Article(id=1156949466931614490, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1156949362480861758, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2309596, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1701705600000, receivedDateStr=2023-12-05, revisedDate=1730995200000, revisedDateStr=2024-11-08, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1753767847997, onlineDateStr=2025-07-29, pubDate=1738944000000, pubDateStr=2025-02-08, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753767847997, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-29, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753767847997, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753767847997, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1156949362480861758, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='4', pageStart='1312', pageEnd='1751', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1753767823094, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1755171161273, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1162835389472424814, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1156949362480861758, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1162835389472424815, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1156949362480861758, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1573, endPage=1579, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1156949467837584168, articleId=1156949466931614490, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=Hyperparameter Optimization of YOLO Model Based on Orthogonal Optimization Strategy, columnId=1156262729162810294, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Papers·Automation and Computational Technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
In order to realize the automatic optimization of hyperparameters of YOLO model, the hyperparameter optimization of you only look once (YOLO) model based on orthogonal optimization strategy (OOS) was proposed. Firstly, based on the principle of statistical orthogonal test, the orthogonal search method of population and the hyperparameter contribution analysis strategy were proposed to improve the optimization efficiency of the algorithm. Then, the uniform orthogonal search strategy and the neighborhood orthogonal search strategy were designed to alleviate the problem of the YOLO model falling into the local optimum and premature convergence. Finally, YOLOv5, YOLOv5s-Transformer and YOLOv7 were used as optimization objects to test on two target detection datasets, NWPU VHR-10 and Pascal VOC. Test results show that the recognition accuracy of the YOLO model is improved by the OOS hyperparameter optimization method in all cases. The average recognition accuracy mAP@0.5 on two datasets is improved to 93.94%, 93.18%, 93.45%, and 85.81%, 84.59%, 89.96%. The mAP@0.5-0.95 is improved to 60.00%, 60.08%, 56.98%,and 62.27%, 58.89%, 70.77%. It can provide a new intelligent method for hyperparameter optimization of object detection model.
, correspAuthors=Guan-ci YANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Qing-hua YANG, Guan-ci YANG, Shi-hao ZHONG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1156949527388311934, articleId=1156949466931614490, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=CN, title=基于正交优化策略的YOLO模型超参数优化方法, columnId=1156262729783567290, journalTitle=科学技术与工程, columnName=论文·自动化技术、计算机技术, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
为实现YOLO(you only look once)模型的超参数自动优化,提出基于正交优化策略的YOLO模型超参数优化方法(hyper-parameter optimization of YOLO model based on orthogonal optimization strategy, OOS)。首先基于统计学的正交试验原理,提出了种群的正交搜索方法与超参数贡献度分析策略,提高了算法的优化效率;然后,设计了均匀正交搜索策略和邻域正交搜索策略,以缓解YOLO模型陷入局部最优和早熟收敛问题。最后,在NWPU VHR-10和Pascal VOC两个目标检测数据集上,以YOLOv5、YOLOv5s-Transformer和YOLOv7为优化对象进行测试,测试结果表明,所提出的OOS超参数优化方法对于YOLO模型的识别精度均有所提升。在两个数据集上的平均识别精度mAP@0.5分别提升至93.94%、93.18%、93.45%以及85.81%、84.59%、90.62%;mAP@0.5-0.95提升至60.00%、60.08%、56.98%以及62.27%、58.89%、71.91%,可为目标检测模型的超参数智能优化提供一种新方法。
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杨青华(1999—),男,汉族,重庆云阳人,硕士研究生。研究方向:深度学习。E-mail:qinghy_gzu@163.com。
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杨青华(1999—),男,汉族,重庆云阳人,硕士研究生。研究方向:深度学习。E-mail:qinghy_gzu@163.com。
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Box plots of mAP@0.5 for different methods on the NWPU VHR-10 dataset, figureFileSmall=hYj+C7gtkE67eS32Eph3zg==, figureFileBig=Z7VKGEMDEMd8C0EBLMKeUw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225944421334692274, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156949466931614490, language=CN, label=图1, caption=
NWPU VHR-10上不同方法的mAP@0.5盒子图, figureFileSmall=hYj+C7gtkE67eS32Eph3zg==, figureFileBig=Z7VKGEMDEMd8C0EBLMKeUw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225944421485687231, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156949466931614490, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=
Box plots of mAP@0.5-0.95 for different methods on the NWPU VHR-10 dataset, figureFileSmall=kLpbUDTUSm2jPhtReblKjg==, figureFileBig=FIgxiJjDNT8/2Th36jGiUA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225944421619904979, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156949466931614490, language=CN, label=图2, caption=
NWPU VHR-10上不同方法的mAP@0.5-0.95盒子图, figureFileSmall=kLpbUDTUSm2jPhtReblKjg==, figureFileBig=FIgxiJjDNT8/2Th36jGiUA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225944421745734116, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156949466931614490, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=
Box plots of fitness for different methods on the NWPU VHR-10 dataset, figureFileSmall=XVPV7ZJdE9wMdKXWRthZSg==, figureFileBig=xPhRFr4MagsUmDFZjV/okw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225944421875757554, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156949466931614490, language=CN, label=图3, caption=
NWPU VHR-10上不同方法的适应度盒子图, figureFileSmall=XVPV7ZJdE9wMdKXWRthZSg==, figureFileBig=xPhRFr4MagsUmDFZjV/okw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225944422009975296, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156949466931614490, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=
Box plots of mAP@0.5 for different methods on the PASCAL VOC dataset, figureFileSmall=Fj7DF9tzvT4f3AEfjrFE7A==, figureFileBig=7mIXdjCtAvVR77k/9O22fA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225944422119027215, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156949466931614490, language=CN, label=图4, caption=
PASCAL VOC上不同方法的mAP@0.5盒子图, figureFileSmall=Fj7DF9tzvT4f3AEfjrFE7A==, figureFileBig=7mIXdjCtAvVR77k/9O22fA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225944422278410782, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156949466931614490, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=
Box plots of mAP@0.5-0.95 for different methods on the PASCAL VOC dataset, figureFileSmall=iOQI5sgXd5Bu7bRufHSSuw==, figureFileBig=9UcY6Sdn60EXRH1fi4M97A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225944422408434215, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156949466931614490, language=CN, label=图5, caption=
PASCAL VOC上不同方法的mAP@0.5-0.95盒子图, figureFileSmall=iOQI5sgXd5Bu7bRufHSSuw==, figureFileBig=9UcY6Sdn60EXRH1fi4M97A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225944422521680441, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156949466931614490, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=
Box plots of fitness on the PASCAL VOC dataset with different methods, figureFileSmall=xgI79lBJXZ9g29M4mC077w==, figureFileBig=OdzjlWyQuL4oKhWcAlwCwA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225944422651703876, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156949466931614490, language=CN, label=图6, caption=
PASCAL VOC上不同方法的适应度盒子图, figureFileSmall=xgI79lBJXZ9g29M4mC077w==, figureFileBig=OdzjlWyQuL4oKhWcAlwCwA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225944422806893138, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156949466931614490, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 算法1:基于正交优化策略的YOLO模型超参数优化方法. |
输入:图像和标签{Image,Label} 输出:最佳的超参数、模型适应度gbset 步骤1:初始化:步长因子c,阶段数T,最大进化代数N,边界约束矩阵limit,用1.4节中的式(11)初始化正则化策略的状态矩阵Ss×m(其中,s为超参数的状态数,m为超参数的个数),采用1.2节的种群的正交搜索方法得到初始化的正交搜索种群Xn×m(其中n为种群数),初始化全体xj的适应度fj形成矩阵F1×n 步骤2:For (i=1 to N-1) do 步骤3:For (j=0 to n-1) do 步骤4:训练并验证模型Model(xj, Image),得到xj的适应度fj。 步骤5:End for 步骤6:找到当前种群的最优个体gbestX及其适应度gbest 步骤7:按照1.3节中的式(6)~式(8)计算得到新个体sbestX 步骤8:训练并验证模型Model(sbestX, Image)得到适应度sbest 步骤9:将sbest和gbest做比较,保留最优适应度更新gbest,保留相应的最优个体更新gbestX 步骤10:更新正交搜索种群Xn×m 步骤10.1: If (i+1≤T) then 步骤10.2:按照1.4节中的式(11)更新状态矩阵Ss×m 步骤10.3: Else 步骤10.4:按照1.4节中的式(12)更新状态矩阵Ss×m 步骤10.5:通过1.2节中种群的正交搜索方法得到更新后的正交搜索种群Xn×m 步骤11:End for 步骤12:返回当前的最优个体对应的最佳策略超参数gbestX,最优模型适应度gbset |
), ArticleFig(id=1225944422928527967, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156949466931614490, language=CN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 算法1:基于正交优化策略的YOLO模型超参数优化方法. |
输入:图像和标签{Image,Label} 输出:最佳的超参数、模型适应度gbset 步骤1:初始化:步长因子c,阶段数T,最大进化代数N,边界约束矩阵limit,用1.4节中的式(11)初始化正则化策略的状态矩阵Ss×m(其中,s为超参数的状态数,m为超参数的个数),采用1.2节的种群的正交搜索方法得到初始化的正交搜索种群Xn×m(其中n为种群数),初始化全体xj的适应度fj形成矩阵F1×n 步骤2:For (i=1 to N-1) do 步骤3:For (j=0 to n-1) do 步骤4:训练并验证模型Model(xj, Image),得到xj的适应度fj。 步骤5:End for 步骤6:找到当前种群的最优个体gbestX及其适应度gbest 步骤7:按照1.3节中的式(6)~式(8)计算得到新个体sbestX 步骤8:训练并验证模型Model(sbestX, Image)得到适应度sbest 步骤9:将sbest和gbest做比较,保留最优适应度更新gbest,保留相应的最优个体更新gbestX 步骤10:更新正交搜索种群Xn×m 步骤10.1: If (i+1≤T) then 步骤10.2:按照1.4节中的式(11)更新状态矩阵Ss×m 步骤10.3: Else 步骤10.4:按照1.4节中的式(12)更新状态矩阵Ss×m 步骤10.5:通过1.2节中种群的正交搜索方法得到更新后的正交搜索种群Xn×m 步骤11:End for 步骤12:返回当前的最优个体对应的最佳策略超参数gbestX,最优模型适应度gbset |
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Statistical results of performance mertrics of each model on NWPU VHR-10
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| 模型 | #Param /M | FLOPs /G | mAP@ 0.5/% | mAP@0.5- 0.95/% |
| YOLOv5s | 7.2 | 16.5 | 93.16 | 58.65 |
| YOLOv5s+YOLO-GA | 7.2 | 16.5 | 93.22 | 58.22 |
| YOLOv5s+OOS | 7.2 | 16.5 | 93.94 | 60.00 |
| YOLOv5s-Transformer | 7.2 | 15.9 | 92.74 | 58.20 |
YOLOv5s-Transformer+ YOLO-GA | 7.2 | 15.9 | 93.50 | 59.17 |
| YOLOv5s-Transformer+OOS | 7.2 | 15.9 | 93.18 | 60.08 |
| YOLOv7 | 36.9 | 104.7 | 93.29 | 56.48 |
| YOLOv7+YOLO-GA | 36.9 | 104.7 | 93.20 | 57.04 |
| YOLOv7+OOS | 36.9 | 104.7 | 93.45 | 56.98 |
), ArticleFig(id=1225944423222129287, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156949466931614490, language=CN, label=表1, caption=
各模型在NWPU VHR-10上的性能指标统计结果
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| 模型 | #Param /M | FLOPs /G | mAP@ 0.5/% | mAP@0.5- 0.95/% |
| YOLOv5s | 7.2 | 16.5 | 93.16 | 58.65 |
| YOLOv5s+YOLO-GA | 7.2 | 16.5 | 93.22 | 58.22 |
| YOLOv5s+OOS | 7.2 | 16.5 | 93.94 | 60.00 |
| YOLOv5s-Transformer | 7.2 | 15.9 | 92.74 | 58.20 |
YOLOv5s-Transformer+ YOLO-GA | 7.2 | 15.9 | 93.50 | 59.17 |
| YOLOv5s-Transformer+OOS | 7.2 | 15.9 | 93.18 | 60.08 |
| YOLOv7 | 36.9 | 104.7 | 93.29 | 56.48 |
| YOLOv7+YOLO-GA | 36.9 | 104.7 | 93.20 | 57.04 |
| YOLOv7+OOS | 36.9 | 104.7 | 93.45 | 56.98 |
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t-test results on the NWPU VHR-10 dataset
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| 模型 | 绝对提 升/% | 相对 提升/% | t检验 | 是否 显著 |
| YOLOv5s | 1.297 00 | 2.09 | t=5.089, p=6.6×10-4 | 是 |
| YOLOv5s+YOLO-GA | 1.675 00 | 2.71 | t=8.812, p=1×10-5 | 是 |
| YOLOv5s-Transformer | 1.739 00 | 2.82 | t=12.776, p=4.5×10-7 | 是 |
YOLOv5s-Transformer+ YOLO-GA | 0.788 00 | 1.26 | t=7.663, p=3.1×10-5 | 是 |
| YOLOv7 | 0.466 00 | 0.77 | t=4.246, p=2.2×10-3 | 是 |
| YOLOv7+YOLO-GA | -0.000 29 | -0.05 | t=-0.476, p=0.645 | 否 |
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NWPU VHR-10上的t检验结果
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| 模型 | 绝对提 升/% | 相对 提升/% | t检验 | 是否 显著 |
| YOLOv5s | 1.297 00 | 2.09 | t=5.089, p=6.6×10-4 | 是 |
| YOLOv5s+YOLO-GA | 1.675 00 | 2.71 | t=8.812, p=1×10-5 | 是 |
| YOLOv5s-Transformer | 1.739 00 | 2.82 | t=12.776, p=4.5×10-7 | 是 |
YOLOv5s-Transformer+ YOLO-GA | 0.788 00 | 1.26 | t=7.663, p=3.1×10-5 | 是 |
| YOLOv7 | 0.466 00 | 0.77 | t=4.246, p=2.2×10-3 | 是 |
| YOLOv7+YOLO-GA | -0.000 29 | -0.05 | t=-0.476, p=0.645 | 否 |
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Experimental results on the PASCAL VOC dataset
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| 模型 | #Param/ M | FLOPs/ G | mAP@ 0.5/% | mAP@0.5- 0.95/% |
| YOLOv5s | 7.2 | 16.5 | 83.97 | 60.38 |
| YOLOv5s+YOLO-GA | 7.2 | 16.5 | 85.44 | 62.38 |
| YOLOv5s+OOS | 7.2 | 16.5 | 85.81 | 62.27 |
| YOLOv5s-Transformer | 7.2 | 15.9 | 83.04 | 58.64 |
YOLOv5s-Transformer+ YOLO-GA | 7.2 | 15.9 | 84.51 | 60.08 |
| YOLOv5s-Transformer+OOS | 7.2 | 15.9 | 84.59 | 58.89 |
| YOLOv7 | 36.9 | 104.7 | 87.83 | 68.15 |
| YOLOv7+YOLO-GA | 36.9 | 104.7 | 89.96 | 70.96 |
| YOLOv7+OOS | 36.9 | 104.7 | 90.62 | 71.91 |
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PASCAL VOC上的实验结果
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| 模型 | #Param/ M | FLOPs/ G | mAP@ 0.5/% | mAP@0.5- 0.95/% |
| YOLOv5s | 7.2 | 16.5 | 83.97 | 60.38 |
| YOLOv5s+YOLO-GA | 7.2 | 16.5 | 85.44 | 62.38 |
| YOLOv5s+OOS | 7.2 | 16.5 | 85.81 | 62.27 |
| YOLOv5s-Transformer | 7.2 | 15.9 | 83.04 | 58.64 |
YOLOv5s-Transformer+ YOLO-GA | 7.2 | 15.9 | 84.51 | 60.08 |
| YOLOv5s-Transformer+OOS | 7.2 | 15.9 | 84.59 | 58.89 |
| YOLOv7 | 36.9 | 104.7 | 87.83 | 68.15 |
| YOLOv7+YOLO-GA | 36.9 | 104.7 | 89.96 | 70.96 |
| YOLOv7+OOS | 36.9 | 104.7 | 90.62 | 71.91 |
), ArticleFig(id=1225944425285726953, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156949466931614490, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=
The t-test results on the PASCAL VOC dataset
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| 模型 | 绝对 提升/% | 相对 提升/% | t检验 | 是否 显著 |
| YOLOv5s | 1.89 | 3.01 | t=25.239, p<1.0×10-9 | 是 |
| YOLOv5s+YOLO-GA | -0.06 | -0.09 | t=1.031, p=0.329 | 否 |
| YOLOv5s-Transformer | 0.38 | 0.62 | t=7.183, p<1.0×10-4 | 是 |
YOLOv5s-Transformer+ YOLO-GA | -1.06 | -1.70 | t=13.857, p<1.0×10-6 | 是 |
| YOLOv7 | 3.66 | 5.22 | t=73.619, p<1.0×10-13 | 是 |
| YOLOv7+YOLO-GA | 0.92 | 1.26 | t=57.751, p<1.0×10-12 | 是 |
), ArticleFig(id=1225944425445110529, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156949466931614490, language=CN, label=表4, caption=
在 PASCAL VOC上的t检验结果
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| 模型 | 绝对 提升/% | 相对 提升/% | t检验 | 是否 显著 |
| YOLOv5s | 1.89 | 3.01 | t=25.239, p<1.0×10-9 | 是 |
| YOLOv5s+YOLO-GA | -0.06 | -0.09 | t=1.031, p=0.329 | 否 |
| YOLOv5s-Transformer | 0.38 | 0.62 | t=7.183, p<1.0×10-4 | 是 |
YOLOv5s-Transformer+ YOLO-GA | -1.06 | -1.70 | t=13.857, p<1.0×10-6 | 是 |
| YOLOv7 | 3.66 | 5.22 | t=73.619, p<1.0×10-13 | 是 |
| YOLOv7+YOLO-GA | 0.92 | 1.26 | t=57.751, p<1.0×10-12 | 是 |
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