Article(id=1156983784492064976, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1156983783787421903, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2402824, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1713369600000, receivedDateStr=2024-04-18, revisedDate=1731945600000, revisedDateStr=2024-11-19, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1753776029941, onlineDateStr=2025-07-29, pubDate=1739808000000, pubDateStr=2025-02-18, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753776029941, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-29, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753776029941, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753776029941, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1156983783787421903, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='5', pageStart='1753', pageEnd='2192', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1753776029774, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1769691857141, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1223739602251436918, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1156983783787421903, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1223739602251436919, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1156983783787421903, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1856, endPage=1869, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1156983785045713109, articleId=1156983784492064976, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=Sedimentary Characteristics, Reservoir Formation Mechanism and Prospecting Prospects of the 2nd Member of Maokou Formation in the Longmen Mountain Front Zone of Western Sichuan, columnId=1156264152168518571, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Papers·Mining and Metallurgical Engineering, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In recent years, multiple exploration breakthroughs have been made in the Maokou Formation of the Sichuan Basin. Currently, the overall exploration level is low.The type and distribution of sedimentary facies are still unclear. The characteristics and formation mechanism of the reservoir are unclear. Techniques such as core observation, pore permeability testing, conventional and cast thin section identification were used to clarify the sedimentary and reservoir characteristics of the 2nd Member of the Maokou Formation in the front of the Longmen Mountains in western Sichuan and to explore the main controlling factors of high-quality reservoirs.Research shows that the 2nd Member of the Maokou Formation in the front of Longmen Mountain in western Sichuan develops in a northwest southeast direction. The southern and middle sections of Longmen Mountain are the development areas of high-energy shoals of the lower sub section of the second section of Maokou Formation. The middle and northern sections of the Longmen Mountain in the upper sub section of the second section of the Maokou Formation are the development areas of high-energy dolomitized platform edge sand debris shoals. The reservoir lithology of the upper sub section of the Maokou Formation is mainly composed of residual bioclastic sandstone dolomite, bioclastic grain dolomite, and residual grain dolomite.The reservoir lithology of the lower sub section of the second section of the Maokou Formation is mainly composed of residual sandstone dolomite and residual grain dolomite. The storage space consists of intergranular dissolution pores, intergranular dissolution pores, intragranular dissolution pores, and expansion fracture pores. The second section of the Maokou Formation is Ⅱ to Ⅲ porous reservoir. The reservoir foundation is composed of high-energy beach deposits. The leaching and dissolution of atmospheric fresh water during the contemporaneous period is the key to reservoir formation. The reservoir has been improved and maintained through shallow burial dolomitization.

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四川盆地茅口组近年来多项勘探突破展现了较好的资源潜力。目前整体勘探程度低,沉积相类型及展布不清、储层特征及形成机制不明。以野外剖面、钻井、测井及地震资料为研究对象,利用岩心观察、常规及铸体薄片鉴定和孔渗测试等手段对川西龙门山前带茅口组二段沉积及储层特征进行了分析,并探讨了储层形成机制。研究表明:川西龙门山前带茅口组二段地层呈北西—南东向发育。龙门山南段和中段为茅二下亚段内缓坡边缘高能砂屑生屑滩发育区。茅二上亚段龙门山中段和北段发育高能云化台缘砂屑生屑滩。茅二上亚段储层岩性为残余生屑砂屑白云岩、含生屑晶粒白云岩和残余晶粒白云岩。茅二下亚段储层岩性主要为残余砂屑白云岩和残余晶粒白云岩。储集空间类型包括晶间溶孔、粒间溶孔、粒内溶孔及扩溶缝洞。茅二段整体为中薄层中低孔渗的Ⅱ、Ⅲ类孔隙型储层。高能滩相沉积构成储层发育的基础。准同生期大气淡水淋滤溶蚀作用是储层形成的关键。浅埋藏期白云石化作用使储层得以改善和保持。

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徐康(1985—),男,汉族,陕西富平人,博士,副研究员。研究方向:油气沉积储层。E-mail:

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徐康(1985—),男,汉族,陕西富平人,博士,副研究员。研究方向:油气沉积储层。E-mail:

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徐康(1985—),男,汉族,陕西富平人,博士,副研究员。研究方向:油气沉积储层。E-mail:

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GR表示自然伽马;AC表示声波时差;CNL表示补偿中子;DEN表示密度;RD、RS表示深、浅侧向电阻率;1 ft=0.304 8 m

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川西龙门山前带茅口组二段沉积特征储层形成机制及找矿前景
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徐康 1, 2 , 汪远征 1, 2 , 蒋小琼 1, 2 , 张庄 3 , 孟宪武 3 , 潘文蕾 1, 2 , 宫晗凝 1, 2
科学技术与工程 | 论文·石油、天然气工业 2025,25(5): 1856-1869
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科学技术与工程 | 论文·石油、天然气工业 2025, 25(5): 1856-1869
川西龙门山前带茅口组二段沉积特征储层形成机制及找矿前景
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徐康1, 2 , 汪远征1, 2, 蒋小琼1, 2, 张庄3, 孟宪武3, 潘文蕾1, 2, 宫晗凝1, 2
作者信息
  • 1 中国石化石油勘探开发研究院无锡石油地质研究所, 无锡 214126
  • 2 中国石化油气成藏重点实验室, 无锡 214126
  • 3 中国石化西南油气分公司勘探开发研究院, 成都 610041
  • 徐康(1985—),男,汉族,陕西富平人,博士,副研究员。研究方向:油气沉积储层。E-mail:

Sedimentary Characteristics, Reservoir Formation Mechanism and Prospecting Prospects of the 2nd Member of Maokou Formation in the Longmen Mountain Front Zone of Western Sichuan
Kang XU1, 2 , Yuan-zheng WANG1, 2, Xiao-qiong JIANG1, 2, Zhuang ZHANG3, Xian-wu MENG3, Wen-lei PAN1, 2, Han-ning GONG1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1 Wuxi Research Institute of Petroleum Geology, SINOPEC, Wuxi 214126, China
  • 2 Key Laboratory of Hydrocarbon Accumulation, SINOPEC, Wuxi 214126, China
  • 3 Research Institute of Exploration and Development, Southwest Oilfield Company, SINOPEC, Chengdu 610041, China
出版时间: 2025-02-18 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2402824
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四川盆地茅口组近年来多项勘探突破展现了较好的资源潜力。目前整体勘探程度低,沉积相类型及展布不清、储层特征及形成机制不明。以野外剖面、钻井、测井及地震资料为研究对象,利用岩心观察、常规及铸体薄片鉴定和孔渗测试等手段对川西龙门山前带茅口组二段沉积及储层特征进行了分析,并探讨了储层形成机制。研究表明:川西龙门山前带茅口组二段地层呈北西—南东向发育。龙门山南段和中段为茅二下亚段内缓坡边缘高能砂屑生屑滩发育区。茅二上亚段龙门山中段和北段发育高能云化台缘砂屑生屑滩。茅二上亚段储层岩性为残余生屑砂屑白云岩、含生屑晶粒白云岩和残余晶粒白云岩。茅二下亚段储层岩性主要为残余砂屑白云岩和残余晶粒白云岩。储集空间类型包括晶间溶孔、粒间溶孔、粒内溶孔及扩溶缝洞。茅二段整体为中薄层中低孔渗的Ⅱ、Ⅲ类孔隙型储层。高能滩相沉积构成储层发育的基础。准同生期大气淡水淋滤溶蚀作用是储层形成的关键。浅埋藏期白云石化作用使储层得以改善和保持。

四川盆地  /  川西地区  /  龙门山前带  /  茅口组二段  /  沉积特征  /  储层形成机制

In recent years, multiple exploration breakthroughs have been made in the Maokou Formation of the Sichuan Basin. Currently, the overall exploration level is low.The type and distribution of sedimentary facies are still unclear. The characteristics and formation mechanism of the reservoir are unclear. Techniques such as core observation, pore permeability testing, conventional and cast thin section identification were used to clarify the sedimentary and reservoir characteristics of the 2nd Member of the Maokou Formation in the front of the Longmen Mountains in western Sichuan and to explore the main controlling factors of high-quality reservoirs.Research shows that the 2nd Member of the Maokou Formation in the front of Longmen Mountain in western Sichuan develops in a northwest southeast direction. The southern and middle sections of Longmen Mountain are the development areas of high-energy shoals of the lower sub section of the second section of Maokou Formation. The middle and northern sections of the Longmen Mountain in the upper sub section of the second section of the Maokou Formation are the development areas of high-energy dolomitized platform edge sand debris shoals. The reservoir lithology of the upper sub section of the Maokou Formation is mainly composed of residual bioclastic sandstone dolomite, bioclastic grain dolomite, and residual grain dolomite.The reservoir lithology of the lower sub section of the second section of the Maokou Formation is mainly composed of residual sandstone dolomite and residual grain dolomite. The storage space consists of intergranular dissolution pores, intergranular dissolution pores, intragranular dissolution pores, and expansion fracture pores. The second section of the Maokou Formation is Ⅱ to Ⅲ porous reservoir. The reservoir foundation is composed of high-energy beach deposits. The leaching and dissolution of atmospheric fresh water during the contemporaneous period is the key to reservoir formation. The reservoir has been improved and maintained through shallow burial dolomitization.

Sichuan Basin  /  western Sichuan region  /  Longmen Mountain front belt  /  Maokou Formation section 2  /  sedimentary characteristics  /  reservoir formation mechanism
徐康, 汪远征, 蒋小琼, 张庄, 孟宪武, 潘文蕾, 宫晗凝. 川西龙门山前带茅口组二段沉积特征储层形成机制及找矿前景. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (5) : 1856 -1869 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2402824
Kang XU, Yuan-zheng WANG, Xiao-qiong JIANG, Zhuang ZHANG, Xian-wu MENG, Wen-lei PAN, Han-ning GONG. Sedimentary Characteristics, Reservoir Formation Mechanism and Prospecting Prospects of the 2nd Member of Maokou Formation in the Longmen Mountain Front Zone of Western Sichuan[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (5) : 1856 -1869 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2402824
四川盆地西北部二叠系茅口组埋藏深度超过5 000 m,对于该层系的油气勘探始于20世纪70年代,早期勘探未取得突破,直至近几年才获得了勘探进展。ST1井于2014年在埋深6 853~6 881 m的茅口组颗粒灰岩储层中测试获得天然气126×104 m3,L16井于2017年在埋深5 940~5 960 m的茅口组灰岩储层中测试获得天然气251×104 m3,证明川西北地区茅口组具有天然气勘探价值[1]。目前对于川西北地区茅口组超深碳酸盐岩储层的研究主要集中在沉积模式、储层白云岩化、古构造演化等方面。早期研究普遍认为川西北地区茅口组继承了中二叠统栖霞组碳酸盐岩台地的沉积格局,发育北东—南西向的台地边缘相[2]。近期有学者根据基底构造格局和硅质岩性的分布提出茅口组晚期局部出现了陆棚沉积,但缺乏直接证据,也没有确定该套硅质岩的成因[3-4]。川西北地区茅口组顶部遭受过不同程度的剥蚀,茅口组顶部界线的争议导致茅口组晚期的沉积演化认识不一致[5]。对该地区沉积相分布缺乏清晰认识导致无法明确该地区储层发育情况,因为沉积相展布对碳酸盐岩储层的形成至关重要[6]。早期研究表明,埋深大于3 500 m的碳酸盐岩储层属于致密储层,难以形成油气藏[7]。随着近些年油气勘探深度的不断增大,发现深部碳酸盐岩也能形成良好储层,2003年四川盆地东北部普光气田在超过3 500 m的碳酸盐岩储层获得勘探突破,此类深层碳酸盐岩储层的主控因素与浅层不同,其发育机制及保存模式也成为了碳酸盐岩领域的热点之一。马永生等[8]以川东北地区普光气田碳酸盐岩储层为研究对象,提出了“三元控储”模式,认为有利的沉积-成岩环境是储层的发育基础,压力-断裂耦合是前提,流体-岩石作用是关键。何治亮等[9]后来进一步提出了构造-层序-岩相-流体-时间的5个因素概念模型控制了碳酸盐岩储层的形成。在其他含油气盆地,有利沉积相带、白云岩化作用、表生岩溶作用、构造裂缝的发育程度都是影响深层碳酸盐岩储层形成的重要因素,而沉积相研究是碳酸盐岩储层形成的基础。经过前期研究,该地区茅口组沉积轮廓已基本建立,储层多发育于茅口组二段。但在勘探日益精细化的形势下,不同沉积相带的综合表征还有待于丰富,滩体纵向和平面展布规律研究相对薄弱,白云岩储层在龙门山前不同区域发育特征的差异有待进一步明确,储层形成机制还需深入。针对以上存在的问题,现以野外剖面、钻井、测井及地震资料为研究对象,利用岩心观察、常规及铸体薄片鉴定和孔渗测试等手段对川西龙门山前带茅口组二段沉积及储层特征进行分析,进一步明确川西龙门山前带茅口组二段地层和沉积相展布特征,绘制更为精确的沉积相平面分布图,构建沉积演化模式,进一步摸清储层特征及形成机制,这对进一步明确川西龙门山前带茅口组二段碳酸盐岩勘探潜力,推动川西龙门山前带茅口组二段气藏的精细勘探和开发都具有指导意义。
中-晚二叠世之交是东吴运动与峨眉山地幔柱上升的活动期,四川盆地西北部处于拉张应力作用背景下,构造活动十分剧烈,使得这一时期的构造演化相对复杂多变。川西龙门山前带构造特征复杂,属于拉张伸展的被动大陆边缘[10-12]。龙门山冲断带由一系列走向北东、倾向北西的逆冲断裂组成,堑垒断陷特征明显[13-14],自西向东依次为茂县—汶川断裂、北川—映秀断裂和灌县—安县断裂3条主干断裂。龙门山冲断带的物质组成和变形特征具有独特的走向分段、倾向分带的构造格局,走向上自北东向南西划分为北段、中段和南段[图1(a)]。研究区位于四川盆地西北部,西接龙门山推覆构造带、北靠米仓山隆起带。茅口组沉积前四川盆地西部受加里东运动影响,整体上呈南高北低[15-17]。晋宁运动形成的深大断裂带在晚二叠世峨眉地裂运动的影响下发生拉张沉陷,对茅口组进一步产生影响。川西龙门山前带茅口组自下而上分为4段,整体岩性较稳定[图1(b)]。
茅一段和茅二下为一套岩性突变面,界面之下为茅一段中薄层眼球眼皮灰岩互层,界面之上为茅二下中厚层灰岩。茅二段可细分为茅二上和茅二下两个亚段,二者之间的界面为茅口组构造格局转换面/岩性突变面:盆地中部-南部界线之下为厚层深灰色泥晶生屑灰岩,界线之上为薄-中层状生屑泥晶灰岩;盆地北部界面之下为茅二下颗粒灰岩,界面之上为茅二上薄层泥页岩硅质岩薄互层;盆地西部界面之下茅二下颗粒灰岩,界面之上为茅二上火山岩。茅二上和茅三界线为一套岩性突变面,界面之下为颗粒灰岩(云岩),界面之上为茅三厚层颗粒灰岩、生屑泥晶灰岩。茅三和茅四界线为一套岩性突变面,界面之下为茅三颗粒灰岩,界面之上为茅四泥晶灰岩。通过野外露头和钻井剖面对比发现,茅口组地层普遍被剥蚀至茅三段,局部剥蚀至茅二段,剥蚀情况与牙形石生物地层缺失相吻合。茅一+茅二段厚度整体较为稳定,在局部地区具有一定变化,茅三段由于地层的剥蚀和川西北—川北地区沉积相分异,厚度变化极大;茅四段地层只有局部地区残存。
茅口组受茅口晚期沉积分异和沉积后东吴运动影响,茅口组残余地层厚度变化较大,厚度在160~480 m(图2)。茅一段地层厚150~270 m,整体具有东厚西薄的沉积特征。茅二段地层整体具有“厚-薄-厚-薄”北西—南东向交替发育的特征,反映了中晚期受到东吴运动初幕影响,峨眉山—泸州一线和江油—广安一线古地貌受基底断裂影响,古地貌发生分异,岩性以颗粒灰岩为主,反映了古地貌高地的高能建造,而地层厚度薄的区域则以泥晶灰岩、泥质灰岩、泥灰岩为主,反映了较低能沉积。其中,茅二下亚段在雅安-成都-磨溪-潼南一带厚度较大,茅二上亚段在德阳-南充-丰都一带厚度较大。茅三段受东吴运动主幕影响,中西部地区古地貌高地被剥蚀,川西和川北元坝—广元地区残余地层厚度较大,川东地区因沉积古地貌分异,孤峰段凝缩沉积地层厚度较薄。最终被剥蚀的区域和沉积薄层区域残余地层厚度相当。茅四段地层受构造抬升作用影响,大部分地区被剥蚀殆尽,只在盆地西部、南部和东部地区残存。
茅二段沉积期存在一个大的沉积背景转换,受峨眉地幔柱的上隆和北西的拉伸影响[18],大的沉积背景由茅二下的缓坡沉积转换为茅二上的台地沉积(图3)。茅二下继承性受峨眉地幔柱的上隆影响,与茅一段沉积有较好的继承性,水体较浅的内缓坡沉积主要分布在川西南井研-川中资阳-高磨一带,并向北、东和西方向水本逐渐加深,沉积环境逐渐过渡为中缓坡和外缓坡。在内缓坡边缘坡折带处发育高能的内缓坡边缘滩,滩体主要分布在川中高磨、川西探区东南部和盆地西南缘的天全至荥经一带,另外在中缓坡边缘坡折带处发育中低能的中缓坡边缘滩。茅二上受北西的拉伸影响作用加大,水体较深的区域主要分布在川西和川中,水体整体由盆地西南向北东方向加深,沉积环境由开阔台地向台地边缘-斜坡盆地过渡。水体较浅,水动力较强的台地边缘主要分布在龙门山中段、北段至阆中、南充一带,在台地边缘发育厚度相对较薄的台地边缘高能砂屑生屑滩。
龙门山前带南段经历了茅一段的快速海侵,茅二段缓慢海退。其中,普仁1井在茅二下(内缓坡)和茅二上(开阔台地)高位体系域中上部发育中低能的生屑滩,厚24 m,岩性以生屑细-中晶灰岩为主,GR曲线表现出齿状箱形和漏斗形特征。大深001-X4井在茅二下和茅二上分别发育19 m和4.1 m内缓坡和开阔台地云化砂屑生屑滩,GR曲线表现出齿状箱形特征。
龙门山前带中段代表钻井永胜1井茅二下段处于内缓坡相带,在中下部发育一套厚10.5 m的云化高能砂屑生屑滩沉积(图4),表明川西东部的茅口组沉积时期海水能量较高,具备发育大范围广泛展布的高能砂屑生屑滩沉积条件。山前带马槽沟剖面(图5)一带,结合野外样品地球化学分析,发现茅二下段处于中缓坡相带,在下部发育滩间海,中上部发育一套厚27.2 m的中低能生屑滩沉积,云化弱,偶见珊瑚,滩体具有叠置发育的特征,表明向西山前带茅二下水加逐渐加深,能量逐渐降低,仅发育小规模的中低能中缓坡生屑滩沉积。茅二上段又转变为开阔海。
龙门山前带北段双探9井茅二段及三段为水体向上逐渐变浅的海退进积沉积特征,整体GR曲线表现出箱形特征,说明该时期处于持续浅水的加积沉积环境,颗粒滩纵向叠置发育,高能台缘生屑、砂屑滩发育于茅二上及茅三段,厚114 m,岩性以残余砂屑生屑灰岩为主,GR曲线表现出箱形+漏斗形组合。总体而言,龙门山前带北段主要受“台地边缘高能相带”的影响,水体较浅,厚大、高能生屑、砂屑滩纵向叠置发育,分布于茅二上亚段。
连井对比(图6)表明,茅二下亚段整体具有向北东和向西方向水体逐渐加深的趋势,沉积相带由内缓坡向中缓坡过渡,内缓坡与中缓坡的界线大致在永胜1井以北位置。龙门山南段和中段以内缓坡为主,内缓坡高能滩体主要发育在内缓坡边缘的永胜1井、大深001-X4井一带,水体浅,能量高能,形成的滩体以砂屑生屑滩为主,云化程度高,厚度10~20 m,是最主要的储集岩之一。龙门山北段水体加深,以中缓坡沉积为主,在双探9井-双探2井-龙探1井一带发育中缓坡边缘的中低能生屑滩,水体相对较深,滩体能量较低,云化弱。
茅二上亚段整体同样具有向北东和向西方向水体逐渐加深的趋势,沉积相带由开阔台地向台地边缘、斜坡和盆地过渡,开阔台地与台地边缘的界线大致在永胜1井与南充1井之间,台地边缘与斜坡的界线大致在川深1井附近。龙门山南段至中段东部永胜1井一带,以开阔台地沉积为主,水体能量较低,以发育中低能生屑滩沉积为主。龙门山北段双鱼石、关基井至川深1井一带整体处于台地边缘相带,发育高能云化台缘砂屑生屑滩,云化程度高,厚度10~25 m,是最主要的储集岩之一。另外,从连井对比可见,由茅二下向茅二上,滩体有向北东方向迁移的特征。
前人研究认为,茅二段川西北整体为开阔台地[19]。通过本次研究发现茅二下亚段沉积期,继承了茅一段和栖霞组的构造-沉积格局,整体表现为西南高、北东低和西低的构造-沉积格局。沉积水体由西南向北东和向西逐渐加深,沉积环境由盆地西南部的内缓坡沉积向川北、川西盆缘的中缓坡、外缓坡过渡[图7(a)]。受继承性古隆起影响,沿雅安—成都—南充—合川—泸州一线发育呈环带状分布的内缓坡边缘高能砂屑生屑滩,滩体云化程度高,厚度以10~20 m为主,是滩相白云岩储层有利的储集相带。其中,龙门山南段的雅安一带和龙门山中段东部川西探区的东南部洛带一带为内缓坡边缘高能砂屑生屑滩发育区,而龙门山北带高能滩体欠发育。在中缓坡边缘发育相较中低能的生屑滩,呈北东向断续展布于龙门中段马槽沟和川西探区,以及北段双鱼石一带,云化程度低,厚度在10~30 m为主,如龙门山中段马槽沟剖面厚27.2 m,龙门山北段龙探1井厚14 m,不是储层发育的有利相带。
茅二上亚段沉积期,受北西向拉张背景影响,构造-沉积格局发生了大的改变,整体由缓坡转变为台地,但仍然表现为西南高、北东低和西低的构造-沉积格局。沉积水体仍然是由西南向北东和向西逐渐加深,沉积环境则由盆地西南部的开阔台地沉积向川北、川西盆缘的台地边缘、斜坡盆地过渡[图7(b)]。受北西向拉张背景影响,在江油—南充—石柱一带和绵竹—德阳—南充一带沿基底断裂发育大型台缘带及两个台缘高能滩带,在台缘带内部通口—南充一带发育窄条状台内洼地。台缘高能滩水体浅,水动力强,以发育砂屑生屑滩为主,滩体云化程度高,厚度在10~25 m,是滩相白云岩储层发育的有利储集相带。而川西南及川南大部分区域则处于开阔台地,高能滩体欠发育,主要发育一些相对中低能的台内生屑滩。对比表明,整体上龙门山南段以开阔台地沉积为主,高能滩体欠发育,而龙门山中段的川西探区和龙门山北段双鱼石至角探1井区和阆中地区处于台地边缘,高能云化台缘砂屑生屑滩沉积发育,沉积相带条件良好。
茅口组台缘滩相白云岩储层主要发育于茅二上亚段,储层岩性主要为残余生屑砂屑白云岩、含生屑晶粒白云岩和残余晶粒白云岩[图8(d)],储集空间类型包括晶间溶孔[图8(a)图8(e)]、粒间溶孔[图8(b)]、粒内溶孔及少量溶洞[图8(c)图8(f)]。
茅二上亚段台缘滩相白云岩储层物性条件良好,以中低孔储层为主。其中,角探1井平均孔隙度4.9%;蓬阳1井测井孔隙度3.4%~4.0%,岩心实测孔隙度2.3%~6.4%;蓬阳2井测井孔隙度平均3.0%,岩性实测孔隙度2.3%~8.3%;蓬阳3井测井孔隙度平均4.1%,岩性实测孔隙度3.3%~8.4%。4口钻井滩相白云岩储层厚度分别为26、5、3.8和22.5 m,整体厚度不大,以中薄层为主。储层类型整体为中低孔渗的Ⅱ、Ⅲ类孔洞-孔隙型储层。
角探1井茅二上亚段储层含气时,表现出明显的低GR、高声波时差、高中值孔隙度、中低密度和低电阻率特征。其中,GR介于48~61 API(平均52 API),AC介于47~63 μs/ft(平均53 μs/ft),CNL介于0.48%~10.73%(平均4.31%),DEN介于2.63~2.79 g/cm3(平均2.70 g/cm3),RD介于21~514 Ω·m(平均177 Ω·m)。储层整体含气性良好,以气层为主,含气层次之。
茅二下亚段内缓坡滩相储层岩性和上亚段有所区别,主要为残余砂屑白云岩[图9(a)]和残余晶粒白云岩[图9(b)],灰质云岩、(含)云灰岩次之。储集空间类型包括粒间溶孔[图9(e)]、晶间溶孔[图9(c)]及扩溶缝洞[图9(d)图9(f)]。
茅二下亚段内缓坡滩相白云岩储层物性条件良好,如磨溪039-H1井、磨溪145井、磨溪39井、潼深4井及合深4井平均孔隙度分别为4.3%、3.83%、3.95%、5.0%及5.1%,整体以中低孔储层为主。上述钻井滩相白云岩储层厚度分别为319(水平井钻厚)、13、15.8、20.4和7.1 m,整体厚度不大,以中薄层为主。永胜1井实钻储层物性条件同样良好,POR、PERM平均4.15%和0.344 mD,累厚11.9 m。储层类型整体为中低孔渗的Ⅱ、Ⅲ类孔洞-孔隙型储层,缝洞型储层次之。
永胜1井茅二下亚段储层含气时,电性仍然表现出明显的低GR、中高声波时差、高中值孔隙度、中低密度和中低电阻率特征。其中,GR介于19~35 API(平均27 API),AC介于49~57 μs/ft(平均53 μs/ft),CNL介于1.21%~5.71%(平均3.24%),DEN介于2.60~2.70 g/cm3(平均2.65 g/cm3),RD介于82~2 045 Ω·m(平均404 Ω·m)。储层整体含气性良好,测井解释Ⅲ类气层8.5 m/层,含气层1.5 m/层。
茅二段白云岩储层主要成岩作用类型包括准同生溶蚀作用、白云石化作用、压实作用和充填作用等。其中对储层发育与保持具有建设性的成岩作用包括准同生溶蚀作用和白云石化作用。沉积期,古地貌高部位,水体浅,水动能力强,利于高能砂屑生屑滩沉积。准同生期,古地貌高部位沉积的砂屑生屑滩,因海平面短暂下降而暴露于大气淡水环境,接受准同生期大气淡水的淋滤,砂屑、生屑颗粒间海底胶结的文石和高镁方解因在大气淡水环境不稳定,而遭受准同生选择性溶蚀,形成大量具有选择性的粒间溶孔、粒内溶孔、晶间溶孔。浅埋藏期,由于峨眉地裂运动引起的地层升温,早期准同生溶蚀形成的孔隙中赋存的地层水,在升温作用下与侧向开放的冷海水形成热对流[20-22],富镁的冷海水沿裂缝或早期孔渗层进入孔隙发育的高能滩相沉积岩中,发生热对流,海水白云石化形成具有残余结构的细-粗晶白云岩,同时对早期孔隙进行改造,孔隙结构发育改变,形成大量晶间溶孔、溶洞。白云岩具有良好的抗压溶和压实能力,使得这些孔洞得以在后期的成岩演化过程中保存下来。
茅二上亚段滩相白云岩储层展布明显受台缘滩体展布控制,储层纵向主要分布在本亚段的中上部,横向受滩体展布控制,连片呈层状广泛分布,横向可对比性强(图10)。结合川中-川西地区茅二上亚段沉积相特征分析,进一步落实龙门山前带茅二上亚段滩相白云岩储层主要分布于龙门山北段双鱼石至角探1井区和龙门山中段川西探区的西北部丰谷—德阳—绵竹一带,龙门山南段整体滩相白云岩储层发育较弱。
茅二下亚段滩相白云岩储层纵向主要分布在本亚段的中部-中下部,横向受滩体展布控制,连片广泛稳定分布,横向可对比性强。另外,通过全盆茅一段沉积厚度分布特征研究表明,茅二下亚段白云岩发育与茅一段泥灰岩厚度相关性较明显,即泥灰岩厚度薄,相应茅二下亚段沉积期古地貌高,近而滩相白云岩储层发育。即茅二下亚段滩相白云岩储层展布明显受台内隆起滩体展布及茅一段泥灰岩厚薄共同控制。因此结合川中—川西地区茅二下亚段沉积相特征和茅一段泥灰岩厚度特征分析,进一步落实龙门山前带茅二下亚段滩相白云岩储层主要分布于内缓坡边缘坡折带高能滩相带内,龙门山中段川西探区内永胜1井以东及以北一带和龙门山南段周公1井以西处于内缓坡边缘滩相白云岩储层发育有利区。
从茅二段不同相带孔隙度分析结果(图11)可知,滩相白云岩储层孔隙度最佳,孔隙度平均达3%以上,其中台缘滩孔隙度在3.9%~5.2%,平均为4.4%;台内滩孔隙度在3.1%~3.9%,平均为3.4%。而滩间海和灰质潟湖以致密灰岩沉积为主,平均孔隙度在1.5%左右,储层欠发育。通过纵横向展布特征也可以看出,高能滩相沉积展布明显控制储层的分布,构成白云岩储层发育的物质基础。准同生期的大气淡水淋滤作用在古地貌高部位的滩体中形成溶蚀孔洞,显著改善储层物性。统计表明储层仅发育在滩相云岩或含灰质云岩层段,灰岩整体储层欠发育,表明白云石化作用对储层的形成起到至关重要的作用。这是因为白云石相较灰岩具有更强的抗压实压溶能力,早期白云石化作用能有效改善和保存准同生期形成的储集空间。综上所述,厚大颗粒滩相沉积叠加准同生溶蚀作用是茅二段储层形成的关键,而浅埋藏期白云石化作用使得储层得以改善和保持(图12)。浅水高能颗粒滩相沉积原生孔隙发育,叠加准同生溶蚀作用改善原岩物性,同时也为后期云化流体提供了良好的改造空间和通道。浅埋藏期白云化作用使储层具有更强的抗压实压溶能力,有利于储集空间的改善和保存。
(1)川西龙门山前带茅口组二段地层整体具有北西—南东向交替发育的特征。茅二下亚段沉积环境为内-中缓坡,龙门山南段和中段为内缓坡边缘高能砂屑生屑滩发育区。茅二上亚段沉积格局由缓坡转变为台地,龙门山中段和北段处于台地边缘,高能云化台缘砂屑生屑滩沉积发育。
(2)茅二上亚段台缘滩相白云岩储层岩性为残余生屑砂屑白云岩、含生屑晶粒白云岩和残余晶粒白云岩。茅二下亚段内缓坡滩相白云岩储层岩性主要为残余砂屑白云岩和残余晶粒白云岩,储集空间类型包括晶间溶孔、粒间溶孔、粒内溶孔及扩溶缝洞。茅二段整体为中薄层中低孔渗的Ⅱ、Ⅲ类孔隙型储层。
(3)高能滩相沉积展布明显控制储层的分布,构成白云岩储层发育的物质基础。准同生期大气淡水淋滤作用在古地貌高部位滩体中形成溶蚀孔洞,是储层形成的关键。浅埋藏期白云石化作用使得储层孔隙得以进一步改善和保持。
  • 中石化科技部项目(P22073)
  • 中石化科技部项目(P21042-5)
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2025年第25卷第5期
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2402824
  • 接收时间:2024-04-18
  • 首发时间:2025-07-29
  • 出版时间:2025-02-18
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  • 收稿日期:2024-04-18
  • 修回日期:2024-11-19
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中石化科技部项目(P22073)
中石化科技部项目(P21042-5)
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    1 中国石化石油勘探开发研究院无锡石油地质研究所, 无锡 214126
    2 中国石化油气成藏重点实验室, 无锡 214126
    3 中国石化西南油气分公司勘探开发研究院, 成都 610041
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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