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Article(id=1156949469515305804, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1156949362480861758, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2307738, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1696435200000, receivedDateStr=2023-10-05, revisedDate=1737043200000, revisedDateStr=2025-01-17, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1753767848614, onlineDateStr=2025-07-29, pubDate=1738944000000, pubDateStr=2025-02-08, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753767848614, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-29, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753767848614, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753767848614, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1156949362480861758, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='4', pageStart='1312', pageEnd='1751', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1753767823094, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1755171161273, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1162835389472424814, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1156949362480861758, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1162835389472424815, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1156949362480861758, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1637, endPage=1647, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1156949470807151474, articleId=1156949469515305804, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=Multi-scale Fracture Characteristics and Failure Mechanism of Cracked Rock under True Triaxial Stress, columnId=1156262729917780302, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Papers·Architectural Science, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Understanding the failure mechanism of cracked rock mass under the general stress state is essential for underground engineering construction safety. A series of true triaxial fracture tests on the sandstone with single pre-existing flaw were conducted. The failure modes of the cracked sandstone were analysed, and the multi-scale fracture characteristics and mechanisms of the basic types of crack were identified. Moreover, the influences of the stress state and the pre-existing flaw on the rock failure mechanism were summarized. The results indicate that the rock failure mode is controlled by the true triaxial stress and the pre-existing crack. Based on the multi-scale fracture characteristics, the fracture mechanism of the crack. The rise of minimum principal stress σ3 can significantly reduce the percentage of the shear crack, while the rise of intermediate principal stress σ2 conduces to the increase of the percentage of the tensile crack. The pre-existing flaw has a certain promoting effect on the initiation of the tensile crack, however, the true triaxial stress is the decisive factor controlling the rock failure mechanism.

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姜泽飞(1992—),男,汉族,山东济南人,硕士,工程师。研究方向:岩石力学。E-mail:。

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姜泽飞(1992—),男,汉族,山东济南人,硕士,工程师。研究方向:岩石力学。E-mail:。

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姜泽飞(1992—),男,汉族,山东济南人,硕士,工程师。研究方向:岩石力学。E-mail:。

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SF为劈裂裂纹;OF为斜向裂纹

, figureFileSmall=hE0jVf78COub8agkimh1Cg==, figureFileBig=T8RQwPzdZwqEhqE87E0KtQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225944435356250547, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156949469515305804, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Macro failure modes of cracked rock under true triaxial stress, figureFileSmall=a+dqbjkITjM3xrfVbL7VbQ==, figureFileBig=IzD3dFo3nc20SqKLEaTFiA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225944435473691064, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156949469515305804, language=CN, label=图3, caption=真三向应力下节理岩体宏观破坏模式

WC为翼裂纹;AC为反翼裂纹;SWC为次生翼裂纹;SF为劈裂裂纹;OF为斜向裂纹

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figureFileBig=NrX0x2DWHAAU+Py+8VWCgw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225944436056699354, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156949469515305804, language=CN, label=图5, caption=劈裂裂纹宏观断裂特征, figureFileSmall=WMNtb2meDxMbdYvY0lau0Q==, figureFileBig=NrX0x2DWHAAU+Py+8VWCgw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225944436178334177, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156949469515305804, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Mesoscopic characteristics of splitting fracture path, figureFileSmall=gkasZIBMQLNiozBwmYqTlA==, figureFileBig=bR85Mb0vPCENwRQAvGkxOw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225944436299968997, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156949469515305804, language=CN, label=图6, caption=劈裂裂纹扩展路径细观断裂特征, figureFileSmall=gkasZIBMQLNiozBwmYqTlA==, figureFileBig=bR85Mb0vPCENwRQAvGkxOw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225944436417409514, tenantId=1146029695717560320, 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ArticleFig(id=1225944440162923116, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156949469515305804, language=CN, label=图16, caption=不同裂纹断裂面分形维度, figureFileSmall=BWVieZmsRO2iuqhhW/5wyg==, figureFileBig=SIeX+FRIZO39CNf2vr4dlQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225944440276169329, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156949469515305804, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Specimen type and stress state setting in each condition

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类型 编号 σ2/MPa σ3/MPa 类型 编号 σ2/MPa σ3/MPa
I-1 30 2 A45-1 30 2
I-2 30 15 A45-2 30 15
完整
岩样		 I-3 30 30 节理
岩样		 A45-3 30 30
I-4 50 30 A45-4 50 30
I-5 100 30 A45-5 100 30
I-6 150 30 A45-6 150 30
), ArticleFig(id=1225944440389415542, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156949469515305804, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

各工况岩样与应力设置

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类型 编号 σ2/MPa σ3/MPa 类型 编号 σ2/MPa σ3/MPa
I-1 30 2 A45-1 30 2
I-2 30 15 A45-2 30 15
完整
岩样		 I-3 30 30 节理
岩样		 A45-3 30 30
I-4 50 30 A45-4 50 30
I-5 100 30 A45-5 100 30
I-6 150 30 A45-6 150 30
), ArticleFig(id=1225944440502661753, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156949469515305804, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Basic types of crack under true triaxial stress

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裂纹类型 裂纹形态 断裂特征 裂纹类型 裂纹形态 断裂特征
劈裂裂纹(SF) 近似与σ1方向平行,倾角大于80°。 斜向裂纹(OF) 斜向扩展,倾角小于80°
翼裂纹(WC) 萌生于节理尖端,沿σ1方向扩展,与裂纹面夹角大于90° 鱼鳍状裂纹(FC) 萌生于节理中部,沿σ1方向扩展
反翼裂纹(AC) 萌生于节理尖端,沿σ1方向扩展,与裂纹面夹角小于90° 次生翼裂纹(SWC) 萌生于节理尖端,斜向扩展,方向近似与预制节理共面
次生反翼
裂纹(SAW)		 萌生于节理尖端,斜向扩展,方向与预制节理呈较大夹角
), ArticleFig(id=1225944440594936444, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156949469515305804, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

真三向应力下岩体破坏基本裂纹类型

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
裂纹类型 裂纹形态 断裂特征 裂纹类型 裂纹形态 断裂特征
劈裂裂纹(SF) 近似与σ1方向平行,倾角大于80°。 斜向裂纹(OF) 斜向扩展,倾角小于80°
翼裂纹(WC) 萌生于节理尖端,沿σ1方向扩展,与裂纹面夹角大于90° 鱼鳍状裂纹(FC) 萌生于节理中部,沿σ1方向扩展
反翼裂纹(AC) 萌生于节理尖端,沿σ1方向扩展,与裂纹面夹角小于90° 次生翼裂纹(SWC) 萌生于节理尖端,斜向扩展,方向近似与预制节理共面
次生反翼
裂纹(SAW)		 萌生于节理尖端,斜向扩展,方向与预制节理呈较大夹角
), ArticleFig(id=1225944440716571266, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156949469515305804, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Statistic of crack quantity of rock in each condition

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
工况 裂纹数量 N Nt Ns Pt/%
WC FC SF AW SW SAW OF
I-1 — — 3 — — — — 3 3 — 100
I-2 — — 1 — — — 2 3 1 2 33
I-3 — — 1 — — — 2 3 1 2 33
I-4 — — — — — — 2 2 — 2 0
I-5 — — 3 — — — 4 7 3 4 43
I-6 — — 5 — — — 2 7 5 2 71
A45-1 2 — — 2 — — — 4 4 — 100
A45-2 — — — 2 — 2 — 4 2 2 50
A45-3 — — — 1 1 2 2 6 1 5 17
A45-4 2 — — — — 2 2 6 2 4 33
A45-5 1 — 1 1 — 1 1 5 3 2 60
A45-6 2 1 2 — — 2 1 8 5 3 63
), ArticleFig(id=1225944440808845955, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156949469515305804, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

各工况岩体破坏模式裂纹数量统计

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
工况 裂纹数量 N Nt Ns Pt/%
WC FC SF AW SW SAW OF
I-1 — — 3 — — — — 3 3 — 100
I-2 — — 1 — — — 2 3 1 2 33
I-3 — — 1 — — — 2 3 1 2 33
I-4 — — — — — — 2 2 — 2 0
I-5 — — 3 — — — 4 7 3 4 43
I-6 — — 5 — — — 2 7 5 2 71
A45-1 2 — — 2 — — — 4 4 — 100
A45-2 — — — 2 — 2 — 4 2 2 50
A45-3 — — — 1 1 2 2 6 1 5 17
A45-4 2 — — — — 2 2 6 2 4 33
A45-5 1 — 1 1 — 1 1 5 3 2 60
A45-6 2 1 2 — — 2 1 8 5 3 63
), ArticleFig(id=1225944440909509256, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156949469515305804, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Fracture mechanisms and classification of basic type of crack

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类型 断裂机理 断裂类型 裂纹类型
类型Ⅰ 张拉断裂 翼裂纹
鱼鳍状裂纹 张拉型裂纹
类型Ⅱ 张拉断裂主导的
拉剪复合断裂		 反翼裂纹
劈裂裂纹
类型Ⅲ 剪切断裂主导的
拉剪复合断裂		 次生翼裂纹
次生反翼裂纹 剪切型裂纹
类型Ⅳ 剪切断裂 斜向裂纹
), ArticleFig(id=1225944441014366860, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156949469515305804, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

基本裂纹断裂机理与分类

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类型 断裂机理 断裂类型 裂纹类型
类型Ⅰ 张拉断裂 翼裂纹
鱼鳍状裂纹 张拉型裂纹
类型Ⅱ 张拉断裂主导的
拉剪复合断裂		 反翼裂纹
劈裂裂纹
类型Ⅲ 剪切断裂主导的
拉剪复合断裂		 次生翼裂纹
次生反翼裂纹 剪切型裂纹
类型Ⅳ 剪切断裂 斜向裂纹
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真三向应力下节理岩体多尺度断裂特征与破坏机理
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姜泽飞
科学技术与工程 | 论文·建筑科学 2025,25(4): 1637-1647
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科学技术与工程 | 论文·建筑科学 2025, 25(4): 1637-1647
真三向应力下节理岩体多尺度断裂特征与破坏机理
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姜泽飞
作者信息
  • 中国南水北调集团新能源投资有限公司, 北京 100097

    • 姜泽飞(1992—),男,汉族,山东济南人,硕士,工程师。研究方向:岩石力学。E-mail:。

Multi-scale Fracture Characteristics and Failure Mechanism of Cracked Rock under True Triaxial Stress
Ze-fei JIANG
Affiliations
  • China South-to-North Water Diversion Group Renewables Investment Co., Ltd., Beijing 100097, China
出版时间: 2025-02-08 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2307738
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摘要
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阐明真实地应力环境下节理岩体破坏机理对深部地下工程安全建设具有重要意义。针对含单条预制节理砂岩开展真三轴破裂试验,归纳其破坏模式,识别基本裂纹多尺度断裂特征,分析节理与应力环境对岩体破坏机理的影响。结果表明:真三向应力下节理岩体破坏模式由应力与节理共同控制;基于裂纹多尺度断裂特征,可定性判别裂纹断裂机理;最小主应力σ3增大可显著提升剪切裂纹比重,而中间主应力σ2增大可促进张拉型裂纹比重上升;节理的存在对于张拉断裂具有一定的促进作用,但真三向应力环境是控制岩体破坏机理的决定性因素。
真三向应力  /  节理岩体  /  多尺度断裂特征  /  破坏机理

Understanding the failure mechanism of cracked rock mass under the general stress state is essential for underground engineering construction safety. A series of true triaxial fracture tests on the sandstone with single pre-existing flaw were conducted. The failure modes of the cracked sandstone were analysed, and the multi-scale fracture characteristics and mechanisms of the basic types of crack were identified. Moreover, the influences of the stress state and the pre-existing flaw on the rock failure mechanism were summarized. The results indicate that the rock failure mode is controlled by the true triaxial stress and the pre-existing crack. Based on the multi-scale fracture characteristics, the fracture mechanism of the crack. The rise of minimum principal stress σ3 can significantly reduce the percentage of the shear crack, while the rise of intermediate principal stress σ2 conduces to the increase of the percentage of the tensile crack. The pre-existing flaw has a certain promoting effect on the initiation of the tensile crack, however, the true triaxial stress is the decisive factor controlling the rock failure mechanism.

true triaxial stress  /  cracked rock  /  multi-scale fracture characteristic  /  failure mechanism
姜泽飞. 真三向应力下节理岩体多尺度断裂特征与破坏机理. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (4) : 1637 -1647 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2307738
Ze-fei JIANG. Multi-scale Fracture Characteristics and Failure Mechanism of Cracked Rock under True Triaxial Stress[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (4) : 1637 -1647 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2307738
正文
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近年来,深部地下空间已成为中外正在探索和开发的资源[1]。深部岩石通常赋存在真三向高地应力环境中(σ1 > σ2 >σ3)[2] (σ1为最大主应力,σ2为中间主应力,σ3为最小主应力),并在构造作用下,广泛发育节理裂隙[3]。工程开挖引发应力加卸荷,极易诱发节理岩体破裂失稳,导致岩爆、塌方等工程灾害,造成重大人员伤亡和财产损失。因此,开展真三向应力下节理岩体破坏机理研究,对保障深部工程安全建设具有重要意义[4-7]。
为了模拟深部应力环境,学者们研发真三轴装置[2,8-12],并开展了大量岩石真三轴破裂试验。在岩石宏观破坏模式方面,Feng等[13]研究了中主应力和小主应力对岩石宏观破坏模式的影响,发现小主应力对破坏模式影响最大。何满潮等[14-15]、Li等[16-17]、Su等[18-19]开展了一系列岩石单面临空真三轴加载试验,并研究了影响岩爆弹射破坏的因素。Lu等[20]研究了真三轴常规加载路径和定Lode角加载路径下煤岩和砂岩的破坏模式。Couture等[21]和Ingraham等[22]开展高孔隙率砂岩真三轴压缩试验,发现应变局部化现象。在岩石细观破裂特征方面,Ma等[23-24]研究了砂岩真三轴微裂缝发育特征。Gao等[25]研究了低σ3水平(σ3≤10 MPa)下岩石微观断裂特征,发现断口主要以张拉断裂花样为主。Li等[26]分析了高σ3水平(σ3 = 20 MPa)下砂岩微观断裂特征,发现断口主要以剪切断裂花样为主。上述研究对岩石真三轴破坏模式的分析多局限在单一尺度上,宏观破坏模式与微观断裂特征的内在关联尚未建立。更重要的,现有研究大多以完整岩石为试验对象,节理岩体真三轴破裂特征研究仍处于初步探索阶段。
此外,Chang等[27]开展了含单预制节理砂岩真三轴宏观破坏模式研究,分析了宏观破坏形态。Gao等[28-29]针对含天然节理大理岩开展真三轴破裂试验,发现节理面与真三向应力间几何关系是控制节理岩体破坏模式的关键因素。现有少量研究证实了节理对岩体真三轴破裂存在重要影响,但仍未充分揭示节理岩体真三轴破坏机理。因此,亟需开展真三向应力下节理岩体破裂试验。
鉴于此,以含单预制节理砂岩为研究对象,开展真三轴破裂试验。通过分析宏观破坏模式,归纳7种基本裂纹类型;基于基本裂纹的多尺度断裂特征,识别了不同类型裂纹断裂机理;对节理岩体不同断裂机理裂纹数量统计,阐释了真三向应力环境和节理对岩体破坏机理的影响。相关研究成果对深部工程围岩稳定性和灾害防治具有一定的指导作用。
1 试验方法
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1.1 试验工况
为研究节理岩体破坏特征与机理,采用砂岩制作含预制节理岩样。本研究采用的砂岩选自四川自贡某采石场,质地均匀,层理微弱,各向同性较好,单轴抗压强度约为88.48 MPa,弹性模量和泊松比分别为14.08 GPa和0.20。在细观尺度上,砂岩呈中细粒结构,粒径集中在0.25~0.5 mm区间内,孔隙率约为6.60 %,主要矿物成分包括:石英、长石、绿泥石等,如图1(a)和图1(a)所示。
为研究节理对岩体破坏机理影响,试验包括完整岩样与节理岩样,尺寸70 mm(长)×70 mm(宽)×140 mm(高)。节理岩样在σ2加载面中心预置倾角为45°的贯穿节理,如图1(a)所示。为研究真三向应力对岩体破坏机理影响,试验设置6种应力工况:σ2固定为30 MPa,σ3设置为2、15、30 MPa;σ3固定为30 MPa,σ2设置为50、100、150 MPa,各工况设置如表1所示。
1.2 试验装置
试验依托广西大学水科所刚性加载型岩石真三轴仪开展,如图1(a)和图1(a)所示。真三轴仪整机刚度超过9 GN/m,确保可获取真三向应力下岩石全应力应变曲线。加载期间岩样主应变由3个线性可变差动变压器(LVDT)监测,如图1(a)所示。
试验真三向应力加载路径可分为3个阶段:第一阶段为静水压力施加阶段,静水压力(σ1 = σ2 = σ3)按照0.5 MPa/s加载速度加载至σ3设定值;第二阶段为中主应力加载阶段,保持σ3恒定,σ1 = σ2按照0.5 MPa/s加载速度同时加载至σ2设定值;第三阶段为大主应力加载阶段,保持σ3和σ2在设定值,按照6×10-4 / min加载速率施加σ1,直至岩样达到残余强度。加载路径如图1(a)所示。
2 节理岩体宏观破坏模式
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图2和图3分别为真三向应力下完整岩石与节理岩体宏观破坏模式。通过分析宏观破坏模式,根据形态特征将裂纹划分为7种基本类型,如表2所示。
由图2和图3可知,真三向应力下岩体宏观破坏模式主要由应力状态和预制节理控制。对于完整岩石,其破坏是由劈裂裂纹和斜向裂纹导致。当σ2保持恒定,σ3数值较小时(I-1工况,σ3=2 MPa),岩石破坏由3条劈裂裂纹导致[图2(a)和图2(a)];当σ3升高至15 MPa和30 MPa,岩石破坏逐渐由两条贯通成V字形的斜向裂纹主导[图2(a)、图2(a)、图2(a)和图2(a)]。当σ3保持恒定,随σ2升高,尽管岩石破坏模式仍由斜向裂纹主导,但是劈裂裂纹重新出现且数量逐渐增多。例如,当σ2升高至150 MPa后,劈裂裂纹数量达到5条,并与斜向裂纹搭接贯通,导致岩石破碎程度较高,如图2(a)和图2(a)所示。
对于节理岩体,裂纹组成更加复杂。保持σ2恒定,σ3 = 2 MPa工况下,翼裂纹扩展长度有限,岩体破坏是由反翼裂纹扩展导致[图3(a)和图3(a)];在σ3 = 15 MPa工况下,翼裂纹消失,反翼裂纹扩展程度有限,岩体破坏由次生反翼裂纹导致[图3(a)和图3(a)];当σ3升高至30 MPa后,反翼裂纹基本消失,岩体破坏由数条斜向裂纹、次生翼裂纹和次生反翼裂纹共同导致[图3(a)和图3(a)]。保持σ3恒定,随σ2升高,劈裂裂纹、翼裂纹和反翼裂纹数量增多;在σ2 = 50 MPa工况下,翼裂纹重新出现;在σ2 = 100 MPa工况下,劈裂裂纹和反翼裂纹与斜向裂纹贯通,诱发岩体破坏;当σ2升高至150 MPa后,岩体破裂后多达5种裂纹存在,导致节理岩体破碎程度较高,如图3(a)和图3(a)所示。
与完整岩石相比,节理岩体破坏主要由萌生自预制节理的新裂纹扩展演化导致,裂纹种类更多,破坏模式更为复杂。推断节理的存在对岩体破坏模式具有明显影响,为此统计各工况岩体基本裂纹数量和总数,如表3所示,并对比同工况完整岩石和节理岩体裂纹总数,如图4所示。
如图4所示,除σ2 = 100 MPa工况,其余工况下节理岩体裂纹数量均高于完整岩石。结合裂纹多是萌生自预制节理这一现象,说明节理的存在可以显著促进裂纹萌生扩展,促使岩体发生破坏。这与真三向高应力下预制节理尖端存在应力集中有关,一旦应力集中超过岩石断裂韧度,裂纹即会萌生,进而对岩体形成持续弱化,形成更多裂纹。
3 节理岩体破坏机理
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3.1 多尺度断裂特征
断裂特征是岩体破坏过程的直观记录,采用微距摄像、超景深显微镜和扫描电镜(scanning electron microscope,SEM)识别7种基本裂纹微细观断裂特征,分析岩体断裂机理。以劈裂裂纹和斜向裂纹为例,详述分析过程。
图5为劈裂裂纹宏观断裂特征。裂纹路径呈现较强的颗粒感,断裂面粗糙且起伏程度较大,可观察到明显的表面凸起和凹陷。断裂面上存在零星的摩擦痕迹。总体来说,劈裂裂纹断裂面较为干净,只在剪切摩擦区域附着有岩石粉末和碎屑。
图6为劈裂裂纹细观断裂特征。在细观尺度上,裂纹沿矿物颗粒边缘扩展,因此大部分呈锯齿状,如图6(a)所示。这是由于颗粒间胶结物抗拉强度远低于矿物颗粒,在张拉作用下会率先破裂,因此裂纹主要沿颗粒边缘扩展,如图6(a)所示。
只有很少区域裂纹路径呈平直特征[图6(a)],裂纹横穿矿物颗粒扩展[图6(a)]。这是由于在剪切作用下,裂纹沿剪切力方向扩展,并会将路径上矿物颗粒剪碎,因此裂纹较为平直。
图7为劈裂裂纹微观断裂特征。在矿物颗粒尺度上,断裂面呈现明显粗糙特征[图7(a)],颗粒轮廓清晰,保持完整[图7(a)];在晶体尺度上,微裂纹沿晶粒边缘扩展,呈沿晶断裂[图7(a)和图7(a)],这些特征为典型的张拉断裂特征。与此同时,局部区域也存在剪切作用产生的破碎晶粒[图7(a)]。
图8为斜向裂纹宏观断裂特征。斜向裂纹断裂路径平直,断裂面平坦,不存在明显表面起伏,且广泛分布摩擦痕迹,并附着有大量岩石粉末和碎屑。
图9为斜向裂纹细观断裂特征。在细观尺度上,斜向裂纹扩展路径仍呈现平直特征[图9(a)],这是由于扩展路径的起伏和颗粒已被剪切作用磨蚀。这也可以通过广泛可见横穿矿物颗粒的裂纹路径印证[图9(a)]。
图10为斜向裂纹微观断裂特征。在矿物颗粒尺度,断裂面大部分区域平坦,颗粒磨蚀破坏,轮廓不可见[图10(a)和图10(a)],微裂纹横穿颗粒扩展[图10(a)];在晶体尺度上,可观察到穿晶断裂和破碎晶粒。以上特征均为典型的剪切断裂特征。
3.2 破坏机理判别
综合裂纹多尺度断裂特征,劈裂裂纹的断裂机理可判定为张拉断裂主导的拉剪复合型断裂,斜向裂纹的断裂机理可判定为剪切断裂。基于多尺度断裂特征,识别7种基本裂纹断裂机理,并将其分为四类,如表4所示。类型Ⅰ为张拉断裂,包括翼裂纹和鱼鳍状裂纹;类型Ⅱ为张拉断裂主导的拉剪复合型断裂,包括劈裂裂纹和反翼裂纹;类型Ⅲ为剪切断裂主导的拉剪复合性断裂,包括次生翼裂纹和次生反翼裂纹,类型Ⅳ为剪切断裂,包括斜向裂纹。
为了便于分析,将表4中类型Ⅰ和类型Ⅱ归类于张拉型裂纹,数量记为Nt,而Nt占N的百分比记为Pt;将类型Ⅲ和类型Ⅳ归类于剪切型裂纹,数量记为Ns。归类后的裂纹数量统计如表3所示。基于统计结果,分析真三向应力和预制节理对岩体破坏机理的影响。
3.3 应力与节理对岩体破坏机理影响
图11为随σ3升高不同类型裂纹数量与张拉型裂纹比重变化趋势。保持σ2恒定,当σ3数值较小时,岩体破坏由张拉断裂主导;随σ3升高,张拉型裂纹比重减小,剪切型裂纹数量持续增多,岩体破坏逐渐由剪切断裂主导。当σ3数值较小时,岩体在σ3方向上受到的约束作用较弱,侧向膨胀可以充分发展,促进张拉断裂萌生;随σ3升高,侧向约束作用增强,张拉断裂的萌生受到显著抑制。因此,岩体破坏逐渐转变为压剪破坏,剪切型裂纹数量上升。
图12为随σ2升高不同类型裂纹数量与张拉型裂纹比重变化趋势。当σ3保持恒定,随σ2升高,张拉型裂纹数量和比重均呈上升趋势。σ2升高会导致中主应力加载阶段变长。这期间岩石处于三轴伸长应力状态(σ1=σ2>σ3),受σ1和σ2方向双重挤压作用,σ3方向的膨胀变形显著增强,极大促进了张拉断裂的萌生扩展,因此,张拉型裂纹数量和比重均呈上升趋势。
图13为相同应力工况完整岩石和节理岩体张拉型断裂比重对比。除I-3(A45-3)工况和I-6(A45-6)工况外,在其余应力状态下节理岩体张拉型裂纹比重总是不低于完整岩石,说明预制节理的存在对于张拉断裂萌生具有一定的促进作用。这与节理尖端存在拉应力集中,可有效促进张拉断裂的萌生有关。
与真三向应力相比,预制节理对岩体破坏机理的影响作用稍弱,规律性不明显。推测真三向应力会促使节理闭合,增强节理面间摩擦力,抑制裂隙尖端的张拉应力集中。因此,真三向应力环境是控制岩体破坏机理的决定性因素,并能有效弱化节理对岩体破坏机理的影响。
4 岩体破坏机理定量分析
收起
在裂纹多尺度断裂特征识别过程,通过肉眼观察发现,张拉型断裂面粗糙度和起伏程度都较剪切型更大,表面凸起和凹陷更明显,推断裂纹断裂机理与表面三维形貌之间存在直接关联。为了验证这一推断,基于激光扫描技术,以翼裂纹、劈裂裂纹、次生翼裂纹和斜向裂纹为例,重构断裂面三维形貌。
图14为不同机理断裂面三维形貌。从重构结果可以看出,随断裂机理由张拉型断裂(翼裂纹)向剪切型断裂(斜向裂纹)过渡,断裂面三维形貌起伏程度持续降低。点云数据表明,翼裂纹表面高差约为10 mm,而斜向裂纹表面高差仅约2 mm,这也验证了裂纹断裂机理与表面起伏程度存在直接关联,就本次试验采用的砂岩来说,张拉型断裂面起伏程度更高,而剪切型断裂面则更平坦。
为了更客观、准确地描述断裂面起伏程度差异,采用立方覆盖法[30]计算断裂面分形维度,定量表征三维形貌起伏程度,如图15所示。其中,a为网格划分尺度,Na为用边长为a的立方体覆盖断裂面所需立方体个数。由计算结果可知,随断裂机理由张拉型断裂向剪切型断裂过渡,断裂面分形维度呈单调降低趋势,如图16所示。由此,产生一种想法,是否可以将断裂面分形维度作为量化指标,建立岩石破坏机理定量分析方法,相关工作将会在后续研究中重点开展。
5 结论
收起
为研究真实应力环境下岩体破坏机理,对完整岩石和节理岩体开展真三轴破裂试验;通过识别多尺度断裂特征,分析岩体破坏基本裂纹断裂机理;基于基本裂纹数量统计,阐释真三向应力环境和节理对岩体破坏机理的影响,并探讨断裂面分形维度与断裂机理间定量关系。得出如下主要结论。
(1)真三向应力下岩体破坏包含7种基本类型裂纹,分别为劈裂裂纹、斜向裂纹、翼裂纹、鱼鳍状裂纹、反翼裂纹、次生翼裂纹和次生反翼裂纹。
(2)岩体破坏模式由真三向应力与节理共同控制。通过识别多尺度断裂特征,分析基本裂纹断裂机理,并将其分为两大类:张拉型裂纹和剪切型裂纹。基于不同类型裂纹数量统计,分析真三向应力与预制节理对岩体破坏机理影响。
(3)随σ3增大,张拉型裂纹数量和比重显著降低,岩体趋向于发生剪切破坏;而σ2增大可以有效促进岩体在σ3方向发生张拉断裂,导致张拉型裂纹数量和比重上升。
(4)节理的存在对于张拉断裂萌生具有一定的促进作用,但与真三向应力相比,节理对岩体破坏机理的影响作用稍弱。真三向应力环境是控制岩体破坏机理的决定性因素,并能有效弱化节理对岩体破坏机理的影响。
(5)裂纹断裂机理与表面起伏程度存在直接关联。随断裂机理由张拉型断裂向剪切型断裂过渡,断裂面分形维度呈单调降低趋势,断裂面起伏程度逐渐趋于平坦。将分形维度作为量化指标建立岩石破坏机理定量分析方法具有较好的可行性。
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2307738
  • 接收时间：2023-10-05
  • 首发时间：2025-07-29
  • 出版时间：2025-02-08
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  • 收稿日期：2023-10-05
  • 修回日期：2025-01-17
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    中国南水北调集团新能源投资有限公司, 北京 100097
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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Family		 属数
Number of
genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)		 属
Genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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