Article(id=1156963930292703838, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1156963927277003616, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2402934, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1713715200000, receivedDateStr=2024-04-22, revisedDate=1734624000000, revisedDateStr=2024-12-20, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1753771296331, onlineDateStr=2025-07-29, pubDate=1742227200000, pubDateStr=2025-03-18, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753771296331, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-29, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753771296331, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753771296331, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1156963927277003616, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='8', pageStart='3079', pageEnd='3528', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1753771295613, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753777038876, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1156988016305726153, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1156963927277003616, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1156988016305726154, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1156963927277003616, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=3463, endPage=3472, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1156963931571966566, articleId=1156963930292703838, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=Ground Disturbance Analysis of Extremely Small Radius and Ultra Large Diameter Shield Tunneling in Stratified Strata, columnId=1156963929462231640, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Traffics and Transportations, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Considering the technical issues related to the construction of extremely small radius and ultra large diameter shield tunnels in stratified strata, taking the shield tunnel project of the Pazhou Station to Beigang Park Station section of the Pearl River Delta intercity rail transit in Guangzhou as the research object, key construction technologies of shield excavation were elaborated in detail. Solutions to outward deviation of the excavation axis because of the small curve radius and strata disturbance caused by the excavation were provided. Built upon the analysis of on-site real-time monitoring data, variation patterns of vertical and horizontal displacements, pore water pressure and soil pressure during the construction of the small radius shield tunnel were revealed. Monitoring data shows that the shield excavation of the turning section in rock layers has little impact on surface settlements. The influence of shield tunneling on the surrounding soil decreases with the increasing distance, the maximum horizontal displacements occur in the area above the tunnel. There is a high similarity in the changing trend of pore pressure and soil pressure and the impact on the soil outside the turning is greater when the shield turns.

, correspAuthors=Yang DENG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Qing-hua SHI, Yang DENG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1156964034571489775, articleId=1156963930292703838, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=CN, title=复合地层下极小半径超大直径盾构隧道地层扰动分析, columnId=1154013916746211332, journalTitle=科学技术与工程, columnName=交通运输, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

针对复合地层下极小半径超大直径盾构隧道施工的技术问题,以珠三角城际轨道交通广州琶洲站至贝岗公园站隧道工程为研究对象,详细阐述盾构掘进的关键施工技术,提出因曲线半径小而掘进轴线向外偏移和掘进引起的地面沉降等问题的解决方法,并且通过分析现场的实时监测数据,揭示了小半径盾构隧道施工时土体竖向及水平位移、孔隙水压力和土压力的变化规律。监测数据表明:在岩层中盾构机的转弯段掘进对地表沉降影响较小;盾构施工对周围土体的影响隨距离增大而减小,最大水平位移出现在隧道上方区域;孔隙水压力和土压力的变化趋势有较高的相似性,盾构转弯时对外侧土体影响更大。

, correspAuthors=邓扬, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*邓扬(1984—),男,土家族,湖南慈利人,博士,教授,博士研究生导师。研究方向:工程结构监测评估。E-mail:dengyang@bucea.edu.cn。
, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=G+RtquyZCqQTuCtbp3whPg==, magXml=A5KMeyk+QmX+hTlL82zdkA==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=Y6KQSv/HPVX+w1AlVjv0eg==, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=7SEBpvknhDeuXvuGWdETrQ==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

史清华(1983-),男,土家族,湖南慈利人,高级工程师。研究方向:隧道盾构施工技术。E-mail:122093187@qq.com。

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史清华(1983-),男,土家族,湖南慈利人,高级工程师。研究方向:隧道盾构施工技术。E-mail:122093187@qq.com。

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史清华(1983-),男,土家族,湖南慈利人,高级工程师。研究方向:隧道盾构施工技术。E-mail:122093187@qq.com。

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复合地层下极小半径超大直径盾构隧道地层扰动分析
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史清华 1 , 邓扬 2, *
科学技术与工程 | 交通运输 2025,25(8): 3463-3472
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科学技术与工程 | 交通运输 2025, 25(8): 3463-3472
复合地层下极小半径超大直径盾构隧道地层扰动分析
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史清华1 , 邓扬2, *
作者信息
  • 1 广东珠三角城际轨道交通有限公司 广州 510230
  • 2 北京建筑大学 土木与交通工程学院 北京 100044
  • 史清华(1983-),男,土家族,湖南慈利人,高级工程师。研究方向:隧道盾构施工技术。E-mail:122093187@qq.com。

通讯作者:

*邓扬(1984—),男,土家族,湖南慈利人,博士,教授,博士研究生导师。研究方向:工程结构监测评估。E-mail:dengyang@bucea.edu.cn。
Ground Disturbance Analysis of Extremely Small Radius and Ultra Large Diameter Shield Tunneling in Stratified Strata
Qing-hua SHI1 , Yang DENG2, *
Affiliations
  • 1 Guangdong Pearl River Delta Intercity Railway Co., Ltd. Guangzhou 510230 China
  • 2 School of Civil and Transportation Engineering Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture Beijing 100044 China
出版时间: 2025-03-18 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2402934
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针对复合地层下极小半径超大直径盾构隧道施工的技术问题,以珠三角城际轨道交通广州琶洲站至贝岗公园站隧道工程为研究对象,详细阐述盾构掘进的关键施工技术,提出因曲线半径小而掘进轴线向外偏移和掘进引起的地面沉降等问题的解决方法,并且通过分析现场的实时监测数据,揭示了小半径盾构隧道施工时土体竖向及水平位移、孔隙水压力和土压力的变化规律。监测数据表明:在岩层中盾构机的转弯段掘进对地表沉降影响较小;盾构施工对周围土体的影响隨距离增大而减小,最大水平位移出现在隧道上方区域;孔隙水压力和土压力的变化趋势有较高的相似性,盾构转弯时对外侧土体影响更大。

盾构隧道  /  小半径大直径  /  复合地层  /  施工工艺  /  地层扰动

Considering the technical issues related to the construction of extremely small radius and ultra large diameter shield tunnels in stratified strata, taking the shield tunnel project of the Pazhou Station to Beigang Park Station section of the Pearl River Delta intercity rail transit in Guangzhou as the research object, key construction technologies of shield excavation were elaborated in detail. Solutions to outward deviation of the excavation axis because of the small curve radius and strata disturbance caused by the excavation were provided. Built upon the analysis of on-site real-time monitoring data, variation patterns of vertical and horizontal displacements, pore water pressure and soil pressure during the construction of the small radius shield tunnel were revealed. Monitoring data shows that the shield excavation of the turning section in rock layers has little impact on surface settlements. The influence of shield tunneling on the surrounding soil decreases with the increasing distance, the maximum horizontal displacements occur in the area above the tunnel. There is a high similarity in the changing trend of pore pressure and soil pressure and the impact on the soil outside the turning is greater when the shield turns.

shield tunnel  /  extremely small curvature radius and ultra large diameter  /  stratified strata  /  construction technology  /  strata disturbance
史清华, 邓扬. 复合地层下极小半径超大直径盾构隧道地层扰动分析. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (8) : 3463 -3472 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2402934
Qing-hua SHI, Yang DENG. Ground Disturbance Analysis of Extremely Small Radius and Ultra Large Diameter Shield Tunneling in Stratified Strata[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (8) : 3463 -3472 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2402934
近年来, 随着社会和经济的发展, 中外修建的盾构隧道工程越来越多, 中国已建或在建的盾构隧道中,转弯半径小于${800}\mathrm{\;m}$ 的,开挖直径一般未超过${10}\mathrm{\;m}$,特别是在复合地层条件下,大直径 (${13}\mathrm{\;m}$ 级) 盾构在${500}\mathrm{\;m}$ 极小半径曲线掘进尚属首次,相关可借鉴的技术经验少。同时,转弯半径小于800 m的已建或在建隧道, 一般采用可以设置铰接的较小直径盾构机(10m)以内),但是目前中外对于大直径$({13}\mathrm{\;m}$$)$ 盾构的铰接技术尚不完善,为了确保施工安全,大直径 (${13}\mathrm{\;m}$ 级) 盾构机均为直型刚体设计, 转弯调向更为困难。此外, 在大直径极小半径转弯盾构掘进过程中诱发地层扰动的研究较少, 如何通过控制盾构参数减少土体沉降、水平变形等地层扰动,也是大直径极小半径转弯盾构掘进极为关注的问题。因此,复合地层中的大直径盾构小半径曲线掘进技术仍处在探索阶段。
中外学者和工程师们对小曲率转弯盾构隧道的施工工艺及施工时对隧道周围土体的扰动开展了相关研究。梁荣柱等[1] 给出了掘进挤土盾构正面推力、土体软化及不均匀分布的盾壳摩擦力、同步注浆压力、土体损失和盾构推进产生的地层位移解析解 并将理论解与定测值进行对比,潘泓笔[4] 监测了广州${220}\mathrm{{kV}}$ 犀牛站小曲率转弯电缆盾构隧道的沉降、水平位移以及孔隙水压力的变化数据, 揭示了隧道施工对地层扰动的影响。赵俊[3] 说明了武汉地铁 7 号线中小半径曲线盾构隧道的施工难点以及为了保证质量而采取的措施。Jin 等[4] 运用虚像法和叠加法给出了由盾构隧道引起的水平和竖向位移的三维解。李伟[5] 详细介绍了盾构机在小曲率半径转弯时的施工要点以及掘进过程中的纠偏实现方法和姿态控制方法。Zhang 等[6] 利用有限元方法给出了曲线盾构隧道的地表沉降值, 并将其结果与监测数据和解析解进行对比, 同时分析了偏航开挖荷载对水平位移、竖向位移以及应力的影响。基于武汉市和平大道南延道路工程, 刘扬等[7] 建立了下伏溶洞与大直径盾构隧道间安全距离的预测公式,并将其结果与实际断面安全距离的设计值进行对比。舒恒等[8] 建立了包含围岩、溶洞、盾构机等结构的三维模型, 揭示了溶洞位于超大直径盾构隧道上方、侧方和下方 3 种情况时注浆加固的范围。范瑞强[9] 开发出一款适用于超大直径小曲率转弯半径隧道施工的盾构机, 并将其用于杭州的道路提升改造工程。
韩旭等[10] 在 ABAQUS 中建立南通地铁 1 号线联络线隧道掘进的有限元模型, 并将纵向和横向沉隆量与纸测值进行对比一李东彪等巴哈哈王子脾卸载过程中围岩非线性体积变化以及围岩与衬砌协同作用影响的地基抗力系数, 并得到了螺栓接头处等效抗弯和抗剪刚度的计算公式。王智等[12] 基于南通地铁 1 号线中的小曲率、大斜率盾构隧道在 ABAQUS 中建立隧道-弹簧有限元模型, 分析管片的变形、内力和应力的变化规律。夏磊等[13] 在软件 MIDAS GTS NX 中建立了基于斯里兰卡新姆图瓦小曲率半径排水盾构隧道的三维有限元模型, 并进行了管片内力以及掘进过程中土体的竖向和侧向位移的分析。燕珍等[14] 揭示了徐州奎河综合整治工程中小曲率盾构隧道施工的难点及相应的解决方法,并分析了管片的内力和变形情况。詹涛[15] 进一步发展了 Mindlin 解并开发了由小半径盾构隧道开挖诱发的地表沉降的预测模型, 并将模型理论值与实际隧道的现场监测值进行对比。张芳等[16] 建立包含隧道的分层土体三维有限元模型, 并揭示了盾构隧道竖向以及水平位移、管片错台量和变形曲率半径随地表堆载位置的变化规律。张宏飞等[17] 给出了隧道施工中由不均匀推力和轴线偏转产生的附加弯矩, 并以小曲率电力盾构隧道为例揭示了千斤顶推力、盾构外径和转弯半径对附加弯矩分布规律的影响。张治国等[18] 给出了超挖量与盾构铰接角之间的关系式, 同时运用镜像法推导了因小曲率盾构隧道施工产生的地层沉降解析表达式, 并分析了转弯半径、前盾长度、铰接角和超挖量对沉降的影响。朱春洲[19] 在志氏模型的基础上提出了小半径曲线盾构隧道中管片水平轴线偏移的计算公式, 并且将理论解与实测值和有限元解进行对比, 用以验证理论模型的有效性。高俊华等[20] 以上海机场联络线为研究对象, 指出了浅埋大直径盾构隧道中管片上浮的规律以及盾构掘进姿态对管片上浮的影响, 并对管片上浮量进行二次函数拟合。
现依托珠三角城际轨道交通琶洲支线琶洲站一贝岗竖井区间盾构隧道工程, 通过现场高密度、无时差、近距离监测技术, 获取高质量的现场原位实测数据, 用以研究复合地层下大直径泥水平衡盾构选型改造及施工关键技术,全面掌握大直径盾构极小半径曲线掘进施工技术、隧道对周围地层扰动规律和盾构施工参数控制技术, 确保工程安全、 优质、高效地完成,为类似工程的施工和设计提供参考。
琶洲站一贝岗竖井区间线路位于广州市东南部, 线路起始于琶洲站南端, 在下穿黄埔涌后向东南方向延伸,最后到达贝岗竖井。
本段管片内径为${12}\mathrm{\;m}$,外径${13.1}\mathrm{\;m}$,厚${550}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$,环宽采用${1.5}\mathrm{\;m}$,通用双面楔形环,楔形量${72}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ ;采用 “$6 + 2 + 1$ ” 分块模式,错缝拼装。采用 C50 高性能耐腐蚀混凝土,网状改性聚丙烯纤维掺量${1.5}\mathrm{\;{kg}}/{\mathrm{m}}^{3}$,抗渗等级 P12。环、纵缝用斜螺栓连接;海绵橡胶条 + 弹性密封垫 + 内侧嵌缝防水。
监测断面的地层分布为素填土、淤泥、淤泥质粉砂、强风化泥质砂岩、中风化泥质砂岩等,地质剖面如图1 所示, 隧道穿越土层为中风化泥质砂岩, 断面隧道轴线埋深约为${25}\mathrm{\;m}$。根据断面详细地质勘察结果报告,监测断面处盾构掘进面处于强风化泥质砂岩、中风化泥质砂岩中。
本项目大直径泥水盾构独头掘进${4366}\mathrm{\;m}$,掘进距离长,下穿或侧穿河流、地铁线、立交桥、房屋、高压电塔等建 (构) 筑物众多, 环境复杂。其中, 4 次穿越珠江水系,穿越总长度达${940}\mathrm{\;m}$ ; 穿越运营地铁 4 号线、8 号线;下穿市政立交桥需进行桩基托换。同时,区间线路存在一段${500}\mathrm{\;m}$ 小半径曲线,隧道最小曲线半径为${500}\mathrm{\;m}$,长度${736}\mathrm{\;m}$ (圆曲线${436}\mathrm{\;m}$,缓和曲线${300}\mathrm{\;m}$)。隧道在该处埋深${17.5}\sim {29.5}\mathrm{\;m}$,纵断面为${27}\% o$ 上坡,其中软硬不均段长度${216}\mathrm{\;m}$,全断面中风化地层${520}\mathrm{\;m}$${500}\mathrm{\;m}$ 小半径曲线段同时下穿乐天智谷产业园、地铁 12 号线、220 kV高压电塔,项目施工难度较大。
为了保障项目的安全有效展开,本项目小半径曲线段掘进采用如下的施工工艺。
(1)小半径曲线掘进时, 给隧道预留一定的偏移量, 施工中通过对小半径段隧道偏移监测, 适当调整预偏量。
(2)严格控制盾构的推进速度,匀速向前推进; 按照设计要求该段使用${1.5}\mathrm{\;m}$ 环宽管片。
(3)严格控制盾构泥水仓压力,保证开挖面稳定。施工过程中根据地表沉降数据,动态调整压力值。
(4)加强同步注浆量和浆液质量控制, 防止管片上浮。
(5)严格控制盾构纠偏量,曲线段掘进须做到勤测勤纠,而每次的纠偏量应尽量小,纠偏量控制在$2 \sim 3\mathrm{\;{mm}}/\mathrm{m}$
(6)盾尾间隙控制,做好管片选型,保证管片位于盾尾中央。
(7)加强螺栓复紧,每环推进结束后,须拧紧当前环管片的连接螺栓,并在下环推进时进行复紧,克服作用于管片推力产生的垂直分力,减少成环隧道浮动。
(8)采用盾构机自带的超挖功能(超挖刀位), 将隧道开挖直径增大至${13.65}\mathrm{\;m}$
(9)根据前期掘进刀具磨损速率,对每把刀具制定理论使用环数 (特别是边刀), 定期进仓检查。
盾构掘进造成地层扰动, 将引起诸如土体地表沉降和分层土体移动、土体应力、含水量、孔隙水压力等参数的变化。土体的扰动会引发一系列不良影响,环境影响突出,需特别关注。
本项目通过现场原位实验, 对小曲率转弯段盾构隧道施工时的土体地表沉降、深层沉降、深层土体水平位移、孔隙水压力和土压力进行监测。
断面主要监测测点紧邻隧道内外侧埋设, 用以研究小曲率隧道转弯段盾构施工对周边环境的影响。
断面现场监测点平面布置如图2 所示。
断面处于管片 1680 环处, 盾构通过断面监测频率为:监测设备安装完毕后进行 2 或 3 次初始监测, 盾构刀盘距离监测断面${12}\mathrm{\;m}$ (1672环处) 时,开始密集监测,即一环一测,当盾构刀盘通过断面${27}\mathrm{\;m}$ (1698 环处) 时, 结束密集监测。之后每 2 环进行监测一次, 施工期结束后内每一周进行一次监测, 如图3 所示。自动化仪器监测设备安装完毕后开始采集数据,密集监测阶段每${10}\mathrm{\;{min}}$ 采集一次数据。
地表沉降监测点位置如图4 所示。图5 为盾构通过断面全程的地表沉降监测点高程变化曲线, 其中正值表示隆起, 负值表示沉降。
A-B-C 格式的标注中 A、B、C 分别代表监测点名称、仪器埋设深度 (单位:m)、钻孔直径 (单位:mm); 例如, FC1-17.2-150 表示为第一个深层沉降点仪器埋设深度为${17.2}\mathrm{\;m}$,钻孔直径为${150}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$
盾体长度按照 8 环的长度来算; 后期监测: 施工期结束后 1 个月内每一周监测 1 次
刀盘到达前, 地表未发生明显沉降和隆起。盾体通过阶段,地表略有少量沉降,盾尾脱出后,地表在刀盘环号 1690 环时有少量沉降。沉降后,地表各个沉降点开始产生持续性隆起, 并以较小的隆起速率持续,直到盾构机盾尾脱出断面$1\mathrm{\;d}$ 后,盾构刀盘位于 1694 环时地表沉降点开始发生大幅的隆起。
盾构通过断面期间, 地表测点最大沉降及隆起的量均不大,沉降和隆起均在$1\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ 以内,考虑测量误差因素,可以看出在盾构机刀盘到达断面之前, 转弯盾构施工对周边地表高程影响不大。
盾尾通过断面$1\mathrm{\;d}$ 之后,隧道正上方的 3 个监测点 DB3、DB4、DB5 隆起值从$1\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ 增加到$5\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ ;地表监测点 DB1、DB2 以及 DB6、DB7 也有相同的隆起趋势,但这 4 个地表监测点隆起值变化量均小于$3\mathrm{\;{mm}}$
在盾构到达断面之前和盾构机盾体通过监测断面期间, 地表沉降槽竖向位移变化量不大, 地表沉降监测点的最大的沉降值和隆起值都约为$1\mathrm{\;{mm}}$
在盾尾脱出监测断面$1\mathrm{\;d}$ 内 (盾尾已脱出断面 5 环), 地表沉降点高程较前两个阶段未发生明显变化。但是在盾尾脱出后一天后 (盾尾已脱出断面 6 环),刀盘到达 1694 环开始,地表发生显著隆起, 其中隆起最显著的点位于隧道正上方, 且有整体上下波动的趋势,最大隆起量为$6\mathrm{\;{mm}}$
整体而言, 盾构机通过的监测断面基本处于中风化和强风化岩层, 各监测点的高程变化量小, 说明在岩层中盾构机的转弯段掘进对地表沉降影响较小。
选用距离隧道较近的${17.2}\mathrm{\;m}$ 处作为土体分层沉降的监测点, 其测点平面布置如图6 所示。图7图8 为盾构在掘进和拼装阶段通过${17.2}\mathrm{\;m}$ 分层沉降监测点高程变化曲线。
从整体看,${17.2}\mathrm{\;m}$ 分层沉降点均发生较明显的上下波动现象。刀盘到达前和盾体通过阶段,${17.2}\mathrm{\;m}$ 分层沉降点除了 FC3-3 外均未发生明显的沉降和隆起; 隧道正上方的 FC3-3 在刀盘到达前和盾体通过阶段一直保持缓慢下沉的趋势, 最大沉降发生在盾体通过断面阶段, 刀盘位于 1685 环, 最大沉降量为$8\mathrm{\;{mm}}$
盾尾脱出后,分层沉降点 FC2-3 和 FC3-3 率先开始产生隆起的趋势,在盾尾脱出之后$1\mathrm{\;d}$ 内 (5环)分层沉降点 FC2-3 和 FC3-3 向上隆起大概$3\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ ;当盾尾脱出 6 环后,此时刀盘环号为 1694 环时,此时位于隧道正上方的 3 个${17.2}\mathrm{\;m}$ 分层沉降点 FC2-3、FC3-3、FC4-3 发生大幅隆起,其中 FC3-3 隆起幅度最大,约为$4\mathrm{\;{mm}}$,离隧道较远的 FC1-1 、 FC5-1 发生小幅隆起。在盾尾脱出断面一天后,${17.2}\mathrm{\;m}$ 分层沉降点隆起后几乎未发生明显回落。
埋设于盾构顶面以上、深度最接近于隧道的分层沉降测点 (深度约${17.2}\mathrm{\;m}$) 最能反映分层土体沉降情况,${17.2}\mathrm{\;m}$ 分层沉降槽在盾构到达断面之前就已经发生了变化,位于隧道上方转弯内侧区域$(0 \sim$ ${8.05}\mathrm{\;m}$) 发生显著沉降,其中位于隧道中线正上方的点沉降幅度最大,显然位于该点的土层受到盾构机掘进的影响最大。
盾构通过断面期间,${17.2}\mathrm{\;m}$ 分层沉降槽中深度分层沉降测点最大沉降为${8.45}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$,处于隧道正上方 (FC3-3), 最大沉降发生在盾体通过期间。最大隆起为${2.67}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$,处于隧道转弯外侧上方 (FC2-3)。由于该深度测点最接近盾构机,其最大沉降及最大隆起的程度均大于地表沉降和地表隆起, 能更为直接地反应盾构施工对邻近土体的扰动效应。
${17.2}\mathrm{\;m}$ 分层沉降槽在盾构到达断面之前只有隧道正上方发生少量沉降,当刀盘到达断面 (1680 环) 时,${17.2}\mathrm{\;m}$ 分层沉降监测点开始整体出现下沉趋势。盾构通过断面期间, 隧道正上方的 3 个分层沉降监测点沉降量较大,约为${12}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$,形成明显沉降槽。盾尾到达断面后, 受盾尾注浆的影响, 沉降槽具有缓慢抬升的趋势, 隧道上方监测点隆起最大, 盾尾脱出断面 5 环之后沉降槽突然隆起量大幅增加。
除距离隧道最近的处于隧道上方的测点FC2-3、 FC3-3、FC4-3 外, 其余分层测点受盾构施工影响很小。对于这 3 个测点, 刀盘到达前隆起、沉降量较小,隆起最明显情况发生在盾尾脱出之后阶段。盾体通过期间, FC2-3、FC3-3、FC4-3 发生相对较大的分层沉降,但盾尾注浆及时转变了沉降的趋势, 除隧道中心上方偏左的测点 FC2-3 (隆起) 以外, FC3-3、FC4-3 基本消除了后期沉降, 累计沉降 (沉降)量很小,之后保持稳定。FC2-3 的竖向位移变化量在后续阶段也基本稳定。
对比地表沉降,${17.2}\mathrm{\;m}$ 分层沉降总体而言受盾构扰动更大。地表沉降在盾构通过监测断面各个阶段内的高程变化量均明显小于${17.2}\mathrm{\;m}$ 处分层沉降, 符合之前对于盾构掘进地层绝大部分处于中风化岩工况下的结果预期。
深层土体水平位移, 是盾构机对周边土体扰动最直接的参数之一。深层土体水平位移包括垂直隧道轴线方向位移和平行隧道轴线方向位移。在监测断面上依次布设 3 个自动测斜孔,其中 2 个测斜孔布置在隧道转弯段外侧,另 1 个在隧道转弯段内侧。
与沉降分析类似, 位移曲线同样划分为刀盘到达前、盾体通过期间和盾尾脱出 3 个阶段, 分别对应于绿色、蓝色和红色曲线。位移值由自动化测斜仪进行监测, 采用 “刀盘环号 + 拼装环号 + 工作状态 + 刀盘里程” 的方式进行命名。
垂直隧道轴线方向为靠近或远离隧道的位移,图9 中正值表示靠近隧道方向的位移, 负值表示远离隧道方向的位移。测斜管标号从左往右依次是 CX1、CX2、CX3。
刀盘到达前土体的水平变形比较稳定, 位移增量基本在$- 1 \sim 1\mathrm{\;{mm}}$。盾体通过时隧道转弯段内侧的 CX3 曲线最大位移增量为${1.2}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$,说明土体位移的方向为靠近隧道。隧道转弯段外侧的 CX2 曲线最大位移增量为$-{1.79}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$,说明土体位移的方向为远离隧道,基本规律为盾构转弯时外侧土体受挤压远离隧道,内侧土体向隧道靠近。
图10 可以看出, 在盾尾脱出及远离阶段, 转弯段外侧点 CX1、CX2 的水平位移为负值,说明脱出后外侧土体发生远离隧道方向的位移, 而转弯段内侧 CX3 的曲线在隧道顶往下${1.5}\mathrm{\;m}$ 处的位移增量为正值,最大为${2.17}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$,原因可能为内侧深层土体卸载没完全,继续靠近隧道。
平行于隧道轴线方向位移为与隧道前进方向相同或相反的位移,图10 中正值表示与盾构机前进方向相同的位移, 负值表示相反位移。测斜管标号从左往右依次为 CX1、CX2、CX3。
图10 可知, 刀盘到达前位移曲线并没有明显变化, 平行隧道方向的水平位移量很小。
在盾体通过阶段, CX2、CX3 曲线可以看出, 隧道顶部处局部区域有与盾构机前进方向相同的位移, 盾构机对位移的影响范围基本集中在隧道上方处,带动着土体向盾构机前进方向移动。测斜管 CX3 全阶段的水平位移主要在盾构通过阶段产生, 最大位移量约为$3\mathrm{\;{mm}}$,并且与盾构机前进方向一致, 其影响区域主要分布在隧道顶部至地表。
盾尾脱出阶段, CX2 和 CX3 在隧道轴线深度及其上部的土体出现与隧道前进方向相反的位移, 并且与 CX1 呈现相反的趋势。其中 CX2 曲线在该阶段的最大位移量为$-{1.5}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$,出现在隧道轴线处, 出现此现象的原因为盾构机盾尾远离后, 后期盾尾注浆的挤压使得隧道附近土体发生向后的位移, 而较远处的土体受影响较小。
通过土体变形数据可以发现:主要的土体变形发生在刀盘通过 1695 环后,此时刀盘已经通过监测断面 15 环, 盾尾脱出监测断面已经 7 环。垂直隧道轴线方向水平位移中 CX1、CX2 和 CX3 远离隧道方可最大位移分别为 2、3、8 mm,而平行隧道轴线方向水平位移中 CX1、CX2 和 CX3 的最大位移为 1.8 、${2.5},{3.3}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$
监测断面孔压计布置如图11 所示。孔压力如图12 所示,${9.2}\mathrm{\;m}$ 深度处的孔压力无明显变。位于${16.7}\text{、}{17.2}\mathrm{\;m}$ 处的孔在刀盘到达前孔压明显开始波动且有所升高, 随着盾构盾体的经过逐渐恢复平稳。位于${25.2}\mathrm{\;m}$ 深处转弯内侧 KY3.3 的孔压基本没有变化, 但同一深度处转弯外侧 KY1.3 孔压变化较大, 在刀盘到达前一直升高, 刀盘即将经过时有所回落; 在盾体经过期间孔压持续小幅度升高直至盾尾脱出后开始下降,但在刀盘经过 1693 环时孔压突增直至刀盘经过 1695 环才下降。
监测断面土压计布置如图13 所示。图14${9.2}\mathrm{\;m}$ 深度处的土压在刀盘经过 1678 环时有所升高,之后小幅度波动,直至刀盘经过 1695 环后稳定。位于${16.7}\text{、}{17.2}\mathrm{\;m}$ 处的土压波动比较明显,刀盘到达前, 土压力出现明显增加; 刀盘通过前较短时间内土压力释放并回落;刀盘通过后、盾尾脱出前出现一定程度的土压力上升。与孔压变化规律相似,${25.2}\mathrm{\;m}$ 深处转弯内侧 TY3.3 的土压基本没有变化, 但转弯外侧 TY1.3 的土压变化较大, 在刀盘到达 1677 环时土压突增,之后持续波动,在盾尾快要脱出前波动幅度明显减弱, 盾尾脱出后开始下降, 但在刀盘经过 1695 环时土压力突增,之后呈下降趋势。
以珠三角城际轨道交通琶洲支线琶洲站一贝岗竖井区间的极小半径超大直径盾构隧道为研究对象, 揭示复合地层下小半径曲线隧道的施工工艺,并且根据监测数据,研究小曲率隧道盾构施工时诱发的地层扰动,得到以下结论。
(1)刀盘到达前地表各沉降点高程变化量很小;刀盘通过后至盾尾脱出前阶段,地表有少量沉降;盾尾脱出后, 地表出现一定隆起, 随后很快回落了一小部分, 并经缓慢沉降后逐渐稳定。地表沉降槽主要在盾构机刀盘到达后出现。地表以下${17.2}\mathrm{\;m}$ 处的沉降特征与地表沉降近似,其分层沉降槽内的最大沉降和隆起量分别为${8.34}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$${2.67}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$,该监测点的土体受施工扰动较大,沉降变化明显。
(2)刀盘到达前,垂直和平行隧道轴线方向土体水平位移增量均很小; 刀盘通过到盾尾脱出前阶段, 外侧和内侧土体垂直轴线方向位移增量的方向分别以远离和靠近隧道为主,而平行轴线方向的位移增量以与隧道前进方向相同为主;盾尾脱出及远离阶段,平行轴线方向位移增量的方向以与隧道前进方向相反为主。盾构施工对周围土体的影响随距离增大而减小, 其造成的最大位移量出现在隧道上方区域。
(3)土压力与孔隙水压力的变化趋势相似,${9.2}\mathrm{\;m}$ 处测点的土压与孔压值变化幅度不大;${16.7}\mathrm{\;m}$${17.2}\mathrm{\;m}$ 处的土压与孔压值在刀盘接近监测断面时有明显升高且随着刀盘经过不断波动;与转弯外侧测点相比,${25.2}\mathrm{\;m}$ 处转弯内侧测点的土压与孔压值更为平稳,波动幅度更小,说明盾构转弯时对外侧土体影响更大。
(4)在盾构刀盘经过 1695 环时,深层竖向位移、水平位移、孔压和土压均发生了明显的波动, 此时刀盘已经通过监测断面 15 环, 盾尾脱出监测断面已经 7 环, 出现此种现象的原因为小半径曲线转弯特有的滞后现象。
  • 珠三角城际轨道科研项目(KJ2021-04)
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2402934
  • 接收时间:2024-04-22
  • 首发时间:2025-07-29
  • 出版时间:2025-03-18
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  • 收稿日期:2024-04-22
  • 修回日期:2024-12-20
基金
珠三角城际轨道科研项目(KJ2021-04)
作者信息
    1 广东珠三角城际轨道交通有限公司 广州 510230
    2 北京建筑大学 土木与交通工程学院 北京 100044

通讯作者:

*邓扬(1984—),男,土家族,湖南慈利人,博士,教授,博士研究生导师。研究方向:工程结构监测评估。E-mail:dengyang@bucea.edu.cn。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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