;h为阻尼间隙厚度;D为缸筒内径;τy为磁流变液屈服强度。
$F=\Delta P A_{\mathrm{p}}=\frac{12 \eta l A_{\mathrm{p}}^{2}}{\pi D h^{3}} v+\frac{3 \tau_{\mathrm{y}} l A_{\mathrm{p}}}{h}$
$A_{\mathrm{p}}=\frac{\pi\left(D^{2}-d^{2}\right)}{4}$
式中:Ap为活塞面积;D为缸筒内径;d为活塞杆直径。
逐级递进式高耗能磁流变阻尼器力学模型为
$F=\left\{\begin{array}{ll} F_{1}, & 0 \sim 50 \mathrm{~mm} \\ F_{2 \mathrm{~A}}, & 50 \sim 250 \mathrm{~mm} \\ F_{2 \mathrm{~A}}+F_{2 \mathrm{~B}}, & 250 \sim 400 \mathrm{~mm} \end{array}\right.$
式(8)中:F1为副活塞工作时所产生的阻尼力;F2A为主活塞A工作时产生的阻尼力;F2B为主活塞B工作时产生的阻尼力。
由于黏滞阻尼力与活塞运动速度有关,库仑阻尼力与外加磁场的磁感应强度有关,因此可得到阻尼器的阻尼力可调范围M
$M=\frac{F_{\eta}+F_{\tau}}{F_{\eta}}$
阻尼可调系数λ为库伦力与黏滞力的比值,表达式为
$\lambda=\frac{F_{\tau}}{F_{\eta}}=\frac{\tau_{y} D h^{2}}{\eta\left(D^{2}-d^{2}\right) v}$
考虑设计阻尼器的最大出力,《公路桥梁设计规范》(JTG 3360—2020)对不同吨位轮船发生碰撞后产生撞击力给出参考数值[13],3 000 t船舶以3 m/s的速度发生碰撞后产生的撞击力可达18.3 MN;主要针对载重吨位为3 000 t的船舶(3000DWT)的相应抗撞减振装置设计防撞阻尼器。将10个阻尼器均匀布置在防撞装置迎撞面内,旨在使抗撞阻尼器承担50%以上的撞击力,能有效地优化传统的桥墩防撞装置,降低经济成本,提高产品的技术含量。则所设计的阻尼器最大出力约为1 000 kN。
阻尼器的出力大小取决于其尺寸参数、磁路结构以及磁流变液的性能等。缸筒和活塞的材料选用导磁效果较好的45#钢,活塞杆和隔磁构件的材料选用强度较高的不导磁材料S30478不锈钢。已知阻尼器最大阻尼力F、课题组自制磁流变液的剪切屈服强度τy为80 kPa、零场黏度η为2.5 Pa·s,取h为1 mm,主副活塞磁极长度l分别为40 mm与60 mm。根据机械设计规范计算出活塞杆直径、缸筒壁厚、端盖厚度等阻尼器主要结构参数。
(1)活塞杆直径。按照阻尼器最大出力选取合适的活塞杆直径d,表达式为
$d \geqslant \sqrt{\frac{4 F}{\pi[\sigma]}}$
式(11)中:F为最大阻尼力;[σ]为材料许用应力。
(2)缸筒设计。根据液压缸内径相关参数,选取合适的缸筒内径D,并计算出阻尼器工作时缸筒内的最大压力Pmax,表达式为
$P_{\max }=\frac{4 F}{\pi\left(D^{2}-d^{2}\right)}$
缸筒壁厚t满足条件为
$t \geqslant \frac{P_{\max } D}{2[\sigma]}$
(3)端盖厚度。缸筒端盖其厚度δ
$\delta \geqslant 0.433 D \sqrt{\frac{P_{\max }}{[\sigma]}}$
根据规范计算得到的结构基本参数如表1所示。
以磁路欧姆定律为前提,为了尽可能提高磁场效率,除对材料的选择外,对磁路构造设计如阻尼间隙高度、磁极有效长度以及线圈窗口的设置也十分重要。其对于减小漏磁、增大阻尼通道处的磁感应强度以及阻尼器的出力等有很大影响[14]。当线圈通电时,内置于活塞的线圈产生的磁力线沿着活塞-阻尼间隙-缸壁-阻尼间隙-活塞组成一条回路,形成完整闭合的磁力线。要求磁感线集中分布于阻尼间隙中,使阻尼通道处的磁感应强度符合设计要求。
线圈缠绕在活塞内侧,磁路简图如图5所示。
因此活塞中心轴段磁阻为R1,活塞侧翼磁阻为R2,阻尼间隙内磁阻为R3,外缸筒磁阻为R4,计算公式如下。
$R_{1}=\frac{2 L_{1}+L_{2}}{\pi W_{1}^{2} \mu}$
$R_{2}=\frac{W_{2}}{\pi W_{2} L_{1} \mu}$
$R_{3}=\frac{h^{2}}{\pi\left[\left(W_{2}+h\right)^{2}-W_{2}^{2}\right] L_{1} \mu_{0} \mu_{\mathrm{MR}}}$
$R_{4}=\frac{2 L_{1}+L_{2}}{\pi\left[W_{3}^{2}-\left(W_{2}+h\right)^{2}\right] \mu}$
式中:μ0为空气的磁导率;μ为活塞和缸筒材料的磁导率;μMR为磁流变液相对磁导率。
根据磁路串联定律,则磁路总磁阻Rm
$R_{\mathrm{m}}=R_{1}+R_{2}+R_{3}+R_{4}$
根据磁路欧姆定律得
$\varphi=\frac{N I}{R_{\mathrm{m}}}=B_{0} S_{0}$
可得磁动势为
$N I=B_{0} S_{0} R_{\mathrm{m}}$
式中:ϕ为磁路中的磁通量;B0为活塞与缸体之间间隙内的磁感应强度;S0为间隙处的磁通面积;N为线圈匝数;I为电流。
根据式(21)即可计算出满足磁流变液饱和磁感应强度所需的总线圈匝数。考虑到漏磁,选取漏磁系数为2.0,阻尼器采用最大电流为2.5 A,饱和磁感应强度为0.6 T,从而得到副活塞线圈匝数为380匝,主活塞A和主活塞B的线圈匝数均为650匝。活塞磁路结构参数如表2所示。
通过Abaqus软件对逐级递进式高耗能磁流变阻尼器结构进行有限元仿真,阻尼器活塞和缸筒部分材料采用45#钢,抗拉强度为600 MPa、屈服强度为355 MPa;活塞杆采用不导磁的S30478不锈钢,抗拉强度为685 MPa、屈服强度为345 MPa;根据阻尼器结构形式和材料参数在有限元软件中建立阻尼器简化结构模型[15-16]。通过对简化模型设置接触,划分网格、分析步设定、荷载与边界条件设置,可以得到结构及磁路的仿真结果。
施加阻尼器在第一阶段所承受的最大荷载78 kN,校验阻尼器关键部件强度,仿真结果如图6所示;第一阶段副活塞在副缸筒内工作,主活塞杆以及两个主活塞不工作;副活塞杆处应力最大为75 MPa,副活塞所受最大应力为69 MPa;均小于材料许用应力,说明结构强度满足设计要求。
第二与第三阶段副活塞不工作,两个主活塞结构相同且第二阶段主活塞A单独工作,第三阶段主活塞A与B一起工作;所以可直接校验第三阶段阻尼器最大出力时的阻尼器结构强度。
施加阻尼器所要承受最大荷载,即阻尼器在第三阶段最大出力为1 204 kN,校验阻尼器各个关键部件强度,仿真结果如图7所示。活塞杆处承受的最大应力为199 MPa,这是因为在阻尼器出力时应力主要集中在活塞杆上;活塞处受到的最大应力约为127 MPa,均小于S30478不锈钢和45#钢的许用应力。阻尼器整体、主副活塞杆以及主副活塞等结构强度均能承受设计最大承受荷载,结构强度满足设计要求。
磁路仿真主要针对阻尼间隙高度、阻尼间隙长度、缸体内壁厚度及电流等参数来分析磁场设计[17]。使用软件Ansys 中electronics desktop模块建立模型。逐级递进式高耗能磁流变阻尼器的磁路主要包括主活塞(主活塞A与主活塞B结构尺寸相同)和副活塞,建立主活塞和副活塞模型,进行磁路有限元仿真,验证磁路结构的设计是否合理、阻尼间隙处的磁感应强度是否符合要求。
主活塞线圈设置为650匝,电流为2.5 A,其磁力线和磁感应强度分布如图8所示。从图8(a)中可以看出,所有磁力线闭合完整且均垂直通过阻尼间隙,在阻尼间隙处分布均匀;由图8(b)可见阻尼间隙处磁感应强度为1.25 T,磁极处磁感应强度最大为2.16 T。说明该磁路结构设计合理且可行。
将电流分别设置为2.5、2、1.5、1、0.5 A,线圈匝数为650匝,可得到不同电流下工作间隙处磁感应强度沿阻尼通道的分布,如图9所示,随着电流的增大,阻尼间隙处的磁感应强度逐渐变大。可以看到当电流最大时,阻尼间隙处的磁感应强度约为1.25 T,考虑到漏磁系数为2.0,则两端磁极处的实际磁感应强度约为0.62 T,满足阻尼间隙处磁流变液的磁饱和强度0.6 T,符合设计要求。
由于副活塞磁极长度较大,因此副活塞设置为双线圈活塞,每个线圈的匝数为380匝,两个线圈通异向电流,最大电流为2.5 A,副活塞的磁感应强度和磁力线分布如图10所示。从图10(a)中可以看出,所有磁力线闭合完整,在阻尼间隙处分布均匀且均垂直通过阻尼间隙;由图10(b)可见阻尼间隙处中部磁感应强度约为1.2 T,磁极处磁感应强度最大为2.06 T。则该磁路结构设计具有合理性和可行性。
设置不同大小电流,线圈匝数为380匝,可得到不同电流下工作间隙处磁感应强度沿阻尼通道的分布,如图11所示,随着电流的增大,阻尼间隙的磁感应强度也在增大。当电流最大时,阻尼间隙处的磁感应强度约为1.2 T,因线圈通异向电流,中间磁极处磁感应强度得到增强,略大于两端磁极,这是因为在活塞中部,两边线圈产生的磁场是同向的,这部分磁场得到了加强;考虑到漏磁,中间磁极处磁感应强度约为0.6 T,符合设计要求。
通过对逐级递进式高耗能磁流变阻尼器建立力学模型,并进行理论计算及有限元仿真可以得到,有限元磁路及结构仿真结果与理论计算结果基本一致,阻尼器整体结构以及磁路设计均满足预期效果,符合设计要求。最终确定阻尼器各阶段性能参数如表3所示。
采用0 A与2.5 A电流下的磁感应强度及剪切应力,在MATLAB里面建立阻尼力计算模型,在施加外部激励时,得到了两种电流下阻尼力-位移的关系曲线图,如图12所示。
图12可知,在速度一定时,阻尼力随着位移的增大在迅速增大。在无电流工况下,第一阶段阻尼力为15 kN,第三阶段输出阻尼力为496 kN,阻尼力随着位移的增大提升了481 kN;在最大电流下阻尼力从第一阶段的78 kN增大到1 204 kN,提升了约15倍。表明逐级递进式高耗能抗撞阻尼器可实现分级递进式出力且刚度变化范围较大,有较好的可调性和适应性,能够达到优异的抗冲耗能效果。
针对桥墩防撞装置多为被动式耗能、防撞耗能效果差,装置动态响应和控制性能较差,其可调性和适应性有限等问题设计了一种用于桥墩防撞装置的逐级递进式高耗能磁流变阻尼器,并在electronics desktop和Abaqus中建立了有限元模型,对阻尼器简化模型进行仿真分析,得到了以下结论。
(1)通过有限元软件对新型阻尼器的结构形式以及磁路结构进行仿真分析,合理设计了阻尼器的结构。得到的仿真结果与理论计算基本一致,验证了逐级递进式高耗能抗撞阻尼器理论计算的合理性和可行性。
(2)逐级递进式高耗能抗撞阻尼器设置了3个活塞,在防撞装置受到船舶撞击时可协同配合工作将阻尼器运动分为3个阶段;在撞击力及行程较小时副活塞工作,此时阻尼器可起到一定的抗冲作用;当撞击深度和行程逐渐变大的时候,两个主活塞开始协同工作,有效提高了阻尼器的出力且实现分级递进式抗冲耗能的优良效果;根据力学模型计算第一阶段最大出力为78 kN,第二阶段最大出力为602 kN,第三阶段阻尼器最大出力为1 204 kN。
(3)逐级递进式高耗能抗撞阻尼器可分阶段工作,刚度可变范围较大,可将传统被动式桥墩防撞装置变为半主动式耗能,旨在使其力学性能可控,更好地适应外部激励的变化,提供更优的控制和稳定性,增强装置的安全性并延长结构的寿命,从而提升桥墩结构的安全性。
  • 国家自然科学基金(12372091)
  • 江苏省重点研发项目(BE2022162)
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2025年第25卷第5期
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2402840
  • 接收时间:2024-04-18
  • 首发时间:2025-07-29
  • 出版时间:2025-02-18
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  • 收稿日期:2024-04-18
  • 修回日期:2024-11-19
基金
国家自然科学基金(12372091)
江苏省重点研发项目(BE2022162)
作者信息
    江苏大学土木工程与力学学院, 镇江 212013

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*于国军(1981—),男,汉族,江苏盐城人,博士,副教授。研究方向:工程结构抗震及振动控制。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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