Article(id=1156963929915216475, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1156963927277003616, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403349, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1715011200000, receivedDateStr=2024-05-07, revisedDate=1735056000000, revisedDateStr=2024-12-25, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1753771296241, onlineDateStr=2025-07-29, pubDate=1742227200000, pubDateStr=2025-03-18, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753771296241, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-29, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753771296241, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753771296241, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1156963927277003616, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='8', pageStart='3079', pageEnd='3528', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1753771295613, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753777038876, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1156988016305726153, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1156963927277003616, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1156988016305726154, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1156963927277003616, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=3161, endPage=3171, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1156963930619859553, articleId=1156963929915216475, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=Green Reentrant Hybrid Flow Shop Scheduling Considering Deterioration Effects, columnId=1156963930544362080, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=General Industrial Technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In practical production processes, equipment performance gradually degrades over time, leading to extended processing durations. To address this issue, an improved nondominated sorting genetic algorithm II (NSGA-II) was proposed for a re-entrant hybrid flow-shop scheduling problem that considers deterioration effects. Firstly, a mathematical model was formulated with the optimization objectives of minimizing makespan and reducing processing energy consumption. Secondly, a job-sequence-based encoding method was employed, and an energy-efficient scheduling decoding method that accounts for deterioration effects was designed. Additionally, to enhance population diversity, various mutation operators were introduced, and algorithm parameters were adaptively adjusted to prevent convergence to local optima. A variable neighborhood search strategy was also integrated to reinforce the local search capability of the algorithm. Finally, comparative experiments with other algorithms on ten different scale test instances demonstrated that the proposed algorithm delivers superior solution quality, along with better diversity and convergence properties.

, correspAuthors=Ji-dong MA, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Song-kai ZHOU, Ji-dong MA), CN=ArticleExt(id=1156964030968582570, articleId=1156963929915216475, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=CN, title=考虑恶化效应的绿色可重入混合流水车间调度, columnId=1154014166789640253, journalTitle=科学技术与工程, columnName=一般工业技术, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

在实际生产过程中,随着设备运行时间的增长,设备性能会逐渐下降,导致加工时间延长。对此,针对考虑恶化效应的可重入混合流水车间调度问题,提出一种改进的非支配排序遗传算法(improved nondominated sorting genetic algorithm II, INSGA-II)。首先,构建以最大完工时间和加工能耗为优化目标的数学模型;其次,结合问题的特点,在算法采用基于工件序列的编码方式,并设计一种考虑恶化效应的节能调度解码方法;再次,为了提高种群的多样性设计多种变异算子,通过算法参数的自适应调整避免算法陷入局部最优,并设计变邻域搜索策略强化了算法的局部搜索能力;最后,通过与其他算法比较,在10个不同规模的实验算例中验证了所提算法具有较高的解集质量,同时也有较好的多样性和收敛性。

, correspAuthors=马继东, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*马继东(1972—),男,汉族,黑龙江哈尔滨人,副教授,硕士研究生导师。研究方向:系统建模与仿真。E-mail:954601021@qq.com。
, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=vp/m2yHQrvwPE2H2xPDDWA==, magXml=Fc7zMuB5Up73xV8NTVozgA==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=WwWX7GY/amKw5KsepzddXA==, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=YvqEo/nJmXoStuWCh2PPwg==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

周颂凯(1998—),男,汉族,山东枣庄人,硕士研究生。研究方向:生产调度与优化。E-mail:2681635248@qq.com。

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周颂凯(1998—),男,汉族,山东枣庄人,硕士研究生。研究方向:生产调度与优化。E-mail:2681635248@qq.com。

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周颂凯(1998—),男,汉族,山东枣庄人,硕士研究生。研究方向:生产调度与优化。E-mail:2681635248@qq.com。

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Chinese Journal of Computers, 2021. 44(8): 1590-1619., articleTitle=Survey on performance indicators for multi-objective evolutionary algorithms, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1156986826490729051, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156963929915216475, awardId=31870537, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金(31870537), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1156986819943420384, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156963929915216475, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1156986819951808993, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156963929915216475, companyId=1156986819943420384, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering Northeast Forestry University Harbin 150040 China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1156986819956003298, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156963929915216475, companyId=1156986819943420384, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=东北林业大学 机电工程学院 哈尔滨 150040)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1156986823802180122, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156963929915216475, language=EN, label=Fig. 1, caption=Ladder deterioration effect model, figureFileSmall=V5KmTyogfEBKIAqI1PTe2Q==, figureFileBig=rMNNzIQkjAF4BD1QUm1auw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1156986823856706076, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156963929915216475, language=CN, label=图1, caption=阶梯恶化效应模型, figureFileSmall=V5KmTyogfEBKIAqI1PTe2Q==, figureFileBig=rMNNzIQkjAF4BD1QUm1auw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1156986823923814943, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156963929915216475, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=Re-entry flow chart of green scheduling problem in the mixed flow workshop, figureFileSmall=UXlhhxcPxoyFsOnMZSuXwA==, figureFileBig=ljtCsMKDKByM0HKBz9N/KQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1156986823969952288, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156963929915216475, language=CN, label=图2, caption=可重入混合流水车间绿色调度问题流程图, figureFileSmall=UXlhhxcPxoyFsOnMZSuXwA==, figureFileBig=ljtCsMKDKByM0HKBz9N/KQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1156986824032866850, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156963929915216475, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=INSGA-II algorithm flow chart, figureFileSmall=oWWa1w/f+sdAdM0aoT3OFw==, figureFileBig=zYtPlQwtJRnqg/VUd4bTVA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1156986824083198500, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156963929915216475, language=CN, label=图3, caption=INSGA-Ⅱ算法流程图, figureFileSmall=oWWa1w/f+sdAdM0aoT3OFw==, figureFileBig=zYtPlQwtJRnqg/VUd4bTVA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1156986824141918758, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156963929915216475, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=Schematic diagram of chromosome coding in the workpiece process, figureFileSmall=KlISlc88XZe6LzQNr2SdTQ==, figureFileBig=+7NUjWeG9DAbV5N7CUQaKw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1156986824204833321, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156963929915216475, language=CN, label=图4, caption=工件工序染色体编码示意图, figureFileSmall=KlISlc88XZe6LzQNr2SdTQ==, figureFileBig=+7NUjWeG9DAbV5N7CUQaKw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1156986824259359275, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156963929915216475, language=EN, label=Fig. 5, caption=Schematic diagram of chromosome initialization in the workpiece process, figureFileSmall=KKiDobDnUYbLNkI3aFfP1Q==, figureFileBig=NIaKjuqMTYEIu8/4RwKcZQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1156986824309690925, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156963929915216475, language=CN, label=图5, caption=工件工序染色体初始化示意图

蓝色框表示每个工件第 2 道工序的加工顺序; 黄色框内数字表示在工序 1 中工件的加工前后顺序, 依次是编号为 4 的工件 5 、编号为 3 的工件 4 、编号为 2 的工件 3 、编号为 5 的工件 6 、编号为 1 的工件 2 、 编号为 0 的工件 1,因此工序 1 的加工顺序为工件 5、4、3、6、2、1

, figureFileSmall=KKiDobDnUYbLNkI3aFfP1Q==, figureFileBig=NIaKjuqMTYEIu8/4RwKcZQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1156986824389382703, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156963929915216475, language=EN, label=Fig. 6, caption=Schematic diagram of chromosome decoding in the workpiece process, figureFileSmall=3VLKZyNidqRZtBLbVjnCXQ==, figureFileBig=uhWQm7L3V51WJeFVexbPtw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1156986824448102962, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156963929915216475, language=CN, label=图6, caption=工件工序染色体解码示意图, figureFileSmall=3VLKZyNidqRZtBLbVjnCXQ==, figureFileBig=uhWQm7L3V51WJeFVexbPtw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1156986824531989044, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156963929915216475, language=EN, label=Fig. 7, caption=The process of crossing chromosomes, figureFileSmall=dxpmgLpnsAtS727tZu9aSw==, figureFileBig=kF3KQ+Pn5CbODBMnlEixAQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1156986824842367544, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156963929915216475, language=CN, label=图7, caption=染色体的交叉过程, figureFileSmall=dxpmgLpnsAtS727tZu9aSw==, figureFileBig=kF3KQ+Pn5CbODBMnlEixAQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1156986824955613754, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156963929915216475, language=EN, label=Fig. 8, caption=Two-point swap mutation, figureFileSmall=5M+XDee3VJTvgHCcsNpU0g==, figureFileBig=B8+yO1woi1naumm1n7uyjA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1156986825014334014, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156963929915216475, language=CN, label=图8, caption=两点交换变异, figureFileSmall=5M+XDee3VJTvgHCcsNpU0g==, figureFileBig=B8+yO1woi1naumm1n7uyjA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1156986825068859968, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156963929915216475, language=EN, label=Fig. 9, caption=Intercalation variation, figureFileSmall=q8iP6iG1YxzfmIPLF8ia8w==, figureFileBig=1zMiabnr244I7RVAUU0/yA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1156986825161134660, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156963929915216475, language=CN, label=图9, caption=插序变异, figureFileSmall=q8iP6iG1YxzfmIPLF8ia8w==, figureFileBig=1zMiabnr244I7RVAUU0/yA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1156986825253409350, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156963929915216475, language=EN, label=Fig. 10, caption=Partially scrambled mutations, figureFileSmall=GUpE2gAVLCHUDQAiK/z11w==, figureFileBig=MRhqKS8IAchRvBjaw89zdg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1156986825358266953, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156963929915216475, language=CN, label=图10, caption=部分打乱变异, figureFileSmall=GUpE2gAVLCHUDQAiK/z11w==, figureFileBig=MRhqKS8IAchRvBjaw89zdg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1156986825408598603, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156963929915216475, language=EN, label=Fig. 11, caption=Pareto comparison chart, figureFileSmall=Ev0ceX0X+tnHhKpOrxoYUQ==, figureFileBig=fAH1mM/ZF+I0acpYsTUqVg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1156986825467318861, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156963929915216475, language=CN, label=图11, caption=Pareto 对比图, figureFileSmall=Ev0ceX0X+tnHhKpOrxoYUQ==, figureFileBig=fAH1mM/ZF+I0acpYsTUqVg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1156986825567982159, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156963929915216475, language=EN, label=Fig. 12, caption=Comparison of the non-dominant solution sets of the four algorithms, figureFileSmall=IuPz8Xo0v2cg2+9GHN3cAA==, figureFileBig=b3sMdMFXX93Rdmu7vZOFBw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1156986825681228369, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156963929915216475, language=CN, label=图12, caption=4 种算法的非支配解集对比图, figureFileSmall=IuPz8Xo0v2cg2+9GHN3cAA==, figureFileBig=b3sMdMFXX93Rdmu7vZOFBw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1156986825752531539, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156963929915216475, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=Model symbol definition, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
), ArticleFig(id=1156986825811251796, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156963929915216475, language=CN, label=表1, caption=模型符号定义, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
), ArticleFig(id=1156986825865777749, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156963929915216475, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=Size of each parameter in the study, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 规模
工件数量/个 $\left\lbrack {{10},{20}}\right\rbrack$
工序数量/个 $\left\lbrack {5,{10}}\right\rbrack$
工作站的并行机数量/个 $\left\lbrack {2,4}\right\rbrack$
重人次数 $\left\lbrack {1,3}\right\rbrack$
工序加工时间/min $\left\lbrack {1,{30}}\right\rbrack$
机器开关功率/kW $\left\lbrack {1,3}\right\rbrack$
机器待机功率 $/\mathrm{{kW}}$ $\left\lbrack {1,5}\right\rbrack$
机器加工功率/kW $\left\lbrack {5,{15}}\right\rbrack$
恶化率 $\left\lbrack {{0.05},{0.1}}\right\rbrack$
恶化阈值下限 $\left\lbrack {8,{21}}\right\rbrack$
恶化阈值上限 $\left\lbrack {{55},{70}}\right\rbrack$
), ArticleFig(id=1156986825953858134, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156963929915216475, language=CN, label=表2, caption=算例各参数规模, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 规模
工件数量/个 $\left\lbrack {{10},{20}}\right\rbrack$
工序数量/个 $\left\lbrack {5,{10}}\right\rbrack$
工作站的并行机数量/个 $\left\lbrack {2,4}\right\rbrack$
重人次数 $\left\lbrack {1,3}\right\rbrack$
工序加工时间/min $\left\lbrack {1,{30}}\right\rbrack$
机器开关功率/kW $\left\lbrack {1,3}\right\rbrack$
机器待机功率 $/\mathrm{{kW}}$ $\left\lbrack {1,5}\right\rbrack$
机器加工功率/kW $\left\lbrack {5,{15}}\right\rbrack$
恶化率 $\left\lbrack {{0.05},{0.1}}\right\rbrack$
恶化阈值下限 $\left\lbrack {8,{21}}\right\rbrack$
恶化阈值上限 $\left\lbrack {{55},{70}}\right\rbrack$
), ArticleFig(id=1156986826016772695, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156963929915216475, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=Orthogonal test results, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试验编号 ${p}_{\mathrm{c}}$ ${p}_{\mathrm{m}}$ 综合指标
1 0.9 0.1 0.984 4
2 0.9 0.2 0.907 3
3 0.9 0.3 0.976 9
4 0.8 0.1 0.970 8
5 0.8 0.2 0.976 0
6 0.8 0.3 0.970 4
7 0.7 0.1 0.975 7
8 0.7 0.2 0.976 4
9 0.7 0.3 0.974 2
${K}_{1}$ 0.975 4 0.977 0
${K}_{2}$ 0.9724 0.953 2
${K}_{3}$ 0.956 2 0.973 8
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试验编号 ${p}_{\mathrm{c}}$ ${p}_{\mathrm{m}}$ 综合指标
1 0.9 0.1 0.984 4
2 0.9 0.2 0.907 3
3 0.9 0.3 0.976 9
4 0.8 0.1 0.970 8
5 0.8 0.2 0.976 0
6 0.8 0.3 0.970 4
7 0.7 0.1 0.975 7
8 0.7 0.2 0.976 4
9 0.7 0.3 0.974 2
${K}_{1}$ 0.975 4 0.977 0
${K}_{2}$ 0.9724 0.953 2
${K}_{3}$ 0.956 2 0.973 8
), ArticleFig(id=1156986826176156249, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156963929915216475, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=HV, GD and value of the algorithm, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标 算例 INSGA- II NSGA- II IGA HADE
HV p1 0.005 2 0.044 0 0.079 6 0.062 9
p2 0.000 3 0.280 8 0.080 7 0.574 0
p3 0.0168 0.202 9 0.0795 0.285 8
p4 0.096 3 0.951 2 0.354 8 0.671 6
p5 0.0017 0.018 3 0.1620 0.417 7
p6 0.047 1 0.280 1 0.1183 0.086 6
p7 0.029 7 0.1973 0.1427 0.165 6
p8 0.000 1 0.7133 0.3136 0.008 5
p9 0.000 2 0.000 4 0.001 9 0.857 8
p10 0.005 1 0.127 4 0.274 7 0.050 7
GD p1 0.598 8 0.622 3 0.619 2 0.847 1
p2 0.5159 0.813 5 0.745 2 1.019 3
p3 0.384 8 0.5637 0.505 2 1.032 7
p4 0.311 2 1.045 2 0.707 4 1.033 0
p5 0.416 9 0.345 9 0.801 3 0.797 2
p6 0.654 6 0.729 4 0.7543 0.866 1
p7 0.478 2 0.670 1 0.431 1 0.8520
p8 0.2524 1.149 9 0.314 5 0.539 9
p9 0.094 5 0.235 7 0.1523 1.227 3
p10 0.380 3 0.3798 0.855 2 0.7191
ObjIGD p1 0.730 9 0.7598 0.746 9 1.084 2
p2 0.5785 1.110 4 0.965 0 1.383 0
p3 0.4195 0.774 6 0.681 0 1.404 6
p4 0.3112 1.334 8 0.872 7 1.382 3
p5 0.470 9 0.392 2 1.036 1 1.035 1
p6 0.717 1 0.892 5 0.9820 1.092 4
p7 0.5572 0.898 2 0.5764 1.082 9
p8 0.284 8 1.599 0 0.337 0 0.6748
p9 0.400 7 1.529 6 0.887 5 0.7573
p10 0.439 0 0.485 0 1.034 0 0.918 2
), ArticleFig(id=1156986826260042330, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156963929915216475, language=CN, label=表4, caption=算法的 HV、GD 和 ObjIGD 值, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标 算例 INSGA- II NSGA- II IGA HADE
HV p1 0.005 2 0.044 0 0.079 6 0.062 9
p2 0.000 3 0.280 8 0.080 7 0.574 0
p3 0.0168 0.202 9 0.0795 0.285 8
p4 0.096 3 0.951 2 0.354 8 0.671 6
p5 0.0017 0.018 3 0.1620 0.417 7
p6 0.047 1 0.280 1 0.1183 0.086 6
p7 0.029 7 0.1973 0.1427 0.165 6
p8 0.000 1 0.7133 0.3136 0.008 5
p9 0.000 2 0.000 4 0.001 9 0.857 8
p10 0.005 1 0.127 4 0.274 7 0.050 7
GD p1 0.598 8 0.622 3 0.619 2 0.847 1
p2 0.5159 0.813 5 0.745 2 1.019 3
p3 0.384 8 0.5637 0.505 2 1.032 7
p4 0.311 2 1.045 2 0.707 4 1.033 0
p5 0.416 9 0.345 9 0.801 3 0.797 2
p6 0.654 6 0.729 4 0.7543 0.866 1
p7 0.478 2 0.670 1 0.431 1 0.8520
p8 0.2524 1.149 9 0.314 5 0.539 9
p9 0.094 5 0.235 7 0.1523 1.227 3
p10 0.380 3 0.3798 0.855 2 0.7191
ObjIGD p1 0.730 9 0.7598 0.746 9 1.084 2
p2 0.5785 1.110 4 0.965 0 1.383 0
p3 0.4195 0.774 6 0.681 0 1.404 6
p4 0.3112 1.334 8 0.872 7 1.382 3
p5 0.470 9 0.392 2 1.036 1 1.035 1
p6 0.717 1 0.892 5 0.9820 1.092 4
p7 0.5572 0.898 2 0.5764 1.082 9
p8 0.284 8 1.599 0 0.337 0 0.6748
p9 0.400 7 1.529 6 0.887 5 0.7573
p10 0.439 0 0.485 0 1.034 0 0.918 2
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考虑恶化效应的绿色可重入混合流水车间调度
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周颂凯 , 马继东 *
科学技术与工程 | 一般工业技术 2025,25(8): 3161-3171
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科学技术与工程 | 一般工业技术 2025, 25(8): 3161-3171
考虑恶化效应的绿色可重入混合流水车间调度
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周颂凯 , 马继东*
作者信息
  • 东北林业大学 机电工程学院 哈尔滨 150040
  • 周颂凯(1998—),男,汉族,山东枣庄人,硕士研究生。研究方向:生产调度与优化。E-mail:2681635248@qq.com。

通讯作者:

*马继东(1972—),男,汉族,黑龙江哈尔滨人,副教授,硕士研究生导师。研究方向:系统建模与仿真。E-mail:954601021@qq.com。
Green Reentrant Hybrid Flow Shop Scheduling Considering Deterioration Effects
Song-kai ZHOU , Ji-dong MA*
Affiliations
  • College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering Northeast Forestry University Harbin 150040 China
出版时间: 2025-03-18 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403349
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在实际生产过程中,随着设备运行时间的增长,设备性能会逐渐下降,导致加工时间延长。对此,针对考虑恶化效应的可重入混合流水车间调度问题,提出一种改进的非支配排序遗传算法(improved nondominated sorting genetic algorithm II, INSGA-II)。首先,构建以最大完工时间和加工能耗为优化目标的数学模型;其次,结合问题的特点,在算法采用基于工件序列的编码方式,并设计一种考虑恶化效应的节能调度解码方法;再次,为了提高种群的多样性设计多种变异算子,通过算法参数的自适应调整避免算法陷入局部最优,并设计变邻域搜索策略强化了算法的局部搜索能力;最后,通过与其他算法比较,在10个不同规模的实验算例中验证了所提算法具有较高的解集质量,同时也有较好的多样性和收敛性。

设备性能  /  恶化效应  /  改进的非支配排序遗传算法(INSGA-II)  /  可重入混合流水车间  /  节能调度

In practical production processes, equipment performance gradually degrades over time, leading to extended processing durations. To address this issue, an improved nondominated sorting genetic algorithm II (NSGA-II) was proposed for a re-entrant hybrid flow-shop scheduling problem that considers deterioration effects. Firstly, a mathematical model was formulated with the optimization objectives of minimizing makespan and reducing processing energy consumption. Secondly, a job-sequence-based encoding method was employed, and an energy-efficient scheduling decoding method that accounts for deterioration effects was designed. Additionally, to enhance population diversity, various mutation operators were introduced, and algorithm parameters were adaptively adjusted to prevent convergence to local optima. A variable neighborhood search strategy was also integrated to reinforce the local search capability of the algorithm. Finally, comparative experiments with other algorithms on ten different scale test instances demonstrated that the proposed algorithm delivers superior solution quality, along with better diversity and convergence properties.

equipment performance  /  deterioration effect  /  improved nondominated sorting genetic algorithm II (INSGA-II)  /  re-entrant hybrid flow-shop  /  energy-efficient scheduling
周颂凯, 马继东. 考虑恶化效应的绿色可重入混合流水车间调度. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (8) : 3161 -3171 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403349
Song-kai ZHOU, Ji-dong MA. Green Reentrant Hybrid Flow Shop Scheduling Considering Deterioration Effects[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (8) : 3161 -3171 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403349
随着中国加快推进碳达峰、碳中和的国家战略, 绿色制造已成为制造业转型升级的重要方向。绿色车间调度技术通过优化资源分配和加工顺序, 降低能耗、减少碳排放,实现节能减排和效率提升[1]。国家政策强调绿色发展,鼓励企业采用绿色车间调度技术,以降低碳排放、提高资源利用效率。这不仅符合政策导向, 也有助于企业提升竞争力, 实现可持续发展。然而, 现有研究中针对可重入混合流水车间调度问题(re-entrant hybrid flow shop problem, RHFSP) 仍存在一些缺陷,需要进一步研究和优化。
可重入车间调度问题的概念是${\operatorname{Kumar}}^{\left\lbrack 2\right\rbrack }$ 于 1993 年对于半导体制造的研究中首次提出的, 属于典型 NP 难问题[3],作为区别于传统作业车间和柔性流水车间的第三类车间, 其特殊之处在于同一工件在加工不同工序时,会重复进入某些机器或加工站进行加工。由于工件的加工线路具有重入性质, 所以需要考虑重入次数、加工顺序、设备利用率等因素,因此对于调度算法有更高的要求。可重入车间制造广泛适用于具有复杂生产流程和多道工序的制造场所, 如半导体制造、钢铁制造及印刷电路板制造[4] 等领域,在实际的生产环境中有着广泛的应用。因此对于可重入混合流水车间调度问题的研究具有重要的经济价值, 同时也有助于推进双碳的落实。针对 RHFSP 单目标, Hekmatfar 等[5] 以最小化系统加工时间为目标,设计一种随机密钥遗传算法, 求解两阶段可重入混合流水车间问题; 吴秀丽等[6] 以最大完工时间为目标,设计了一种带精英调整策略的学习型迭代贪婪算法进行求解; Zhang 等[7] 以最小化拖期为目标,设计了一种改进差分进化算法, 求解具有机器约束的可重入混合流水车间问题。针对 RHFSP 多目标,顾涛等[8] 以最大完工时间和批处理机能耗最小为目标, 设计了一种具有变异进化操作的多目标粒子群算法; 吴秀丽等[9] 以最小化最大完工时间和批处理机的总能耗最小为目标, 设计了一种改进 MOEA/D 算法进行求解; Cho 等[10] 以最小化总延迟时间和最大完成时间最小为优化目标,设计了一种带有 4 种不同局部搜索结构的并行遗传算法。综上可知,前人研究多以不同的优化目标和研究角度对 RHFSP 问题进行研究, 但是多假设工件在机器上的加工时间是固定的, 从而忽略了设备由于长时间运行, 导致设备老化, 继而延长加工时间的影响。
在实际的加工过程中, 工件在加工过程中受到机器磨损、机器故障、设备操作员疲劳等影响,可能会使加工的时间延长,即产生恶化效应。恶化效应的概念是 Gupta 等[11] 于 1988 年对于生产调度问题的研究中首次提出。针对恶化效应单目标, Jiang 等[12] 以总能耗为目标,设计一种动物迁移优化算法, 求解考虑运输时间和恶化效应的柔性作业车间调度问题; 轩华等[13] 以最大完工时间最小为目标, 设计一种改进遗传禁忌算法, 求解具有多时间约束和考虑恶化效应的柔性作业车间调度问题; 孙鑫伟[14] 等以最小化最大完工时间为目标,设计了一种启发式列生成算法, 求解考虑恶化效应的同构并行机调度问题。除此以外, 针对恶化效应多目标的主要研究有: Wu 等[15] 以最大完工时间和能耗以及重调度稳定性为目标, 设计一种改进多目标遗传算法, 求解考虑恶化效应的动态柔性作业车间调度问题; Ding 等[16] 以最大完工时间最小和总加权完成时间为目标,设计了一种弹射链算法,求解具有序列依赖性恶化效应的并行机调度问题; 王昕等[17] 以最小化最大拖期成本和维护成本为目标, 建立一种单机调度模型, 对周期性维护策略与工时恶化作用下的单机调度问题进行求解。根据目前已有的研究成果来看, 对于恶化效应的研究主要是集中在柔性流水车间、单机排序为主,对于更复杂的车间调度问题中研究较少; 而且目前对于恶化效应的研究中, 大多是以最大完工时间或总加权拖期为目标, 对于考虑绿色指标优化的研究相对较少。
综上所述, 前人分别从不同的角度对考虑恶化效应的车间调度问题进行了研究, 但是对于考虑恶化效应的可重入混合流水车间调度的研究鲜见报道。尽管已有研究在不同目标和角度上对 RHFSP 进行探索, 但普遍假设工件的加工时间是固定的, 忽略了机器老化等不良影响, 对此亟需进行更深入的研究, 研究针对具有恶化效应的可重入调度问题, 更加符合加工的实际情况, 继而有助于更好地解决实际生产中可能出现的问题,提高生产效率和环保指标。鉴于此, 以最小化 makespan (makespan 指完成所有任务所需的最长时间)和能耗为目标, 研究考虑恶化效应的可重入混合流水车间绿色调度问题(reentrant hybrid flow shop green scheduling problem considering deterioration effect, RHFGSP-DE), 设计一种改进的非支配排序遗传算法(improved nondominated sorting genetic algorithm II, INSGA-II), 在该算法中, 设计节能高效的解码方式;采用自适应参数调整, 在迭代前期提高解的多样性, 并提出一种变邻域搜索方式, 以寻得更好的近优解。
目前, 学者们将恶化效应分为线性恶化模型和阶梯恶化模型,在线性恶化模型[18] 中,系统的性能随着时间的推移而线性恶化; 阶梯恶化模型[19] 是使用分段函数来表示系统的性能在不同的时间段内呈现出不同的状态, 即存在明显的阶梯状恶化过程。一方面, 由于实际系统的恶化过程通常是复杂多变的, 所以不能将恶化关系处理为简单线性关系; 另一方面, 在机器没有故障的情况下, 加工时间不可能无限延长。因此选用 Kubiak 等[20] 提出的阶梯恶化模型。
设定机器加工的恶化上限和下限, 可以将机器加工时间划分为基本加工时间和恶化时间段,其中基本加工时间为常数, 恶化时间段则会在机器到达恶化下限时开始增加, 等到机器到达恶化上限时达到最大且恒定不变。因此, 将阶梯恶化模型应用到可重入混合流水车间调度中。图1 为阶梯恶化模型的示意图。
RHFGSP-DE 问题可以描述为: RHFGSP-DE 具有$n$ 个待加工工件和$p$ 个工作站,如图2 所示,工件需要经过$p$ 个工作站完成 1 道次加工,工件在每经历一个加工站后, 如果下一工作站暂时没有可用机器, 那么会在缓冲区进行等待, 否则将直接进入下一工作站进行加工, 其中至少有一个工作站有 2 台及以上的并行机。工件在完成第一道次的加工以后,还需要重新进入加工系统,完成$L - 1$ 个道次来完成最终加工,即工件总加工道次为$L$,在整个加工过程中, 工件需要依次经过所有工作站循环加工, 不同工件的加工道次相同, 但是发生重入时进入的加工机器或工作站不完全相同。
进一步考虑恶化效应, 由于机器的性能不同及磨损程度不同,所以每台机器的恶化系数不完全相同,当机器的累计使用时间超过恶化下限时,性能下降会导致工件加工时间增加, 如果累计使用时间到恶化上限,那么加工时间将不会增加。
在制造业中,调度任务是确保生产过程高效运转的关键环节。为了合理安排每个工件在每个阶段的加工机器以及加工顺序, 提高车间生产的整体效率和响应能力, 以实现最大完工时间最小化作为优化目标。然而,除考虑生产效率外,还应该重视能源消耗的问题, 并将绿色环保因素纳入考量, 因此选取最大完工时间最小化和能耗最小作为优化目标。
所用的模型符号定义如表1 所示。
假设条件为①任意机器和工件在加工刚开始时刻都是可用的; ② 任意机器在同一时刻, 最多只能加工一个工件的一道工序;③ 任意一个工件的任意工序, 只能由一台机器加工; ④任意一道工序在开始加工后是不能中断的;⑤同一个工件在加工过程中受到工序先后顺序的约束, 即工件只有完成上一道工序后, 才能加工下一道工序; ⑥调度过程中无动态事件的扰动。
$ f =\min \left({{f}_{1},{f}_{2}}\right)= \min \left({{T}_{\max },{E}_{\mathrm{C}}}\right)$
式 (1) 中:$f$ 为总目标值;${f}_{1}$ 为最大完工时间的值,${f}_{2}$ 为能耗的值。
${T}_{\max }= \max \left({T}_{ji}\right)$
${T}_{\max }\geq {T}_{ji},\;\forall i, j $
${T}_{ji}- {S}_{ji}= \left\{\begin{array}{l}{T}_{ji}- {S}_{ji},\;{\mathrm{{AT}}}_{i}\leq {T}_{i}^{\min }\\{T}_{ji}- {S}_{ji}+ {R}_{i}\left({{\mathrm{{AT}}}_{i}- {T}_{i}^{\min }}\right),\;{\mathrm{{AT}}}_{i}\geq {T}_{i}^{\min }\\{T}_{ji}- {S}_{ji}+ {R}_{i}\left({{T}_{i}^{\max }- {T}_{i}^{\min }}\right)\end{array}\right.$
${E}_{\mathrm{C}}= \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{i = 1}}^{m}\left({{E}_{\text{spa }}^{i}+ {E}_{\text{swi }}^{i}+ {E}_{\text{pro }}^{i}}\right)$
${E}_{\text{pro }}^{i}= {P}_{\text{pro }}^{i}\left\lbrack {\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{i = 1}}^{m}\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{j = 1}}^{{M}_{i}}\left({{T}_{ji}- {S}_{ji}}\right){Y}_{xyi}}\right\rbrack ,\;\forall i $
${E}_{\mathrm{{sw}}i}^{i}= {P}_{\mathrm{{sw}}i}^{i}$
${E}_{\text{spa }}^{i}= \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{i = 1}}^{m}{P}_{\text{spa }}^{i}{T}_{\mathrm{t},\text{ spa }}^{i}$
${p}_{k}\geq 1,\;\forall k $
${p}_{k}\geq 2,\;\exists k $
${S}_{ji}\geq {T}_{\left({j - 1}\right) i},\;\forall i, j $
$\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{i = 1}}^{m}{Y}_{xyi}\leq 1,\;\forall i $
${T}_{ji}- {S}_{ji}> 0,\;\forall i, j $
式(1)为最小化 makespan 与能耗的目标方程。式 (2) 表示 makespan 的计算方程。式 (3) 为最长完工时间的约束。式(4)为受恶化效应影响的工序的加工时长表达式。式(5)~式(8)依次为总能耗、工作能耗、开关能耗和空闲能耗的计算方程。式(9) 为所有工作站里存在一台及以上并行设备。式 (10) 为一个及以上工作站存在至少两台的并行设备。式(11)为工序的初始加工时间须晚于上一道工序的完毕时间。式(12)为同一时间,同一台机器只能加工最多一个工件。式(13)为每道工序的加工时间必须是正数。
早在 20 世纪, 混合流水车间调度问题就被学者们认为是一种 NP-hard[21] 问题, RHFGSP-DE 在这基础上考虑工件的重入特性以及机器能耗问题, 这就使得问题的求解更加复杂。在处理 NP-hard 时, 常用到智能优化算法[22-25]
传统的非支配排序遗传算法(nondominated sorting genetic algorithm II, NSGA-II) 是一种多目标优化算法, 旨在解决具有多个冲突目标的优化问题。NSGA-II 算法的基本流程包括初始化种群、评估适应度、非支配排序、选择操作、交叉操作和变异操作等步骤为了解决基础性 INSGA-Ⅱ算法存在的收敛速度慢、种群多样性不足,随着迭代次数的增加,可能陷入局部最优值等缺点。提出一种 INSGA-Ⅱ求解算法, 利用自适应变异策略和邻域搜索进行动态优化来提升种群的多样性, 加速收敛。这一章主要介绍了算法的框架和部分细节, INSGA-Ⅱ算法流程图如图3 所示, 主要在以下 3 个方面做出改进: ①提出一种交叉方式, 以便提高算法的寻优能力; ② 提出自适应的变异方式, 能够有效提高种群的多样性;③ 提出一种新的变邻域搜索策略, 以便增强算法的局部搜索能力。
算法的具体步骤如下。
步骤 1 初始化算法参数, 主要包括种群规模, 交叉概率,变异概率,以及最大迭代次数。
步骤 2 随机生成初始化种群。
步骤 3 进行非支配排序、计算拥挤度距离,挑选出种群的非支配解集。
步骤 4 根据最早完工时刻的解码规则对种群中的非支配解集进行解码。获取对应的目标值。
步骤 5 对种群进行改进交叉操作和自适应的变异操作。
步骤 6 将交叉和变异后的种群与原种群进行合并, 根据 Pareto 支配关系和拥挤度距离, 择优选择个体,将种群大小恢复到最初大小。
步骤 7 对于保留下的个体根据适应度的大小, 逆序遍历每个个体, 进行变邻域搜索, 以提升种群整体适应度。
步骤 8 若满足终止条件, 那么进入步骤 9 , 否则进入步骤 3 。
步骤 9 输出最终非支配解集及目标值。
为了更好地求解 RHFGSP-DE 问题, 设计了一种工序染色体的编码方式[26],工件染色体用来确定工件的加工顺序, 染色体的总长度等于加工工序的总长度, 在确定加工顺序时, 把整条染色体按照加工工序的个数, 分为多个片段, 再按照片段上的顺序确定每个工序中工件的加工顺序。以两工序、四工件、重入一次为例,编码过程如图4 所示。
首先根据工件顺序, 给每个工件进行编号, 比如工件 1 的编号为 0 , 工件 2 的编号为 1 , 依次类推。然后每 1 道工序给所有工件安排加工顺序, 先排第 1 道次,然后排第 2 道次。
以两工序, 六工件为例初始化染色体的过程如图5 所示。
首先根据工件数量,确定初始编码序号。以六工件为例, 给每个工件分配相应的编号, 如工件 1 的编号为 0 ; 工件 2 的编号为 1 。然后经过随机打乱, 生成两个新的顺序, 其中黄色表示每个工件第一道工序的加工顺序,依次为工件 5 、工件 4 、工件 3 、工件 6、工件 2 和工件 1, 其中, 蓝色表示每个工件第 2 道工序的加工顺序, 加工顺序同理, 然后在此基础上, 将两个工序的加工顺序进行合并, 组成一个完整的加工顺序,即一个染色体。
基于节能高效的基准, 设计考虑恶化效应的节能调度解码算法。考虑恶化效应的节能调度解码算法主要思想是在不降低加工效率的前提下, 选择能耗更少的机器,以节约能源。以两工序,六工件为例解码染色体的过程如图6 所示。
首先从工序 1 的工件 5 、工件 4 、工件 3 、工件 6 、 工件 2、工件 1 的顺序, 然后是工序 2, 依次遍历机器列表, 计算工件在考虑恶化效应下的实际加工时间,并对比在不同并行机上的结束时间, 选取时间最短的并行机;如果有多台并行机结束时间相同, 那么计算在不同并行机上所产生的能耗, 并选择能耗最小的机器作为最终加工机器, 以实现节能调度的目标。其中算法流程的伪代码如下。其中,$j$$1 \sim \operatorname{len}\left(c\right)$ 的遍历,$\operatorname{len}\left(c\right)$ 为染色体$c$ 的总长度,${E}_{\text{process }}\text{、}{E}_{\text{idle }}\text{、}{E}_{\text{swich }}$ 分别为机器$m$ 上加工能耗、闲置能耗和开关机能耗。
算法 1 解码算法
1 : 取得染色体$c$,获取机器加工对应能耗及时间
2 : for$j = 1,2,\cdots ,\operatorname{len}\left(c\right)$ do
3 : 确定基因$c\left(j\right)$ 对应的工件和工序
 
从工序的可选择机器集合 
$f$ 中,选择能够最快完成工
4 : 序加工的并行机器
5 : For$m$ in$f$ do
6 : 计算工序在机器$m$ 产生${E}_{\text{process }}\text{、}{E}_{\text{idle }}$
7 : 计算总能耗$E ={E}_{\text{idle }}+ {E}_{\text{process }}+ {E}_{\text{switch }}$
8 : end for
9 : 选择能耗最低的机器完成工序加工
10 : 记录工序的开始时间、加工时间、完工时间以及在机 器上产生的能耗和开关机能耗
 
end for 输出调度方案
步骤 1 取得染色体, 染色体代表一个完整的工序的调度方案。
步骤 2 遍历染色体中的每个基因, 基因对应工件和工序。
步骤 3 从工序的可选择机器集合$f$ 中选取可以最早完成工序加工的并行机。
步骤 4 对于选取的可以最早完成工序加工的并行机$m$,计算工序在$m$ 上的总能耗,包括加工、待机以及开关机能耗。
步骤 5 结束对可选择机器集合的遍历后, 从计算得到的总能耗中选择能耗最低的机器, 用于完成当前工序的加工, 记录当前选择机器。
步骤 6 记录工序的开始时间、加工时间、完工时间以及在机器上产生的能耗和开关机能耗及开关机能耗。
步骤 7 输出调度方案-输出最终的工序调度方案,包括每个工序的开始时间、加工时间、完工时间、工件选择的机器编号,以及在机器上产生的能耗和开关机能耗。
在非支配排序过程中, 首先需要计算每个个体被支配的次数以及该个体支配的解的集合, 个体根据其被支配的个数进行排序, 被支配个数越少的个体越优秀,特别的是当解集$M$ 中存在解$x$,不被解集$M$ 中其他解所支配,那么称解$x$ 为解集$M$ 中的非支配解; 拥挤度距离是一种用于衡量个体间密度分布的指标, 通过计算个体在目标空间中的距离, 可以评估其在种群中的分布情况。通过这两个参数, 可以将种群中的个体划分为不同的 Pareto 等级。为了确保获得的解在目标空间中更加均匀分布, 需要对每个等级中的个体依次计算每个目标函数的拥挤度, 将所有目标函数的拥挤度求和, 就可以得到每个等级中个体的拥挤度。通过快速非支配排序和拥挤度距离的计算, 从而更有效地进行群体优化和进化算法的设计, 有助于提高算法的收敛性和搜索效率。
以最大完工时间最小和能耗作为优化目标, 并且 NSGA - II 在迭代后保留的是适应度值较大的个体, 所以两个目标权重相同, 都设置为 0.5 , 选用目标函数的倒数作为适应度值[27]。同时,为了便于比较结果, 将适应度函数扩大 100 倍, 如式 (14) 所示。
$ F ={0.5}\times \left({\frac{100}{{T}_{\max }}+ \frac{100}{{E}_{\mathrm{C}}}}\right)$
式 (14) 中:$F$ 为适应度的值。
在 INSGA- II 中, 选择合适的交叉方式能够提升算法的寻优能力。为了保留部分优秀基因片段的同时, 对于染色体部分片段进行扰动, 提出一种部分匹配交叉 (partially-matched crossover, PMX), 对父代两条染色体的交叉过程如图7 所示。
白色区域表示没有选中的区域, 即非交换基因片段, 不参与基因的交换,直接复制到下一代,但是可能因为冲突映射而有所改变; 黄色区域和蓝色区域分别表示父代 2 和父代 1 中的选中区域。即交换的基因片段,父代 1 的选中区域交换给子代 2 ,父代 2 的选中区域交换给子代 1 。顺序是先将交换的基因片段进行交换后,然后将非交换区域进行填充后, 再进行冲突检验
步骤 1 从种群中随机选取两条染色体作为父代染色体。
步骤 2 随机产生两个随机索引数$a$$b$,满足$0 \leq a \leq b \leq$ 染色体长度,选取$a = 2, b = 4$,作为截取染色体的起止点。
步骤 3 将父代染色体中的截取片段复制到子代对应位置,并且根据交换基因片段构建映射关系,这里映射关系为$0 \sim 4$$1 \sim 5$$2 \sim 6$
步骤 4 进行冲突检测, 将交换后重复的非交换基因根据映射关系进行映射, 比如父代 1 的剩余基因复制到子代 1 中, 对子代 1 中冲突基因进行映射,最后得出最终的染色体。
为了提高算法的局部搜索能力, 设计如下 3 种常用的变异操作。
图8 为两点交叉变异, 原理是随机选择染色体上两个不同的基因片段, 并且交换这两个基因片段, 这种变异方式对于解的扰动较小。图9 为插序, 原理是选择两个不同的基因片段, 将索引位置靠后的基因片段插入到索引位置靠前基因片段的前面, 其余基因片段依次往后排列, 这种变异方式对于解的扰动也较小。图10 为选择两个不同的基因片段,对于这两个基因片段及间隔内的所有基因进行随机排列, 排列后的结果不能等于排列之前, 这种变异方式对于解的扰动较大。为了在迭代的前期尽可能增强解集的多样性, 在迭代前期,以插序变异和部分打乱变异为主,随着迭代次数的增加, 逐渐增加两点交换变异的概率, 这样能够在一定程度上避免算法在迭代前期陷入局部最优解, 并且在迭代后期, 能保存染色体的优秀基因片段。
在算法的迭代过程中, 当交叉和变异生成子代以后, 将父代和子代进行合并, 使用快速非支配排序和拥挤度计算等方法对种群中的个体进行多目标优化的 Pareto 最优解集的筛选和计算, 将筛选完的种群规模恢复到初始种群大小, 在此基础上对筛选出的 Pareto 最优解集中的个体进行局部搜索。
变邻域搜索的步骤如下。
步骤 1 采用逆序遍历的方法, 遍历 Pareto 最优解集中的每个个体, 先从最优解中较差的个体开始。
步骤 2 对于选中的个体, 采用两点交换的算子, 随机搜索邻域, 对于每一个工序加工片段, 保证每一个基因都能参与到交换中, 然后生成新的个体。
步骤 3 对于生成的新个体, 计算相应的目标值,判断和原个体的支配关系, 如果新个体支配原个体, 则更新种群中的相关信息, 并将新个体加入到种群中, 然后终止当前个体的局部搜索; 如果新个体不能支配原个体, 那么继续搜索, 直到达到设定的循环上限后跳出, 继续下一个个体的搜索。
所有算法均在 Intel Core i5-8300H CPU@ 2.30 GHz、8.00 RAM, Win10 64 位操作系统和 Python2020 编程环境下编译运行。
由于 RHFGSP-DE 问题暂时没有国际公认数据集,依据吴秀丽等[9] 、秦红斌等[28] 和钱伟康等[29] 的研究,并在此基础上额外考虑了机器开关机的能耗, 随机生成一组规模不同的算例, 以模拟实际制造场景。设计相应的算例参数如表2 所示。根据表2 的参数取值范围随机生成 10 组算例进行实验。
(1)为了确定 INSGA-Ⅱ 参数的算法参数, 设计了正交试验。
(2)变邻域搜索策略对比实验。对比使用策略前后的算例求解效果, 验证提出的策略有效性。
(3)INSGA-Ⅱ性能验证实验。将 INSGA-Ⅱ与其他算法求解效果对比, 证明 INSGA- II 在同一算例求解中的性能优越性。
对于 INSGA-Ⅱ算法, 除一些自适应的参数以外, 还需要设置的两个重要参数分别是交叉概率和变异概率,为了确定算法相应的参数。采用综合评价值的平均值作为评价指标, 综合评价值为 makes-pan 和能耗归一化后的加权值, 以能耗为例, 归一化处理为:当前能耗-解集中能耗最小值/(解集中能耗最大值-解集中能耗最小值),其中 makespan 和能耗的权重相同, 设置为 0.5 。
根据正交试验 (表3), INSGA- II 的种群数量为 100, 迭代次数 50, 每组试验重复 5 次, 选用按照表3 规则生成的其中一个算例进行试验, 选用的算例为工件 20,工序 8,机器数 22,重入 1 次,记为 mk01,得到的结果如表3 所示。
表3 中, 当交叉概率为 0.9 、变异概率为 0.2 时,综合指标达到最小值,这也意味着 INSGA-Ⅱ的性能最佳。
为了验证算法提出的邻域搜索算法的有效性, 分别在使用邻域搜索和不使用邻域搜索两种情况下进行算例测试。使用的算例仍为$\mathrm{{mk}}{01}$,从图11 可以看出, 使用变邻域搜索得出的解集明显优于未使用变邻域, 其中使用时间较少和能耗较少意味着工件的加工安排相对紧凑,机器的利用率也相对较高。
为了验证 INSGA- II 的性能, 选用 NSGA- II 算法、IGA 算法以及 HADE 算法作为对比。其中 IGA 是文献[30]提出的求解可重入多阶段混合流水车间调度问题的有效算法, HADE 是文献 [31] 提出的求解多目标柔性作业车间调度问题的有效算法, NSGA-Ⅱ算法是文献[32]提出的求解柔性作业车间绿色调度的有效算法。
使用超体积 (hypervolume, HV), 用来衡量算法的收敛性和多样性,对于不同算法的 Pareto 前沿解集进行评估, 选用坐标原点作为参考点, 并且对于解集进行归一化处理, 计算解集归一化后和参考点所围成的大小, 作为 HV 值。上述 4 种算法得出的 HV 值如表4 所示, 其中 INSGA- II 在大部分的算例中是明显优于其他算法的。
使用世代距离 (generational distance, GD), 来判断非支配解集和理想点之间的差距, 这里仍旧选择坐标原点作为参考点, 对于解集进行归一化处理, 然后计算 Pareto 前沿解集和参考点之间的平均距离, 距离越小, 则证明算法的收敛性越好。各算法 GD 对比结果如表4 所示, 其中 INSGA- II 在大部分的算例中相较于其他算法具有较好的收敛性。
使用目标 IGD (objective-wise IGD, ObjIGD) 是一种用于评价多目标优化算法性能的指标,上述 4 种算法得出的 ObjIGD 值如表4 所示, 其计算的距离是各目标上的差值, 每个指标的最优结果用粗体标注。与传统的 IGD(inverted generational distance) 不同[33], ObjIGD 考虑了每个目标之间的差值,在一定程度上避免 IGD 因为参考点设置不同而得出相反结论, 以更全面地评估多目标优化算法的性能。
ObjIGD 的值越小, 表示算法得到的解集合与参考点 从表4 可以看出,针对 HV、GD、ObjIGD 指标, 之间的差距越小, 算法性能越好。INSGA-Ⅱ算法显著占优势, 也就是 INSGA-Ⅱ在上述算例中表现出的, 获得 pareto 前沿上解集的收敛性、 多样性具有绝对优势。综上所述, INSGA-Ⅱ能够有效求解 RHFGSP-DE 问题,并具有一定竞争力。
图12 为所提的 INSGA-II算法与其他算法在 10 个算例中的非支配解集对比图。可以看出, INSGA-II在大部分算例中取得了较好的收敛性和分布性, 并且相对于其他算法也更接近参考点。
(1)研究具有阶梯恶化效应的可重入混合流水车间调度问题, 以最小化最大完工时间和总能耗为目标,针对 RHFGSP-DE 问题提出 INSGA-II 算法,该算法以遗传算法为基础, 改进了解码规则, 使其考虑到恶化效应对于时间及能耗的影响, 在不降低加工效率的情况下, 尽可能选择能耗更低的机器; 采用了新的交叉变异策略改善解的质量; 使用变邻域搜索增强算法的局部搜索能力。通过一系列的实验, 不仅确定了算法的最优参数, 还验证了变邻域搜索的可行性和整体算法性能的优良效果。
(2)在理论层面上补充了考虑恶化效应的可重入混合流水车间调度问题研究的空白, 并提供了有效的数学模型和求解算法, 为在实际生产中相应制造环境的企业提供了科学的参考, 帮助企业在一定程度上规避恶化效应对实际生产带来的负面影响。研究中假设生产任务没有加入或退出, 且没有紧急插单等动态因素, 未来可进一步扩展到考虑生产资源重新调配等生产调度问题研究。
  • 国家自然科学基金(31870537)
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403349
  • 接收时间:2024-05-07
  • 首发时间:2025-07-29
  • 出版时间:2025-03-18
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  • 收稿日期:2024-05-07
  • 修回日期:2024-12-25
基金
国家自然科学基金(31870537)
作者信息
    东北林业大学 机电工程学院 哈尔滨 150040

通讯作者:

*马继东(1972—),男,汉族,黑龙江哈尔滨人,副教授,硕士研究生导师。研究方向:系统建模与仿真。E-mail:954601021@qq.com。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
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genus
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占总种数比例
Percentage of
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种数
Number of
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Percentage of total
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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