Article(id=1156949464859631890, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1156949362480861758, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2402597, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1712678400000, receivedDateStr=2024-04-10, revisedDate=1732636800000, revisedDateStr=2024-11-27, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1753767847504, onlineDateStr=2025-07-29, pubDate=1738944000000, pubDateStr=2025-02-08, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753767847504, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-29, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753767847504, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753767847504, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1156949362480861758, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='4', pageStart='1312', pageEnd='1751', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1753767823094, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1755171161273, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1162835389472424814, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1156949362480861758, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1162835389472424815, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1156949362480861758, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1711, endPage=1716, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1156949465513943342, articleId=1156949464859631890, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=Influence of Tank Environment on the Test of Seaplane Model, columnId=1156262731079607234, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Papers·Aeronautics and Astronautics, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to study the influence of the tank environment on the results of the seaplane model test, for the first time in this field, a series of whole aircraft model tests were conducted using the same seaplane model in two towing tanks to study the aerodynamic and hydrodynamic characteristics of the whole aircraft model in the two towing tanks, the test results and environmental differences were analyzed. The results show that the towing tank environment has a significant impact on the aerodynamic characteristics of the seaplane model, but by compensating the aerodynamic characteristics of the seaplane model in each towing tank during the test, the interference of the test environment on the water resistance results could be avoided, so as to obtain a more satisfactory water resistance test result. Among the boundary effects of the towing tank, the blockage effect has the greatest impact on the aerodynamic characteristics of the seaplane model. Compared with 2.51% relative blockage ratio 0.67%, the aerodynamic drag coefficient of the seaplane model is 0.1~0.2 larger, and the lift coefficient is at least 0.2.Because the typical high-speed coasting state is used for aerodynamic compensation to calculate, so the compensation effect is only achieved at the corresponding speed and produce some deviation at other speeds, resulting in a certain deviation in the test result, but it will not have a significant impact on the test result because the deviation is so small. The research findings provide guidance for model hydrodynamic tests and performance analysis of seaplanes in China.

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Zi-bin ZUO, Cheng-hua LI), CN=ArticleExt(id=1156949544211669089, articleId=1156949464859631890, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=CN, title=航空、航天水池环境对水上飞机全机模型试验的影响, columnId=1156262731373208516, journalTitle=科学技术与工程, columnName=论文·航空、航天, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=为了研究水池环境对水上飞机全机模型试验结果的影响,在该领域首次采用同一个水上飞机全机模型在两个拖曳水池进行系列全机模型试验,研究全机模型在两个拖曳水池的气动特性和水动特性,分析试验结果和环境差异。结果表明:拖曳水池环境对全机模型的气动特性有明显影响,但通过对全机模型在每个试验水池中的气动特性进行气动力补偿,进行自由拖曳试验时可最大程度地避免试验环境对水阻力结果的干扰,从而获得较为满意的水阻力试验结果;拖曳水池边界效应中,阻塞效应对全机模型的气动特性影响最大,阻塞比2.51%相对阻塞比0.67%时全机模型气动阻力系数大0.1~0.2,升力系数大至少0.2;进行气动力补偿时选用典型的高速滑行状态来计算,故仅在对应速度时补偿效果达到理论值,在其他速度会有一定偏离,导致试验结果也有一定的误差,但因误差较小,不会对试验结果造成明显的影响。研究成果可为中国水上飞机的模型水动试验和性能分析提供指导。, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=lZGNopuLEFu4YCKtEny6hQ==, magXml=Jd6JEvUc7mgjfIBX72JlXg==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=CYMFkO0BXVgH9+uDnnuf3w==, pdfFileSize=5542163, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=xz++pE/toIrQ35bcFxV99A==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=IvV0GMfrxgq6A6o7Jw/fqg==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

左仔滨(1986—),男,汉族,山东诸城人,高级工程师。研究方向:水面飞行器水动性能设计。E-mail:

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左仔滨(1986—),男,汉族,山东诸城人,高级工程师。研究方向:水面飞行器水动性能设计。E-mail:

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左仔滨(1986—),男,汉族,山东诸城人,高级工程师。研究方向:水面飞行器水动性能设计。E-mail:

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ΔFM为补偿力矩的等效力

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Test model scale

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机长/mm 翼展/mm 高度/mm
3 233 3 078 950
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试验模型外形尺寸

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机长/mm 翼展/mm 高度/mm
3 233 3 078 950
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Conditions of aerodynamic characteristics test

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试验速度/(m·s-1) 模型姿态角/(°)
10 0、2、4、6、8、10
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气动特性试验工况

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试验速度/(m·s-1) 模型姿态角/(°)
10 0、2、4、6、8、10
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Conditions of rapidity towing test

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模型重量/kg 试验速度/(m·s-1)
29 1、2、3、4、5、6、7、8、9、10
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快速性自由拖曳试验工况

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模型重量/kg 试验速度/(m·s-1)
29 1、2、3、4、5、6、7、8、9、10
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航空、航天水池环境对水上飞机全机模型试验的影响
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左仔滨 , 李成华
科学技术与工程 | 论文·航空、航天 2025,25(4): 1711-1716
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科学技术与工程 | 论文·航空、航天 2025, 25(4): 1711-1716
航空、航天水池环境对水上飞机全机模型试验的影响
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左仔滨 , 李成华
作者信息
  • 航空工业高速水动力航空科技重点实验室, 荆门 448035
  • 左仔滨(1986—),男,汉族,山东诸城人,高级工程师。研究方向:水面飞行器水动性能设计。E-mail:

Influence of Tank Environment on the Test of Seaplane Model
Zi-bin ZUO , Cheng-hua LI
Affiliations
  • Aviation Key Scientific and Technological Laboratory of High Speed Hydrodynamic, Jingmen 448035, China
出版时间: 2025-02-08 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2402597
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为了研究水池环境对水上飞机全机模型试验结果的影响,在该领域首次采用同一个水上飞机全机模型在两个拖曳水池进行系列全机模型试验,研究全机模型在两个拖曳水池的气动特性和水动特性,分析试验结果和环境差异。结果表明:拖曳水池环境对全机模型的气动特性有明显影响,但通过对全机模型在每个试验水池中的气动特性进行气动力补偿,进行自由拖曳试验时可最大程度地避免试验环境对水阻力结果的干扰,从而获得较为满意的水阻力试验结果;拖曳水池边界效应中,阻塞效应对全机模型的气动特性影响最大,阻塞比2.51%相对阻塞比0.67%时全机模型气动阻力系数大0.1~0.2,升力系数大至少0.2;进行气动力补偿时选用典型的高速滑行状态来计算,故仅在对应速度时补偿效果达到理论值,在其他速度会有一定偏离,导致试验结果也有一定的误差,但因误差较小,不会对试验结果造成明显的影响。研究成果可为中国水上飞机的模型水动试验和性能分析提供指导。
水上飞机  /  拖曳水池  /  边界效应  /  快速性

In order to study the influence of the tank environment on the results of the seaplane model test, for the first time in this field, a series of whole aircraft model tests were conducted using the same seaplane model in two towing tanks to study the aerodynamic and hydrodynamic characteristics of the whole aircraft model in the two towing tanks, the test results and environmental differences were analyzed. The results show that the towing tank environment has a significant impact on the aerodynamic characteristics of the seaplane model, but by compensating the aerodynamic characteristics of the seaplane model in each towing tank during the test, the interference of the test environment on the water resistance results could be avoided, so as to obtain a more satisfactory water resistance test result. Among the boundary effects of the towing tank, the blockage effect has the greatest impact on the aerodynamic characteristics of the seaplane model. Compared with 2.51% relative blockage ratio 0.67%, the aerodynamic drag coefficient of the seaplane model is 0.1~0.2 larger, and the lift coefficient is at least 0.2.Because the typical high-speed coasting state is used for aerodynamic compensation to calculate, so the compensation effect is only achieved at the corresponding speed and produce some deviation at other speeds, resulting in a certain deviation in the test result, but it will not have a significant impact on the test result because the deviation is so small. The research findings provide guidance for model hydrodynamic tests and performance analysis of seaplanes in China.

seaplane  /  towing tank  /  boundary effect  /  rapidity
左仔滨, 李成华. 航空、航天水池环境对水上飞机全机模型试验的影响. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (4) : 1711 -1716 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2402597
Zi-bin ZUO, Cheng-hua LI. Influence of Tank Environment on the Test of Seaplane Model[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (4) : 1711 -1716 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2402597
水上飞机全机模型快速性试验[1]是水上飞机水动性能研究及验证的关键试验项目,该类试验按照傅汝德相似准则组织[2]并在拖曳水池进行,由于拖曳水池具有有限的尺度,在其中进行试验时会受到池壁效应、阻塞效应等边界效应[3]的影响。拖曳水池试验流场与无边界流场是有明显不同的,气流流经机翼将产生绕流和尾流,池壁约束使侧面流线和尾流无法自由扩展,而在实际大气边界中气流是没有任何约束的,侧面绕流和尾流无法在垂直于来流的方向顺利扩展,所以相邻流线之间气流通过的面积比无约束时小,模型和池壁之间平均流速将增大,同时,也会影响到结构表面气动力特性,导致在拖曳水池试验中的气动阻力值大于在无限流域中的数值[4]。徐世南等[5]研究了边界效应对高速流场的影响,结果表明,离边界越远,边界效应越弱。邱实等[6]研究了阻塞效应对风洞试验的影响,为研究拖曳水池阻塞效应提供了一定参考。
目前,前人开展的水动模型试验和性能分析因未考虑环境因素的影响,试验和分析结果无法充分反映飞机的真实性能,且针对水池拖曳环境对水上飞机全机模型试验影响的研究尚鲜见报道。鉴于此,进行系列全机模型对比试验,采用同一个水上飞机全机模型,在不同尺度的拖曳水池进行气动特性试验和快速性自由拖曳试验,分析全机模型在两个试验水池中的试验结果差异,根据两个水池试验环境的不同,分析得到试验环境对水上飞机快速性模型试验结果的影响,为提高水上飞机、水上飞机和地效飞机等水面飞行器的全机模型快速性试验结果精度提供参考。
全机模型试验是以傅汝德数相似准则为基础组织进行的,而雷诺数不相似,使得全机模型受到的气动作用力和力矩与实机不相似,导致全机模型在中高速的运动模拟不真实。为真实模拟水上飞机全机模型在水池试验过程中的运动状态,需要通过在模型上加载力和力矩的方式补偿因雷诺数不相似产生的模型气动力和力矩差,因此,全机模型快速性试验首先需要进行水池试验环境下的模型气动特性试验[7],测试得到全机模型的气动升力、阻力和力矩特性,为全机模型快速性试验提供数据支持。
全机模型气动特性试验是将模型按照给定的姿态角α固定在拖车底部,模型在水面以上并靠近水面,试验时拖车带动模型加速度到试验速度vm,测量模型此时受到的气动升力Fz、阻力Fx和俯仰力矩My,如图1所示。
模型的升力系数CLm可表示为
${C}_{Lm}=\frac{{F}_{z}}{q{S}_{m}}=\frac{{F}_{z}}{\frac{1}{2}\rho {v}_{m}^{2}{S}_{m}}$
模型的升力系数CDm可表示为
${C}_{Dm}=\frac{{F}_{x}}{q{S}_{m}}=\frac{{F}_{x}}{\frac{1}{2}\rho {v}_{m}^{2}{S}_{m}}$
模型的力矩系数CMm可表示为
${C}_{Mm}=\frac{{M}_{y}}{q{S}_{m}{\stackrel{-}{L}}_{m}}=\frac{{M}_{y}}{\frac{1}{2}\rho {v}_{m}^{2}{S}_{m}{\stackrel{-}{L}}_{m}}$
式中:q为动压;Fz为模型受到的气动升力;Fx为模型受到的气动阻力;ρ为空气密度;Sm为模型机翼面积;${\stackrel{-}{L}}_{m}$为模型平均气动弦长。
通过式(1)~式(3)计算得到模型的气动特性参数后,与风洞吹风得到的实机气动特性参数进行对比,得到气动补偿系数。
气动升力补偿系数的计算公式为
$\Delta {C}_{Lm}={C}_{L}-{C}_{Lm}$
气动力矩补偿系数的计算公式为
$\Delta {C}_{Mm}={C}_{M}-{C}_{Mm}$
则模型试验所需的补偿升力的计算公式为
$\Delta L=\Delta {C}_{L}\frac{1}{2}\rho {v}_{m}^{2}{S}_{m}$
补偿力矩的计算公式为
$\Delta M=\Delta {C}_{M}\frac{1}{2}\rho {v}_{m}^{2}{S}_{m}{\stackrel{-}{L}}_{m}$
在进行全机模型自由拖曳试验时,计算出每个试验速度所需的气动补偿力和补偿力矩,然后在模型重心处施加额外的补偿升力,在重心CG前或后施加额外的补偿力矩,如图2所示。
根据前文确定的气动补偿加载方案,进行全机模型快速性曳试验,该试验为静水面自由拖曳试验,试验时模型具有俯仰和升沉两个方向的自由度,通过拖车带动模型在水面滑行,可以测试得到模型的阻力、俯仰角和升沉数据。全机模型在水面滑行过程中受到的总阻力由水动阻力和气动阻力两部分组成,由于已经获得了模型的气动特性数据,因此可在总阻力中减掉气动阻力,即可获得模型受到的水动阻力。
通过上述两项试验,获得了全机模型在两个拖曳水池中的气动特性数据以及水动特性数据,对比分析各气动/水动参数的不同及变化规律,总结得到水池试验环境对水上飞机全机模型快速性试验结果的影响。
试验模型采用大型灭火/水上救援水上飞机缩比模型[8],如图3所示。模型外形主尺寸如表1所示。
试验时保证模型的重量重心与实机相似。
本次模型试验分别在中国特种飞行器研究所(605所)高速拖曳水池和俄罗斯中央流体动力学研究院(TsAGI)拖曳水池进行,两个试验水池主尺度参数如下。
(1)605所高速拖曳水池。水池尺寸为:510 m(长)×6.5 m(宽) × 6.8 m(深)。
试验拖车在水池上方,拖车与水面之间的空间用于安装试验模型。
(2)中央流体动力学研究院拖曳水池。水池尺寸为:202 m(长)×12 m(宽)×6 m(深)。
试验拖车在水面上方,因位置较低,因此试验模型安装在拖车前方。
试验分为气动特性试验和快速性自由拖曳试验,试验工况如表2表3所示。
图4图5分别为气动特性试验和快速性自由拖曳试验。
通过全机模型气动特性试验,得到模型在两个试验水池中的升阻特性曲线,如图6图7所示。
通过分析图6图7所示的模型气动特性对比曲线可知,605所高速拖曳水池试验得到的气动阻力系数和气动升力系数均大于俄罗斯中央流体动力学研究院拖曳水池的试验结果。阻力系数相差0.1~0.2,而升力系数相差至少0.2,并且随着姿态角增大,升力系数相差量也随之增大,并且通过曲线上拐点位置可知,在605所高速拖曳水池中模型姿态角在6°左右机翼表面气流开始分离,升力下降,进入失速状态,而在中央流体力学研究院拖曳水池中出现此现象时的姿态角在8°。与实机升力特性相比,在两个拖曳水池中全机模型的升力曲线较低,并且失速迎角显著小于实机的失速迎角,这是由于全机模型试验时的雷诺数小于实机飞行时雷诺数[9]
根据2节所述的两个拖曳水池试验环境及模型尺寸,使用的全机模型翼展小于水池宽度的50%,池壁效应对试验结果影响较小,阻塞效应是影响两个水池气动特性模型试验结果存在差异的主要原因。拖曳运行时前方气流阻塞效应一般通过阻塞比来进行量化描述和分析,模型截面面积与水池断面面积的比值称为阻塞比[10]。计算两个拖曳水池的气动通道截面积和阻塞比可得:605所高速拖曳水池水面以上气动通道截面积为11.7 m2,阻塞比为2.51%,中央流体力学研究院拖曳水池水面以上气动通道截面积约43.7 m2,阻塞比为0.67%,由此可见,全机模型在两个拖曳水池中试验时的阻塞比存在明显差距,在605所高速拖曳水池中试验的阻塞比较大,导致全机模型的升力和阻力系数大于中央流体力学研究院拖曳水池试验结果。
通过全机模型自由拖曳试验,得到模型在拖曳水池的阻力性能,根据3.1节试验得到的模型气动特性,从总阻力中扣除气动阻力得到模型的水阻力为
Rmw=Rm-Rma
式(8)中:Rmw为模型水阻力;Rm为模型总阻力;Rma为模型气动阻力。
然后将两个拖曳水池试验得到的模型水阻力、姿态角和升沉进行对比,如图8~图10所示。
分析模型水阻力变化曲线(图8)可知,在阻力峰[11]速度之前,中央流体力学研究院拖曳水池水阻力试验结果稍大于605所拖曳水池试验结果,随着模型速度逐渐增大直至阻力峰速度范围,水阻力逐渐增大,在阻力峰速度附近605所拖曳水池水阻力试验结果稍大于中央流体力学研究院试验结果,在阻力峰之后的中高速滑行阶段,605所拖曳水池水阻力试验结果总体上小于中央流体力学研究院拖曳水池试验结果。从水阻力整体变化曲线可以看出,两个拖曳水池试验结果较为接近,偏差不超过5%。
分析模型姿态角变化曲线(图9)可知,605所拖曳水池试验结果总体上小于中央流体力学研究院试验结果,仅在离水速度前一小段时间内大于后者,并且二者姿态最大偏差仅为0.5°,相对全机模型正常滑行姿态来说偏差量较小,二者姿态变化具有较好的一致性。
分析模型升沉变化曲线(图10)可知,在阻力峰速度之前605所拖曳水池试验结果大于中央流体力学研究院试验结果,而在中高速滑行阶段,后者总体上大于前者。由于前者升沉较大,模型吃水较浅,浸湿面积较小,从而低速时水阻力也较小,这与图8水阻力变化曲线的规律一致。
在进行全机模型快速性自由拖曳前,研究全机模型在拖曳水池的气动特性,并与实机气动特性进行对比,确定进行自由拖曳试验所需的卸载力和力矩,以补偿因雷诺数不相似而导致的气动效果减弱。由于在605所水池拖曳水池中全机模型气动升力高于中央流体力学研究院拖曳水池,因此前者施加的补偿升力值小于后者。由图7可知,不同姿态角对应的升力系数偏差量是不同的,而在进行模型自由拖曳试验时,升力补偿是选取的典型高速状态对应的模型升力系数进行计算的,因此,二者试验时在此速度的补偿效果是一致的,而在其他速度,在试验时施加的气动补偿量是有差异的,这是导致两个水池试验结果有所差异的一个重要因素。
水上飞机全机模型在水面滑行时存在空气流场和水流场,二者分别产生气动力和水动力作用于模型,由于水上飞机船体滑行时浸湿截面积相对水池水流场截面积来说较小,计算得到水动通道阻塞比小于0.1%,因此阻塞比对全机模型的水阻力影响可忽略不计,图8所示的水阻力对比曲线对此进行了直观呈现。
水上飞机全机模型水池拖曳试验会受到试验水池环境的影响,通过采用同一个水上飞机全机模型在不同拖曳水池进行试验,研究了全机模型在两个拖曳水池的气动特性和水动特性,分析试验结果和环境差异,得到如下结论。
(1)拖曳水池环境对全机模型的气动特性有明显影响,但通过对全机模型在每个试验水池中的气动特性进行气动力补偿,进行快速性自由拖曳试验时可最大程度地避免试验环境对水阻力结果的干扰,从而获得较为满意的水阻力试验结果。
(2)拖曳水池边界效应中,阻塞效应对全机模型的气动特性影响最大,阻塞比2.51%相对阻塞比0.67%时全机模型气动阻力系数大0.1~0.2,升力系数大至少0.2。
(3)进行气动力补偿时选用典型的高速滑行状态来计算,故仅在对应速度时补偿效果达到了理论值,在其它速度会有一定偏离,导致试验结果也有一定的误差,但因误差较小,不会对试验结果造成明显的影响。
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2025年第25卷第4期
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2402597
  • 接收时间:2024-04-10
  • 首发时间:2025-07-29
  • 出版时间:2025-02-08
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  • 收稿日期:2024-04-10
  • 修回日期:2024-11-27
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    航空工业高速水动力航空科技重点实验室, 荆门 448035
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
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species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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