Article(id=1156963928958915155, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1156963927277003616, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403513, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1715529600000, receivedDateStr=2024-05-13, revisedDate=1735747200000, revisedDateStr=2025-01-02, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1753771296014, onlineDateStr=2025-07-29, pubDate=1742227200000, pubDateStr=2025-03-18, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753771296014, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-29, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753771296014, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753771296014, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1156963927277003616, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='8', pageStart='3079', pageEnd='3528', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1753771295613, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753777038876, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1156988016305726153, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1156963927277003616, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1156988016305726154, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1156963927277003616, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=3152, endPage=3160, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1156963931001541220, articleId=1156963928958915155, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=Expanded Erosion Mechanism and Morphological Evolution Characteristics of Slope Rill Based on Two-phase Flow Modeling, columnId=1156963930879906403, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Agricultural Science, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to accurately calculate the hydrodynamic parameters of the slope rill at any point during the erosion process, and to avoid errors caused by using the average flow rate to calculate the hydrodynamic parameters in the traditional method. Based on the variability and complexity of the development process of slope rills, as well as the characteristics of water sand two-phase flow, the Euler-Euler two-phase flow model was used to calculate and analyze the morphological evolution characteristics and erosion mechanisms of slope rills at different stages of expansion erosion. The results show that the Euler-Euler two-phase flow model can accurately describe the morphology evolution process of slope rill in expanded erosion. Based on the morphology evolution characteristics of slope rill at different stages of expanded erosion, the expanded erosion of slope rill is divided into the period when the rill sidewall is slightly spreading and eroding (the early stage), the period when the expanded erosion become severe with a significant increase in the number and area of amalgamated arcs (the middle stage), and the period when the expanded erosion basically ceased and the rill morphology stabilized (the late stage). The influential factors of slope gradient, initial flow rate, and preset rill width on the Darcy-Weisbach resistance coefficient, Reynolds number, and real-time flow rate are significant. Optimal characterization parameters for different stages of slope rill development, such as erosion arc length and hydraulic radius, are proposed, aiding in determining the specific period of slope rill development and predicting the development trend of rill morphology through changes in these parameters. The research results provide a theoretical basis for soil erosion control measures and are of great significance for soil and water conservation.

, correspAuthors=Xiang-tian XU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Wen-bin HUANG, Xiang-tian XU, Yong-tao WANG, Yu-hang LIU, Yong LIU), CN=ArticleExt(id=1156963981375132554, articleId=1156963928958915155, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=CN, title=基于两相流模型分析边坡细沟扩张侵蚀机理与形态演化特征, columnId=1154014178193952835, journalTitle=科学技术与工程, columnName=农业科学, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为准确计算边坡细沟侵蚀过程中任意时刻的水动力学参数,规避传统方法中运用平均流速计算水动力学参数造成的误差,基于边坡细沟发育过程的多变性、复杂性以及水-沙两相流特点,采用Euler-Euler 两相流模型计算分析扩张侵蚀不同阶段边坡细沟的形态演化特征以及侵蚀机理。结果表明:Euler-Euler两相流模型能够准确描述扩张侵蚀中边坡细沟形态演化过程;基于扩张侵蚀不同阶段边坡细沟的形态演化特征,将边坡细沟扩张侵蚀分成沟壁轻微扩张侵蚀时期(初期)、扩张侵蚀严重且淘涮弧数量及面积显著增加时期(中期)、扩张侵蚀基本结束及细沟形态趋于稳定时期(末期);影响因素边坡坡度、水流初始流速、预设细沟宽度分别对 Darcy-Weisbach 阻力系数、雷诺数、水流实时流速影响显著;提出边坡细沟发育不同阶段侵蚀弧长、水力半径的最佳表征参数,利于通过表征参数的变化判定边坡细沟发育具体时期以及预测边坡细沟形态发育趋势。研究成果为土壤侵蚀的治理措施提出提供理论依据,对水土保持具有重要意义。

, correspAuthors=徐湘田, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*徐湘田(1983-),男,汉族,湖南湘潭人,博士,教授,博士研究生导师。研究方向:寒区岩土力学与工程、特殊岩土体侵蚀流失与生态防护。E-mail: jtxuxt@imu.edu.cn。
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黄文斌(1988—),男,汉族,内蒙古巴彦淖尔人,博士研究生。研究方向:土壤侵蚀与防治。E-mail: huangwenbin@imu.edu.cn。

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黄文斌(1988—),男,汉族,内蒙古巴彦淖尔人,博士研究生。研究方向:土壤侵蚀与防治。E-mail: huangwenbin@imu.edu.cn。

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黄文斌(1988—),男,汉族,内蒙古巴彦淖尔人,博士研究生。研究方向:土壤侵蚀与防治。E-mail: huangwenbin@imu.edu.cn。

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*表示$P \leq {0.05};n = 7, n$ 为用于拟合方程的试验处理组数

, figureFileSmall=ud2dbKgoXk/XaDkyMre5lQ==, figureFileBig=sFy+2/QkH6fyXDgPaN6PCw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1156986745528082585, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156963928958915155, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=Correlation between the morphological characteristics of rills and hydrodynamic parameters during ${\mathrm{T}}_{2}$ stage, figureFileSmall=pY4wzHAqv9oYrzfITkFlWA==, figureFileBig=W9cV/isLir2MIDh77GTQcA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1156986745595191449, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156963928958915155, language=CN, label=图4, caption= ${\mathrm{\;T}}_{2}$ 阶段细沟形态特征与水动力学参数相关关系

*表示$P \leq {0.05};n = 7, n$ 为用于拟合方程的试验处理组数

, figureFileSmall=pY4wzHAqv9oYrzfITkFlWA==, figureFileBig=W9cV/isLir2MIDh77GTQcA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1156986745649717403, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156963928958915155, language=EN, label=Fig. 5, caption=Correlation between the morphological characteristics of rills and hydrodynamic parameters during ${\mathrm{T}}_{3}$ stage, figureFileSmall=+XaFZ581+yiC0RQwQRAnpQ==, figureFileBig=PfGklmwleWCuRpOMicA9Cw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1156986745712631965, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156963928958915155, language=CN, label=图5, caption= ${\mathrm{T}}_{3}$ 阶段细沟形态特征与水动力学参数相关关系

表示*$P \leq {0.05};n = 7, n$ 为用于拟合方程的试验处理组数

, figureFileSmall=+XaFZ581+yiC0RQwQRAnpQ==, figureFileBig=PfGklmwleWCuRpOMicA9Cw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1156986745775546527, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156963928958915155, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=Calculation results of hydrodynamic parameters for rills with different slope gradients, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
${v}_{0}/\left({\mathrm{m}\cdot {\mathrm{s}}^{-1}}\right)$ $D/\mathrm{{cm}}$ $i/\left({}^{\circ }\right)$ $T$ $v/\left({\mathrm{m}\cdot {\mathrm{s}}^{-1}}\right)$ ${Re}$ ${Fr}$ $f$ $\omega /\left({\mathrm{N}\cdot {\mathrm{m}}^{-1}\cdot {\mathrm{s}}^{-1}}\right)$ $\tau /\mathrm{{Pa}}$ $\varphi /\left({\mathrm{m}\cdot {\mathrm{s}}^{-1}}\right)$
0.3 2 10 ${\mathrm{T}}_{1}$ 0.4 1000 0.566 2.21 0.180 0.450 0.072
${\mathrm{T}}_{2}$ 0.41 1 230 0.617 2.52 0.221 0.540 0.074
${\mathrm{T}}_{3}$ 0.23 1 265 0.300 14.67 0.228 0.990 0.041
15 ${\mathrm{T}}_{1}$ 0.41 1 025 0.580 3.15 0.277 0.675 0.111
${\mathrm{T}}_{2}$ 0.44 1 320 0.642 3.28 0.356 0.810 0.119
${\mathrm{T}}_{3}$ 0.28 1 680 0.341 16.20 0.454 1.620 0.076
20 ${\mathrm{T}}_{1}$ 0.43 1 290 0.591 4.58 0.464 1.080 0.155
${\mathrm{T}}_{2}$ 0.47 1 880 0.629 5.11 0.677 1.440 0.169
${\mathrm{T}}_{3}$ 0.32 1920 0.398 16.54 0.691 2.160 0.115
), ArticleFig(id=1156986745872015521, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156963928958915155, language=CN, label=表1, caption=不同边坡坡度细沟水流水动力学参数计算结果, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
${v}_{0}/\left({\mathrm{m}\cdot {\mathrm{s}}^{-1}}\right)$ $D/\mathrm{{cm}}$ $i/\left({}^{\circ }\right)$ $T$ $v/\left({\mathrm{m}\cdot {\mathrm{s}}^{-1}}\right)$ ${Re}$ ${Fr}$ $f$ $\omega /\left({\mathrm{N}\cdot {\mathrm{m}}^{-1}\cdot {\mathrm{s}}^{-1}}\right)$ $\tau /\mathrm{{Pa}}$ $\varphi /\left({\mathrm{m}\cdot {\mathrm{s}}^{-1}}\right)$
0.3 2 10 ${\mathrm{T}}_{1}$ 0.4 1000 0.566 2.21 0.180 0.450 0.072
${\mathrm{T}}_{2}$ 0.41 1 230 0.617 2.52 0.221 0.540 0.074
${\mathrm{T}}_{3}$ 0.23 1 265 0.300 14.67 0.228 0.990 0.041
15 ${\mathrm{T}}_{1}$ 0.41 1 025 0.580 3.15 0.277 0.675 0.111
${\mathrm{T}}_{2}$ 0.44 1 320 0.642 3.28 0.356 0.810 0.119
${\mathrm{T}}_{3}$ 0.28 1 680 0.341 16.20 0.454 1.620 0.076
20 ${\mathrm{T}}_{1}$ 0.43 1 290 0.591 4.58 0.464 1.080 0.155
${\mathrm{T}}_{2}$ 0.47 1 880 0.629 5.11 0.677 1.440 0.169
${\mathrm{T}}_{3}$ 0.32 1920 0.398 16.54 0.691 2.160 0.115
), ArticleFig(id=1156986745981067427, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156963928958915155, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=Calculation results of hydrodynamic parameters for rill water with different initial flow velocities, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
$i/\left({}^{\circ }\right)$ $D/\mathrm{{cm}}$ ${v}_{0}/$$\left({\mathrm{m}\cdot {\mathrm{s}}^{-1}}\right)$ $T$ $v/\left({\mathrm{m}\cdot {\mathrm{s}}^{-1}}\right)$ ${Re}$ ${Fr}$ $f$ $\omega /\left({\mathrm{N}\cdot {\mathrm{m}}^{-1}\cdot {\mathrm{s}}^{-1}}\right)$ $\tau /\mathrm{{Pa}}$ $\varphi /\left({\mathrm{m}\cdot {\mathrm{s}}^{-1}}\right)$
15 2 0.3 ${\mathrm{T}}_{1}$ 0.41 1 025 0.580 3.15 0.277 0.675 0.111
${\mathrm{T}}_{2}$ 0.44 1 320 0.642 3.28 0.356 0.810 0.119
${\mathrm{T}}_{3}$ 0.28 1 680 0.341 16.20 0.454 1.620 0.076
0.6 ${\mathrm{T}}_{1}$ 0.43 1 290 0.591 3.43 0.348 0.810 0.116
${\mathrm{T}}_{2}$ 0.48 1 920 0.679 3.68 0.518 1.080 0.130
${\mathrm{T}}_{3}$ 0.29 1 885 0.345 16.36 0.509 1.755 0.078
1.2 ${\mathrm{T}}_{1}$ 0.46 1 610 0.585 3.50 0.435 0.945 0.124
${\mathrm{T}}_{2}$ 0.55 3 025 0.700 3.85 0.817 1.485 0.149
${\mathrm{T}}_{3}$ 0.31 2 325 0.355 16.52 0.628 2.025 0.084
), ArticleFig(id=1156986746060759204, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156963928958915155, language=CN, label=表2, caption=不同水流初始速度细沟水流水动力学参数计算结果, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
$i/\left({}^{\circ }\right)$ $D/\mathrm{{cm}}$ ${v}_{0}/$$\left({\mathrm{m}\cdot {\mathrm{s}}^{-1}}\right)$ $T$ $v/\left({\mathrm{m}\cdot {\mathrm{s}}^{-1}}\right)$ ${Re}$ ${Fr}$ $f$ $\omega /\left({\mathrm{N}\cdot {\mathrm{m}}^{-1}\cdot {\mathrm{s}}^{-1}}\right)$ $\tau /\mathrm{{Pa}}$ $\varphi /\left({\mathrm{m}\cdot {\mathrm{s}}^{-1}}\right)$
15 2 0.3 ${\mathrm{T}}_{1}$ 0.41 1 025 0.580 3.15 0.277 0.675 0.111
${\mathrm{T}}_{2}$ 0.44 1 320 0.642 3.28 0.356 0.810 0.119
${\mathrm{T}}_{3}$ 0.28 1 680 0.341 16.20 0.454 1.620 0.076
0.6 ${\mathrm{T}}_{1}$ 0.43 1 290 0.591 3.43 0.348 0.810 0.116
${\mathrm{T}}_{2}$ 0.48 1 920 0.679 3.68 0.518 1.080 0.130
${\mathrm{T}}_{3}$ 0.29 1 885 0.345 16.36 0.509 1.755 0.078
1.2 ${\mathrm{T}}_{1}$ 0.46 1 610 0.585 3.50 0.435 0.945 0.124
${\mathrm{T}}_{2}$ 0.55 3 025 0.700 3.85 0.817 1.485 0.149
${\mathrm{T}}_{3}$ 0.31 2 325 0.355 16.52 0.628 2.025 0.084
), ArticleFig(id=1156986746136256677, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156963928958915155, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=Calculation results of hydrodynamic parameters for different preset rill widths, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
$i/\left({}^{\circ }\right)$ ${v}_{0}/$$\left({\mathrm{m}\cdot {\mathrm{s}}^{-1}}\right)$ $D/\mathrm{{cm}}$ $T$ $v$/ $\left({\mathrm{m}\cdot {\mathrm{s}}^{-1}}\right)$ ${Re}$ ${Fr}$ $f$ $\omega /\left({\mathrm{N}\cdot {\mathrm{m}}^{-1}\cdot {\mathrm{s}}^{-1}}\right)$ $\tau /\mathrm{{Pa}}$ $\varphi /\left({\mathrm{m}\cdot {\mathrm{s}}^{-1}}\right)$
15 0.3 2 ${\mathrm{T}}_{1}$ 0.41 1 025 0.580 3.15 0.277 0.675 0.111
${\mathrm{T}}_{2}$ 0.44 1 320 0.642 3.28 0.356 0.810 0.119
${\mathrm{T}}_{3}$ 0.28 1 680 0.341 16.20 0.454 1.620 0.076
4 ${\mathrm{T}}_{1}$ 0.30 1 050 0.401 8.23 0.284 0.945 0.081
${\mathrm{T}}_{2}$ 0.31 1 860 0.438 13.22 0.502 1.620 0.084
${\mathrm{T}}_{3}$ 0.23 1 840 0.253 32.01 0.497 2.160 0.062
8 ${\mathrm{T}}_{1}$ 0.21 1 470 0.267 33.60 0.397 1.890 0.057
${\mathrm{T}}_{2}$ 0.23 1 955 0.300 34.01 0.528 2.295 0.062
${\mathrm{T}}_{3}$ 0.20 2000 0.209 52.92 0.540 2.700 0.054
), ArticleFig(id=1156986746207559847, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156963928958915155, language=CN, label=表3, caption=不同预设细沟宽度细沟水流水动力学参数计算结果, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
$i/\left({}^{\circ }\right)$ ${v}_{0}/$$\left({\mathrm{m}\cdot {\mathrm{s}}^{-1}}\right)$ $D/\mathrm{{cm}}$ $T$ $v$/ $\left({\mathrm{m}\cdot {\mathrm{s}}^{-1}}\right)$ ${Re}$ ${Fr}$ $f$ $\omega /\left({\mathrm{N}\cdot {\mathrm{m}}^{-1}\cdot {\mathrm{s}}^{-1}}\right)$ $\tau /\mathrm{{Pa}}$ $\varphi /\left({\mathrm{m}\cdot {\mathrm{s}}^{-1}}\right)$
15 0.3 2 ${\mathrm{T}}_{1}$ 0.41 1 025 0.580 3.15 0.277 0.675 0.111
${\mathrm{T}}_{2}$ 0.44 1 320 0.642 3.28 0.356 0.810 0.119
${\mathrm{T}}_{3}$ 0.28 1 680 0.341 16.20 0.454 1.620 0.076
4 ${\mathrm{T}}_{1}$ 0.30 1 050 0.401 8.23 0.284 0.945 0.081
${\mathrm{T}}_{2}$ 0.31 1 860 0.438 13.22 0.502 1.620 0.084
${\mathrm{T}}_{3}$ 0.23 1 840 0.253 32.01 0.497 2.160 0.062
8 ${\mathrm{T}}_{1}$ 0.21 1 470 0.267 33.60 0.397 1.890 0.057
${\mathrm{T}}_{2}$ 0.23 1 955 0.300 34.01 0.528 2.295 0.062
${\mathrm{T}}_{3}$ 0.20 2000 0.209 52.92 0.540 2.700 0.054
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基于两相流模型分析边坡细沟扩张侵蚀机理与形态演化特征
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黄文斌 1, 2 , 徐湘田 1, 2, * , 王永涛 1 , 刘宇航 1 , 刘勇 3
科学技术与工程 | 农业科学 2025,25(8): 3152-3160
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科学技术与工程 | 农业科学 2025, 25(8): 3152-3160
基于两相流模型分析边坡细沟扩张侵蚀机理与形态演化特征
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黄文斌1, 2 , 徐湘田1, 2, * , 王永涛1, 刘宇航1, 刘勇3
作者信息
  • 1 内蒙古大学 交通学院 呼和浩特 010020
  • 2 内蒙古大学 生态与环境学院 呼和浩特 010020
  • 3 鄂尔多斯市水利事业发展中心 鄂尔多斯 017200
  • 黄文斌(1988—),男,汉族,内蒙古巴彦淖尔人,博士研究生。研究方向:土壤侵蚀与防治。E-mail: huangwenbin@imu.edu.cn。

通讯作者:

*徐湘田(1983-),男,汉族,湖南湘潭人,博士,教授,博士研究生导师。研究方向:寒区岩土力学与工程、特殊岩土体侵蚀流失与生态防护。E-mail: jtxuxt@imu.edu.cn。
Expanded Erosion Mechanism and Morphological Evolution Characteristics of Slope Rill Based on Two-phase Flow Modeling
Wen-bin HUANG1, 2 , Xiang-tian XU1, 2, * , Yong-tao WANG1, Yu-hang LIU1, Yong LIU3
Affiliations
  • 1 Institute of Transportation Inner Mongolia University Hohhot 010020 China
  • 2 School of Ecology and Environment Inner Mongolia University Hohhot 010020 China
  • 3 Water Conservancy Development Center Ordos 017200 China
出版时间: 2025-03-18 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403513
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为准确计算边坡细沟侵蚀过程中任意时刻的水动力学参数,规避传统方法中运用平均流速计算水动力学参数造成的误差,基于边坡细沟发育过程的多变性、复杂性以及水-沙两相流特点,采用Euler-Euler 两相流模型计算分析扩张侵蚀不同阶段边坡细沟的形态演化特征以及侵蚀机理。结果表明:Euler-Euler两相流模型能够准确描述扩张侵蚀中边坡细沟形态演化过程;基于扩张侵蚀不同阶段边坡细沟的形态演化特征,将边坡细沟扩张侵蚀分成沟壁轻微扩张侵蚀时期(初期)、扩张侵蚀严重且淘涮弧数量及面积显著增加时期(中期)、扩张侵蚀基本结束及细沟形态趋于稳定时期(末期);影响因素边坡坡度、水流初始流速、预设细沟宽度分别对 Darcy-Weisbach 阻力系数、雷诺数、水流实时流速影响显著;提出边坡细沟发育不同阶段侵蚀弧长、水力半径的最佳表征参数,利于通过表征参数的变化判定边坡细沟发育具体时期以及预测边坡细沟形态发育趋势。研究成果为土壤侵蚀的治理措施提出提供理论依据,对水土保持具有重要意义。

边坡细沟  /  两相流模型  /  扩张侵蚀  /  形态演化  /  侵蚀机理

In order to accurately calculate the hydrodynamic parameters of the slope rill at any point during the erosion process, and to avoid errors caused by using the average flow rate to calculate the hydrodynamic parameters in the traditional method. Based on the variability and complexity of the development process of slope rills, as well as the characteristics of water sand two-phase flow, the Euler-Euler two-phase flow model was used to calculate and analyze the morphological evolution characteristics and erosion mechanisms of slope rills at different stages of expansion erosion. The results show that the Euler-Euler two-phase flow model can accurately describe the morphology evolution process of slope rill in expanded erosion. Based on the morphology evolution characteristics of slope rill at different stages of expanded erosion, the expanded erosion of slope rill is divided into the period when the rill sidewall is slightly spreading and eroding (the early stage), the period when the expanded erosion become severe with a significant increase in the number and area of amalgamated arcs (the middle stage), and the period when the expanded erosion basically ceased and the rill morphology stabilized (the late stage). The influential factors of slope gradient, initial flow rate, and preset rill width on the Darcy-Weisbach resistance coefficient, Reynolds number, and real-time flow rate are significant. Optimal characterization parameters for different stages of slope rill development, such as erosion arc length and hydraulic radius, are proposed, aiding in determining the specific period of slope rill development and predicting the development trend of rill morphology through changes in these parameters. The research results provide a theoretical basis for soil erosion control measures and are of great significance for soil and water conservation.

slope rill  /  two-phase flow model  /  expanded erosion  /  morphological evolution  /  erosion mechanism
黄文斌, 徐湘田, 王永涛, 刘宇航, 刘勇. 基于两相流模型分析边坡细沟扩张侵蚀机理与形态演化特征. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (8) : 3152 -3160 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403513
Wen-bin HUANG, Xiang-tian XU, Yong-tao WANG, Yu-hang LIU, Yong LIU. Expanded Erosion Mechanism and Morphological Evolution Characteristics of Slope Rill Based on Two-phase Flow Modeling[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (8) : 3152 -3160 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403513
目前中外学者针对坡面水蚀模型的研究主要有:一是经验模型,基于试验数据建立土壤侵蚀数据库, 采用统计分析并对土壤侵蚀影响因子概化进行模型构建。经验模型包括 1965 年美国农业部手册颁布通用土壤流失方程 (universal soil loss equation, USLE), 以年均土壤侵蚀量为指标对土壤流失量进行预测, 但方程中存在影响因子重复计算现象,且忽略影响因子间的相互作用[1] ; 在对 USLE 各影响因子测算方法改进以及利用计算机模拟和广泛数据源的基础上, 美国农业部发布修正通用土壤方程[2-5] (revised universal soil loss equation, RUSLE)。二是物理过程模型, 是利用泥沙连续方程与数理方法对坡面水蚀过程分析计算进行模型构建。物理过程模型包括美国农业部发布的 WEPP(water erosion prediction project) 模型, 能够计算侵蚀区域以及沟道内泥沙沉积, 但在细沟侵蚀阶段未考虑细沟发育过程对细沟流量的影响${}^{\left\lbrack 6\text{-}7\right\rbrack }$。三是区域土壤侵蚀模型, 是在坡面和小流域水蚀预报模型研究成果的基础上,结合遥感与地理信息系统进行模型构建。此类模型包括荷兰土壤侵蚀模型 LISEM (limburg soil erosion model) 是将 ANSWERS (areal nonpoint source watershed environmental response simulation) 与 GIS (geographic information system) 结合, 研究侵蚀模型与地理信息系统的集成[8-10]。Geo WEPP 模型是美国科学家将 WEPP 模型与 GIS 相结合,基于 Arc View 软件进行研发, 能够有效利用数字化数据对侵蚀量进行计算[11-12]。郑粉莉[13] 、黄孝鹏[14] 、张志旭等[15] 采用野外监测试验、室内模型试验对坡面细沟侵蚀及产流产沙进行研究, 结果表明, 细沟侵蚀是边坡主要侵蚀方式之一, 是边坡地表土及养分流失的重要原因,在坡面细沟与细沟间侵蚀区,细沟侵蚀量占坡面总侵蚀量的 70% 以上。速欢等[16] 采用野外放水冲刷试验方法研究不同放水流量对径流、产沙及侵蚀形态的影响, 结果表明, 平台-边坡系统以细沟侵蚀为主。刘展[17] 、何涛等[18] 通过总结分析现有坡面水流侵蚀试验与测量方法的优缺点, 提出适用于坡面细沟侵蚀的试验体系。邵志豪等[19] 采用多元线性回归、地理探测等方法探讨影响土壤保持服务空间分布的主要因素, 结果表明, 降水和气温是影响土壤保持服务的主要气候因素。徐少杰等[20] 基于地理信息系统技术探讨土壤侵蚀变化与土地利用类型之间的关系, 结果表明, 安徽省土壤侵蚀强度发生改变的区域主要集中在皖西大别山区和皖南丘陵山地区。郑粉莉[21] 、余可心等[22] 研究多种外营力作用下坡面侵蚀特征,揭示了坡面复合侵蚀作用机理。武翠翠等[23] 采用改进的加权土壤侵蚀模型、地理信息系统、遥感技术评价黄河流域兰州段土壤侵蚀敏感性,结果表明,最敏感区域位于兰州市榆中县。Yuval 等[24] 、李娜等[25] 、陈鹏等[26] 研究各种地貌因素对坡面侵蚀的影响, 确定各地貌因素与坡面侵蚀的对应关系, 揭示影响坡面侵蚀的关键地貌因素。王硕等[27] 采用时空互代法研究喀斯特地区土壤氮组分分布特征, 结果表明, 植被恢复有助于提高土壤对养分的固持能力、减弱土壤侵蚀作用。蔡雄飞等[28] 通过人工模拟降雨试验方法, 研究不同降雨强度和坡度下喀斯特坡耕地土壤重金属元素随径流迁移机制, 结果表明,颗粒态重金属含量与径流产沙量变化趋势一致。
综上可知, 大多数坡面水蚀模型及坡面细沟侵蚀研究主要探讨各影响因子与土壤侵蚀量的关系以及各影响因子间的相互作用, 对侵蚀过程细沟形态发育研究甚少。鉴于此, 采用 Euler-Euler 两相流模型计算分析不同侵蚀阶段边坡细沟形态发育特征, 提出各侵蚀阶段细沟形态发育的表征参数, 利于对边坡细沟发育阶段的判定以及预测边坡细沟形态演化趋势。研究成果利于研究区域的水土保持, 为研究区域土壤侵蚀治理提供理论依据。
选取鄂尔多斯市杭锦旗毛不拉孔兑上游草原与库布齐沙漠交错区乌点补拉沟位置的砒砂岩开展试验,天然含水率为 10.0%,最大干密度为 ,粒径 含量为 ,根据《岩土工程勘察规范》(GB 50021-2001)中土体分类标准可知所选取的砒砂岩为细砂。
采用 Euler-Euler 两相流模型对边坡侵蚀细沟形态演化过程进行计算分析。Euler-Euler 两相流模型将水流与泥沙视为充满整个计算空间的连续介质, 基于两相微观局部的质量与动量守恒方程出发, 采用时间或空间平均推导得到两相连续方程与动量方程[29-30]
(1)水流控制方程。水流内局部瞬时连续方程与动量方程形式同单相流体控制方程形式类似, 可表示为
$\frac{\partial {\rho }_{\mathrm{f}}}{\partial t}+ \nabla \cdot \left({{\rho }_{\mathrm{f}}{\mathbf{u}}_{\mathrm{f}}}\right)= 0 $
$\frac{\partial }{\partial t}\left({{\rho }_{\mathrm{f}}{\mathbf{u}}_{\mathrm{f}}}\right)+ {\rho }_{\mathrm{f}}{\mathbf{u}}_{\mathrm{f}}\nabla \cdot {\mathbf{u}}_{\mathrm{f}}= -\nabla \mathbf{p}+ \nabla {\mathbf{T}}_{\mathrm{f}}+ {\rho }_{\mathrm{f}}\mathbf{g}$
式中:${\mathbf{u}}_{\mathrm{f}}$ 为水流速度向量,${\mathbf{u}}_{\mathrm{f}}= \left({{\mathbf{u}}_{\mathrm{f}i},{\mathbf{u}}_{\mathrm{f}j},{\mathbf{u}}_{\mathrm{f}k}}\right)= \left({\mathbf{u}}_{\mathrm{f}}\right.$,$\left.{{\mathbf{v}}_{\mathrm{f}},{\mathbf{w}}_{\mathrm{f}}}\right),\mathrm{m}/\mathrm{s}$,其中,${\mathbf{u}}_{\mathrm{{fi}}}$ 为水流速度向量在$i$ 方向上的速度;${\mathbf{u}}_{ij}$ 为水流速度向量在$j$ 方向上的速度;${\mathbf{u}}_{ik}$ 为水流速度向量在$k$ 方向上的速度;${\mathbf{u}}_{\mathrm{f}}\text{、}{\mathbf{v}}_{\mathrm{f}}\text{、}{\mathbf{w}}_{\mathrm{f}}$ 分别为水流速度向量在$i, j, k$ 方向上的速度;$\mathbf{g}$ 为重力加速度向量,$\mathbf{g}= \left({{\mathbf{g}}_{x},{\mathbf{g}}_{y},{\mathbf{g}}_{z}}\right),\mathrm{m}/{\mathrm{s}}^{2};{\rho }_{\mathrm{f}}$ 为水体密度,$\mathrm{{kg}}/{\mathrm{m}}^{3};\mathbf{p}$ 为压力,$\mathrm{{Pa}};\nabla$ 为哈密尔顿算子;$t$ 为时间,$\mathrm{s};{\mathbf{T}}_{\mathrm{f}}$ 为水流应力张量,${\mathbf{T}}_{\mathrm{f}}= \left\lbrack \begin{matrix}{\sigma }_{\mathrm{f}{xx}}{\tau }_{\mathrm{f}{xy}}{\tau }_{\mathrm{f}{xz}}\\{\tau }_{\mathrm{f}{yx}}{\sigma }_{\mathrm{f}{yy}}{\tau }_{\mathrm{f}{yz}}\\{\tau }_{\mathrm{f}{zx}}{\tau }_{\mathrm{f}{zy}}{\sigma }_{\mathrm{f}{zz}}\end{matrix}\right\rbrack$,其中,${\sigma }_{\mathrm{f}{xx}}$${\sigma }_{\mathrm{f}{yy}}$${\sigma }_{\mathrm{f}{zz}}$ 分别为$x$$y$$z$ 方向上水流正应力的分量;${\tau }_{\varepsilon xy}\text{、}{\tau }_{\varepsilon xz}$ 分别为${yz}$ 平面上$y\text{、}z$ 方向上的水流切应力分量;${\tau }_{\mathrm{f}{yx}}\text{、}{\tau }_{\mathrm{f}{yz}}$ 分别为${xz}$ 平面上$x\text{、}z$ 方向上的水流切应力分量;${\tau }_{\mathrm{f}{zx}}\text{、}{\tau }_{\mathrm{f}{zy}}$ 分别为${xy}$ 平面上$x\text{、}y$ 方向上的水流切应力分量。
基于文献 [29-30] 对方程的推导过程, 根据牛顿-莱布尼兹公式与高斯定律建立水流各变量的体平均与体平均导数值之间的关系, 忽略水沙两相的相变作用, 则水流控制方程可表示为
$\frac{\partial }{\partial t}\left({{\varepsilon }_{\mathrm{f}}{\rho }_{\mathrm{f}}}\right)+ \nabla \cdot \left({{\varepsilon }_{\mathrm{f}}{\rho }_{\mathrm{f}}{\mathbf{u}}_{\mathrm{f}}}\right)= 0 $
$\frac{\partial }{\partial t}\left({{\varepsilon }_{\mathrm{f}}{\rho }_{\mathrm{f}}{\mathbf{u}}_{\mathrm{f}}}\right)+ {\rho }_{\mathrm{f}}{u}_{\mathrm{f}}\nabla \cdot \left({{\varepsilon }_{\mathrm{f}}{\mathbf{u}}_{\mathrm{f}}}\right)= -{\varepsilon }_{\mathrm{f}}\nabla \mathbf{p}+ \\\nabla \cdot \left({{\varepsilon }_{\mathrm{f}}{T}_{\mathrm{f}}}\right)+ {\varepsilon }_{\mathrm{f}}{\rho }_{\mathrm{f}}\mathbf{g}+ {\mathbf{F}}_{\mathrm{{fs}}}$
式中:${\varepsilon }_{\mathrm{f}}$ 为水流体积分数;${\mathbf{F}}_{\mathrm{{fs}}}$ 为相界面上泥沙对水流的作用力。
(2)泥沙控制方程。参考文献[29-30],并类比水流控制方程的推导过程, 泥沙控制方程可表示为
$\frac{\partial }{\partial t}\left({{\varepsilon }_{{k}_{\mathrm{p}}}{\rho }_{{k}_{\mathrm{p}}}}\right)+ \nabla \cdot \left({{\varepsilon }_{{k}_{\mathrm{p}}}{\rho }_{{k}_{\mathrm{p}}}{u}_{{k}_{\mathrm{p}}}}\right)= 0 $
$\frac{\partial }{\partial t}\left({{\varepsilon }_{ks}{\rho }_{ks}{\mathbf{u}}_{ks}}\right)+ {\rho }_{ks}{\mathbf{u}}_{ks}\nabla \cdot \left({{\varepsilon }_{ks}{\mathbf{u}}_{ks}}\right)= -{\varepsilon }_{ks}\nabla \mathbf{p}+ \\\nabla \cdot \left({{\varepsilon }_{k\mathrm{s}}{T}_{k\mathrm{s}}}\right)+ {\varepsilon }_{k\mathrm{s}}{\rho }_{k\mathrm{s}}\mathbf{g}+ {\mathbf{F}}_{k\mathrm{s}\mathrm{f}}+ {\mathbf{F}}_{k\mathrm{s}, m\mathrm{\;s}}$
式中:${\rho }_{ks}$ 为第$k$ 相颗粒流密度,$\mathrm{{kg}}/{\mathrm{m}}^{3};{\varepsilon }_{ks}$ 为第$k$ 相固体颗粒体积分率,且有${\varepsilon }_{\mathrm{f}}+ \mathop{\sum }\limits_{k}{\varepsilon }_{k\mathrm{\;s}}= 1;{\mathbf{u}}_{k\mathrm{\;s}}$ 为第$k$ 相颗粒流速度向量,${u}_{k\mathrm{s}}= \left({{\mathbf{u}}_{k\mathrm{s}},{\mathbf{v}}_{k\mathrm{s}},{\mathbf{w}}_{k\mathrm{s}}}\right),\mathrm{m}/\mathrm{s}$,其中${\mathbf{u}}_{k\mathrm{\;s}}$${\mathbf{v}}_{k\mathrm{\;s}}$${\mathbf{w}}_{k\mathrm{\;s}}$ 分别为第$k$ 相颗粒流速度向量在$i$$j$$k$ 方向上的速度;${\mathbf{T}}_{k\mathrm{\;s}}$ 为第$k$ 相颗粒流应力张量,${\mathbf{T}}_{k\mathrm{\;s}}=$ $\left\lbrack \begin{array}{l}{\sigma }_{\mathrm{s}{xx}}{\tau }_{\mathrm{s}{xy}}{\tau }_{\mathrm{s}{xz}}\\{\tau }_{\mathrm{s}{yx}}{\sigma }_{\mathrm{s}{yy}}{\tau }_{\mathrm{s}{yz}}\\{\tau }_{\mathrm{s}{zx}}{\tau }_{\mathrm{s}{zy}}{\sigma }_{\mathrm{s}{zz}}\end{array}\right\rbrack$,其中,${\sigma }_{\mathrm{s}{xx}}\text{、}{\sigma }_{\mathrm{s}{yy}}\text{、}{\sigma }_{\mathrm{s}{zz}}$ 分别为$x\text{、}y\text{、}z$ 方向上第$k$ 相颗粒流正应力的分量;${\tau }_{sxy}\text{、}{\tau }_{sxz}$ 分别为${yz}$ 平面上$y\text{、}z$ 方向上的第$k$ 相颗粒流切应力分量;${\tau }_{syx}\text{、}{\tau }_{syz}$ 分别为${xz}$ 平面上$x\text{、}z$ 方向上的第$k$ 相颗粒流切应力分量;${\tau }_{szx}\text{、}{\tau }_{szy}$ 分别为${xy}$ 平面上$x\text{、}y$ 方向上的第$k$ 相颗粒流切应力分量;${\mathbf{F}}_{k\mathrm{{sf}}}$ 为相界面上水流对第$k$ 相泥沙颗粒流的作用力;${\mathbf{F}}_{k\mathrm{\;s}, m\mathrm{\;s}}$ 为相界面上第$m$ 相泥沙颗粒流对第$k$ 相泥沙颗粒流的作用力,$k \neq m$
(1)理论模型的应用。基于上述理论模型利用有限元软件对文献[31]中的试验进行数值计算, 获得边坡细沟侵蚀形态演变过程, 试验土壤为黄土高原丘陵沟壑区安塞县的耕层黄绵土,容重为${1.10}\mathrm{\;g}/{\mathrm{{cm}}}^{3}$, 试验土槽规格为${200}\mathrm{\;{cm}}$ (长)$\times {30}\mathrm{\;{cm}}$ (宽),试验坡度为${20}^{\circ }$,预设初始细沟宽度为$4\mathrm{\;{cm}}$。对比分析数值计算与试验中边坡细沟侵蚀过程的形态分布特征 (图1), I区(过渡区)为水流入口处,细沟侧壁受水流冲刷严重,数值计算与试验结果均呈现近似“$\mathrm{V}$ ”形侵蚀形态,水流进入II区(扩张侵蚀区)后受细沟侧壁约束,水流方向与速度不断改变,对细沟侧壁产生扩张侵蚀现象,细沟呈现水流宽度不同程度扩宽的侵蚀形态, 数值计算建立的是二维模型, 未考虑文献试验中出现的细沟沟底下切侵蚀、沟脚淘涮、崩塌等因素,导致数值计算结果中细沟发育宽度与文献[31]的试验结果不完全吻合, 但细沟发育线型一致即淘涮弧形状与数量一致, III区 (出口区) 不预设细沟、水流不受左右边界约束, 数值计算与文献[31]的试验结果均呈现漫流现象。因此上述理论模型能够准确描述边坡细沟侵蚀过程中细沟形态演变过程(不考虑沟壁淘涮与崩塌因素)。
(2)边坡细沟侵蚀形态时空演化特征。边坡细沟侵蚀过程中细沟形态复杂多变, 为准确分析边坡细沟在不同侵蚀阶段的侵蚀机理及表征指标,根据边坡细沟侵蚀过程形态演化的时空分布特征将边坡细沟侵蚀分为初期$\left({\mathrm{T}}_{1}\right)$、中期$\left({\mathrm{T}}_{2}\right)$、末期$\left({\mathrm{T}}_{3}\right)$ 3 个阶段如图2 所示。边坡细沟侵蚀初期水流对沟壁侵蚀微弱, 水流流量不断积聚增大, 预设细沟无法满足及时排出需求、流动受阻,产生对细沟壁轻微扩张侵蚀现象; 水流不断汇集涌入细沟, 水流量进一步积聚增加, 水流流动受阻严重, 细沟壁对水流约束作用显著,造成水流流速加快、方向不断改变, 对细沟壁产生严重的扩张侵蚀现象, 在边坡细沟 II区 (扩张侵蚀区) 出现明显的淘涮弧且范围不断扩大,表明边坡细沟侵蚀发育进入第二阶段侵蚀中期; 进入边坡细沟侵蚀发育第三阶段侵蚀末期后, 细沟侵蚀形态稳定, 淘涮弧范围不再扩张, 细沟现状能满足水流及时排出, 对细沟壁的扩张侵蚀结束。
边坡细沟侵蚀过程实质是水流做功、能量不断消耗的过程, 采用流速、雷诺数、弗劳德数、Darcy-Weisbach 阻力系数等水力学参数以及水流剪切力、 水流功率、单位水流功率等动力学参数对边坡侵蚀细沟不同发育阶段与形态演变过程进行描述。
采用边坡细沟侵蚀过程中淘涮弧位置的实时水流速度计算其在 3 个阶段的水动力学参数, 准确分析边坡细沟侵蚀不同阶段水动力学参数变化规律, 并提出能够有效描述边坡细沟侵蚀不同阶段形态演化的表征指标。
边坡坡度为${10}^{\circ }\text{、}{15}^{\circ }\text{、}{20}^{\circ }$,水流初始流速为${0.3}\mathrm{\;m}/\mathrm{s}$,边坡预设细沟宽度为$2\mathrm{\;{cm}}$,水动力学参数水流初始速度${v}_{0}$、预设边坡细沟宽度$D$、坡度$i$、侵蚀阶段$T$、实时流速$v$、雷诺数${Re}$、弗劳德数${Fr}$、Darcy-Weisbach 阻力系数$f$、水流功率$\omega$、水流剪切力$\tau$、单位水流功率$\varphi$ 计算结果如表1 所示。
基于表1 中数据分析可知, 随边坡坡度增加, 细沟同一发育阶段水动力学参数中水流实时流速、雷诺数、弗劳德数、Darcy-Weisbach 阻力系数以及水流功率、水流剪切力、单位水流功率均逐渐增大, 参数变化规律与文献 [32-33] 研究结果一致。在边坡坡度由${10}^{\circ }$ 增加至${20}^{\circ }$ 时,细沟同一发育阶段水力学参数水流实时流速、雷诺数、弗劳德数、Darcy-Weisbach 阻力系数增长最大幅度分别为 34.78%、56.67%、 28.51%、93.15%,表明边坡坡度因素对水力学参数均有一定影响, 雷诺数与 Darcy-Weisbach 阻力系数对边坡坡度变化响应更为明显。
边坡坡度增加, 水流势能增大, 之后势能转为动能,使得实时流速呈现增长趋势。Reichert 等[34] 研究指出,当雷诺数为 1000~2000时,细沟水流为过渡流, 当雷诺数大于 2000 时, 细沟水流为紊流; 当弗劳德数小于 1 时, 细沟水流为缓流, 当弗劳德数大于 1 时,细沟水流为急流。因此在坡度${10}^{\circ }\sim {20}^{\circ }$、 水流初始速度${0.3}\mathrm{\;m}/\mathrm{s}$、预设边坡细沟宽度$2\mathrm{\;{cm}}$ 时, 细沟水流属于过渡流与缓流。
随边坡坡度增加, 水动力学参数水流功率、水流剪切力、单位水流功率在同一侵蚀阶段最大增涨幅度分别为${10}^{\circ }$ 边坡的 3.13 倍、2.66 倍、2.69 倍,结合水流功率$\omega$ 的计算公式[35],其中,$\tau$ 为水流剪切力,$V$ 为水流流速)、Foster 等[36] 提出的水流剪切力$\tau$ 计算公式$(\tau ={\gamma RJ}$,其中,$\gamma$ 为水的容重,$R$ 为水力半径,$J$ 为水力坡度) 以及${\operatorname{Yang}}^{\left\lbrack {37}\right\rbrack }$ 提出的单位水流功率$\varphi$ 计算公式$\left({\varphi ={VJ}}\right)$ 的分析可知, 水力半径受边坡坡度影响较大, 使得水流功率随边坡坡度增加增涨幅度更为显著, 表明边坡细沟形态特征对水流功率的变化起主要作用。
同一边坡坡度,细沟由${\mathrm{T}}_{1}$ 阶段发育到${\mathrm{T}}_{3}$ 阶段, 水动力学参数中实时流速呈现先增大后减小现象, 而 Darcy-Weisbach 阻力系数呈现增涨现象。基于对边坡细沟发育阶段划分依据进行分析, 边坡细沟发育至${\mathrm{T}}_{2}$ 阶段时以沟壁扩张侵蚀为主,水流受细沟壁约束严重,流速增加、水流方向不断改变,而水流方向的不断变化增加其对流态的干扰, 导致 Darcy-Weisbach 阻力系数增加。张科利[38] 、罗榕婷等[39] 研究发现, 边坡细沟发育过程中细沟水流阻力主要来自土壤组成、细沟形态、水流自身阻力, 表明此发育阶段水流自身阻力对 Darcy-Weisbach 阻力系数起主要影响;细沟发育至${\mathrm{T}}_{3}$ 阶段时,细沟壁扩张侵蚀基本结束、流速降低以及水流自身阻力对 Darcy-Weisbach 阻力系数的影响减弱, 但 Darcy-Weisbach 阻力系数仍继续增加, 表明此发育阶段细沟形态对 Darcy-Weisbach 阻力系数起主要影响。
水流初始流速为${0.3}\text{、}{0.6}\text{、}{1.2}\mathrm{\;m}/\mathrm{s}$,边坡坡度为${15}^{\circ }$,边坡预设细沟宽度为$2\mathrm{\;{cm}}$,水动力学参数计算结果如表2 所示。
根据表2 中水动力学参数数值变化可知, 随水流初始流速增加, 细沟同一发育阶段水动力学参数均逐渐增大,变化规律与肖培青等[32-33] 研究结果一致。在水流初始流速由${0.3}\mathrm{\;m}/\mathrm{s}$ 增加至${1.2}\mathrm{\;m}/\mathrm{s}$ 时, 细沟同一发育阶段水力学参数水流实时流速、 雷诺数、弗劳德数、Darcy-Weisbach 阻力系数增长最大幅 度 分 别 为 19.57%、87.89%、11.54%、 12.09%,表明边坡坡度对水力学参数均有一定影响, 雷诺数对水流初始流速响应最明显。
当水流初始流速为${0.3}\text{、}{0.6}\mathrm{\;m}/\mathrm{s}$ 时,雷诺数均在 1000 ~ 2000,则细沟水流为过渡流;当水流初始流速为${1.2}\mathrm{\;m}/\mathrm{s}$ 时,边坡细沟发育${\mathrm{T}}_{1}$ 阶段雷诺数在 1 000 ~ 2 000, 细沟水流属于过渡流, 边坡细沟发育${\mathrm{T}}_{2}$${\mathrm{\;T}}_{3}$ 阶段雷诺数大于 2000,细沟水流属于紊流。水流初始流速为${0.3}\text{、}{0.6}\text{、}{1.2}\mathrm{\;m}/\mathrm{s}$ 时弗劳德数均小于 1 , 细沟水流属于缓流。
当水流初始流速增加时, 在边坡细沟发育同一阶段水动力学参数水流功率、水流剪切力、单位水流功率最大增涨幅度分别为 87.89%、57.14%、 19.57%,结合水动力学参数计算公式分析可知,水流初始流速对边坡细沟水力半径影响显著, 使得随水流初始流速增加水流功率增加更明显。
当水流初始流速相同时,细沟由${\mathrm{T}}_{1}$ 阶段发育到${\mathrm{T}}_{3}$ 阶段,实时流速先增大后减小、Darcy-Weisbach 阻力系数呈现递增现象。边坡细沟发育${\mathrm{T}}_{2}$ 阶段时沟壁扩张侵蚀严重,水流因受细沟壁约束而流速不断增大;因扩张侵蚀造成水流方向不断改变、增强对流态的干扰,导致 Darcy-Weisbach 阻力系数增加;结合细沟水流阻力影响因素分析可知,边坡细沟发育至${\mathrm{T}}_{2}$ 阶段时 Darcy-Weisbach 阻力系数受水流自身阻力影响显著。细沟壁扩张侵蚀在${\mathrm{T}}_{3}$ 阶段基本结束,流速降低表明水流自身阻力对 Darcy-Weisbach 阻力系数的影响减弱,结合细沟水流阻力影响因素分析可知发育进入${\mathrm{T}}_{3}$ 阶段细沟形态对 Darcy-Weisbach 阻力系数起主要作用,导致 Darcy-Weisbach 阻力系数仍继续增加。
边坡预设细沟宽度为$2\text{、}4\text{、}8\mathrm{\;{cm}}$,水流初始流速为${0.3}\mathrm{\;m}/\mathrm{s}$,边坡坡度为${15}^{\circ }$,水动力学参数计算结果如表3 所示。
随预设边坡细沟宽度增加, 细沟壁对水流的约束逐渐减弱, 在细沟同一发育阶段水流实时流速逐渐减小; 在同一预设边坡细沟宽度细沟由${\mathrm{T}}_{1}$ 阶段发育到${\mathrm{T}}_{3}$ 阶段时,水流实时流速先增大后减小,原因在于${\mathrm{T}}_{2}$ 阶段以沟壁扩张侵蚀为主,水流受沟壁约束严重,造成水流实时流速增大,到${\mathrm{T}}_{3}$ 阶段沟壁扩张侵蚀基本结束, 沟壁对水流约束减弱, 水流实时流速减小。Darcy-Weisbach 阻力系数在细沟同一发育阶段随预设细沟宽度增加以及同一预设细沟宽度细沟由${\mathrm{T}}_{1}$ 发育到${\mathrm{T}}_{3}$ 阶段其呈现递增现象,结合水流实时流变化规律与 Darcy-Weisbach 阻力系数影响因素分析可知, 在细沟同一发育阶段预设细沟宽度增加时, 细沟形态对 Darcy-Weisbach 阻力系数起主要影响,同一预设细沟宽度细沟发育${\mathrm{T}}_{2}$ 阶段以水流自身阻力影响为主、发育${\mathrm{T}}_{3}$ 阶段以细沟形态影响为主。预设边坡细沟宽度由$2\mathrm{\;{cm}}$ 增至$8\mathrm{\;{cm}}$ 时,雷诺数均在 1000~2000 则细沟水流为过渡流,弗劳德数均小于 1 则细沟水流为缓流。
随预设边坡细沟宽度增加, 水动力学参数水流功率、水流剪切力、单位水流功率在同一侵蚀阶段最大变化幅度分别为预设细沟宽度$2\mathrm{\;{cm}}$ 边坡的 0.48 倍、1.83 倍、0.48 倍,结合其计算公式分析可知, 水流实时流速对水动力学参数变化起主要作用。
不同边坡坡度、水流初始速度以及预设细沟宽度条件下,边坡细沟侵蚀初期$\left({\mathrm{T}}_{1}\right.$ 阶段) 边坡细沟形态特征侵蚀弧长$L$、水力半径$R$ 与水动力学参数实时流速$v$、雷诺数${Re}$、弗劳德数${Fr}$、Darcy-Weisbach 阻力系数$f$、水流功率$\omega$、水流剪切力$\tau$、单位水流功率$\varphi$ 的相关系数计算结果如图3 所示,检验值$P \leq$ 0.05 表明两者为显著关系,采用 * 进行标记。$L$${Re}$ 呈显著正相关关系,与其他水动力学参数无显著相关关系;$R$$v\text{、}{Fr}$ 呈显著负相关关系,与 Darcy-Weisbach$f\text{、}\tau$ 呈显著正相关关系,与${Re}\text{、}\omega \text{、}\varphi$ 无显著相关关系,相关系数大小顺序为$f >\tau >{Fr}> v$
边坡细沟侵蚀初期以水流流量不断增加为主, 之后逐渐产生轻度沟壁侵蚀现象, 侵蚀弧长变化较小、水力半径波动明显,结合边坡细沟形态特征与水动力学参数间的相关显著水平与相关系数大小分析表明,在边坡细沟侵蚀${\mathrm{T}}_{1}$ 阶段侵蚀弧长的波动情况可采用${Re}$ 进行表征,水力半径变化的最佳表征参数是 Darcy-Weisbach$f$。对各水动力学参数间的相关分析发现,$f$ 与其他参数的相关性最好,其次是$\operatorname{Fr}\text{、}v\text{、}\tau \text{、}\operatorname{Re}\text{、}\omega \text{、}\varphi$
不同边坡坡度、水流初始速度以及预设细沟宽度条件下,边坡细沟侵蚀中期 (${\mathrm{T}}_{2}$ 阶段) 边坡细沟形态特征侵蚀弧长$L$、水力半径$R$ 与水动力学参数的相关系数计算结果如图4 所示。$L$${Re}\text{、}\omega \text{、}\tau$ 呈显著正相关关系, 与其他水动力学参数无显著相关关系,相关系数大小顺序为$\omega >{Re}> \tau ;R$${Fr}$ 呈显著负相关关系,与 Darcy-Weisbach$f\text{、}\tau$ 呈显著正相关关系, 与其他参数未呈现显著相关关系, 相关系数大小顺序为$\tau > f > F{r}_{\circ }$
边坡细沟侵蚀从${\mathrm{T}}_{1}$ 阶段过渡至${\mathrm{T}}_{2}$ 阶段,沟壁扩张侵蚀现象严重,侵蚀弧数量增多且弧长变化明显,结合边坡细沟形态特征与水动力学参数间的相关显著水平与相关系数大小分析表明,在边坡细沟侵蚀中期侵蚀弧长的波动情况可采用$\omega$ 进行表征, 该结果与 An 等[40] 、Reichert 等[34] 和肖培青等[32-33] 研究结果一致,水力半径的变化情况可采用$\tau$ 进行表征。对各水动力学参数间的相关分析发现,$f$ 与其他参数的相关性最好,其次是$\operatorname{Fr}\text{、}v\text{、}\tau \text{、}\omega \text{、}\operatorname{Re}\text{、}\varphi$
在边坡细沟侵蚀末期$\left({\mathrm{T}}_{3}\right.$ 阶段$)$,不同边坡坡度、水流初始速度以及预设细沟宽度条件下边坡细沟形态特征侵蚀弧长$L$、水力半径$R$ 与水动力学参数的相关系数计算结果如图5 所示。$L$ 与 Darcy-Weisbach$f$、水流剪切力$\tau$ 呈显著正相关关系且相关系数大小为$f >\tau$,与其他水动力学参数未呈现显著相关关系;$R$${Fr}$ 呈显著负相关关系,与 Darcy-Weisbach$f\text{、}\tau$ 呈显著正相关关系,与其他水动力学参数未呈现显著相关关系,相关系数大小顺序为$f > \tau > F{r} $
边坡细沟侵蚀末期细沟形态基本稳定, 沟壁侵蚀现象逐渐减弱, 结合边坡细沟形态特征与水动力学参数间的相关显著水平与相关系数大小分析表明,在边坡细沟侵蚀${\mathrm{T}}_{3}$ 阶段 Darcy-Weisbach$f$ 是表征侵蚀弧长与水力半径的最佳参数。对各水动力学参数间的相关分析发现,${Fr}$ 与其他参数的相关性最好,其次是$f\text{、}\varphi \text{、}v\text{、}\omega \text{、}\tau \text{、}{Re}$
基于边坡细沟侵蚀的复杂性、多变性与两相流特点, 采用 Euler-Euler 两相流模型对边坡细沟侵蚀进行数值计算分析, 研究边坡细沟扩张侵蚀不同阶段特征以及表征参数, 得出如下主要结论。
(1) 通过与文献 [31] 中试验结果对比, 有效验证 Euler-Euler 两相流模型对边坡细沟扩张侵蚀形态演化计算的准确性, 即 Euler-Euler 两相流模型能够准确描述边坡细沟在不同发育阶段形态演变过程。
(2)根据边坡细沟侵蚀过程中形态演化特征将其分为 3 个阶段: 初期${\mathrm{T}}_{1}$ 以细沟水流对细沟壁轻微扩张侵蚀为主;中期${\mathrm{T}}_{2}$ 扩张侵蚀严重,淘涮弧数量及弧长显著增加;末期${\mathrm{T}}_{3}$ 扩张侵蚀基本结束,细沟形态进入稳定阶段。
(3)雷诺数与 Darcy-Weisbach 阻力系数对边坡坡度变化响应最明显, 水流初始流速变化对雷诺数影响最显著, 预设细沟宽度变化对水流实时流速影响最显著。
(4)边坡细沟侵蚀初期(${\mathrm{T}}_{1}$ 阶段)侵蚀弧长的波动情况可采用${Re}$ 进行表征,水力半径的最佳表征参数是 Darcy-Weisbach$f$ ; 边坡细沟侵蚀中期$\left({\mathrm{T}}_{2}\right.$ 阶段) 侵蚀弧长的波动情况可采用$\omega$ 进行表征,水力半径的变化情况可采用水流剪切力$\tau$ 进行表征; 边坡细沟侵蚀末期$\left({\mathrm{T}}_{3}\right.$ 阶段) Darcy-Weisbach$f$ 是表征侵蚀弧长与水力半径的最佳参数。基于提出的扩张侵蚀不同阶段的表征参数, 能够有效判定边坡细沟发育的具体时期以及预测边坡细沟扩张侵蚀形态演变趋势。
  • 鄂尔多斯市科技合作重大专项(2021EEDSCXQDFZ013)
  • 内蒙古自治区科技重大专项(2020ZD0020)
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403513
  • 接收时间:2024-05-13
  • 首发时间:2025-07-29
  • 出版时间:2025-03-18
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  • 收稿日期:2024-05-13
  • 修回日期:2025-01-02
基金
鄂尔多斯市科技合作重大专项(2021EEDSCXQDFZ013)
内蒙古自治区科技重大专项(2020ZD0020)
作者信息
    1 内蒙古大学 交通学院 呼和浩特 010020
    2 内蒙古大学 生态与环境学院 呼和浩特 010020
    3 鄂尔多斯市水利事业发展中心 鄂尔多斯 017200

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*徐湘田(1983-),男,汉族,湖南湘潭人,博士,教授,博士研究生导师。研究方向:寒区岩土力学与工程、特殊岩土体侵蚀流失与生态防护。E-mail: jtxuxt@imu.edu.cn。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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