Article(id=1156963928556261966, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1156963927277003616, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403320, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1715011200000, receivedDateStr=2024-05-07, revisedDate=1735401600000, revisedDateStr=2024-12-29, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1753771295917, onlineDateStr=2025-07-29, pubDate=1742227200000, pubDateStr=2025-03-18, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753771295917, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-29, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753771295917, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753771295917, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1156963927277003616, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='8', pageStart='3079', pageEnd='3528', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1753771295613, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753777038876, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1156988016305726153, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1156963927277003616, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1156988016305726154, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1156963927277003616, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=3438, endPage=3443, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1156963929537729113, articleId=1156963928556261966, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=A Road BIM Model and Tilt Dioramas Coordinate Matching Method, columnId=1156963929462231640, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Traffics and Transportations, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to address the issue of coordinate base inconsistency in the fusion display of road building information modeling (BIM) models and tilted reality models within existing large-scale 3D geographic information system (GIS) platforms, a high-precision matching method for geographic coordinates between road BIM models and tilted reality models was proposed. Taking into account the distribution characteristics of road bands and the requirements for road maintenance, the model was initially segmented. Subsequently, a spatial distance-weighted least-squares coordinate matching parameter fitting method was developed based on the distribution of characteristic points on the road pavement and asset facility model, with a focus on accurately joining edges of the road pavement in each segment. Real road data was selected for conducting experiments to validate this coordinate matching method. The method effectively resolves bias issues in matching between the road model and tilted reality model, achieving accuracy at millimeter level post-matching, thereby meeting digital maintenance needs as well as dynamic updating requirements for road traffic facilities.

, correspAuthors=Ru-fei LIU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Bing LIU, Lin-shuai KANG, Ru-fei LIU, Yan-hu LI, Zou-yan LU), CN=ArticleExt(id=1156963999544856645, articleId=1156963928556261966, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=CN, title=一种道路 BIM 模型与倾斜实景模型坐标匹配方法, columnId=1154013916746211332, journalTitle=科学技术与工程, columnName=交通运输, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为解决现有大场景三维地理信息系统(geographic information system,GIS)平台中道路建筑信息模型(building information modeling, BIM)模型与倾斜实景模型融合展示中存在的坐标基准不统一问题,提出一种道路BIM模型与倾斜实景地理坐标高精度匹配方法。针对道路带状分布特征及道路养护需求,首先对模型进行分段处理;然后根据道路路面及资产设施模型的特征点分布设计构建一种空间距离加权的最小二乘坐标匹配参数拟合方法,重点解决各分段路面的精准接边难题。选取真实道路数据展开实验,验证该坐标匹配方法,通过所提方法可以有效解决道路模型与倾斜实景模型匹配产生偏差的问题,匹配后二者之间的精度达到毫米级,满足道路交通设施数字化管养和动态更新的需要。

, correspAuthors=刘如飞, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*刘如飞(1986—),男,汉族,江苏南京人,博士,副教授,硕士研究生导师。研究方向:多平台激光点云数据处理、点云与图像目标特征识别、三维自动建模与GIS应用。E-mail: liurufei@sdust.edu.cn。
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刘冰(1969—),男,汉族,山东菏泽人,博士,副教授,硕士研究生导师。研究方向:智慧城市、GIS应用与开发、人工智能、空间信息可视化。E-mail: lb@sdust.edu.cn。

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刘冰(1969—),男,汉族,山东菏泽人,博士,副教授,硕士研究生导师。研究方向:智慧城市、GIS应用与开发、人工智能、空间信息可视化。E-mail: lb@sdust.edu.cn。

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刘冰(1969—),男,汉族,山东菏泽人,博士,副教授,硕士研究生导师。研究方向:智慧城市、GIS应用与开发、人工智能、空间信息可视化。E-mail: lb@sdust.edu.cn。

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articleId=1156963928556261966, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=Differences between Geo-Ref1 and Geo-Ref2, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标 Geo-Ref1 Geo-Ref2
出发点 无空间参考的原始数据 带有空间参考数据
重点 建立空间参考 坐标转化
范围 从非地理参考数据到地理 参考数据 从半地理参考数据到地 理参考数据
目的 提供一个共同的坐标系框 架来管理和分析 GIS 中的 空间数据 获取精确的坐标数据
), ArticleFig(id=1156986776125526859, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156963928556261966, language=CN, label=表1, caption=Geo-Ref1 和 Geo-Ref 差异, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标 Geo-Ref1 Geo-Ref2
出发点 无空间参考的原始数据 带有空间参考数据
重点 建立空间参考 坐标转化
范围 从非地理参考数据到地理 参考数据 从半地理参考数据到地 理参考数据
目的 提供一个共同的坐标系框 架来管理和分析 GIS 中的 空间数据 获取精确的坐标数据
), ArticleFig(id=1156986776217801550, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156963928556261966, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=Road jump degree division standard, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
检测指标 路面纵断面高度/cm
轻度 $\geq 2\text{、}< 5$
中度 $\geq 5,< 8$
重度 ≥8
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检测指标 路面纵断面高度/cm
轻度 $\geq 2\text{、}< 5$
中度 $\geq 5,< 8$
重度 ≥8
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点对 高斯投影坐标系 空间直角坐标系
$x$ $y$ $z$ $x$ $y$ $z$
点对 1 162.500 0 1006.2500 12.839 5 -2408224.3265 4 491 948.541 3 3 821 691.856 5
点对 2 -162.500 0 1006.250 0 12.839 5 -2407936.7885 4 492 099.893 3 3 821 695.115 3
点对 3 -162.5000 - 1 006.250 0 12.839 5 -2408774.6789 4 493 028.668 7 3 820 065.779 5
点对 4 162.500 0 -1 006.250 0 12.839 5 -2408487.1413 4 493 180.021 5 3 820 069.036 9
点对 5 162.500 0 1 006.250 0 -12.8395 -2408222.1849 4 492 095.898 4 3 821 688.693 8
点对 6 $-{162.500}\;0$ 1006.250 0 -12.839 5 -2407934.6471 4 492 095.898 4 3 821 691.693 8
点对 7 -162.500 0 - 1 006.250 0 -12.8395 -2408772.5367 4 493 024.673 0 3 820 062.359 4
点对 8 162.500 0 - 1 006.250 0 -12.8395 - 2 408 484.999 5 4 493 176.025 8 3 820 065.616 8
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点对 高斯投影坐标系 空间直角坐标系
$x$ $y$ $z$ $x$ $y$ $z$
点对 1 162.500 0 1006.2500 12.839 5 -2408224.3265 4 491 948.541 3 3 821 691.856 5
点对 2 -162.500 0 1006.250 0 12.839 5 -2407936.7885 4 492 099.893 3 3 821 695.115 3
点对 3 -162.5000 - 1 006.250 0 12.839 5 -2408774.6789 4 493 028.668 7 3 820 065.779 5
点对 4 162.500 0 -1 006.250 0 12.839 5 -2408487.1413 4 493 180.021 5 3 820 069.036 9
点对 5 162.500 0 1 006.250 0 -12.8395 -2408222.1849 4 492 095.898 4 3 821 688.693 8
点对 6 $-{162.500}\;0$ 1006.250 0 -12.839 5 -2407934.6471 4 492 095.898 4 3 821 691.693 8
点对 7 -162.500 0 - 1 006.250 0 -12.8395 -2408772.5367 4 493 024.673 0 3 820 062.359 4
点对 8 162.500 0 - 1 006.250 0 -12.8395 - 2 408 484.999 5 4 493 176.025 8 3 820 065.616 8
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点位 纠正前 纠正后
$x$ $y$ $z$ $x$ $y$ $z$
点位 1 606 435.722 7 4 102 509.974 4 9.765 606 435.811 6 4 102 509.975 5 9.765
点位 2 606 192.658 4 4 101 565.950 2 14.552 606 180.871 1 4 101 569.243 3 14.482
点位 3 606 154.911 6 4 100 595.426 2 15.225 606 130.921 6 4 100 599.353 5 14.931
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点位 纠正前 纠正后
$x$ $y$ $z$ $x$ $y$ $z$
点位 1 606 435.722 7 4 102 509.974 4 9.765 606 435.811 6 4 102 509.975 5 9.765
点位 2 606 192.658 4 4 101 565.950 2 14.552 606 180.871 1 4 101 569.243 3 14.482
点位 3 606 154.911 6 4 100 595.426 2 15.225 606 130.921 6 4 100 599.353 5 14.931
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点位 纠正前 $/\mathrm{m}$ 纠正后 $/\mathrm{m}$
点位 1 0.088 9 0.007 72
点位 2 6.365 4 0.005 87
点位 3 24.096 6 0.003 47
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点位 纠正前 $/\mathrm{m}$ 纠正后 $/\mathrm{m}$
点位 1 0.088 9 0.007 72
点位 2 6.365 4 0.005 87
点位 3 24.096 6 0.003 47
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一种道路 BIM 模型与倾斜实景模型坐标匹配方法
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刘冰 1, 2 , 康霖帅 1 , 刘如飞 1, * , 李言虎 3 , 陆邹妍 1
科学技术与工程 | 交通运输 2025,25(8): 3438-3443
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科学技术与工程 | 交通运输 2025, 25(8): 3438-3443
一种道路 BIM 模型与倾斜实景模型坐标匹配方法
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刘冰1, 2 , 康霖帅1, 刘如飞1, * , 李言虎3, 陆邹妍1
作者信息
  • 1 山东科技大学 测绘与空间信息学院 青岛 266590
  • 2 山东科技大学 计算机科学与工程学院 青岛 266590
  • 3 青岛数字世界信息科技有限公司 青岛 266041
  • 刘冰(1969—),男,汉族,山东菏泽人,博士,副教授,硕士研究生导师。研究方向:智慧城市、GIS应用与开发、人工智能、空间信息可视化。E-mail: lb@sdust.edu.cn。

通讯作者:

*刘如飞(1986—),男,汉族,江苏南京人,博士,副教授,硕士研究生导师。研究方向:多平台激光点云数据处理、点云与图像目标特征识别、三维自动建模与GIS应用。E-mail: liurufei@sdust.edu.cn。
A Road BIM Model and Tilt Dioramas Coordinate Matching Method
Bing LIU1, 2 , Lin-shuai KANG1, Ru-fei LIU1, * , Yan-hu LI3, Zou-yan LU1
Affiliations
  • 1 College of Computer Science and Engineering Shandong University of Science and Technology Qingdao 266590 China
  • 2 College of Geodesy and Geomatics Shandong University of Science and Technology Qingdao 266590 China
  • 3 Qingdao Digital World Information Technology Co., Ltd. Qingdao 266041 China
出版时间: 2025-03-18 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403320
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为解决现有大场景三维地理信息系统(geographic information system,GIS)平台中道路建筑信息模型(building information modeling, BIM)模型与倾斜实景模型融合展示中存在的坐标基准不统一问题,提出一种道路BIM模型与倾斜实景地理坐标高精度匹配方法。针对道路带状分布特征及道路养护需求,首先对模型进行分段处理;然后根据道路路面及资产设施模型的特征点分布设计构建一种空间距离加权的最小二乘坐标匹配参数拟合方法,重点解决各分段路面的精准接边难题。选取真实道路数据展开实验,验证该坐标匹配方法,通过所提方法可以有效解决道路模型与倾斜实景模型匹配产生偏差的问题,匹配后二者之间的精度达到毫米级,满足道路交通设施数字化管养和动态更新的需要。

建筑信息模型(BIM)  /  模型坐标匹配  /  加权最小二乘  /  Cesium  /  模型融合

In order to address the issue of coordinate base inconsistency in the fusion display of road building information modeling (BIM) models and tilted reality models within existing large-scale 3D geographic information system (GIS) platforms, a high-precision matching method for geographic coordinates between road BIM models and tilted reality models was proposed. Taking into account the distribution characteristics of road bands and the requirements for road maintenance, the model was initially segmented. Subsequently, a spatial distance-weighted least-squares coordinate matching parameter fitting method was developed based on the distribution of characteristic points on the road pavement and asset facility model, with a focus on accurately joining edges of the road pavement in each segment. Real road data was selected for conducting experiments to validate this coordinate matching method. The method effectively resolves bias issues in matching between the road model and tilted reality model, achieving accuracy at millimeter level post-matching, thereby meeting digital maintenance needs as well as dynamic updating requirements for road traffic facilities.

building information modeling(BIM)  /  model coordinate matching  /  weighted least squares  /  Cesium  /  model fusion
刘冰, 康霖帅, 刘如飞, 李言虎, 陆邹妍. 一种道路 BIM 模型与倾斜实景模型坐标匹配方法. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (8) : 3438 -3443 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403320
Bing LIU, Lin-shuai KANG, Ru-fei LIU, Yan-hu LI, Zou-yan LU. A Road BIM Model and Tilt Dioramas Coordinate Matching Method[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (8) : 3438 -3443 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403320
道路作为城市的关键组成部分, 对于促进城市间交流沟通发挥着至关重要的作用。随着中国公路建设的飞速推进, 道路管理工作面临着严峻的考验[1]。建筑信息模型[2] (building information modeling, BIM) 和地理信息系统[3] (geographic information system, GIS) 技术结合能在三维空间场景中展现出模型真实信息[4-6],提供空间视角下的管理与决策[7],已逐渐成为公路工程领域的研究热点。构建数字化道路能实现多源信息实时交互响应, 支撑各类公路业务场景, 为公路行业发展提供一大助力, 为智能公路打造数字底座,为智慧交通奠定基础。
目前,中外学者采用 BIM 模型数据与倾斜实景模型等 GIS 数据的匹配开展了大量研究。Zhu 等[8] 将 BIM 模型的配准定义为两种层次:一种为对应大多数没有制定坐标参考系类型的配准, 另一种是对应将 BIM 模型中的坐标转换到地理坐标参考系, 并且专注于减少坐标转换的误差, 从而提升匹配的精度, Stofen等[9]对于模型坐标匹配也提出相似的概念。Uggla 等[10] 研究发现, BIM 模型在进行坐标转换的过程中, 距离匹配基准点越远, 模型会偏离地球的曲面。王莹等[11] 利用具有位置信息的 GIS 场景数据预测 BIM 模型的位置信息来实现坐标匹配, 匹配后精度较低, 不具有广泛的应用性。曹祎楠等[12] 依托模型空间位置关系进行拆分。再进行坐标转换实现 BIM 模型与 GIS 场景匹配的工作, 但是对于坐标匹配方法并没有详细解释说明。郝孜奇等[13] 通过分析公路数字孪生底座搭建难点,指出 BIM 数据与 GIS 数据坐标系不一致、数据源与格式不统一等问题, 提出一种数据集成方法, 但是并未指明模型接边处精度。赵彬彬等[14] 提出 BIM 模型与 GIS 集成中的语义信息的转换但是并未深入研究空间位置上的配准。徐晓雅等[15] 通过研究隧道模型一体化构建, 实现模型与 GIS 场景集成, 但并未具体指明空间配准方式。道路 BIM 模型与倾斜实景模型进行融合匹配时在空间位置上会出现偏差, 在长距离公路情景下误差尤其突出。如何保持融合前后模型空间位置的统一尤为重要。
针对上述问题, 提出一种道路 BIM 模型与倾斜实景模型坐标匹配方法。从误差产生的原因入手, 研究现有模型与倾斜实景模型坐标基准统一的方法, 采用微元化思想, 针对道路带状分布特征及道路管养需求划分长距离公路。根据道路路面及资产设施模型的特征点分布设计构建一种空间距离加权的最小二乘坐标匹配参数拟合方法, 实现道路模型与倾斜实景模型的坐标匹配。有效解决了道路 BIM 模型与倾斜实景模型坐标匹配存在偏差的问题。
BIM 模型在正向设计和逆向翻模时在平面直角坐标系下进行, 而倾斜实景模型处于地理坐标系, 通常使用地理坐标在地球上表示位置, 但使用经纬度不易渲染,现代图形学多是构建在直角坐标系, 以 Cesium 为例, 三维地球中选点是经纬度, 但是内部的本质仍然为空间直角坐标系, 具体可参考文献[16]。在三维 GIS 平台中加载 BIM 模型时涉及多个坐标转换的过程, 参考基准不统一会导致误差的产生,主要有如下两种情况。
(1)工程坐标系视为投影坐标系。BIM 模型中的工程坐标系中的原点与水平面对应到已知投影的投影坐标系中。通过地图逆投影将投影坐标系中的点转换为地理坐标系中的点。这种情况受投影方式影响, 以高斯-克吕格投影为例, 投影前后角度不变,中央子午线上无变形,尺度失真随距离中央子午线的距离增大而增大。如图1 所示, 参考椭球上 3 个不同高度的距离,地形上的${d}_{3}$,制图平面上的${d}_{2}$,参考椭球表面上的${d}_{1}$,正北方向$\mathrm{N}$,正东方向$\mathrm{E}$。受投影方式的影响在制图平面上的距离${d}_{2}$ 比真实地形上的${d}_{3}$ 要短。如果${d}_{2}$${d}_{1}$ 都与子午线相切,随着距离的增加${d}_{1}$ 要大于${d}_{2}$
(2)工程坐标系连接到参考椭球体。选中已知点作为工程坐标系和参考椭球的连接点, 将工程坐标系原点转化为地理坐标, 通过旋转平移将工程坐标系中的点转换为参考椭球上的 ECEF 坐标。BIM 模型为刚体模型, 转换时已知点位置准确, 其余各点位置与实际位置相比均发生变化。误差随距离工程坐标系原点的距离增大而增大, 如图2 所示。
根据模型匹配的侧重点不同, Zhu 等[8] 将模型匹配定义为两种层次:Geo-Ref1 和 Geo-Ref2, 二者之间的侧重点如表1 所示。对模型匹配的方法研究范围为 Geo-Ref2。
为减少 BIM 模型在大场景三维 GIS 平台中加载时与实际位置产生的偏差, 现设计如下进行模型坐标匹配, 其中包含数据准备、坐标基准统一以及模型坐标匹配。流程图如图3 所示。
$p$ 为工程中一点;$u$ 为该点高程;$d$ 为该点距离项目原点的距离;${p}^{\prime }$ 为不同坐标系下的相同工程点;$h$ 为点与参考椭球体之间的距离;${h}_{p}$ 为当地椭球体与参考椭球体之间的距离
长距离场景下坐标匹配误差会逐渐累计, 道路模型逐渐覆盖倾斜模型[17]。为避免模型失真,需设置合理的划分阈值进行模型分段, 将误差分配到每个单元,从而减小误差。当分段阈值设置为${1000}\mathrm{\;m}$ 时, 以路面跳车现象为例, 模型之间高差约为${0.0784}\mathrm{\;m}$。路面跳车程度划分等级如表2 所示。在公路技术评定标准中提出以${100}\mathrm{\;m}$ 长为单位进行公路技术状况检测与调查。考虑到模型接边处误差以及相关标准内容。采用百米间距作为模型分段长度。
传统控制点选取主要依赖路面上的明显特征点, 但这种选点方式无法全面反映整个道路模型。因此在选取控制点时应当选择模型包围盒八个顶点以包含整个道路模型要素。考虑到道路模型要素主要由路面和地基构成, 而杆状设施等地面以上的要素在模型中的占比相对较少。但因其高度可能显著影响包围盒的整体高度, 如图4 所示。
图4 可知, 杆设施因为高度会使模型包围盒高度提高, 为减少高度影响所带来的匹配误差, 对控制点进行如下的权重考虑。
计算路面中心点之间的欧式距离$D$,根据各控制点到路面中心点之间的欧式距离, 通过距离加权, 使得距离越大的点, 权重越大。
$ D =\sqrt{{\left({x}_{2}- {x}_{1}\right)}^{2}+ {\left({y}_{2}- {y}_{1}\right)}^{2}+ {\left({z}_{2}- {z}_{1}\right)}^{2}}$
式 (1) 中:${x}_{2},{y}_{2},{z}_{2}$ 为控制点的坐标;${x}_{1},{y}_{1},{z}_{1}$ 为路面中心点的坐标。
控制点的权重${w}_{i}$ 与距离${d}_{i}$ 成正比。由于是距离越大权重越大,将各点距离${d}_{i}$ 视为权重,同时需要对权重标准化处理。由此可以确定各个控制点的权重,根据权值构建权重矩阵$\mathbf{W}$
${w}_{i}^{\prime }= \frac{{w}_{i}}{\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{i = 1}}^{N}{w}_{i}}$
式 (2) 中:$N$ 为控制点总数;${w}_{i}^{\prime }$ 为该控制点的权重占比。
为追求模型真实性, 因此模型匹配时并不考虑模型缩放。因此只考虑旋转、平移要素建立约束, 构建平差模型, 并引入权重, 构建出最优的旋转平移矩阵。
$\left\lbrack \begin{array}{l} X \\ Y \\ Z \\ 1 \end{array}\right\rbrack =\left\lbrack \begin{array}{llll}{R}_{1}& {R}_{2}& {R}_{3}& {T}_{x}\\{R}_{4}& {R}_{5}& {R}_{6}& {T}_{y}\\{R}_{7}& {R}_{8}& {R}_{9}& {T}_{z}\\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 1 \end{array}\right\rbrack \left\lbrack \begin{array}{l} x \\ y \\ z \\ 1 \end{array}\right\rbrack $
式 (3) 中:${R}_{1}\sim {R}_{9}$ 为 9 个旋转参数;${T}_{x}\text{、}{T}_{y}\text{、}{T}_{z}$ 为 3 个平移参数;$X\text{、}Y\text{、}Z$$x\text{、}y\text{、}z$ 分别为两个不同坐标系的坐标。
将上述矩阵换为误差方程形式, 可表示为
$\left\lbrack \begin{array}{l}{V}_{x}\\{V}_{y}\\{V}_{z}\end{array}\right\rbrack =\left\lbrack \begin{array}{lllllllll} x & y & z & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 &\\ 0 & 0 & 0 & x & y & z & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & x & y & z \end{array}\right\rbrack \left\lbrack \begin{array}{l}{R}_{1}\\{R}_{2}\\{R}_{3}\\{R}_{4}\\{R}_{5}\\{R}_{6}\\{R}_{7}\\{R}_{8}\end{array}\right\rbrack \\\left\lbrack \begin{array}{l} X -{T}_{x}\\ Y -{T}_{y}\\ Z -{T}_{z}\end{array}\right\rbrack $
式 (4) 中:${V}_{x}$ 为在$x$ 方向的改正值;${V}_{y}$ 为在$y$ 方向的改正值;${V}_{z}$ 为在$z$ 方向的改正值。
根据平差模型按照加权最小二乘原理可计算出变换矩阵中各参数改正值,可表示为
$\mathbf{v}= \mathbf{B}x -\mathbf{L}$
$\widehat{x}= {\left({\mathbf{B}}^{\mathrm{T}}\mathbf{{WB}}\right)}^{-1}{\mathbf{B}}^{\mathrm{T}}\mathbf{{WL}}$
式中:$\mathbf{v}$ 为观测值的改正数;$x$ 为待估参数改正数;$\mathbf{B}$ 为误差系数矩阵;$\mathbf{L}$ 为误差常数矩阵;$\mathbf{W}$ 为权阵;$x$ 为误差方程中的待定参数。
选用 Microsoft Visual Studio 作为开发工具, 通过$\mathrm{C}+ +$ 编程语言完成模型控制点选取以及加权最小二乘的计算。通过 Cesium 平台进行模型匹配效果展示。
沾化一临沂高速公路为中国山东省境内高速公路,全线采用双向六车道高速公路标准,总长约${292}\mathrm{\;{km}}$。选取沾化一临沂高速公路中桩号 K85-K87 段进行实验, 实验数据包括该段道路模型数据, 以及无人机航空拍摄道路周边区域影像数据。处理采集到道路及其周围环境的无人机倾斜影像数据生成该地区的倾斜实景三维模型,如图5(a) 所示。该段道路模型数据,如图5(b) 所示。
为实现道路模型和倾斜实景模型之间坐标精确配准,选取特征点数据进行空间基准统一,将特征点进行坐标转化, 获取不同坐标系下的特征点数据构造同名点对。同名点对的选取和坐标转换结果如表3 所示。
将计算得到的旋转矩阵和平移量合为仿射变换矩阵, 输入 Cesium 中 3DTileset 对象的 ModelMa-trix 属性中即可进行坐标变换。经过加权最小二乘计算出的旋转平移矩阵$\mathbf{A}$ 如式 (7) 所示。
$\mathbf{A}= \left\lbrack \begin{matrix}- {0.88471798979}& -{0.465721370833}& -{0.0100532091422}& 0 \\{0.27360329713}& -{0.536976738358}& {0.797822405310}& 0 \\- {0.37706499174}& {0.703292102242}& {0.602662598935}& 0 \\- {2407904.58432}& {4491162.83456}& {3822787.85586}& 3 \end{matrix}\right\rbrack $
表3 同名点信息
使用本文模型坐标匹配方法的效果, 如图6 所示, 道路沿线设施匹配效果, 如图7 所示。
选取 3 处接边处特征点进行模型融合的精度评价, 选取的特征点如图8 所示。
所选 3 处特征点分别位于模型不同长度的接边处,模型各接边处的位置能够直观反映分段的模型配准的效果。点位纠正前后数据误差如表4 所示。纠正前后与原始点位的距离通过求解三维空间中两点之间距离获取, 如表5 所示。(7)
依托沾化-临沂高速公路中桩号为 K85-K87 段高速公路模型数据及倾斜实景模型数据, 利用所提出的道路 BIM 模型与倾斜实景模型坐标匹配的方法, 将 BIM 模型与倾斜实景模型在 Cesium 内精确匹配, 该方法适用于 BIM 中正向设计和逆向翻模两个阶段。并成功用于实际工程, 得出如下结论。
(1)利用微元化思想结合道路管养需要将长距离公路划分, 能够缩小长距离场景下坐标匹配的误差, 将误差能分配到每个单元, 从而减小误差。同时呼应道路养护中的分段长度, 提高道路管理和养护工作效率。
(2)该配准方式能还原道路模型真实地理位置,实现道路模型与周边环境精确配准,道路模型分段接边处精度控制在毫米级。在数字孪生、基础设施三维数字化和智慧管养等方面等有一定的应用价值, 能够建立模型间共享数据底座, 克服模型坐标匹配产生的误差, 为实现道路交通基础设施全要素、全周期的数字化提供可靠的技术路径。
(3)目前研究针对于解决道路模型在平台集成过程中产生的误差, 对于如何提高模型构建的效率, 丰富模型的细节层次方面仍需深入研究, 这也是未来的研究方向。
研究成果响应国家推进公路数字化转型、加快智慧公路建设发展的号召, 以进一步提升道路养护及智慧交通工作效率。
  • 国家自然科学基金(42106180)
  • 山东省科技型中小企业创新能力提升工程项目(2022TSGC1135)
  • “菁英计划”科研支持项目(0104060541613)
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2025年第25卷第8期
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403320
  • 接收时间:2024-05-07
  • 首发时间:2025-07-29
  • 出版时间:2025-03-18
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  • 收稿日期:2024-05-07
  • 修回日期:2024-12-29
基金
国家自然科学基金(42106180)
山东省科技型中小企业创新能力提升工程项目(2022TSGC1135)
“菁英计划”科研支持项目(0104060541613)
作者信息
    1 山东科技大学 测绘与空间信息学院 青岛 266590
    2 山东科技大学 计算机科学与工程学院 青岛 266590
    3 青岛数字世界信息科技有限公司 青岛 266041

通讯作者:

*刘如飞(1986—),男,汉族,江苏南京人,博士,副教授,硕士研究生导师。研究方向:多平台激光点云数据处理、点云与图像目标特征识别、三维自动建模与GIS应用。E-mail: liurufei@sdust.edu.cn。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
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Number of
genus
种数
Number of
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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