Article(id=1156963929944580975, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1156963927277003616, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2402019, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1710950400000, receivedDateStr=2024-03-21, revisedDate=1734278400000, revisedDateStr=2024-12-16, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1753771296249, onlineDateStr=2025-07-29, pubDate=1742227200000, pubDateStr=2025-03-18, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753771296249, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-29, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753771296249, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753771296249, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1156963927277003616, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='8', pageStart='3079', pageEnd='3528', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1753771295613, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753777038876, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1156988016305726153, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1156963927277003616, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1156988016305726154, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1156963927277003616, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=3444, endPage=3451, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1156963932435997561, articleId=1156963929944580975, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=Low Temperature Cracking Analysis and Simulation of Thin-layer Overlay Asphalt Concrete, columnId=1156963929462231640, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Traffics and Transportations, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

low-temperature fracture is the normal distress of the thin-layer overlay asphalt mixture. To reveal the low-temperature cracking behavior, semicircular bending tests combined with crack observation, digital image correlation and a finite element numerical simulation based on the meso-structure cohesive zone model were carried out. The applicability of the model was verified by the load-displacement curve and crack paths. The results show that the low-temperature cracking behavior of asphalt mixture can be well demonstrated by digital image processing. The simulation of asphalt mixture meso-structure is suitable for analyzing the cracking behavior. Furthermore, the maximum tensile stress and neutral axis positions on the mid-span section are correlated with the properties of the materials.

, correspAuthors=Shang-shu ZHU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Yan-zhao DU, Shang-shu ZHU, Ze ZHANG, Yang-yang ZHANG, Hong-xing SHI, Rong-shui TIAN), CN=ArticleExt(id=1156964035099976545, articleId=1156963929944580975, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=CN, title=薄层沥青混凝土低温开裂行为分析及数值模拟, columnId=1154013916746211332, journalTitle=科学技术与工程, columnName=交通运输, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

低温开裂是薄层沥青混凝土常见的病害,为了揭示薄层沥青混合料的低温开裂行为,开展结合裂纹观测和数字图像处理的半圆弯曲试验以及基于细观结构黏聚区模型的有限元数值模拟研究,通过模拟得到的加载力-位移曲线验证了模型的适用性,进一步分析试件内部的应力变化。结果表明:采用数字图像处理技术可很好地显式沥青混合料的低温开裂行为;细观结构有限元模拟适用于分析沥青混合料的开裂行为;跨中截面最大拉应力和中性轴位置与材料的断裂属性有很好的相关性。

, correspAuthors=朱尚书, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*朱尚书(1997—),男,汉族,贵州安顺人,博士研究生。研究方向:道路工程材料,材料断裂行为分析。E-mail: 773018339@qq.com。
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杜延昭(1974—),男,汉族,河北石家庄人,教授级高级工程师。研究方向:建筑材料。E-mail:82383821@qq.com。

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杜延昭(1974—),男,汉族,河北石家庄人,教授级高级工程师。研究方向:建筑材料。E-mail:82383821@qq.com。

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杜延昭(1974—),男,汉族,河北石家庄人,教授级高级工程师。研究方向:建筑材料。E-mail:82383821@qq.com。

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Engineering Fracture Mechanics, 2024. 296. 109828., articleTitle=Mesoscale fracture analysis of three-point bending concrete beams based on cohesive zone model, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1156986855011996049, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156963929944580975, awardId=51878575, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金(51878575), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1156986855087493525, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156963929944580975, awardId=2024NSFSC0169, language=CN, fundingSource=四川省自然科学基金(2024NSFSC0169), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1156986839220442049, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156963929944580975, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1156986839228830657, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156963929944580975, companyId=1156986839220442049, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 China Construction Infrastructure Construction Co., Ltd. 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项目 VV/$\%$ $\mathrm{{MS}}/\mathrm{{kN}}$ ${\mathrm{{MS}}}_{0}/\%$ TSR/% $\mathrm{{DS}}/\left({\text{次.}{\mathrm{{mm}}}^{-1}}\right)$
数值 10.5 6.67 97.08 91.31 13 790
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项目 VV/$\%$ $\mathrm{{MS}}/\mathrm{{kN}}$ ${\mathrm{{MS}}}_{0}/\%$ TSR/% $\mathrm{{DS}}/\left({\text{次.}{\mathrm{{mm}}}^{-1}}\right)$
数值 10.5 6.67 97.08 91.31 13 790
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材料 编号 加载力峰 弯拉强 断裂韧度/ 断裂能/
$/\mathrm{{kN}}$ 度/MPa $\left({\mathrm{{MPa}}\cdot {\mathrm{m}}^{0.5}}\right)$ ($\mathrm{N}\cdot {\mathrm{{mm}}}^{-1}$)
薄层沥青 混合料 J1 9.56 6.33 1.34 1.07
J2 7.21 4.84 1.00 0.79
J3 9.91 6.38 1.39 1.29
均值 8.90 5.85 1.24 1.05
AC-13 沥青 混合料 A1 6.59 4.00 0.81 0.92
A2 5.48 3.75 0.82 0.77
A3 4.71 3.09 1.09 0.67
均值 5.59 3.61 0.91 0.79
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材料 编号 加载力峰 弯拉强 断裂韧度/ 断裂能/
$/\mathrm{{kN}}$ 度/MPa $\left({\mathrm{{MPa}}\cdot {\mathrm{m}}^{0.5}}\right)$ ($\mathrm{N}\cdot {\mathrm{{mm}}}^{-1}$)
薄层沥青 混合料 J1 9.56 6.33 1.34 1.07
J2 7.21 4.84 1.00 0.79
J3 9.91 6.38 1.39 1.29
均值 8.90 5.85 1.24 1.05
AC-13 沥青 混合料 A1 6.59 4.00 0.81 0.92
A2 5.48 3.75 0.82 0.77
A3 4.71 3.09 1.09 0.67
均值 5.59 3.61 0.91 0.79
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单元类型 初始刚度/($\mathrm{{MPa}}\cdot {\mathrm{{mm}}}^{-1}$) 模量/$\mathrm{{MPa}}$ 泊松比 强度/$\mathrm{{MPa}}$ 断裂能/$\left({\mathrm{N}\cdot {\mathrm{{mm}}}^{-1}}\right)$
沥青砂浆 - 1 350 0.25 - -
集料 - $5 \times {10}^{4}$ 0.15 - -
黏结单元 $1 \times {10}^{6}$ 6.5 0.9
), ArticleFig(id=1156986854768726413, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156963929944580975, language=CN, label=表3, caption=细观材料模型参数, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
单元类型 初始刚度/($\mathrm{{MPa}}\cdot {\mathrm{{mm}}}^{-1}$) 模量/$\mathrm{{MPa}}$ 泊松比 强度/$\mathrm{{MPa}}$ 断裂能/$\left({\mathrm{N}\cdot {\mathrm{{mm}}}^{-1}}\right)$
沥青砂浆 - 1 350 0.25 - -
集料 - $5 \times {10}^{4}$ 0.15 - -
黏结单元 $1 \times {10}^{6}$ 6.5 0.9
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薄层沥青混凝土低温开裂行为分析及数值模拟
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杜延昭 1 , 朱尚书 2, * , 张泽 2 , 张洋洋 1 , 石红星 3 , 田荣水 2
科学技术与工程 | 交通运输 2025,25(8): 3444-3451
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科学技术与工程 | 交通运输 2025, 25(8): 3444-3451
薄层沥青混凝土低温开裂行为分析及数值模拟
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杜延昭1 , 朱尚书2, * , 张泽2, 张洋洋1, 石红星3, 田荣水2
作者信息
  • 1 中国建设基础设施有限公司 北京 100044
  • 2 西南交通大学 道路工程四川省重点实验室 成都610031 610031
  • 3 北京智华通科技有限公司 北京 100071
  • 杜延昭(1974—),男,汉族,河北石家庄人,教授级高级工程师。研究方向:建筑材料。E-mail:82383821@qq.com。

通讯作者:

*朱尚书(1997—),男,汉族,贵州安顺人,博士研究生。研究方向:道路工程材料,材料断裂行为分析。E-mail: 773018339@qq.com。
Low Temperature Cracking Analysis and Simulation of Thin-layer Overlay Asphalt Concrete
Yan-zhao DU1 , Shang-shu ZHU2, * , Ze ZHANG2, Yang-yang ZHANG1, Hong-xing SHI3, Rong-shui TIAN2
Affiliations
  • 1 China Construction Infrastructure Construction Co., Ltd. Beijing 100044 China
  • 2 Highway Engineering Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province Southwest Jiaotong University Chengdu 610031 China
  • 3 Beijing Ztone Technology Co., Ltd. Beijing 100071 China
出版时间: 2025-03-18 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2402019
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低温开裂是薄层沥青混凝土常见的病害,为了揭示薄层沥青混合料的低温开裂行为,开展结合裂纹观测和数字图像处理的半圆弯曲试验以及基于细观结构黏聚区模型的有限元数值模拟研究,通过模拟得到的加载力-位移曲线验证了模型的适用性,进一步分析试件内部的应力变化。结果表明:采用数字图像处理技术可很好地显式沥青混合料的低温开裂行为;细观结构有限元模拟适用于分析沥青混合料的开裂行为;跨中截面最大拉应力和中性轴位置与材料的断裂属性有很好的相关性。

薄层沥青混合料  /  开裂行为  /  半圆弯曲试验  /  黏聚区模型  /  细观结构

low-temperature fracture is the normal distress of the thin-layer overlay asphalt mixture. To reveal the low-temperature cracking behavior, semicircular bending tests combined with crack observation, digital image correlation and a finite element numerical simulation based on the meso-structure cohesive zone model were carried out. The applicability of the model was verified by the load-displacement curve and crack paths. The results show that the low-temperature cracking behavior of asphalt mixture can be well demonstrated by digital image processing. The simulation of asphalt mixture meso-structure is suitable for analyzing the cracking behavior. Furthermore, the maximum tensile stress and neutral axis positions on the mid-span section are correlated with the properties of the materials.

thin-layer overlay asphalt mixture  /  cracking  /  semi-circular bend test  /  cohesive zone model  /  meso-structure model
杜延昭, 朱尚书, 张泽, 张洋洋, 石红星, 田荣水. 薄层沥青混凝土低温开裂行为分析及数值模拟. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (8) : 3444 -3451 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2402019
Yan-zhao DU, Shang-shu ZHU, Ze ZHANG, Yang-yang ZHANG, Hong-xing SHI, Rong-shui TIAN. Low Temperature Cracking Analysis and Simulation of Thin-layer Overlay Asphalt Concrete[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (8) : 3444 -3451 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2402019
薄层沥青混合料是一种复合材料,一方面,沥青混合料依靠石料之间的嵌挤增加抗压变形能力, 另一方面依靠沥青胶浆的黏聚力维持性能稳定[1]。然而薄层沥青混合料在道路工程中应用时易发生开裂、成块地脱落等病害[2],因此增强薄层沥青混合料的抗裂性能十分必要。薄层沥青混合料的抗裂性能主要与胶结料性能有关, 通常通过对胶结料进行改性和纤维改性来增强薄层沥青混合料的抗裂性能[3-4]。近年来,尽管对材料进行了大量的研究和开拓[5-7],但现有研究表明对于薄层沥青混合料开裂机理的研究依旧不清晰, 因此有必要对其开裂过程进行研究分析。
开裂是沥青路面常见的病害之一, 会加速路面的损坏,进而严重缩短路面的使用寿命[8]。根据引起开裂的原因, 将路面裂缝分为荷载型裂缝和非荷载型裂缝,其中低温开裂被认为是引起沥青路面开裂最主要的原因[9]。一般而言,用来评价沥青混合料低温开裂的试验有间接拉伸试验(indirect tensile test, IDT)、低温弯曲试验、半圆弯曲试验(semi-circular bend test, SCB) 和圆盘拉伸试验 (disk-shaped compact tension, DCT) 等。Wagoner 等[10-11] 、Radeef 等[12] 、Meng 等[13] 系统地比较了不同试验方法在评价沥青混合料开裂性能上的优缺点, 认为 SCB 试件不仅易于制作、测试简单, 同时还能获取断裂韧度和断裂能等指标。目前,沥青混凝土抗裂性能测试多采用 SCB 试验。冯德成等 “4” 基于 SCB 试验, 现场取样的沥青混凝土断裂能、断裂韧度和刚度等指标进行了测试分析, 认为 SCB 测试的断裂能可作为评价沥青混合料低温开裂的有效指标。朱洪洲等[15] 通过 SCB 试验,研究不同愈合时间下试件的临界荷载、临界断裂能和 J 积分,量化了沥青混合料的愈合性能。姜鑫龙等[16] 也通过 SCB 试验,分析了应力强度因子等断裂指标评价沥青混凝土低温抗裂性能的适应性。美国材料实验协会 (American Society of Testing Materials, ASTM)[17] 和美国国家公路与运输官员协会 (American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, AASHTO${)}^{\left\lbrack {18}\right\rbrack }$ 也制定了 SCB 试验的标准测试方法[17-18]。然而,沥青混合料在细观尺度上由集料、孔隙和沥青胶浆等组成的多相材料, 其力学响应状态具有明显的局部性, 通过 SCB 试验计算得到的断裂能、断裂韧度等断裂性能指标并不能解释沥青混凝土的开裂机理。为了从理论上更好地分析沥青混凝土的开裂特性, 常将 SCB 试验与沥青混合料细观结构数值模拟结合起来[19-21],在数值模型中采用开裂模型来描述沥青混凝土的开裂特性,通过对比数值模拟与试验测得的荷载-线位移曲线,来校验沥青混凝土的开裂模型及参数, 从而进一步预测沥青混凝土的抗低温开裂性能。然而常见的数值多将沥青混合料当作均质材料,从细观尺度进行研究分析的理论仍存在不足。
鉴于此, 结合基于裂纹观测的 SCB 试验及基于黏聚区模型的薄层沥青混凝土细观结构有限元数值模拟, 开展沥青混凝土在低温情况下的开裂过程研究, 分析 SCB 细观模型从加载至断裂全过程的裂缝发展、内部应力分布和承载力变化,为揭示薄层沥青混凝土开裂机理提供参考。
薄层沥青混合料级配设计如图1 所示。材料的集料采用玄武岩石料; 沥青采用一元改性剂对 SBS 改性沥青进行改性,纤维采用玄武岩纤维,如图2 所示。混合料最佳油石比为 5%, 一元改性剂掺入量为 0.2%, 纤维掺入量为 0.3%。
采用干法对混合料进行拌和,拌和顺序为: ① 加入集料、一元改性剂和玄武岩纤维,在${180}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 条件下拌和${60}\mathrm{\;s}$ ;② 加入$\mathrm{{SBS}}$ 改性沥青拌和${120}\mathrm{\;s}$ ; ③ 加入提前称量的矿粉,拌和 90 s;④采用旋转压实方法成型试件。
根据《公路工程沥青及沥青混合料试验规程》(JTG E20-2011) 对沥青混合料进行成型及性能测试,测试内容包括稳定度 MS、空隙率 VV、冻融劈裂强度比TSR、残留稳定度MS0、动稳定度DS 。测试结果如表1所示。
表1 可知, 薄层沥青混合料具有较高的水稳定性以及高温稳定性, 同时大孔隙结构可以有效地实现排水和降噪等路面功能。
采用半圆弯曲试验测试混合料的低温开裂性能, 加载仪器为 UTM-100。试件几何尺寸如图3 所示。试验前,将试件置于$-{20}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 的环境箱内保温$6\mathrm{\;h}$,试验时,试件从拿出环境箱到加载结束不超过$5\mathrm{\;{min}}$,整个过程中温度下降不超过${3}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$。加载速率为$1\mathrm{\;{mm}}/{\mathrm{{min}}}_{\circ }$
为了对断裂路径进行分析, 将试件表面用白、 黑漆进行喷涂, 并使用摄影机记录喷涂面的全开裂过程, 摄影机与加载仪器工作同步。并使用开源软件 Ncorr 进行图像处理。
根据文献 [14] 所用方法, 对加载力-位移曲线峰前段进行处理, 使用峰前最大斜率作为初始上升段, 试验结果如图4 所示。从沥青混合料加载力-位移曲线结果可知,低温$\left({-{20}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}}\right)$ 下薄层沥青混合料加载力-位移实验曲线呈现 3 个阶段, 即直线上升段 (I 阶段)、非线性增加段(II 阶段)、非线性下降段 (III 阶段)。3 个试件的加载力-位移曲线在 I 阶段起始几乎没有差别; 进入 II 阶段开始出现差距, 其中 J3 的加载力峰值最大; 3 个试件 III 阶段的变化特征相近,整体呈断崖式下降,在加载力达到 0.1 倍峰值后缓慢下降直至试验结束。加载力-位移曲线出现的 3 个阶段分别对应着沥青混合料在外力作用下出现弹性响应、损伤以及宏观裂缝出现 3 个力学响应现象, 加载力-位移曲线之间的差异性代表了试件局部受力情况的差异性, 断裂阶段整体上的差异性可以使用断裂参数表示, 局部的差异性主要与试件内部孔隙、集料和沥青胶浆的分布特征有关, 有待进一步研究。
在使用 SCB 试验表征材料的抗裂性能时, 常用的断裂指标有应力强度因子和断裂能${}^{\left\lbrack {22}\text{-}{23}\right\rbrack }$。当试件加载力达到峰值时, 即 II 阶段末端时, 可根据式 (1) 计算沥青混合料的断裂韧度;当试件加载结束后,可根据式 (4) 计算试件加载过程中的断裂能。此外, 根据文献[22-23], SCB 试件的抗拉强度使用式(5)进行计算。薄层沥青混合料试件断裂参数如表2 所示。同时为了对比, 测试 3 组 AC-13 的沥青混合料断裂参数如表2 所示, 两种混合料在同条件、同时段测试。
${K}_{1\mathrm{C}}= {Y}_{1\left({0.8}\right)}{\sigma }_{0}\sqrt{\pi a}$
${\sigma }_{0}= \frac{{P}_{\max }}{2rb}$
${Y}_{1\left({0.8}\right)} ={4.782}- {1.219}\left(\frac{a}{r}\right)+ {0.063}{\mathrm{e}}^{{7.045}\frac{a}{r}}$
式中:${K}_{\mathrm{{IC}}}$ 为应力强度因子;${\sigma }_{0}$ 为名义强度;${Y}_{1\left({0.8}\right)}$ 为形状系数;${P}_{\max }$ 为最大加载力;$b$ 为试件厚度;$r$ 为试件高度;$a$ 为切口长度。
$ G =\frac{\int P\mathrm{\;d}\delta }{A}$
式 (4) 中:$G$ 为断裂能;$A$ 为断裂投影面积;$\delta$ 为加载位移。
$ f =\frac{{P}_{\max }}{\pi br}Y\left(\frac{s}{r}\right)$
$ Y\left(\frac{s}{r}\right)= {2.22}+ {2.87}\left(\frac{s}{2r}\right)+ {4.54}{\left(\frac{s}{2r}\right)}^{2}$
式中:$f$ 为抗拉强度;$s$ 为跨距;$Y\left(\frac{s}{r}\right)$ 为形状系数。
表2 中数据可知, 薄层沥青混合料的抗裂性能显著优于 AC-13 沥青混合料。
为了从试验现象揭示开裂过程, 选取裂纹发展现象显著的 A2 试件进行说明。通过加载力-位移曲线与图像对应,截取试件加载力-位移曲线上$a\text{、}b\text{、}c$$d\text{、}e\text{、}f$ 点进行分析,如图5 所示。
图6 所示, 当加载力较小时, 试件处于弹性阶段;当加载位移为${0.231}\mathrm{\;{mm}}\left({a\text{点}}\right)$ 时,试件承载力持续上升,开始发出清脆的断裂声音,表明此时试件内部开始出现损伤; 当加载位移达到${0.295}\mathrm{\;{mm}}(b$ 点) 时, 试件承载力开始明显地呈非线性上升, 并开始持续密集地发出清脆的声音;随后在加载位移为${0.412}\mathrm{\;{mm}}\left({c\text{点}}\right)$ 时,加载力达到最大值,此时试件缺口处裂缝尖端明显出现横向应变集中现象,如图7 所示; 当加载力达到峰值之后, 随着加载位移的增加,加载力呈断崖式下降,当加载位移达到${0.463}\mathrm{\;{mm}}\left({d\text{点}}\right)$ 时,从应变云图可看见裂纹路径 (红色部分),此时也可从图6 中明显看出,试件表面出现宏观的裂纹;裂缝持续扩展到加载位移为${0.631}\mathrm{\;{mm}}\left({e\text{点}}\right)$ 时,从横向应变图中可明显看到较长的裂缝路径,此时试件表面出现多条微裂纹,且多条微裂纹之间扩展并连接在一起、出现多条裂缝分支, 此时试件承载力仅为峰值的 0.097, 试件丧失承载能力;当加载位移达到${0.981}\mathrm{\;{mm}}\left({f\text{点}}\right)$ 时,主裂缝已扩展成贯穿裂缝。
根据上述分析可知, 沥青混合料低温开裂的过程分为弹性阶段、内部损伤和宏观裂缝出现 3 个阶段, 而宏观裂缝出现阶段可分为宏观裂纹出现、裂纹扩展和连接以及裂缝贯通 3 个阶段。
为了进一步分析沥青混合料的开裂特征,建立薄层沥青混合料的细观有限元模型并进行验证, 细观结构有限元模型包括沥青砂浆、集料和孔隙。
将 J1 试件表面进行图像处理, 使用商业软件 AutoCAD 对试件骨料轮廓进行生成, 而后导入 ABAQUS 有限元软件生成有限元模型。建立有限元模型如图8 所示, 模型中包括两种单元: 一种是弹性响应的实体单元 CPS3, 表征沥青砂浆和集料; 另一种是遵循牵引力-分离量法则的黏结单元$\mathrm{{COH}}2\mathrm{D}4$, 黏结单元当作界面单元插入到沥青砂浆之间。黏结单元厚度为零,实体单元尺寸为$1\mathrm{\;{mm}}$,黏结单元插入方式见文献 [24], 根据观察, 可假设集料不发生断裂。
已知沥青混合料的开裂过程存在断裂过程区, 且包含 3 个阶段 (弹性响应、损伤、宏观裂缝出现), 适合使用黏聚区模型描述其开裂行为,因此结合黏聚区模型的 SCB 有限元模型对其进行分析。其中, 牵引-分离法则表示为牵引力随单元分离量的关系, 软化曲线形式表示单元损伤规律, 初始损伤准则采用二次损伤法则, 可表示为
${\left\{\frac{\left\langle {f}_{\mathrm{n}}\right\rangle }{{f}_{\mathrm{n}0}}\right\}}^{2}+ {\left\{\frac{{f}_{\mathrm{s}}}{{f}_{\mathrm{s}0}}\right\}}^{2}= 1 $
式 (7) 中:${f}_{\mathrm{n}}$ 为受拉方向的应力;${f}_{\mathrm{s}}$ 为剪切方向的应力;$\langle \cdot \rangle$ 为 Macaulay 算子,表示受压方向的力不考虑;${f}_{\mathrm{n}0}$ 为受拉方向的强度;${f}_{\mathrm{s}0}$ 为剪切方向的强度。
单元损伤变量与分离量的关系可表示为
$ D =\frac{{\delta }_{\mathrm{f}}\left({{\delta }_{\mathrm{m}}- {\delta }_{0}}\right)}{{\delta }_{\mathrm{m}}\left({{\delta }_{\mathrm{f}}- {\delta }_{0}}\right)} $
式 (8) 中:$D$ 为损伤变量;${\delta }_{\mathrm{f}}$ 为黏结单元失效位移;${\delta }_{\mathrm{m}}$ 为单元分离过程中的分离量;${\delta }_{0}$ 为初始损伤位移。
黏聚区模型本构关系如图9 所示。
为了说明沥青混合料细观断裂特征, 使用反分析法进行模型参数确定。根据文献 [24], 黏结单元初始刚度为$1 \times {10}^{6}\mathrm{{MPa}}/\mathrm{{mm}}$,强度和断裂能参考表3 选取。
$f$ 为黏结单元在分离过程中假设无损时的等效应力;${f}_{0}$ 为黏结单元初始损伤的应力;${f}_{\mathrm{m}}$ 为黏结单元在分离过程中所受到的应力
薄层沥青混合料半圆弯曲有限元模型参数如表4 所示,采用静态/通用分析步,位移加载 2 mm, 模型约束情况如图3 所示, 计算得到的加载力-位移曲线如图10 所示。模拟得到的加载曲线与试验吻合良好,另外裂缝在试件表面的扩展方向、位置和曲折程度与试验也完全相近, 如图11 所示。因此可认为该模型有效。
沥青混合料在细观层面上由沥青胶浆、集料和孔隙三相组成, 三相颗粒物随机分布, 致使不同试件的受力开裂行为因为局部受力情况不同而存在差异,需要进一步开展细观开裂和承载力分析。
在加载过程中,黏结单元经历弹性、损伤和失效 3 个阶段。当加载位移较小时, 梁底黏结单元所受拉应力小于抗拉强度,试件处于弹性响应状态; 当加载位移到${0.16}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ 时,缺口上方处黏结单元的拉应力达到抗拉强度, 黏结单元开始进入损伤阶段。随着加载位移的增加, 黏结单元新的损伤位置发生在缺口附近集料的边界, 如图12(a) 所示, 此时缺口竖直向上沿跨中截面单元的正应力分布呈现锯齿状,这是因为细观结构的随机分布导致的,如图13 所示; 梁底黏结单元所承受的拉应力随着加载位移的增加而逐渐减小,当加载位移达到${0.363}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ 时, 黏结单元大面积损伤, 随后加载力达到峰值; 当加载位移达到${0.395}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ 时,黏结单元开始失效,宏观裂缝开始出现,加载力开始呈断崖式下降,此时主裂纹的发展路径可明显看到,如图12(b) 所示;当加载位移达到 0.451 时, 裂纹扩展到孔隙, 孔隙周围出现多处损伤,也成为吸引裂纹发展的“吸引子”, 如图12(c) 所示; 最后随着裂纹尖端孔隙、集料边界多处损伤,裂纹最终贯通,材料完全断开。
当梁底黏结单元开始损伤时,此时承载力为${5.15}\mathrm{{kN}}$,为峰值荷载的 0.57,最大拉应力出现在试件底部, 跨中截面中性轴位置位于缺口正上方${23.82}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ 处,如图14 所示; 随着试件的承载力逐渐增加达到荷载峰值, 此时最大拉应力位置几乎没变,而中性轴上移了${7.23}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ ; 从荷载峰值处再继续增加荷载位移${0.03}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ 时,梁底出现初始裂缝,试件的承载力下降了 15%,最大拉应力位置上移了${14.56}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ ;当加载位移达到${0.61}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ 时,试件承载力较峰值下降了 86.78%,试件失稳,此时中性轴位置为缺口竖直向上${51.09}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$,最大拉应力位置为${41.74}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$。中性轴位置和最大拉应力位置呈“$\mathrm{S}$ ”形曲线,并且与材料脆断的性质十分相关, 当加载位移继续增加时, 两者位置缓慢上升, 并无限趋向加载点位置。
对比试验加载力-位移曲线和加载现象来看,数值模拟的结果在加载力-位移曲线的 3 个阶段以及试件的弹性、损伤和裂缝出现等阶段的表现十分相近, 说明了基于细观模型的数值模拟可以为沥青混合料低温开裂提供很好的观察视角, 同时最大正应力和跨中截面中性轴的位置与荷载曲线呈良好关系,可为表示材料抗裂属性提供参考。
(1)进行薄层沥青混合料低温下的 SCB 试验, 并通过摄影机对裂缝观测以进行开裂分析。结果表明沥青混合料的低温开裂行为经历 3 个阶段, 分别为弹性阶段、损伤阶段以及宏观裂缝出现阶段。其中宏观裂缝出现阶段包括宏观裂纹出现、裂纹扩展和连接以及裂缝贯通。
$H$ 为距缺口竖直距离
(2)开展了基于细观结构黏聚区模型的 SCB 有限元模型, 通过加载力-位移曲线验证了模型的合理性, 通过黏聚区模型的 4 个阶段分析 SCB 的开裂行为以及跨中截面正应力分布情况。
(3)分析 SCB 跨中截面中性轴和最大正应力位置与试件承载力的关系,结果表明,随着加载位移的增加, 截面中性轴和最大正应力距缺口的竖直距离呈“$\mathrm{S}$ ”形分布,从峰值到开裂点荷载位移增加了 0.03,最大正应力和中性轴位置分别上移${14.56}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$${5.02}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$,可有效表示材料的脆性开裂和快速失稳行为。
(4)为了说明薄层沥青混合料的开裂行为,对细观结构 SCB 试验模型进行一定的简化, 实际 SCB 试件开裂位置受内部集料、沥青胶浆以及集料-沥青胶浆界面的分布和性质等细观组成影响, 更精确的开裂模拟需要进一步开展细观结构试验后确定材料组成和模型参数。
  • 国家自然科学基金(51878575)
  • 四川省自然科学基金(2024NSFSC0169)
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2025年第25卷第8期
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2402019
  • 接收时间:2024-03-21
  • 首发时间:2025-07-29
  • 出版时间:2025-03-18
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  • 收稿日期:2024-03-21
  • 修回日期:2024-12-16
基金
国家自然科学基金(51878575)
四川省自然科学基金(2024NSFSC0169)
作者信息
    1 中国建设基础设施有限公司 北京 100044
    2 西南交通大学 道路工程四川省重点实验室 成都610031 610031
    3 北京智华通科技有限公司 北京 100071

通讯作者:

*朱尚书(1997—),男,汉族,贵州安顺人,博士研究生。研究方向:道路工程材料,材料断裂行为分析。E-mail: 773018339@qq.com。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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