Article(id=1156963931555193718, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1156963927277003616, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403243, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1714579200000, receivedDateStr=2024-05-02, revisedDate=1735142400000, revisedDateStr=2024-12-26, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1753771296633, onlineDateStr=2025-07-29, pubDate=1742227200000, pubDateStr=2025-03-18, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753771296633, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-29, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753771296633, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753771296633, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1156963927277003616, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='8', pageStart='3079', pageEnd='3528', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1753771295613, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753777038876, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1156988016305726153, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1156963927277003616, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1156988016305726154, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1156963927277003616, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=3506, endPage=3512, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1156963933031588730, articleId=1156963931555193718, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=Propagation Law of Large Area Flight Delay Based on SEIDR Model, columnId=1156963929957159516, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Aeronautics and Astronautics, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To explore the process and evolution of large-scale flight delay propagation, and avoid previous research mainly focusing on observing real data and the distribution of delay propagation networks. Drawing inspiration from the classic susceptible-explored-infected-recovered(SEIR) model and taking into account the impact of node closure on large-scale flight delays. Based on this, the state of airport nodes was added to five categories, and a large-scale flight delay propagation model based on susceptible-explored-infected-death-recovered (SEIDR) was constructed and applied to air traffic networks. Using a combination of phase trajectory analysis and related parameter analysis, the propagation threshold and propagation law of large-scale flight delays were obtained, and the influence of propagation parameters between airport nodes on the propagation law of large-scale flight delays was further analyzed. Finally, a large-scale flight delay in 2022 was taken as an example for analysis and verification. The results show that the established model can more accurately describe the evolution process and propagation law of large-scale flight delays.

, correspAuthors=Shao-hua YAN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Shao-hua YAN, Shuo WANG, Zhao-ning ZHANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1156963982360797222, articleId=1156963931555193718, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=CN, title=基于SEIDR 模型的大面积航班延误传播规律, columnId=1154013912962949120, journalTitle=科学技术与工程, columnName=航空、航天, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为探究大面积航班延误传播过程和演变规律,避免以往主要集中在对现实数据观察和延误传播网络分布等表象的研究。借鉴经典的 SEIR(susceptible-explored-infected-recovered)模型思想,在考虑到节点关闭对大面积航班延误影响的基础上,将机场节点的状态新增为五类,构建基于SEIDR(susceptible-explored-infected-death-recovered)的大面积航班延误传播模型并将其应用于空中交通网络。采用相轨线分析和相关参数分析结合的方法,得出大面积航班延误的传播阈值和蔓延规律,并进一步分析各机场节点之间的传播参数对大面积航班延误传播规律的影响。最后以2022年某次大面积航班延误为例进行分析验证。结果表明:所建立的新模型更能够准确地描述大面积航班延误的演变过程和传播规律。

, correspAuthors=闫少华, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=V7KvRw2GZbsRl7a8LuNV3g==, magXml=YbzhcTlFBfBQaoqJbQdMGA==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=dBCe6E3k5cAlfrRU0LIv3g==, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=gCD/Z+a5NMQPMQsZdoIbcw==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

闫少华(1964–)男,汉族,陕西汉中人,硕士,副教授。研究方向:空中交通管理、航空安全管理。E-mail:shyan@cauc.edu.cn。

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闫少华(1964–)男,汉族,陕西汉中人,硕士,副教授。研究方向:空中交通管理、航空安全管理。E-mail:shyan@cauc.edu.cn。

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闫少华(1964–)男,汉族,陕西汉中人,硕士,副教授。研究方向:空中交通管理、航空安全管理。E-mail:shyan@cauc.edu.cn。

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Beijing: Science Press, 2009. 56-57., articleTitle=Theory and methods of air traffic flow management, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1156986771323048719, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156963931555193718, awardId=U2233209, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然基金民航联合基金重点项目(U2233209), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1156986771390157584, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156963931555193718, awardId=2020YFB1600103, language=CN, fundingSource=国家重点研发计划(2020YFB1600103), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1156986755137229321, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156963931555193718, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1156986755145617930, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156963931555193718, companyId=1156986755137229321, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, 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label=图6, caption=不同 $\alpha$ 值下的 ${E}_{\mathrm{p}}- {S}_{\mathrm{p}}$ 图形, figureFileSmall=q4outi0rj3qgg9vtc6CE3g==, figureFileBig=QEEkFlZIa30aIN1J4tMWGw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1156986770731651845, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156963931555193718, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=Parameter definition, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 定义
${E}_{\mathrm{p}}\left(t\right)$ 延误节点所占比例
${S}_{\mathrm{p}}\left(t\right)$ 正常节点所占比例
${I}_{\mathrm{p}}\left(t\right)$ 延误传播节点所占比例
${R}_{\mathrm{p}}\left(t\right)$ 恢复节点所占比例
${D}_{\mathrm{p}}\left(t\right)$ 关闭节点所占比例
$\alpha$ 因受到延误传播节点的影响, 正常节点到延误节点的转 化率
$\beta$ 经历一定的潜伏期后, 延误节点转变为延误传播节点的 转化率
$\gamma$ 延误节点因延误得到缓解而转化为恢复节点的概率
$\mu$ 延误传播节点因失去延误传播能力转化为延误节点的 概率
$\delta$ 由于延误得到缓解, 延误传播节点转变为恢复节点的转 化率
$\varepsilon$ 延误传播节点因大量航班取消转化为关闭节点的概率
$\zeta$ 延误节点因大量航班取消转化为关闭节点的概率
), ArticleFig(id=1156986770790372102, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156963931555193718, language=CN, label=表1, caption=参数定义, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 定义
${E}_{\mathrm{p}}\left(t\right)$ 延误节点所占比例
${S}_{\mathrm{p}}\left(t\right)$ 正常节点所占比例
${I}_{\mathrm{p}}\left(t\right)$ 延误传播节点所占比例
${R}_{\mathrm{p}}\left(t\right)$ 恢复节点所占比例
${D}_{\mathrm{p}}\left(t\right)$ 关闭节点所占比例
$\alpha$ 因受到延误传播节点的影响, 正常节点到延误节点的转 化率
$\beta$ 经历一定的潜伏期后, 延误节点转变为延误传播节点的 转化率
$\gamma$ 延误节点因延误得到缓解而转化为恢复节点的概率
$\mu$ 延误传播节点因失去延误传播能力转化为延误节点的 概率
$\delta$ 由于延误得到缓解, 延误传播节点转变为恢复节点的转 化率
$\varepsilon$ 延误传播节点因大量航班取消转化为关闭节点的概率
$\zeta$ 延误节点因大量航班取消转化为关闭节点的概率
), ArticleFig(id=1156986770853286664, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156963931555193718, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=Initial state values of each node, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
节点状态 ${S}_{\mathrm{p}}\left(0\right)$ ${E}_{\mathrm{p}}\left(0\right)$ ${I}_{\mathrm{p}}\left(0\right)$ ${R}_{\mathrm{p}}\left(0\right)$ ${D}_{\mathrm{p}}\left(0\right)$
初始值 0.9 0.08 0.02 0 0
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节点状态 ${S}_{\mathrm{p}}\left(0\right)$ ${E}_{\mathrm{p}}\left(0\right)$ ${I}_{\mathrm{p}}\left(0\right)$ ${R}_{\mathrm{p}}\left(0\right)$ ${D}_{\mathrm{p}}\left(0\right)$
初始值 0.9 0.08 0.02 0 0
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参数 $\alpha$ $\beta$ $\gamma$ $\mu$ $\delta$ $\varepsilon$ $\zeta$
取值 3 0.3 0.05 0.4 0.1 0.02 0.015
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参数 $\alpha$ $\beta$ $\gamma$ $\mu$ $\delta$ $\varepsilon$ $\zeta$
取值 3 0.3 0.05 0.4 0.1 0.02 0.015
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基于SEIDR 模型的大面积航班延误传播规律
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闫少华 1, * , 王硕 1 , 张兆宁 1
科学技术与工程 | 航空、航天 2025,25(8): 3506-3512
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科学技术与工程 | 航空、航天 2025, 25(8): 3506-3512
基于SEIDR 模型的大面积航班延误传播规律
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闫少华1, * , 王硕1, 张兆宁1
作者信息
  • 中国民航大学 空中交通管理学院 天津 300300
  • 闫少华(1964–)男,汉族,陕西汉中人,硕士,副教授。研究方向:空中交通管理、航空安全管理。E-mail:shyan@cauc.edu.cn。

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{"content":"

闫少华(1964–)男,汉族,陕西汉中人,硕士,副教授。研究方向:空中交通管理、航空安全管理。E-mail:shyan@cauc.edu.cn。

"}
Propagation Law of Large Area Flight Delay Based on SEIDR Model
Shao-hua YAN1, * , Shuo WANG1, Zhao-ning ZHANG1
Affiliations
  • College of Air Traffic Management Civil Aviation University of China Tianjin 300300 China
出版时间: 2025-03-18 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403243
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为探究大面积航班延误传播过程和演变规律,避免以往主要集中在对现实数据观察和延误传播网络分布等表象的研究。借鉴经典的 SEIR(susceptible-explored-infected-recovered)模型思想,在考虑到节点关闭对大面积航班延误影响的基础上,将机场节点的状态新增为五类,构建基于SEIDR(susceptible-explored-infected-death-recovered)的大面积航班延误传播模型并将其应用于空中交通网络。采用相轨线分析和相关参数分析结合的方法,得出大面积航班延误的传播阈值和蔓延规律,并进一步分析各机场节点之间的传播参数对大面积航班延误传播规律的影响。最后以2022年某次大面积航班延误为例进行分析验证。结果表明:所建立的新模型更能够准确地描述大面积航班延误的演变过程和传播规律。

大面积航班延误  /  传染病模型  /  相轨线分析  /  延误传播

To explore the process and evolution of large-scale flight delay propagation, and avoid previous research mainly focusing on observing real data and the distribution of delay propagation networks. Drawing inspiration from the classic susceptible-explored-infected-recovered(SEIR) model and taking into account the impact of node closure on large-scale flight delays. Based on this, the state of airport nodes was added to five categories, and a large-scale flight delay propagation model based on susceptible-explored-infected-death-recovered (SEIDR) was constructed and applied to air traffic networks. Using a combination of phase trajectory analysis and related parameter analysis, the propagation threshold and propagation law of large-scale flight delays were obtained, and the influence of propagation parameters between airport nodes on the propagation law of large-scale flight delays was further analyzed. Finally, a large-scale flight delay in 2022 was taken as an example for analysis and verification. The results show that the established model can more accurately describe the evolution process and propagation law of large-scale flight delays.

large scale flight delays  /  infectious disease models  /  phase trajectory analysis  /  delay propagation
闫少华, 王硕, 张兆宁. 基于SEIDR 模型的大面积航班延误传播规律. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (8) : 3506 -3512 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403243
Shao-hua YAN, Shuo WANG, Zhao-ning ZHANG. Propagation Law of Large Area Flight Delay Based on SEIDR Model[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (8) : 3506 -3512 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403243
研究大面积航班延误问题, 不仅要对航班延误进行准确识别和预测, 更需要深层次的分析大面积航班延误的影响因素和传播规律。通过探究延误传播过程和演化趋势,可以揭示延误传播、扩散和蔓延的客观规律并可以提前发现大面积航班延误传播现象,从而为大面积航班延误预测及空中交通流量管理手段的选择提供依据。
Fleurquin 等[1] 通过对延误数据进行分析处理, 定义并量化网络延误程度指标并建立基于数据生成的延误传播模型。Campanelli 等[2] 利用复杂网络构建延误传播模型, 分析由于时刻表或扰动对延误传播的影响, 并且给出了两种不同的基于智能体的传播模型来模拟延误的传播。Liu 等[3] 构建了基于贝叶斯网络的延误传播模型,并使用期望最大化算法对网络进行训练, 分析起飞延误和到达延误之间的相互影响。Dai 等[4] 通过比较航班拥挤传播与流行病传播之间的异同,构建基于复杂空域网络的拥挤传播动力学模型, 证明网络结构对空域拥挤传播具有不同的影响。Kafle 等[5] 提出了一种新的分析计量经济学方法, 建立离散-连续计量经济学模型, 评估了美国国内的航空系统及机场的延误传播。Pyrgiotis 等[6] 利用排队和网络分解模型研究机场网络中延误传播的复杂现象,用近似网络延误 (approximate-network-delay, AND) 模型分析不同机场的拥堵而导致的延误, 并获取导致这些延误传播的 “连锁反应”。
代晓旭等[7] 使用传染病模型对空中交通拥挤的传播过程及蔓延规律进行探究,并分析了拥挤传播因子对延误传播过程的影响。张兆宁等[8] 通过分析大面积航班延误下 0-D (origin- destination) 场延误传播,建立了 0-D 场航班延误状态空间模型。李俊生等[9] 利用贝叶斯网络对航班延误的传播过程进行了分析, 并在此基础上建立了基于贝叶斯网络的航班延误传播模型。闵捷等[10] 使用马尔科夫毯网络和贝叶斯网络模型研究了航班计划的多个属性和延误波及变化, 通过列联表卡方检验探究了主要影响延误波及变化的因素,并对航班计划对航班延误的影响进行了深层次分析。田文等[11] 为了研究大面积航班延误的传播规律, 在航班频率偏好的基础上将航班延误传播过程与传染病模型 SIS (susceptible-infected-susceptible) 分析方法相结合, 提出了航空网络演化模型。张兆宁等[12] 根据所构建的空中交通网络, 使用 SEIR(susceptible-explored-infected-recovered) 模型构建大面积航班延误传播模型, 分析了各节点之间的转化参数对延误传播的影响。吴薇薇等[13] 利用基于贝叶斯网络的风险回归模型对航班进行资源分离, 分析比较资源分离后的航班延误情况, 以及资源分离状态下的延误因素对离港延误的影响。
由于当前主要侧重于以航班为中心进行航班延误传播的研究, 对于从机场或空中交通网络流系统的角度来研究大面积航班延误传播过程的较少, 需进一步从机场的角度对大面积航班延误的传播规律进行细致分析。因此, 考虑到大量航班取消致使机场濒临关闭状态对延误传播的影响, 分析传染病模型与延误传播模型之间的相似性, 通过新增节点的方式对经典的 SEIR 模型进行改进, 建立新的大面积航班延误传播模型并应用于空中交通网络, 并利用相轨线分析挖掘延误传播规律,重点探究相关参数对大面积航班延误演变趋势的影响。通过深入研究大面积航班延误传播成因及其机理,可以高效的解决航班延误问题,提前对可能发生的延误进行预测和控制。
在一定区域内, 机场被视为节点, 航路 (航线) 被视为边,各机场通过航路 (航线) 相互连接, 航班沿着航路航线运行, 共同构成一个空中交通网络流系统。
空中交通流的有序运行与空中交通网络中的容量是密切相关的, 容量可认为是一种界限, 达到或者超过这种界限, 就无法满足实际的飞行需求, 空中交通网络流系统中会出现大量的延误或取消航班[14]。军航活动、恶劣气象条件或机场设施故障等都是导致空中交通网络流系统中机场(节点)以及航路 (航线) 容量迅速下降的主要因素。
在流行病学的研究中, 经典的传染病 SEIR 模型给出了 4 种类型的个体:易感者 S,指缺乏免疫力的未患病者,但是在与患病者接触之后极易受到感染;潜伏期感染者 E,指的是不具备传播能力的已感染者;已感染者 I 是指具备传染能力的患病者;免疫者$\mathrm{R}$ 是指因病痊愈而具备免疫能力的个体。SEIDR (susceptible-explored-infected-death-recovered) 模型是在考虑到死亡率的基础上对 SEIR 模型进行了改进,加入一种新类型的个体,即死亡者$\mathrm{D}$
由于空中交通网络中大面积航班延误传播过程与传染病传播过程都属于一种连锁反应, 即一个事件的发生, 其产生的干扰会以无限的方式传播到与之直接相关的其他单元[1],通过对比模型,可以发现两者具有以下共同特点。
(1)大面积航班延误的延误传播节点将延误特性传播给与之直接关联的其他节点, 延误传播节点相当于 SEIDR 模型中的已感染者 I, 与之直接关联的节点相当于 SEIDR 模型中的易感染者 S,航班延误由 I 传播到$\mathrm{S}$
(2)正常节点受到延误传播节点的影响之后转变为延误节点, 但是延误节点短期内不具备延误传播能力,要经历一定时期才具备传播能力,这相当于 SEIDR 模型中的潜伏期感染者$\mathrm{E}$
(3)延误节点与延误传播节点一旦解除延误状态就转变为恢复节点, 也不会再受到该延误传播的影响,相当于 SEIDR 模型中的免疫者$\mathrm{R}$。反映了随着延误的消散和缓解恢复节点将逐步从空中交通网络系统中移出。
(4)延误节点与延误传播节点在一定时期内不能全部转化为恢复节点, 该节点就会转变为关闭节点,相当于 SEIDR 模型中的死亡者$\mathrm{D}$
根据以上分析, 运用 SEIDR 模型来研究大面积航班延误的传播规律是可行的, 而且相较于 SEIR 模型更贴合实际情况。
基于 SEIDR 模型的思想, 在以节点和航路航线组成的空中交通网络流系统中, 通过观察节点是否存在大量延误航班或取消航班,将节点划分为正常节点、延误节点、延误传播节点、恢复节点和关闭节点。当正常节点受到延误传播节点的影响时, 延误航班数量大幅增加,此时正常节点转化为延误节点, 但不具备延误传播能力。经过一段时间的延误传播,部分延误节点会通过影响其他节点而转变为延误传播节点。部分延误节点因为延误得到缓解而转变为恢复节点, 或因大量航班取消而转变为关闭节点。若延误传播节点的传播能力消失, 它们会重新转变为延误节点的状态。当大量航班恢复正常时, 延误传播节点可能会变为恢复节点。节点状态转移如图1 所示。
相较于 SIR (susceptible-infected-recovered) 模型中 3 种状态或 SEIR 模型中 4 种状态的节点, 通过增加延误传播节点与关闭节点, 使得在分析大面积航班延误传播过程时更贴合于实际情况, 能够更加准确的描述空中交通网络流系统中大面积航班延误的传播规律。
(1)正常节点$\mathrm{S}$。指空中交通网络中没有出现大量航班延误或取消的情况, 航班运行正常, 并且没有延误传播的能力。
(2)延误节点$\mathrm{E}$。指已经出现大量航班延误的节点,但是节点不具备延误传播能力。
(3)延误传播节点 I。指空中交通网络中已经出现大量航班延误并且具备传播能力的节点。
(4)关闭节点$\mathrm{D}$。指大量航班被取消且被移出空中交通网络的节点。
(5)恢复节点${\mathrm{R}}_{\circ }$ 是指大面积航班延误已经得到缓解的节点。
空中交通网络中各状态节点之间会以一定概率发生转变, 在构建模型之前, 定义各状态节点以及节点之间的转换概率,参数定义如表1 所示。
依据节点状态转化图1, 正常节点单位时间内减少的比例等于单位时间内正常节点转化为延误节点的比例, 延误节点所占比例随时间的变化率为延误传播节点、正常节点转化为延误节点所增加的比例与延误节点转化为恢复节点、关闭节点、延误传播节点所减少的比例之和。同理,可以得出延误传播节点、关闭节点、恢复节点随时间的变化率。大面积航班延误传播模型可表示为
$\begin{array}{l}\frac{\mathrm{d}{S}_{\mathrm{p}}\left(t\right)}{\mathrm{d}t}= -\alpha {S}_{\mathrm{p}}\left(t\right){I}_{\mathrm{p}}\left(t\right)\\\frac{\mathrm{d}{E}_{\mathrm{p}}\left(t\right)}{\mathrm{d}t}= \alpha {S}_{\mathrm{p}}\left(t\right){I}_{\mathrm{p}}\left(t\right)+ \mu {I}_{\mathrm{p}}\left(t\right)- \gamma {E}_{\mathrm{p}}\left(t\right)- \\\beta {E}_{\mathrm{p}}\left(t\right)- \zeta {E}_{\mathrm{p}}\left(t\right)\\\frac{\mathrm{d}{I}_{\mathrm{p}}\left(t\right)}{\mathrm{d}t}= \beta {E}_{\mathrm{p}}\left(t\right)- \delta {I}_{\mathrm{p}}\left(t\right)- \mu {I}_{\mathrm{p}}\left(t\right)- \varepsilon {I}_{\mathrm{p}}\left(t\right)\\\frac{\mathrm{d}{D}_{\mathrm{p}}\left(t\right)}{\mathrm{d}t}= \zeta {E}_{\mathrm{p}}\left(t\right)+ \varepsilon {I}_{\mathrm{p}}\left(t\right)\\\frac{\mathrm{d}{R}_{\mathrm{p}}\left(t\right)}{\mathrm{d}t}= -\varepsilon {I}_{\mathrm{p}}\left(t\right)+ \varepsilon {I}_{\mathrm{p}}\left(t\right)\end{array}$
式 (1) 中:$t$ 为航班延误传播时刻。
在大面积航班延误发生的初始时刻,空中交通网络流系统中只有少部分节点受到延误传播的影响, 大部分节点属于正常状态, 记初始时刻正常节点的比例为${S}_{0}\left({{S}_{0}> 0}\right)$,延误节点的比例为${E}_{0}\left({{E}_{0}> }\right.$ 0)。五类节点所占比值可表示为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{S}_{\mathrm{p}}\left(t\right)= {S}_{0}\\{E}_{\mathrm{p}}\left(t\right)= {E}_{0}\\{I}_{\mathrm{p}}\left(t\right)= 0 \\{D}_{\mathrm{p}}\left(t\right)= 0 \\{R}_{\mathrm{p}}\left(t\right)= 0 \end{array}\right.$
由于空中交通网络中总节点数不变,$t$ 时刻五类节点的比例之和为 1 , 可表示为
${S}_{\mathrm{p}}\left(t\right)+ {E}_{\mathrm{p}}\left(t\right)+ {I}_{\mathrm{p}}\left(t\right)+ {R}_{\mathrm{p}}\left(t\right)+ {D}_{\mathrm{p}}\left(t\right)= 1 $
相轨线是指在动力学系统中描述系统状态变化的轨迹,是动力学系统的解在相空间中的表示, 动力学系统可以由一组微分方程或差分方程表示。相空间是用来描述系统状态的多维空间, 每个维度对应一个状态变量, 相轨线则是相空间中表示系统状态随时间的变化曲线。曲线形状和性质取决于动力学系统方程和初始条件, 通过相轨线分析, 可以揭示动力学系统稳定性和周期性等性质。
在大面积航班延误发生的初期,由于延误传播节点、恢复节点以及关闭节点的数量都为 0 ,只存在少量的延误节点,使用${S}_{\mathrm{p}}\left(t\right)\text{、}{I}_{\mathrm{p}}\left(t\right)\text{、}{R}_{\mathrm{p}}\left(t\right)$ 分别表示正常节点比例、延误节点比例和恢复节点的比例。初始阶段大面积航班延误传播模型可表示为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}\frac{\mathrm{d}{S}_{\mathrm{p}}\left(t\right)}{\mathrm{d}t}= -\alpha {S}_{\mathrm{p}}\left(t\right){I}_{\mathrm{p}}\left(t\right)\\\frac{\mathrm{d}{I}_{\mathrm{p}}\left(t\right)}{\mathrm{d}t}= \alpha {S}_{\mathrm{p}}\left(t\right){I}_{\mathrm{p}}\left(t\right)- \gamma {I}_{\mathrm{p}}\left(t\right)\\\frac{\mathrm{d}{R}_{\mathrm{p}}\left(t\right)}{\mathrm{d}t}= \gamma {I}_{\mathrm{p}}\left(t\right)\end{array}\right.$
记大面积航班延误初始时刻即$t = 0$ 时,正常节点和延误节点的比例分别为${S}_{0}$${I}_{0}$,恢复节点的初始值${R}_{0}= 0$,并且在整个延误传播的过程中正常节点的比例、延误节点的比例以及恢复节点的比例之和始终为 1 , 可表示为
${S}_{\mathrm{p}}\left(t\right)+ {I}_{\mathrm{p}}\left(t\right)+ {R}_{\mathrm{p}}\left(t\right)= 1 $
在相轨线分析中,相平面为$S - I$ 平面,则相轨线定义域为$\left({S, I}\right)\in D$,可表示为
$ D =\{\left({s, i}\right)\mid s \geq 0, i \geq 0, s + i \leq 1\}$
根据初始阶段航班延误模型的前两个微分方程消去$\mathrm{d}t$,令$\sigma =\frac{\alpha }{\gamma }$,如式 (7) 所示。
${I}_{\mathrm{p}}\left(t\right)= \left({{S}_{0}+ {I}_{0}}\right)- {S}_{\mathrm{p}}\left(t\right)+ \frac{1}{\sigma }\ln \frac{{S}_{\mathrm{p}}\left(t\right)}{{S}_{0}}$
图2 所示,${I}_{\mathrm{m}}$ 为延误节点所占比例的最大值, 定义域$D$ 内的曲线即为相轨线,随着时间$t$ 的增加${S}_{\mathrm{p}}\left(t\right)\text{、}{I}_{\mathrm{p}}\left(t\right)$${R}_{\mathrm{p}}\left(t\right)$ 的变化趋势为箭头所指方向, 假设${S}_{\mathrm{p}}\left(t\right)\text{、}{I}_{\mathrm{p}}\left(t\right)$${R}_{\mathrm{p}}\left(t\right)$$t \rightarrow \infty$ 时的极限值分别记为${S}_{\infty }\text{、}{I}_{\infty }$${R}_{\infty }$
(1)无论大面积航班延误传播过程中初始值${S}_{0}$${I}_{0}$ 如何,大面积航班延误情况都会得到缓解直至消失,即${I}_{\infty }= 0$
(2)没有被延误所影响的正常节点的比例是${S}_{\infty }$,在式 (1) 中令${I}_{\mathrm{p}}= 0$,得到${S}_{\infty }$ 的方程为
${S}_{0}+ {I}_{0}- {S}_{\square }+ \frac{1}{\sigma }\ln \frac{{S}_{\square }}{{S}_{0}}= 0 $
${S}_{\infty }$ 是方程在$\left({0,\frac{1}{\sigma }}\right)$ 内的根,在图2${S}_{\infty }$ 是相轨线与横坐标在$\left({0,\frac{1}{\sigma }}\right)$ 内的交点的横坐标。
(3) 假如${S}_{0}> \frac{1}{\sigma }$,那么${I}_{\mathrm{p}}\left(t\right)$ 就会先增加,当$S =\frac{1}{\sigma }$ 时,${I}_{\mathrm{p}}\left(t\right)$ 达到最大值${I}_{\mathrm{m}}$,可表示为
${I}_{\mathrm{m}}= {S}_{0}+ {I}_{0}- \frac{1}{\sigma }\left({1 +\ln \sigma {S}_{0}}\right)$
$S <\frac{1}{\sigma }$ 时,${I}_{\mathrm{p}}\left(t\right)$ 开始逐渐减小并趋于 0,${S}_{\mathrm{p}}\left(t\right)$ 则单调减小至${S}_{\infty }$,如图2${P}_{1}\left({{S}_{0},{I}_{0}}\right)$ 出发的相轨线。
(4) 若${S}_{0}\leq \frac{1}{\sigma }$,则${I}_{\mathrm{p}}\left(t\right)$ 就会单调减小至 0,${S}_{\mathrm{p}}\left(t\right)$ 单调减小至${S}_{\infty }$,如图2${P}_{2}\left({{S}_{0},{I}_{0}}\right)$ 出发的相轨线。
延误节点的比例在某段时间内呈现逐渐增长的趋势时,可以被视为大面积航班延误的蔓延阶段,否则属于延误传播的消散阶段,那么$\frac{1}{\sigma }$ 就可以看作是一个阈值。${S\sigma }= \frac{\alpha S}{\gamma }$ 表示在航班延误时期内一个延误节点所能影响的正常节点的平均数, 称为交换数,其含义是一个延误节点被${S\sigma }$ 个正常节点交换。因此可以得出以下结论。
(1) 当$S >\frac{1}{\sigma }$ 时,${S\sigma }> 1$,即交换数大于 1,大面积航班延会继续传播, 所以为了遏制大面积航班延误的传播,可以提高阈值$\frac{1}{\sigma }$ 或降低$S$,使得$S <$ $\frac{1}{\sigma }$,航班延误的传播才可以得到控制,即使$S >\frac{1}{\sigma }$, 提高阈值$\frac{1}{\sigma },{S}_{\infty }$ 增加,${I}_{\mathrm{m}}$ 降低,也控制了大面积航班延误的蔓延程度。
(2) 当$S =\frac{1}{\sigma }$ 时,$I\left(t\right)$ 值最大,延误最为严重, 但是${S\sigma }= 1$,航班延误不会进一步加剧。
(3) 当$S <\frac{1}{\sigma }$ 时,${S\sigma }< 1$,交换数小于 1,大面积航班延误会逐步消散。
以 2022-2023 年冬春航季某次大面积航班延误为例,空中交通网络中共有 240 个节点,以大面积航班延误发生的时刻为初始时刻, 而非传统意义上的零点,大面积航班延误完全消散为结束时刻。根据此次大面积航班延误所统计的数据,各类节点占全部节点比值的初始值如表2 所示。为了得到各类节点占比随时间和不同参数的变化趋势, 使用 MATLAB 编写算法用于求解大面积航班延误传播模型。模型中的各个参数的取值如表3 所示。
图3 所示, 随着时间的推移, 正常节点的比值在大面积航班延误发生之后迅速减少至 0 , 表明在延误传播节点的影响之下, 大量的正常节点转化为延误节点, 在经历一定的潜伏期后, 延误节点也具备了延误传播能力,因此正常节点下降速度最为明显。延误节点相较于延误传播节点更先达到峰值, 且峰值更高, 说明在潜伏期内, 延误节点同时转化为了延误传播节点、恢复节点和关闭节点。在延误节点与延误传播节点的峰值附近, 关闭节点的上升率最大,意味着此时有大量的延误航班被取消,空中交通网络中关闭节点的数量迅速增加。在大面积航班延误后期,恢复节点与关闭节点所占比值之和为 1 , 即大部分节点恢复了正常, 只有少部分节点被关闭后移出了空中交通网络, 与实际情况基本吻合。
由于$\zeta$$\varepsilon$ 分别为延误节点和延误传播节点转化为关闭节点的概率, 两者对大面积航班延误传播的影响具有很大的相似性,因此只研究参数$\zeta$ 对延误传播的影响,而其他参数保持不变。
取不同的$\zeta$ 值,取值范围在$0 \sim {0.2}$,可以得到各个状态节点的比值随时间的变化情况, 如图4 所示,分别为延误节点和延误传播节点占比随$\zeta$ 和时间的变化。从图4 中可以看出,随着$\zeta$ 值的增大,曲面的上升速率和下降速率都减小,曲面更加平缓, 峰值也随之降低, 且延误传播节点占比的下降速率更大。意味着$\zeta$ 值越大,在空中交通网络中参与延误传播的延误节点的比例越小,转化为延误传播节点的比例也就越小, 移出空中交通网络节点也就越多。
图5 所示, 分别为恢复节点和正常节点占比随$\zeta$ 和时间的变化。图5(a) 中,曲面随着$\zeta$ 值的增大变得更加平缓,最大值减小,恢复节点的比例也减小。此外,从最小值到最大值所用时间也缩短, 意味着延误传播的恢复速度逐步加快。图5(b) 中, 曲面的下降率随着$\zeta$ 值的增大而减小,正常节点的比例下降到最低点的时间增加, 说明随着延误节点比例的下降,正常节点受到延误节点的影响逐渐减小。
图4图5 所示,随着$\zeta$ 的增大,空中交通网络中参与延误传播的延误节点的比例减少, 转化为延误传播节点以及恢复节点的比例也减小,延误传播的恢复速度加快。此外,延误节点比例的减少导致正常节点与延误节点之间的关联度降低, 从而在一定程度上缓解了延误传播的程度和范围。
图6 所示,在保持其他参数不变的情况下,$\alpha$ 的大小反映了正常节点与延误节点之间关联的程度。随着$\alpha$ 的增大,曲线的上升率和下降率就越大,峰值达到的时间更早且峰值更高。这说明在延误传播过程中,$\alpha$ 的增加导致正常节点对延误节点更加敏感, 延误传播的程度更加严重且影响范围更广。同时, 较大的$\alpha$ 值也意味着延误传播的消散速度更快且更早。换句话说,$\alpha$ 的增加可以被视为节点之间关联强度的增加, 进而加剧了延误的传播程度。
(1)通过对传染病和延误传播模型进行比较, 发现两者具有很大的相似性, 在经典的 SEIR 模型的基础上考虑到延误传播的实际情况, 新增一类节点, 建立更符合实际情况的 SEIDR 模型, 并利用此模型对延误传播规律进行探究。
(2)相轨线分析表明无论大面积航班延误各类节点的初始值如何变化, 大面积航班延误都会消散,且可以通过调整阈值$\frac{1}{\sigma }$ 来控制大面积航班延误的传播和蔓延程度。
(3)算例分析表明, SEIDR 模型更能准确地描述大面积航班延误演变过程和传播规律。此外, 通过探究各类节点所占比值在不同参数条件下的变化趋势, 分析出大面积航班延误的蔓延和扩散规律, 对于大面积航班延误的预测及预防将是下一步所要进行的工作。
  • 国家自然基金民航联合基金重点项目(U2233209)
  • 国家重点研发计划(2020YFB1600103)
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403243
  • 接收时间:2024-05-02
  • 首发时间:2025-07-29
  • 出版时间:2025-03-18
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  • 收稿日期:2024-05-02
  • 修回日期:2024-12-26
基金
国家自然基金民航联合基金重点项目(U2233209)
国家重点研发计划(2020YFB1600103)
作者信息
    中国民航大学 空中交通管理学院 天津 300300

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{"content":"

闫少华(1964–)男,汉族,陕西汉中人,硕士,副教授。研究方向:空中交通管理、航空安全管理。E-mail:shyan@cauc.edu.cn。

"}
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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