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Reinforcement and water sealing effect difficult to achieve by conventional stratum grouting method in strong seepage sandy soil stratum. In order to study the mechanical characteristics of freezing-grouting combination in water-rich sand stratum, the stress-strain relationship and its influencing factors of artificially frozen cement sand were studied by triaxial tests, and the variation law and strength mechanism of stress-strain relationship of samples under different freezing temperature, curing age and confining pressure were discussed. The results show that the stress-strain curve of frozen cement-sand has a certain strain-hardened nonlinear ductility stage including compaction stage linear elasticity stage nonlinear ductility stage and strain-hardening stage. The non-linear increase of cohesion and internal angle of frozen cement-sand due to the curing age of freezing temperature increases the shear strength of frozen cement-sand, and the non-linear ductility phase strain ratio enhances the brittleness of frozen cement-sand. The increase of confining pressure increases the shear strength of frozen cement-sand, and the proportion of strain in nonlinear ductility stage improves the ductility of frozen cement-sand. Based on Mohr-Coulomb strength criterion, a non-linear strength prediction model of frozen cement sand was established, which considered the influence of freezing temperature and curing age. The error between the predicted results and the measured values is less than 5% The research results can provide parameter support for the fine design of freezing-grouting combined reinforcement scheme for water-rich sandy soil stratum.

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在强渗流砂土地层中,常规的地层注浆法难以达到理想的加固、封水效果。为了研究富水砂土地层冻结-注浆联合体的力学特性,通过三轴试验对人工冻结水泥砂土的应力应变关系及其影响因素开展研究,探讨不同冻结环境温度、养护龄期和围压等条件下试样应力应变关系变化规律及强度机理。结果表明:冻结水泥砂土应力应变曲线具有一定应变强化的非线性延性阶段,整体包括密实阶段,线弹性阶段,非线性延性阶段,破坏阶段,呈应变软化型。冻结环境温度的降低、养护龄期的增加使得土体黏聚力和內摩擦角呈非线性增长趋势,提高了冻结水泥砂土抗剪强度,减少了非线性延性阶段应变占比,增强了冻结水泥砂土的脆性;围压的增大提高了冻结水泥砂土抗剪强度,增加了非线性延性阶段应变占比,提高了冻结水泥砂土的延性。基于莫尔-库伦强度准则,建立考虑冻结环境温度和养护龄期综合影响的冻结水泥砂土强度非线性预测模型,预测结果与实测值误差小于5%。研究成果可为富水砂土地层冻结-注浆联合加固方案精细化设计提供参数支持。

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袁昌(1990—),男,汉族,江西南昌人,博士,讲师。研究方向:冻土工程理论与技术。E-mail:yuanchang@lzb.ac.cn。

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袁昌(1990—),男,汉族,江西南昌人,博士,讲师。研究方向:冻土工程理论与技术。E-mail:yuanchang@lzb.ac.cn。

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袁昌(1990—),男,汉族,江西南昌人,博士,讲师。研究方向:冻土工程理论与技术。E-mail:yuanchang@lzb.ac.cn。

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figureFileBig=VkCCESOnIyRtfaBPqgLgdQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1156986865187377846, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156963931207062117, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=Change curve of nonlinear ductility stage with freezing ambient temperature(14d), figureFileSmall=rSAlOborObQTK+0hiKlz6w==, figureFileBig=08O/Shd09UoV1OQDY8iSCA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1156986865254486712, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156963931207062117, language=CN, label=图4, caption=非线性延性阶段随冻结环境温度的变化曲线(14d), figureFileSmall=rSAlOborObQTK+0hiKlz6w==, figureFileBig=08O/Shd09UoV1OQDY8iSCA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1156986865317401274, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156963931207062117, language=EN, label=Fig. 5, caption=Effect of freezing ambient temperature on peak stress of frozen cement sand (${14}\mathrm{\;d}$), figureFileSmall=82gdIgs74DR8ebxnBD9ocw==, figureFileBig=9R1Uvg8aaYVZW1HyAQuJfA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1156986865367732924, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156963931207062117, language=CN, label=图5, caption=冻结环境温度对冻结水泥砂土峰值应力的影响(14d), figureFileSmall=82gdIgs74DR8ebxnBD9ocw==, figureFileBig=9R1Uvg8aaYVZW1HyAQuJfA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1156986865661334206, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156963931207062117, language=EN, label=Fig. 6, caption=Curve of cohesion and internal friction angle with temperature(14d), figureFileSmall=9SCAnt1lF6EY45ImeOB4PQ==, figureFileBig=eDj8ahSR941vvOfYqQNb7w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1156986865711665856, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156963931207062117, language=CN, label=图6, caption=黏聚力、内摩擦角随温度变化曲线 (14 d), figureFileSmall=9SCAnt1lF6EY45ImeOB4PQ==, figureFileBig=eDj8ahSR941vvOfYqQNb7w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1156986865778774722, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156963931207062117, language=EN, label=Fig. 7, caption=Curve of residual stress of frozen cement sand with freezing ambient temperature(14d), figureFileSmall=nBRqZ+VGI7wAVRR4Tf0SQw==, figureFileBig=weBzsH8GtH25ApjfjKhwQw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1156986865833300676, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156963931207062117, language=CN, label=图7, caption=冻结水泥砂土残余应力随冻结环境温度变化曲线 (14 d), figureFileSmall=nBRqZ+VGI7wAVRR4Tf0SQw==, figureFileBig=weBzsH8GtH25ApjfjKhwQw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1156986865892020934, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156963931207062117, language=EN, label=Fig. 8, caption=Stress and strain curve of frozen cement sand under different curing age conditions, figureFileSmall=Xm+xJI3N+CmNMOfM3T0CdQ==, figureFileBig=35lZr3zvUTODOH9ofSUP4A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1156986865950741192, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156963931207062117, language=CN, label=图8, caption=不同养护龄期条件下冻结水泥砂土应力应变曲线, figureFileSmall=Xm+xJI3N+CmNMOfM3T0CdQ==, figureFileBig=35lZr3zvUTODOH9ofSUP4A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1156986866022044362, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156963931207062117, language=EN, label=Fig. 9, caption=Change curve of nonlinear ductility stage with maintenance age(300kPa), figureFileSmall=OWJ7C+dzqYpKegCQg0BYkA==, figureFileBig=i4YGCmxag7rY6bxUANdLUA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1156986866080764620, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156963931207062117, language=CN, label=图9, caption=非线性延性阶段随养护龄期的变化曲线(300kPa), figureFileSmall=OWJ7C+dzqYpKegCQg0BYkA==, figureFileBig=i4YGCmxag7rY6bxUANdLUA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1156986866143679182, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156963931207062117, language=EN, label=Fig. 10, caption=Effect of curing age on peak stress of frozen cement sand (${300}\mathrm{\;{kPa}}$), figureFileSmall=eAR4J7guMy8bWmffV8RgVA==, figureFileBig=Lps6zRygwwr7wxe6eh+yCQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1156986866202399440, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156963931207062117, language=CN, label=图10, caption=养护龄期对冻结水泥砂土峰值应力的影响(300kPa), figureFileSmall=eAR4J7guMy8bWmffV8RgVA==, figureFileBig=Lps6zRygwwr7wxe6eh+yCQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1156986866252731090, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156963931207062117, language=EN, label=Fig. 11, caption=Change curve of cohesion and internal friction angle with maintenance age $\left({-{10}{}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}}\right)$, figureFileSmall=8oR3p82sA7MXef4OlyxezA==, figureFileBig=1mZsgFyVKsuQSROy/GEG8w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1156986866303062740, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156963931207062117, language=CN, label=图11, caption=黏聚力、内摩擦角随养护龄期变化曲线 ($-{10}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$), figureFileSmall=8oR3p82sA7MXef4OlyxezA==, figureFileBig=1mZsgFyVKsuQSROy/GEG8w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1156986866353394390, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156963931207062117, language=EN, label=Fig. 12, caption=Effect of maintenance age on residual stress of frozen cement sand(300kPa), figureFileSmall=62hwJQm8pYjc94kCDJqNHw==, figureFileBig=OLo9pHBo4h+oZC+Sb82kiw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1156986866416308952, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156963931207062117, language=CN, label=图12, caption=养护龄期对冻结水泥砂土残余应力的影响(300kPa), figureFileSmall=62hwJQm8pYjc94kCDJqNHw==, figureFileBig=OLo9pHBo4h+oZC+Sb82kiw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1156986866483417819, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156963931207062117, language=EN, label=Fig. 13, caption=Effect of enclosure pressure on stress and strain curve of frozen cement sand (freezing temperature $-{10}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$), figureFileSmall=//ZW1FFrKjlMI88GIyiL2w==, figureFileBig=dTIwZi4bX+1l3IX+3jPq5g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1156986866537943773, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156963931207062117, language=CN, label=图13, caption=围压对冻结水泥砂土应力应变曲线的影响 (冻结环境温度 $-{10}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$), figureFileSmall=//ZW1FFrKjlMI88GIyiL2w==, figureFileBig=dTIwZi4bX+1l3IX+3jPq5g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1156986866600858335, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156963931207062117, language=EN, label=Fig. 14, caption=Failure pattern of frozen cement sand under different pressure, figureFileSmall=U4eYi9SMTshxy1z3qkfH8w==, figureFileBig=fqrEtGa6N2AgLxZ9WJvMXw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1156986866663772897, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156963931207062117, language=CN, label=图14, caption=不同围压下冻结水泥砂土破坏形态, figureFileSmall=U4eYi9SMTshxy1z3qkfH8w==, figureFileBig=fqrEtGa6N2AgLxZ9WJvMXw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1156986866735076067, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156963931207062117, language=EN, label=Fig. 15, caption=Change curve of nonlinear ductility stage with circumference pressure $\left({-{10}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}}\right)$, figureFileSmall=XYt5/iTbhkBzTCaH6b+JKw==, figureFileBig=qUESA+LE/SjNddElNRffQw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1156986866793796325, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156963931207062117, language=CN, label=图15, caption=非线性延性阶段随围压的变化曲线 $\left({-{10}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}}\right)$, figureFileSmall=XYt5/iTbhkBzTCaH6b+JKw==, figureFileBig=qUESA+LE/SjNddElNRffQw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1156986866856710887, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156963931207062117, language=EN, label=Fig. 16, caption=Effect of surpressure on peak stress of frozen cement sand ($-{10}{}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$), figureFileSmall=7Zdum+ckqNHOENp3gDUkEg==, figureFileBig=YGY2jTrCMmNRBPtsBbaaog==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1156986866923819753, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156963931207062117, language=CN, label=图16, caption=围压对冻结水泥砂土峰值应力的影响 $\left({-{10}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}}\right)$, figureFileSmall=7Zdum+ckqNHOENp3gDUkEg==, figureFileBig=YGY2jTrCMmNRBPtsBbaaog==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1156986866974151403, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156963931207062117, language=EN, label=Fig. 17, caption=Effect of surpressure on residual stress of free frozen cement sand $\left({-{10}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}}\right)$, figureFileSmall=n0tofU+O4bJcCoi8M5Noug==, figureFileBig=lMhOaQz2q25cdjFUijKZ+Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1156986867041260269, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156963931207062117, language=CN, label=图17, caption=围压对冻结水泥砂土残余应力的影响 $\left({-{10}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}}\right)$, figureFileSmall=n0tofU+O4bJcCoi8M5Noug==, figureFileBig=lMhOaQz2q25cdjFUijKZ+Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1156986867104174831, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156963931207062117, language=EN, label=Fig. 18, caption=Changes of cohesion, internal friction Angle and shear strength with temperature, figureFileSmall=x70oRtJ5i3oSB+ZBSlQeJQ==, figureFileBig=uu2PDwzosZFCdd2fbBdu/w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1156986867183866609, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156963931207062117, language=CN, label=图18, caption=黏聚力、内摩擦角、抗剪强度随温度变化规律, figureFileSmall=x70oRtJ5i3oSB+ZBSlQeJQ==, figureFileBig=uu2PDwzosZFCdd2fbBdu/w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1156986867250975475, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156963931207062117, language=EN, label=Fig. 19, caption=Shear strength index-curing age-temperature regression equation diagram, figureFileSmall=K9jLbVwwhNtfbyOSpYhqHw==, figureFileBig=cvCOC5bEwzZ0bqU91HKE4g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1156986867334861557, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156963931207062117, language=CN, label=图19, caption=抗剪强度指标-养护龄期-温度回归方程图, figureFileSmall=K9jLbVwwhNtfbyOSpYhqHw==, figureFileBig=cvCOC5bEwzZ0bqU91HKE4g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1156986867385193207, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156963931207062117, language=EN, label=Fig. 20, caption=Compare measured and predicted values of shear strength, figureFileSmall=Wflpv7myR3jcDe/Hxjvoqg==, figureFileBig=+F1dd+wFWRzGVxkw2Nbygg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1156986867448107769, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156963931207062117, language=CN, label=图20, caption=抗剪强度实测值与预测值对比, figureFileSmall=Wflpv7myR3jcDe/Hxjvoqg==, figureFileBig=+F1dd+wFWRzGVxkw2Nbygg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1156986867519410939, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156963931207062117, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=Basic physical properties indexes of water-rich sand soil, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
土样 含水率 比重 干密度 $/\left({\mathrm{g}\cdot {\mathrm{{cm}}}^{-3}}\right)$ 孔隙率/%
饱和 2.64 1.71 35.10
), ArticleFig(id=1156986867578131197, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156963931207062117, language=CN, label=表1, caption=富水砂土的基本物理性质指标, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
土样 含水率 比重 干密度 $/\left({\mathrm{g}\cdot {\mathrm{{cm}}}^{-3}}\right)$ 孔隙率/%
饱和 2.64 1.71 35.10
), ArticleFig(id=1156986867645240063, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156963931207062117, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=Grain size of sand soil, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
有效粒径/$\mathrm{{mm}}$ 中值粒径/$\mathrm{{mm}}$ 限制粒径/$\mathrm{{mm}}$ 不均匀 系数 曲率 系数 细度 模数
0.184 0.420 0.940 5.11 1.02 2.71
), ArticleFig(id=1156986867699766017, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156963931207062117, language=CN, label=表2, caption=砂土粒径, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
有效粒径/$\mathrm{{mm}}$ 中值粒径/$\mathrm{{mm}}$ 限制粒径/$\mathrm{{mm}}$ 不均匀 系数 曲率 系数 细度 模数
0.184 0.420 0.940 5.11 1.02 2.71
), ArticleFig(id=1156986867754291971, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156963931207062117, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=Chemical composition of cement, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
型号 质量分数 $/\%$ 烧矢量/$\%$
${\mathrm{S}}_{\mathrm{i}}{\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ ${\mathrm{{Al}}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ ${\mathrm{{Fe}}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ CaO $\mathrm{{MgO}}$ ${\mathrm{{SO}}}_{3}$
P. 0 42.5 24.3 4.8 3.8 55.3 4.2 2.2 2.4
), ArticleFig(id=1156986867808817925, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156963931207062117, language=CN, label=表3, caption=水泥化学成分, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
型号 质量分数 $/\%$ 烧矢量/$\%$
${\mathrm{S}}_{\mathrm{i}}{\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ ${\mathrm{{Al}}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ ${\mathrm{{Fe}}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ CaO $\mathrm{{MgO}}$ ${\mathrm{{SO}}}_{3}$
P. 0 42.5 24.3 4.8 3.8 55.3 4.2 2.2 2.4
), ArticleFig(id=1156986867888509703, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156963931207062117, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=Test protocol, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号 冻结环境温度 ${P}^{\prime }\mathrm{C}$ 围压 $/\mathrm{{kPa}}$ 养护龄期/d
1 0 100 3
2 -5 200 7
3 -10 300 14
4 -15 400 28
5 -20 500 -
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序号 冻结环境温度 ${P}^{\prime }\mathrm{C}$ 围压 $/\mathrm{{kPa}}$ 养护龄期/d
1 0 100 3
2 -5 200 7
3 -10 300 14
4 -15 400 28
5 -20 500 -
), ArticleFig(id=1156986868018533131, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156963931207062117, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=Fitting parameters and degree of fit ${R}^{2}$ data sheet, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
围压/$\mathrm{{kPa}}$ 拟合参数 ${y}_{0}/\mathrm{{MPa}}$ 拟合参数 ${A}_{1}/\mathrm{{MPa}}$ 拟合参数 ${t}_{1}$ ${R}^{2}$
100 10.777 78 -7.924 53 $-{11.544}\;{67}$ 0.987 9
200 11.076 10 -7.952 98 -11.73497 0.989 2
300 11.776 28 -8.307 02 $-{13.297}\;{46}$ 0.9880
400 12.339 35 -8.323 70 -14.376 16 0.993 9
500 12.827 90 -8.565 96 -14.678 93 0.994 9
), ArticleFig(id=1156986868081447693, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156963931207062117, language=CN, label=表5, caption=拟合参数与拟合度 ${\mathbf{R}}^{2}$ 数据, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
围压/$\mathrm{{kPa}}$ 拟合参数 ${y}_{0}/\mathrm{{MPa}}$ 拟合参数 ${A}_{1}/\mathrm{{MPa}}$ 拟合参数 ${t}_{1}$ ${R}^{2}$
100 10.777 78 -7.924 53 $-{11.544}\;{67}$ 0.987 9
200 11.076 10 -7.952 98 -11.73497 0.989 2
300 11.776 28 -8.307 02 $-{13.297}\;{46}$ 0.9880
400 12.339 35 -8.323 70 -14.376 16 0.993 9
500 12.827 90 -8.565 96 -14.678 93 0.994 9
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冻结水泥砂土应力应变关系及其影响因素
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袁昌 1, 2, 3 , 钟天乾 1 , 马起涛 1 , 陈鑫 1, 2 , 李栋伟 4 , 赖远明 3, 5
科学技术与工程 | 建筑科学 2025,25(8): 3359-3371
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科学技术与工程 | 建筑科学 2025, 25(8): 3359-3371
冻结水泥砂土应力应变关系及其影响因素
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袁昌1, 2, 3 , 钟天乾1, 马起涛1, 陈鑫1, 2, 李栋伟4, 赖远明3, 5
作者信息
  • 1 东华理工大学 土木与建筑工程学院 南昌 330013
  • 2 江西省地质环境与地下空间工程研究中心 南昌 330013
  • 3 中国科学院西北生态环境资源研究院 冻土工程国家重点实验室 兰州 730000
  • 4 大连大学 建筑工程学院 大连 116622
  • 5 重庆交通大学 土木工程学院 重庆 400074
  • 袁昌(1990—),男,汉族,江西南昌人,博士,讲师。研究方向:冻土工程理论与技术。E-mail:yuanchang@lzb.ac.cn。

Stress-strain Relationship and Its Influencing Factors of Frozen Cement-sand Soil
Chang YUAN1, 2, 3 , Tian-qian ZHONG1, Qi-tao MA1, Xin CHEN1, 2, Dong-wei LI4, Yuan-ming LAI3, 5
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Civil and Architectural Engineering Donghua University of Technology Nanchang 330013 China
  • 2 Jiangxi Geological Environment and Underground Space Engineering Research Center Nanchang 330013 China
  • 3 State Key Laboratory of Frozen soil Engineering of Northwest Institute of Ecological Environment and Resources Chinese Academy of Sciences Lanzhou 730000 China
  • 4 School of Architectural Engineering Dalian University Dalian 116622 China
  • 5 School of Civil Engineering Chongqing Jiaotong University Chongqing 400074 China
出版时间: 2025-03-18 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403343
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在强渗流砂土地层中,常规的地层注浆法难以达到理想的加固、封水效果。为了研究富水砂土地层冻结-注浆联合体的力学特性,通过三轴试验对人工冻结水泥砂土的应力应变关系及其影响因素开展研究,探讨不同冻结环境温度、养护龄期和围压等条件下试样应力应变关系变化规律及强度机理。结果表明:冻结水泥砂土应力应变曲线具有一定应变强化的非线性延性阶段,整体包括密实阶段,线弹性阶段,非线性延性阶段,破坏阶段,呈应变软化型。冻结环境温度的降低、养护龄期的增加使得土体黏聚力和內摩擦角呈非线性增长趋势,提高了冻结水泥砂土抗剪强度,减少了非线性延性阶段应变占比,增强了冻结水泥砂土的脆性;围压的增大提高了冻结水泥砂土抗剪强度,增加了非线性延性阶段应变占比,提高了冻结水泥砂土的延性。基于莫尔-库伦强度准则,建立考虑冻结环境温度和养护龄期综合影响的冻结水泥砂土强度非线性预测模型,预测结果与实测值误差小于5%。研究成果可为富水砂土地层冻结-注浆联合加固方案精细化设计提供参数支持。

冻土工程  /  应力-应变  /  冻结水泥砂土  /  抗剪强度

Reinforcement and water sealing effect difficult to achieve by conventional stratum grouting method in strong seepage sandy soil stratum. In order to study the mechanical characteristics of freezing-grouting combination in water-rich sand stratum, the stress-strain relationship and its influencing factors of artificially frozen cement sand were studied by triaxial tests, and the variation law and strength mechanism of stress-strain relationship of samples under different freezing temperature, curing age and confining pressure were discussed. The results show that the stress-strain curve of frozen cement-sand has a certain strain-hardened nonlinear ductility stage including compaction stage linear elasticity stage nonlinear ductility stage and strain-hardening stage. The non-linear increase of cohesion and internal angle of frozen cement-sand due to the curing age of freezing temperature increases the shear strength of frozen cement-sand, and the non-linear ductility phase strain ratio enhances the brittleness of frozen cement-sand. The increase of confining pressure increases the shear strength of frozen cement-sand, and the proportion of strain in nonlinear ductility stage improves the ductility of frozen cement-sand. Based on Mohr-Coulomb strength criterion, a non-linear strength prediction model of frozen cement sand was established, which considered the influence of freezing temperature and curing age. The error between the predicted results and the measured values is less than 5% The research results can provide parameter support for the fine design of freezing-grouting combined reinforcement scheme for water-rich sandy soil stratum.

frozen soil engineering  /  stress-strain  /  frozen cement-sand soil  /  shear strength
袁昌, 钟天乾, 马起涛, 陈鑫, 李栋伟, 赖远明. 冻结水泥砂土应力应变关系及其影响因素. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (8) : 3359 -3371 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403343
Chang YUAN, Tian-qian ZHONG, Qi-tao MA, Xin CHEN, Dong-wei LI, Yuan-ming LAI. Stress-strain Relationship and Its Influencing Factors of Frozen Cement-sand Soil[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (8) : 3359 -3371 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403343
中国东南沿海及中东部城市普遍存在承压性富水砂土地层,超过 70% 城市存在地铁线路下穿江河、湖泊等情况。在强渗流砂土地层中, 常规的地层注浆法往往难以达到理想的加固、封水效果。韩晓明等[1] 、田海洋[2] 在穿越江底隧道、地铁隧道施工中,应用人工冻结法为隧道联络通道开挖提供有效的加固、止水帷幕,降低涌水、涌砂风险。奚家米等[3] 、王书磊等[4] 研究表明,冻结法在地铁联络隧道中加固治理、抢修抢险起到了非常好的效果, 但是在工况较复杂和距离较长的联络通道中,冻结法投入资金量大,且融沉量大,融沉周期长。孙立建等[5] 、赵向锋等[6] 选择冻结-注浆联合施工法对隧道富水软弱地层进行加固,能够更好地控制融沉现象, 在保障施工安全的前提下极大节约了施工成本。冻结注浆砂土固结体力学特性是影响方案设计的关键因素, 因此要对其变形和强度特性进行深入分析。徐学祖等[7] 、雷乐乐等[8] 研究表明,冻土的热物理力学性质主要取决于温度、含水率、含盐量、围压、冻融循环作用等。李顺群等[9] 对不同的影响因素进行显著性分析, 认为在研究冻土强度等力学行为时, 应综合考虑各主要因素及因素之间的交互作用影响。郜新军等[10] 在对富水粉质黏土地层的研究中发现, 土体冻结分为 4 个阶段: 快速降温、水潜热释放、稳定降温、冻结维护。王彬等 [114] 于 4 种冻土强度准则对不同流速条件下冻结壁的力学特性进行了计算分析, 发现冻结壁的承载力随着水流速度的增大而减小。陈鑫等[12] 、刘欣等[13] 研究发现,冻结水泥土为剪切破坏,其强度受冻结温度影响较大,且随着养护龄期的增加其强度随之增大并且脆性破坏特征越明显。于学敏[14] 通过试验发现,注浆、冻结粉细沙的抗剪强度要大于注浆、不冻结的粉细砂。徐湘田等[15] 、赖远明等[16] 、张鸿朋等[17] 通过三轴试验对不同围压和应力路径的冻结砂土应力应变曲线分析得出,围压小于$3\mathrm{{MPa}}$ 时为应变软化型,当围压超过$3\mathrm{{MPa}}$ 后表现为应变硬化。许胜才等[18] 通过试验分析出水泥土试样三轴试验的应力-应变曲线呈应变软化型,并且在水泥土发生破坏后,伴随有围压对水泥土的剪胀效应。
基于此, 通过对冻结水泥砂土进行三轴试验, 探讨不同冻结温度、养护龄期、围压等影响因素下冻结水泥砂土应力-应变关系及强度变化规律, 为冻结-注浆联合施工方案设计提供理论支持。
本试验采用南昌地区富水砂层砂土。在此状态下, 砂土呈饱和状态。参照《土工试验方法标准》${\left(\mathrm{{GB}}/\mathrm{T}{50123}- {2019}\right)}^{\left\lbrack {19}\right\rbrack }$,进行常规土工试验得到砂土的基本物理参数和颗粒级配曲线分别如表1表2图1 所示。试验所用普通硅酸盐水泥化学成分如表3 所示。
取水泥掺入比为 12%,考虑冻结环境温度、围压、养护龄期等影响因素,开展冻结水泥砂土三轴剪切试验, 试验方案如表4 所示。
采用 GDS 三轴仪开展三轴压缩试验, 具体试验步骤如下。
步骤 1 备料。试样制备尽可能模拟施工实际土质情况。由于是在富水砂层的施工条件下, 所以试样取为饱和状态, 然后按照 0.55 的水灰比, 配制 12% 水泥掺入比的试样, 进行搅拌, 制成水泥砂土土料。
步骤 2 制样。用配制好的土料分层填装至${\Phi 50}\mathrm{\;{mm}}\times {100}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ 的试模中并充分振捣,进行标准养护至相应龄期。
步骤 3 养护。将养护至龄期的水泥砂土试样放入恒温箱中,在试验负温下恒温 24 h 以上。
步骤 4 预处理。利用试验机对恒温${24}\mathrm{\;h}$ 后的冻结水泥土样进行试验, 为保证试样与压力机上下面充分接触, 将试样表面用砂纸打磨平整, 并进行预压处理。
步骤 5 试验。以$1\mathrm{\;{mm}}/\mathrm{{min}}$ 的速率进行加载, 直至试样破坏。取峰值强度为极限抗压强度, 为确保数据的准确性消除试验误差, 每组试验设 3 个平行试样, 剔除异常数据后, 最终强度值取其平均值。
在低应力围压条件下, 冻结水泥砂土应力应变曲线主要表现为应变软化型,图2$-{10}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 条件下冻结水泥砂土和冻结砂土应力-应变曲线,总体可分为 4 个变化阶段: ① 压密阶段: 制样完成后, 土体颗粒之间仍然存在孔隙未被完全填充, 在试验加载初期, 试样产生了一小段压缩密实过程, 曲线中主要表现为应变增加,应力增长幅度较小;②线弹性阶段:偏应力水平较低时,应力随应变呈近似线性增长,压缩模量${E}_{\mathrm{a}}$ 保持不变,试样未发生屈服、破坏; ③非线性延性阶段:试样发生屈服,随着应变增加, 试样偏应力值趋于平缓、稳定, 应力应变曲线出现一定应变跨度的平台阶段。在该阶段内, 偏应力达到峰值, 并以此作为试样抗剪强度; ④ 破坏阶段:试样偏应力随着应变增加呈快速减小趋势, 并最终趋于稳定。在该阶段内, 将偏应力最终趋于稳定值作为残余强度。
相比冻结砂土,冻结水泥砂土抗剪强度值显著增大, 线弹性变化斜率大幅度增大, 非线性延性阶段显著缩短, 表现出更明显的脆性特征。对比图2$-{10}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$、围压${500}\mathrm{{kPa}}$ 条件下两者应力应变曲线, 由于水泥的掺入,冻结水泥砂土抗剪强度约上冻结砂土的 3 倍,由${2.7}\mathrm{{MPa}}$ 增加到${8.4}\mathrm{{MPa}}$ ; 线弹性阶段变化斜率 (即压缩模量${E}_{\mathrm{a}}$) 约是冻结砂土的 5 倍, 从${0.53}\mathrm{{MPa}}$ 增加到${2.6}\mathrm{{MPa}}$ ;非线性延性阶段占比由 40% 缩短到 27.2%。
在整个压缩剪切试验过程中, 由于处于负温条件下, 土体微小孔隙内的自由水逐渐冻结成冰, 增加了与水泥砂土之间的密实程度, 同时, 水泥砂土的强度大于土体内部微小孔隙中冰的强度, 随着荷载的增大,土体内部微小孔隙中的冰率先破坏,此时试样出现细微裂缝, 但整体并未破坏。与此同时, 由于围压的影响, 对土体有一定的紧固作用, 使得土体并未快速的进入破坏阶段, 由此引入非线性延性阶段。
为了量化描述在不同影响因素下冻结水泥砂土应力应变曲线的延性特征, 定义非线性延性阶段占比为
$\eta =\frac{{\varepsilon }_{{E}_{\mathrm{s}}^{\prime }}- {\varepsilon }_{{E}_{\mathrm{s}}}}{\varepsilon }\times {100}\%$
式 (1) 中:$\varepsilon$ 为应变;${\varepsilon }_{{E}_{\mathrm{s}}}$ 为压缩模量${E}_{\mathrm{s}}$ 开始变化时所对应的应变,即非线性延性阶段的开始;${\varepsilon }_{{E}_{s}^{\prime }}$ 为结束非线性延性阶段时, 对应的应变。
以养护龄期为${14}\mathrm{\;d}$ 的冻结水泥砂土为代表,不同冻结环境温度条件下冻结水泥砂土应力应变曲线如图3 所示, 在不同围压下, 其应力应变曲线规律基本相同, 但是, 非线性延性阶段占比、强度和残余应力存在差异。
随着冻结环境温度的降低, 其非线性延性阶段占比减小,试样脆性破坏特征越显著。以养护期为${14}\mathrm{\;d}$ 的冻结水泥砂土为代表,图4 为非线性延性阶段占比随冻结环境温度变化曲线,在不同围压应力条件下, 应力应变曲线的非线性延性阶段占比随着冻结环境温度降低呈单向减小,各围压条件下非线性延性段占比减小率为${0.618}\sim {1.21}\%/℃$。产生该现象的原因是: 在${0}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 时,由于温度较低,水泥的水化反应进行的不够充分, 但是此时土体内部微小孔隙内仍有一定量液态水, 在三轴剪切试验过程中, 土体内孔隙可以进一步被压缩; 随着温度继续降低, 土体内部孔隙中的液态水含量继续降低, 孔隙内冰填充的体积进一步增大, 从而减小了土体的延性。如图4 所示,围压为${500}\mathrm{{kPa}}$ 的曲线中在 - 15 ℃ 时非线性延性阶段占比略微增大, 但是从具体量值上看,其相对 -10 ℃ 时仅增大了 0.33%,其误差在合理范围内。在较低围压条件下 (100~${200}\mathrm{{kPa}}),- {10}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 温度的冻结水泥砂土仍然具有一定的延性特征。
取应力应变曲线峰值应力代表冻结水泥砂土的强度值,图5 为冻结水泥砂土峰值应力随冻结环境温度变化曲线, 随着温度的降低, 峰值应力呈非线性增长,并趋于稳定,当冻结温度从${0}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 下降到 -20°C时,冻结水泥砂土强度增长了 60%~70%。可近似描述为
$ y ={y}_{0}+ {A}_{1}{\mathrm{e}}^{-\frac{x}{{t}_{1}}}$
式 (2) 中:${y}_{0}\text{、}{A}_{1}\text{、}{t}_{1}$ 为拟合参数。
不同冻结环境温度条件下的拟合参数以及拟合度${R}^{2}$表5 所示。可以看出,该函数对于不同围压下土体抗剪强度与冻结环境温度之间的关系拟合效果较好, 对于工程实践中参数设定具有一定的指导意义。
为了探究冻结水泥砂土强度增长的原因, 分析试样黏聚力和内摩擦角变化规律,如图6 所示,黏聚力和内摩擦角均随冻结温度降低呈非线性增大后趋于平缓的趋势。当冻结环境温度从${0}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 降到$-{10}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$,其黏聚力增长了${52.6}\%$,内摩擦角增大了${9.4}^{\circ }$ ; 温度从$-{10}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 降到$-{20}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$,其黏聚力增长了 22.7%,内摩擦角增大了 2.7°。
黏聚力的增加一方面是由于水泥水化反应产生的水化产物与砂颗粒之间紧密胶结;另一方面随着温度的降低, 土体内部微小孔隙中的自由水冻结成冰使得土体内部的微小孔隙进一步填充, 并且在围压的紧固作用下, 使得其黏聚力增大。当冻结温度较高时, 由于水化热的影响, 土体内部微小孔隙中的自由水并未完全冻结, 孔隙中的自由水降低了砂土颗粒之间的相对摩擦, 使得土体内摩擦角相对较小,而随着冻结环境温度的继续降低,土体孔隙中的自由水逐渐冻结, 土体更加密实, 其内摩擦角也随之增大。但是,当冻结环境温度继续降低到 -${20}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$,其黏聚力和内摩擦角的增长幅度逐渐减小, 这是由于土体颗粒之间已经紧密胶结, 其黏聚力和内摩擦角的增大幅度也逐渐减小。因此,随着冻结环境温度的降低, 在黏聚力和内摩擦角的共同影响下, 其强度也呈现出先增大后趋于平缓的趋势。
冻结水泥砂土残余应力随温度变化降低呈现先增大后减小或稳定趋势,如图7 所示,当温度从 0 °C降低至 -15 °C时,残余应力近似呈线性增大, 增大幅度为${50}\%\sim {60}\%$。这是由于随着温度的降低, 土体的抗压强度有所增大, 在围压对土体的紧固作用下,其残余应力也随之增大。但是,在$-{15}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 降低到$-{20}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 这一阶段,其残余应力的变化幅度基本不变,甚至略微有些减小,这是由于随着温度的继续降低, 土体抗压强度增长幅度逐渐减小, 而围压对土体的紧固作用有限, 土体抵抗破坏的能力也有限,因此在$-{15}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 之后,其残余应力基本不变或略微减小。
以围压${300}\mathrm{{kPa}}$ 的试验结果为例,不同养护龄期冻结水泥砂土应力应变曲线如图8 所示, 在不同冻结环境温度条件下, 随养护龄期增加, 冻结水泥砂土应力值呈增大趋势,试样脆性破坏特征越明显。
冻结水泥砂土应力应变曲线的非线性延性阶段占比随养护龄期增加呈减小趋势, 减小幅度逐渐减小,如图9 所示。以围压为${300}\mathrm{{kPa}}$ 试验结果为例,在不同冻结环境温度下,养护龄期从$3\mathrm{\;d}$ 增加至${14}\mathrm{\;d}$,相较于从${14}\mathrm{\;d}$ 增加至${28}\mathrm{\;d}$,其非线性延性阶段占比降低的幅度更大。养护龄期从3d增加至${14}\mathrm{\;d}$,其非线性延性阶段占比减小率为${1.54}\%/\mathrm{d}\sim$ ${0.31}\%/\mathrm{d}$ ; 从${14}\mathrm{\;d}$ 增加至${28}\mathrm{\;d}$,其非线性延性阶段占比减小率为${0.58}\%/\mathrm{d}\sim {0.14}\%/\mathrm{d}$图9 冻结环境温度为$-{20}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 的曲线在$7 \sim {14}\mathrm{\;d}$ 时,其非线性延性阶段占比出现小幅度的增长, 但是从量值上看, 在$-{20}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 的冻结环境温度下,冻结水泥砂土的强度较高,脆性破坏较显著,养护龄期从$3 \sim {14}\mathrm{\;d}$,其非线性延性阶段占比分别为 14.04%、13.49%、15.13%。增长幅度仅为 1.64%,在合理误差范围内。
在冻结水泥砂土养护初期,水泥水化反应不充分, 砂土颗粒之间的胶结强度较小, 其非线性延性阶段占比较大。随着养护龄期的增加, 水泥水化反应程度逐渐加大, 砂土颗粒之间的胶结作用加强, 非线性延性阶段占比降低, 表现出更明显的脆性, 试样更快进入破坏阶段。水泥水化反应在养护龄期 14 d 内最剧烈,之后水化反应减缓,导致养护前${14}\mathrm{\;d}$ 试样的非线性延性阶段占比下降最快,脆性增长最快,之后脆性增长缓慢,并趋于稳定。
冻结水泥砂土强度随养护龄期增长呈非线性增长趋势,图10 为不同冻结温度条件下试样的峰值应力随养护龄期变化规律。在不同冻结环境温度下,在养护龄期 14 d 前,其强度增长了 18%~50%;${14}\mathrm{\;d}$ 之后其强度增长了$5\%\sim {30}\%$。由此可见,在养护龄期前${14}\mathrm{\;d}$,冻结水泥砂土试样强度增长较大,${14}\mathrm{\;d}$ 之后增长较缓慢。但是其中$-{20}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 的曲线中在${14}\sim {28}\mathrm{\;d}$ 这一养护龄期内,其峰值应力增长幅度较大,这是由于在$-{20}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 的冻结环境温度下,且养护龄期达到${28}\mathrm{\;d}$,其土体强度较大,其脆性破坏特征显著,产生一定的误差。
冻结水泥砂土的黏聚力和内摩擦角均随养护龄期增长呈非线性增大趋势, 表现为先增大后平缓,如图11 所示。在养护龄期3~14d,冻结水泥砂土黏聚力增长了 32.4%,内摩擦角增大了 8.4°; 在养护龄期${14}\sim {28}\mathrm{\;d}$,试样黏聚力增长了 11.3%, 内摩擦角增大了${2}^{\circ }$。可见,冻结水泥砂土的强度指标在养护龄期前 14d 增长幅度较大,在 14~28 d 增长幅度较小。产生该现象的原因是:① 在冻结水泥砂土养护期间,水泥水化反应产生的胶结物增加了砂土颗粒之间的黏结作用,强度指标表现为黏聚力和内摩擦角增大; ② 在养护龄期前期 14 d 内,水泥水化反应较剧烈,水泥水化胶结物产生较快,土体的黏聚力和内摩擦角增长较快,增加幅度较快。同理,在养护龄期后期 14~28 d,水泥水化反应较缓慢, 水泥水化胶结物产生较慢, 土体的黏聚力和内摩擦角增长较慢,增加幅度较小。
结合其非线性延性阶段占比的变化趋势, 冻结水泥砂土的强度在${14}\mathrm{\;d}$ 之后增长幅度较小,所以选取养护龄期 14 d,更加符合实际工程中安全、经济、 节约的理念。
冻结水泥砂土残余应力随养护龄期变化规律如图12 所示, 随着养护龄期的增加, 不同冻结温度条件下冻结水泥砂土残余应力呈不同程度的增长趋势。在不同冻结环境温度下,养护龄期3~28d, 其残余应力增大了 40%~ 70%。产生该现象的原因是, 随着养护龄期的增加, 水泥水化程度越高, 砂土颗粒之间胶结力增加的同时, 也同步提高了土体的残余应力。在冻结环境温度为${0}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 的曲线中,在 3~7 d这一养护龄期内,其残余应力出现小幅的降低, 这是由于随着养护龄期的增加, 土体强度也随之增加,但是图8 所示的在 0 ℃ 的冻结环境温度下, 其$3\mathrm{\;d}$ 的非线性延性阶段相较于$7\mathrm{\;d}$ 占比较大,在破坏后没有快速进入破坏阶段,在$7\mathrm{\;d}$ 后其脆性破坏的特征愈发显著,并且在$3\mathrm{\;d}$$7\mathrm{\;d}$ 时,其峰值应力分别为${1.82}\text{、}{2.56}\mathrm{{MPa}}$,其峰值应力增长较小,所以使得其在$7\mathrm{\;d}$ 时残余应力出现小幅的下降。
不同围压下冻结水泥砂土应力应变曲线呈递变规律,如图13 所示。试验结束后,冻结水泥砂土试样破坏形态如图14 所示,产生${55}^{\circ }\sim {62}^{\circ }$ 的剪切断面,低围压条件下剪切面完全断开,随着围压增大, 试样逐渐产生较明显的鼓胀现象, 剪切面夹角逐渐减小,且剪切面趋于完整。
冻结水泥砂土延性随着围压增加呈增大趋势,图15 为冻结水泥砂土应力应变非线性延性阶段占比随围压的变化曲线, 随着围压的增大, 各养护龄期的冻结水泥砂土应力应变非线性延性占比近似呈线性增大。围压从${100}\mathrm{{kPa}}$ 增加到${500}\mathrm{{kPa}}$,其非线性延性阶段占比的增长率为${2.27}\%/\mathrm{{kPa}}\sim$ ${4.43}\%/\mathrm{{kPa}}$)。产生该现象的原因在于:①水泥水化胶结物和冰晶体共同填充了砂土颗粒之间的孔隙,共同承担砂土试样承受的荷载作用;由于水泥胶结物的强度大于孔隙冰的强度, 随着偏应力增大, 土体内冰晶体率先产生破坏, 之后水泥胶结物剪切破坏, 最终发生剪切断裂, 两阶段破坏过程增加了冻结水泥砂土固结体的延性特征;②围压对冻结水泥砂土具有一定的紧固作用,围压的增加了试样内土颗粒、 胶结物、冰晶体之间的摩擦力和相互嵌固作用,从而提高了试样的抗剪强度和延性。可见, 在负温条件下, 围压的增加提高了冻结水泥砂土抵抗破坏的能力, 在一定程度上减缓了冻结水泥砂土脆性破坏趋势。
冻结水泥砂土强度随着围压增加呈近似线性增大,如图16 所示,试验围压从 0 增加到${500}\mathrm{{kPa}}$, 其强度增长了${15}\%\sim {20}\%$。产生该现象的原因是: 本试验的围压值相对较低, 围压的增加提高了土体内部密实程度,增大了砂土颗粒、水泥胶结物和孔隙冰之间的摩擦力和相互嵌固作用,从而提高了冻结水泥砂土试样的抗剪强度。
冻结水泥砂土残余应力随围压增大呈不同程度的增长趋势, 如图17 所示, 可以看出: 从无围压状态到有围压状态, 冻结水泥砂土残余应力增长幅度较大,且增长幅度随养护龄期增加而增大。当冻结水泥砂土试样承受的围压由 0 增加到${100}\mathrm{{kPa}}$ 时, 养护龄期 3、7、14、28 d 的试样残余应力分别增大了${0.7}\text{、}{2.34}\text{、}{2.3}\text{、}{4.66}\mathrm{{MPa}}$,增长率分别为${70}\%$、 78.5%、69.7%、89.3%。随着养护龄期增加,冻结水泥砂土残余应力由随围压增大呈线性增大转变为非线性增长。养护龄期为$3\mathrm{\;d}$ 的冻结水泥砂土试样残余应力随围压增大呈近似线性增大趋势, 随着养护龄期增加到 7、14、28 d,试样残余应力增长趋势转变为非线性,尤其是在${100}\sim {500}\mathrm{{kPa}}$ 围压区间增长幅度减小,养护龄期3、7、14、28 d的试样增长率分别为${66.7}\%\text{、}{42}\%\text{、}{35.9}\%\text{、}{21.4}\%$。产生该现象的原因是:在无围压状态下,试样达到峰值应力时, 没有侧向围压对其产生的紧固作用, 较快进入破坏阶段,破坏程度较大,残余应力较小;在有围压的状态下时, 试样达到峰值应力后, 随着围压的增大, 试样受到的紧固作用越显著, 使其破坏程度相对更小,其残余应力相对较大。其中${14}\mathrm{\;d}$ 的曲线在围压为${100}\sim {300}\mathrm{{kPa}}$ 中,其残余应力的变化出现误差波动,这是由于在${14}\mathrm{\;d}$ 的养护龄期下,其土体强度较大, 脆性破坏较显著, 在较低的围压下, 围压对其产生的紧固作用相对更小,在破坏时,对残余应力有一定的误差, 其误差在合理范围内。
冻结水泥砂土应力应变关系和强度特征受养护龄期、冻结温度等多因素共同影响,图18 为不同养护龄期的冻结水泥砂土试样抗剪强度及指标随温度变化规律。可以看出, 冻结水泥砂土强度及强度指标 (黏聚力、内摩擦角) 均随温度降低呈增大趋势,随着养护龄期的增大呈递增趋势。
为了量化冻结温度、养护龄期等因素的影响, 基于莫尔-库伦强度准则, 建立冻结水泥砂土抗剪强度预测模型为
$\frac{{\sigma }_{1}- {\sigma }_{3}}{2}= \tau = c +{\sigma }_{3}\tan \varphi $
$ c = c\left({T, d}\right)$
$\varphi =\varphi \left({T, d}\right)$
式中:$\frac{{\sigma }_{1}- {\sigma }_{3}}{2}$ 为抗剪强度,其中,${\sigma }_{1}$ 为最大主应力;${\sigma }_{3}$ 为最小主应力;$\tau$ 为剪切应力;$c$ 为冻结水泥砂土等效黏聚力, MPa;$d$ 为养护龄期,$\mathrm{d};T$ 为冻结温度,${}^{\circ }\mathrm{C};\varphi$ 为冻结水泥砂土等效内摩擦角,$\left({}^{\circ }\right)$
根据试验结果进行二元非线性回归拟合, 即
$ c ={a}_{1}+ {b}_{1}d +{b}_{2}T +{b}_{3}{d}^{2}+ {b}_{4}{T}^{2}+ {c}_{1}{dT}$
$\varphi ={a}_{2}+ {b}_{5}d +{b}_{6}T +{b}_{7}{d}^{2}+ {b}_{8}{T}^{2}+ {c}_{2}{dT}$
式中:${a}_{1}\text{、}{a}_{2}\text{、}{b}_{1}\text{、}{b}_{2}\text{、}{b}_{3}\text{、}{b}_{4}\text{、}{b}_{5}\text{、}{b}_{6}\text{、}{b}_{7}\text{、}{b}_{8}\text{、}{c}_{1}\text{、}{c}_{2}$ 为拟合参数。
可得
$ c ={0.21393}+ {0.07224d}- {0.11528T}- \\{0.00144}{d}^{2}- {0.0023}{T}^{2}- {6.89597}\times \\{10}^{-4}{dT},\;{R}^{2}= {0.98839}\\\varphi ={20.77302}+ {1.09964d}- {1.1589T}- \\{0.0233}{d}^{2}- {0.03064}{T}^{2}- {6.57459}\times \\{10}^{-4}{dT},\;{R}^{2}= {0.96303}$
抗剪强度指标与温度、养护龄期关系如图19 所示。
为进一步检验强度回归方程的准确性, 将回归方程的预测值与实测值进行比较, 如图20 所示, 为通过非线性回归方程得到的计算值与试验值的对比,经比较可以发现,非线性回归抗剪强度预测值与实测值平均误差在 5% 以内, 准确度良好。
结合工程实际, 通过三轴试验考虑冻结温度、 养护龄期、围压等因素对冻结水泥砂土的应力应变关系和力学特性进行研究和分析, 得出以下结论。
(1)相较于冻结砂土,冻结水泥砂土仍保留一定的延性特征,其应力应变曲线经过密实阶段、线性增长阶段、非线性延性阶段、破坏阶段四个阶段, 呈现为应变软化型。
(2)随着冻结温度的降低和养护龄期的增加, 冻结水泥砂土的脆性破坏特征越显著, 其抗剪强度和残余应力随之增大; 随着围压的增大, 冻结水泥砂土的抗剪强度和残余应力有所增大,同时其抵抗破坏的能力有所增加, 从而在一定程度上减缓了冻结水泥砂土的脆性破坏趋势。
(3)随着冻结温度的降低,非线性延性阶段占比在$0 \sim -{10}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$$-{10}\sim -{20}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 两个阶段内下降幅度先增大后趋于平缓,取 -10°C 为最佳冻结温度; 随着养护龄期的增加,在 3~14 d 和 14~28 d, 其强度的增大幅度和非线性延性阶段占比的降低幅度,都呈现出先增大后趋于平缓,取 14 d 为最佳养护龄期。
(4)揭示了冻结温度和养护龄期等因素影响下的强度机理。冻结水泥砂土的抗剪强度指标,黏聚力和内摩擦角都随着冻结温度的降低和养护龄期的增加而增大,取冻结温度$-{10}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$、养护龄期${14}\mathrm{\;d}$ 时, 其强度增长效率最佳。
(5)基于莫尔-库伦强度准则,构建了冻结水泥砂土抗剪强度二元非线性回归模型, 该模型计算值与实测值对比平均误差在 5% 以内, 准确度较好, 可为工程实践提供一定参考。
  • 国家自然科学基金(42107203)
  • 国家自然科学基金(42061011)
  • 国家自然科学基金(41977236)
  • 冻土工程国家重点实验室开放基金(SKLFSE202012)
  • 江西省自然科学基金(2023BAB214077)
  • 江西省自然科学基金(2022BBG71W01)
  • 江西省自然科学基金(20232BBE50025)
  • 东华理工大学自然科学基金(DHBK2019251)
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2025年第25卷第8期
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403343
  • 接收时间:2024-05-07
  • 首发时间:2025-07-29
  • 出版时间:2025-03-18
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  • 收稿日期:2024-05-07
  • 修回日期:2024-12-29
基金
国家自然科学基金(42107203)
国家自然科学基金(42061011)
国家自然科学基金(41977236)
冻土工程国家重点实验室开放基金(SKLFSE202012)
江西省自然科学基金(2023BAB214077)
江西省自然科学基金(2022BBG71W01)
江西省自然科学基金(20232BBE50025)
东华理工大学自然科学基金(DHBK2019251)
作者信息
    1 东华理工大学 土木与建筑工程学院 南昌 330013
    2 江西省地质环境与地下空间工程研究中心 南昌 330013
    3 中国科学院西北生态环境资源研究院 冻土工程国家重点实验室 兰州 730000
    4 大连大学 建筑工程学院 大连 116622
    5 重庆交通大学 土木工程学院 重庆 400074
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
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Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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