Article(id=1156949369221111926, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1156949362480861758, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2401274, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1708963200000, receivedDateStr=2024-02-27, revisedDate=1732032000000, revisedDateStr=2024-11-20, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1753767824701, onlineDateStr=2025-07-29, pubDate=1738944000000, pubDateStr=2025-02-08, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753767824701, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-29, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753767824701, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753767824701, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1156949362480861758, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='4', pageStart='1312', pageEnd='1751', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1753767823094, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1755171161273, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1162835389472424814, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1156949362480861758, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1162835389472424815, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1156949362480861758, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1419, endPage=1427, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1156949370206773370, articleId=1156949369221111926, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=Optimization of CO2 Foam Fracturing Fluid System in the Conglomerate Reservoir of the Mahu Basin with Proppant Embedding Experiment, columnId=1156262729003422020, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Papers·Petroleum and Natural Gas Industry, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

CO2 foam fracturing can reduce reservoir damage and contribute to the stimulation of unconventional oil and gas reservoirs. However, there needs to be more quantitative methods to evaluate the influence of the CO2-H2O ratio of foam fracturing fluid on the conductivity, and the optimization of foam fracturing fluid system is insufficient. To select the CO2 foam fracturing fluid system suitable for the conglomerate reservoir in the Mahu Basin, proppant embedment experiments were carried out with the treatment of foam fluid with different CO2-H2O ratios at simulated reservoir conditions, and each interval of embedment depth was obtained. A conductivity model considering the heterogeneous proppant embedment was established to calculate the effects of different foam fluids on improving the conductivity and analyze its mechanism. The results show that using CO2 to replace part of the water-based fracturing fluid can reduce the degree of proppant embedment. With the increase of the CO2-H2O ratio, the effect of improving the conductivity weakens and reaches the upper limit gradually, increasing by about 12% compared with that of water-based fracturing fluid. When the ratio is 7∶3, the conductivity of samples with low clay content (<20%) increases to the upper limit. However, the conductivity of samples with high clay mineral content (≥20%) is more sensitive to the influence of the CO2-H2O ratio, and the upper limit is lower. CO2 foam fracturing fluid can improve the hydrological capacity of the propped fracture-formation system. The research results can reference the CO2-H2O ratio optimization of the CO2 foam fracturing fluid system.

, correspAuthors=Yan PENG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Jing-feng DONG, Kai-xin LIU, Zong-yu LU, Bin WANG, Na-na ZOU, Bu-ge DU, Ke-bao DING, Jian CUI, Yan PENG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1156949453270770632, articleId=1156949369221111926, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=CN, title=基于支撑剂嵌入实验的玛湖凹陷砾岩储层CO2泡沫压裂液体系优选, columnId=1156262729603207500, journalTitle=科学技术与工程, columnName=论文·石油、天然气工业, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=CO2泡沫压裂可以减少储层伤害,有助于非常规油气藏增产开发,但目前缺少定量评价泡沫压裂液碳水比对导流能力影响程度的方法,泡沫压裂液体系碳水比优选存在不足。为优选适用于玛湖凹陷砾岩储层的CO2泡沫压裂液体系,开展模拟储层条件下不同碳水比泡沫流体作用下支撑剂嵌入实验,得到各嵌入深度区间的比例,建立考虑支撑剂非均质嵌入的导流能力模型,计算获得不同泡沫流体提高导流能力的效果并分析其作用机理。结果表明:使用CO2替代部分水基压裂液,可以降低支撑剂的嵌入程度;随着CO2比例升高,泡沫流体提高导流能力的效果逐渐减弱并达到上限,模型导流能力较水基提高约12%;碳水比7∶3时低黏土含量(黏土矿物含量<20%)试件导流能力提高达到上限,高黏土矿物含量试件(黏土矿物含量≥20%)的导流能力受碳水比的影响更敏感,达到上限时碳水比较低;CO2泡沫压裂液可以提高支撑裂缝-缝周边地层系统的渗流能力。研究成果可为CO2泡沫压裂液体系碳水比优化提供参考。, correspAuthors=彭岩, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*彭岩(1987—),男,汉族,江苏徐州人,博士,副教授。研究方向:石油工程岩石力学、储层改造机理。E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=lFvY4Lsm1xALQmChXEAnZQ==, magXml=bVTfk7X/OrflrXeHZM/4+A==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=H4wBzkQeop245VrjbPyhrQ==, pdfFileSize=11192789, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=/Z1K/+6X0p50ryqW94WAyg==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=yQRGPX/Q6WG3A+pCYG1hPw==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

董景锋(1984—),男,汉族,山东菏泽人,博士,高级工程师。研究方向:油气田开发。E-mail:

, authorsList=董景锋, 刘凯新, 路宗羽, 王斌, 邹娜娜, 杜布戈, 丁克保, 崔健, 彭岩)}, authors=[Author(id=1225944418818113791, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156949369221111926, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=dongjingfeng0530@petrochina.com.cn, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1225944418914582797, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156949369221111926, authorId=1225944418818113791, language=EN, stringName=Jing-feng DONG, firstName=Jing-feng, middleName=null, lastName=DONG, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1 Research Institute of Engineering Technology, PetroChina Xinjiang Oilfield Company, Karamay 834000, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1225944419019440411, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156949369221111926, authorId=1225944418818113791, language=CN, stringName=董景锋, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1 中国石油新疆油田分公司工程技术研究院, 克拉玛依 834000, bio={"content":"

董景锋(1984—),男,汉族,山东菏泽人,博士,高级工程师。研究方向:油气田开发。E-mail:

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董景锋(1984—),男,汉族,山东菏泽人,博士,高级工程师。研究方向:油气田开发。E-mail:

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Qingdao: China University of Petroleum(East China), 2018., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1225944435364643102, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156949369221111926, awardId=51974356, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金(51974356), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1225944435494666533, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156949369221111926, awardId=2462021YXZZ012, language=CN, fundingSource=中国石油大学(北京)科研基金(2462021YXZZ012), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1225944418574844122, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156949369221111926, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1225944418583232731, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156949369221111926, companyId=1225944418574844122, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 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tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156949369221111926, companyId=1225944418713256174, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 中国石油大学(北京)石油工程学院, 北京 102249)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1225944428058166191, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156949369221111926, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Diagram of experimental equipment, figureFileSmall=8rhjIjN7EhsjRKn6Z7qT5w==, figureFileBig=dc4xCOHBI3oHe5Cl8TnMMw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225944429396149178, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156949369221111926, language=CN, label=图1, caption=实验设备示意图, figureFileSmall=8rhjIjN7EhsjRKn6Z7qT5w==, figureFileBig=dc4xCOHBI3oHe5Cl8TnMMw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225944429777830862, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156949369221111926, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Flow chart of the experiment, figureFileSmall=TdLyWy0y38vJGmDIuA9U6g==, figureFileBig=wZwD9m2vqY+C9NzjFgY+Hw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225944430016906209, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156949369221111926, language=CN, label=图2, caption=实验流程图, figureFileSmall=TdLyWy0y38vJGmDIuA9U6g==, figureFileBig=wZwD9m2vqY+C9NzjFgY+Hw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225944430146929648, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156949369221111926, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Form of foam fluid and geometry (the content ratio of CO2 to water is 5∶5), figureFileSmall=gt37ejUNvWURHZgLmwmMXw==, figureFileBig=BOFU/CTUUYyA7hedEiHBeQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225944430327284734, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156949369221111926, language=CN, label=图3, caption=泡沫流体与泡沫形态(碳水比为5∶5), figureFileSmall=gt37ejUNvWURHZgLmwmMXw==, figureFileBig=BOFU/CTUUYyA7hedEiHBeQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225944430461501449, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156949369221111926, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Defoaming curves of foam fluid with different content ratios of CO2to water, figureFileSmall=8Hm51Pu7mH4dBroJIi5+rw==, figureFileBig=CCYOeeO4XM0En7OdneCItQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225944430696382489, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156949369221111926, language=CN, label=图4, caption=不同碳水比泡沫流体的消泡曲线, figureFileSmall=8Hm51Pu7mH4dBroJIi5+rw==, figureFileBig=CCYOeeO4XM0En7OdneCItQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225944430822211621, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156949369221111926, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Conglomerate slate after proppant embedding, figureFileSmall=bilC8KjS+JNA785ge0Xt5w==, figureFileBig=gEh9fCSXtci6+eDFIu7wSw==, tableContent=null), 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articleId=1156949369221111926, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Proppant embedment results of different foam fluids with low and high clay content, figureFileSmall=kdyMRKRgTjg/fMd/0+Ogtg==, figureFileBig=UFMucC144skP5zHwiWNLUA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225944431560409184, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156949369221111926, language=CN, label=图7, caption=低黏和高黏土含量时不同泡沫流体的嵌入情况, figureFileSmall=kdyMRKRgTjg/fMd/0+Ogtg==, figureFileBig=UFMucC144skP5zHwiWNLUA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225944431723987057, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156949369221111926, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Diagram of proppant embedment model, figureFileSmall=U0IFVSiNtNAt1wm/lq1JGg==, figureFileBig=R1JuafoqbhP+7XNnJlI5Pg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225944431870787712, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156949369221111926, language=CN, label=图8, 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fracture width is 3 mm, figureFileSmall=O7YhGkc10lbJv8b/rMh8cA==, figureFileBig=tAsYtdpRxRsjp8ZdLmACJA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225944433816944833, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156949369221111926, language=CN, label=图10, caption=支撑缝宽3 mm时20/40目与40/70陶粒支撑剂充填裂缝导流能力与已有结果对比, figureFileSmall=O7YhGkc10lbJv8b/rMh8cA==, figureFileBig=tAsYtdpRxRsjp8ZdLmACJA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225944433984717002, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156949369221111926, language=EN, label=Fig.11, caption=Effects of CO2 content of foam fluid on the fracture conductivity, figureFileSmall=oLoqLGED82YAzuqo5YidbQ==, figureFileBig=ZSRqWe8pseWct3EP2/99mA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225944434236375257, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156949369221111926, language=CN, label=图11, caption=泡沫流体CO2含量对导流能力的影响, figureFileSmall=oLoqLGED82YAzuqo5YidbQ==, figureFileBig=ZSRqWe8pseWct3EP2/99mA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225944434337038558, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156949369221111926, language=EN, label=Fig.12, caption=Effects of different clay contents on the stimulation of foam liquid, figureFileSmall=0sDJqRGRt2iCMuDyAVbL+w==, figureFileBig=XkUIcE5621a0bQYN6vnoWQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225944434567725290, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156949369221111926, language=CN, label=图12, caption=不同黏土含量对泡沫流体作用效果的影响, figureFileSmall=0sDJqRGRt2iCMuDyAVbL+w==, figureFileBig=XkUIcE5621a0bQYN6vnoWQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225944434697748723, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156949369221111926, language=EN, label=Fig.13, caption=Diagram of flow system of the propped fracture in conglomerate reservoirs, figureFileSmall=Mi1EpRJvbrcElK7eihCuoQ==, figureFileBig=jnI5uRcjvSYqYKhqK4SU1g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225944434831966460, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156949369221111926, language=CN, label=图13, caption=砾岩储层支撑裂缝渗流系统示意图, figureFileSmall=Mi1EpRJvbrcElK7eihCuoQ==, figureFileBig=jnI5uRcjvSYqYKhqK4SU1g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225944434966184199, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156949369221111926, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Statistical results of proppant embedment for each specimen

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试件编号 黏土矿物相
对含量/%
泡沫流体
碳水比
不同嵌入区间的占比
0.10~0.15 mm 0.15~0.20 mm 0.20~0.25 mm 0.25~0.30 mm 0.30~0.35 mm 0.35~0.40 mm
#C0-1 14.9 0∶1 0.303 0.530 0.091 0.030 0.028 0.018
#C0-2 10.7 0.390 0.350 0.133 0.075 0.030 0.022
#C0-3 22.9 0.183 0.502 0.214 0.058 0.040 0.003
#C0-4 32.4 0.262 0.415 0.220 0.068 0.024 0.011
#C4-1 17.4 4∶6 0.410 0.443 0.023 0.073 0.027 0.024
#C4-2 16.4 0.760 0.192 0.029 0.010 0.009 0
#C4-3 25.3 0.811 0.123 0.038 0.009 0 0.019
#C4-4 29.9 0.276 0.428 0.154 0.052 0.061 0.029
#C5-1 18.5 5∶5 0.646 0.215 0.100 0.039 0 0
#C5-2 19.2 0.580 0.243 0.103 0.053 0.017 0.004
#C5-3 28.4 0.689 0.231 0.077 0.003 0 0
#C5-4 29.9 0.618 0.234 0.095 0.038 0.015 0
#C7-1 12.3 7∶3 0.751 0.173 0.054 0.016 0.006 0
#C7-2 12.2 0.853 0.125 0.013 0.009 0 0
#C7-3 29.5 0.700 0.215 0.062 0.015 0.008 0
#C7-4 29.0 0.746 0.188 0.044 0.022 0 0
#C10-1 9.8 1∶0 0.892 0.053 0.030 0.025 0 0
#C10-2 20.0 0.757 0.187 0.047 0 0.009 0
#C10-3 32.2 0.634 0.236 0.065 0.049 0.016 0
#C10-4 27.1 0.750 0.197 0.045 0.008 0 0
), ArticleFig(id=1225944435066847498, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156949369221111926, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

各个试件的支撑剂嵌入统计结果

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试件编号 黏土矿物相
对含量/%
泡沫流体
碳水比
不同嵌入区间的占比
0.10~0.15 mm 0.15~0.20 mm 0.20~0.25 mm 0.25~0.30 mm 0.30~0.35 mm 0.35~0.40 mm
#C0-1 14.9 0∶1 0.303 0.530 0.091 0.030 0.028 0.018
#C0-2 10.7 0.390 0.350 0.133 0.075 0.030 0.022
#C0-3 22.9 0.183 0.502 0.214 0.058 0.040 0.003
#C0-4 32.4 0.262 0.415 0.220 0.068 0.024 0.011
#C4-1 17.4 4∶6 0.410 0.443 0.023 0.073 0.027 0.024
#C4-2 16.4 0.760 0.192 0.029 0.010 0.009 0
#C4-3 25.3 0.811 0.123 0.038 0.009 0 0.019
#C4-4 29.9 0.276 0.428 0.154 0.052 0.061 0.029
#C5-1 18.5 5∶5 0.646 0.215 0.100 0.039 0 0
#C5-2 19.2 0.580 0.243 0.103 0.053 0.017 0.004
#C5-3 28.4 0.689 0.231 0.077 0.003 0 0
#C5-4 29.9 0.618 0.234 0.095 0.038 0.015 0
#C7-1 12.3 7∶3 0.751 0.173 0.054 0.016 0.006 0
#C7-2 12.2 0.853 0.125 0.013 0.009 0 0
#C7-3 29.5 0.700 0.215 0.062 0.015 0.008 0
#C7-4 29.0 0.746 0.188 0.044 0.022 0 0
#C10-1 9.8 1∶0 0.892 0.053 0.030 0.025 0 0
#C10-2 20.0 0.757 0.187 0.047 0 0.009 0
#C10-3 32.2 0.634 0.236 0.065 0.049 0.016 0
#C10-4 27.1 0.750 0.197 0.045 0.008 0 0
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基于支撑剂嵌入实验的玛湖凹陷砾岩储层CO2泡沫压裂液体系优选
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董景锋 1 , 刘凯新 1 , 路宗羽 1 , 王斌 1 , 邹娜娜 1 , 杜布戈 2 , 丁克保 1 , 崔健 2 , 彭岩 2, *
科学技术与工程 | 论文·石油、天然气工业 2025,25(4): 1419-1427
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科学技术与工程 | 论文·石油、天然气工业 2025, 25(4): 1419-1427
基于支撑剂嵌入实验的玛湖凹陷砾岩储层CO2泡沫压裂液体系优选
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董景锋1 , 刘凯新1, 路宗羽1, 王斌1, 邹娜娜1, 杜布戈2, 丁克保1, 崔健2, 彭岩2, *
作者信息
  • 1 中国石油新疆油田分公司工程技术研究院, 克拉玛依 834000
  • 2 中国石油大学(北京)石油工程学院, 北京 102249
  • 董景锋(1984—),男,汉族,山东菏泽人,博士,高级工程师。研究方向:油气田开发。E-mail:

通讯作者:

*彭岩(1987—),男,汉族,江苏徐州人,博士,副教授。研究方向:石油工程岩石力学、储层改造机理。E-mail:
Optimization of CO2 Foam Fracturing Fluid System in the Conglomerate Reservoir of the Mahu Basin with Proppant Embedding Experiment
Jing-feng DONG1 , Kai-xin LIU1, Zong-yu LU1, Bin WANG1, Na-na ZOU1, Bu-ge DU2, Ke-bao DING1, Jian CUI2, Yan PENG2, *
Affiliations
  • 1 Research Institute of Engineering Technology, PetroChina Xinjiang Oilfield Company, Karamay 834000, China
  • 2 College of Petroleum Engineering, China University of Petroleum(Beijing), Beijing 102249, China
出版时间: 2025-02-08 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2401274
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CO2泡沫压裂可以减少储层伤害,有助于非常规油气藏增产开发,但目前缺少定量评价泡沫压裂液碳水比对导流能力影响程度的方法,泡沫压裂液体系碳水比优选存在不足。为优选适用于玛湖凹陷砾岩储层的CO2泡沫压裂液体系,开展模拟储层条件下不同碳水比泡沫流体作用下支撑剂嵌入实验,得到各嵌入深度区间的比例,建立考虑支撑剂非均质嵌入的导流能力模型,计算获得不同泡沫流体提高导流能力的效果并分析其作用机理。结果表明:使用CO2替代部分水基压裂液,可以降低支撑剂的嵌入程度;随着CO2比例升高,泡沫流体提高导流能力的效果逐渐减弱并达到上限,模型导流能力较水基提高约12%;碳水比7∶3时低黏土含量(黏土矿物含量<20%)试件导流能力提高达到上限,高黏土矿物含量试件(黏土矿物含量≥20%)的导流能力受碳水比的影响更敏感,达到上限时碳水比较低;CO2泡沫压裂液可以提高支撑裂缝-缝周边地层系统的渗流能力。研究成果可为CO2泡沫压裂液体系碳水比优化提供参考。
支撑剂嵌入  /  砾岩储层  /  CO2泡沫压裂  /  导流能力

CO2 foam fracturing can reduce reservoir damage and contribute to the stimulation of unconventional oil and gas reservoirs. However, there needs to be more quantitative methods to evaluate the influence of the CO2-H2O ratio of foam fracturing fluid on the conductivity, and the optimization of foam fracturing fluid system is insufficient. To select the CO2 foam fracturing fluid system suitable for the conglomerate reservoir in the Mahu Basin, proppant embedment experiments were carried out with the treatment of foam fluid with different CO2-H2O ratios at simulated reservoir conditions, and each interval of embedment depth was obtained. A conductivity model considering the heterogeneous proppant embedment was established to calculate the effects of different foam fluids on improving the conductivity and analyze its mechanism. The results show that using CO2 to replace part of the water-based fracturing fluid can reduce the degree of proppant embedment. With the increase of the CO2-H2O ratio, the effect of improving the conductivity weakens and reaches the upper limit gradually, increasing by about 12% compared with that of water-based fracturing fluid. When the ratio is 7∶3, the conductivity of samples with low clay content (<20%) increases to the upper limit. However, the conductivity of samples with high clay mineral content (≥20%) is more sensitive to the influence of the CO2-H2O ratio, and the upper limit is lower. CO2 foam fracturing fluid can improve the hydrological capacity of the propped fracture-formation system. The research results can reference the CO2-H2O ratio optimization of the CO2 foam fracturing fluid system.

proppant embedment  /  conglomerate reservoir  /  CO2 foam fracturing  /  fracture conductivity
董景锋, 刘凯新, 路宗羽, 王斌, 邹娜娜, 杜布戈, 丁克保, 崔健, 彭岩. 基于支撑剂嵌入实验的玛湖凹陷砾岩储层CO2泡沫压裂液体系优选. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (4) : 1419 -1427 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2401274
Jing-feng DONG, Kai-xin LIU, Zong-yu LU, Bin WANG, Na-na ZOU, Bu-ge DU, Ke-bao DING, Jian CUI, Yan PENG. Optimization of CO2 Foam Fracturing Fluid System in the Conglomerate Reservoir of the Mahu Basin with Proppant Embedding Experiment[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (4) : 1419 -1427 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2401274
“双碳”愿景下,在开采油气的同时实现CO2地质封存的CO2压裂技术成为关注热点[1-2]。目前大量的室内实验和现场施工表明[3-5],CO2压裂工艺在减少用水量、快速返排、提高裂缝复杂程度等方面优势明显。对于存在水敏水锁等问题的油藏,CO2压裂工艺具有较大的应用潜力,能够减轻储层伤害,实现增产改造[6-7]。由于在施工条件下纯CO2黏度低,滤失高且携砂能力差[8-9],施工安全风险高且不利于支撑剂在缝内有效铺置,为保证经济效益和施工安全,形成了CO2前置、准干法、泡沫等压裂工艺,以最大程度提升压裂效果。
近年来,中外CO2泡沫压裂工艺应用愈发广泛[10-14]。施工中,CO2泡沫压裂在保证携砂能力的同时,滤失低且可以帮助返排,通过CO2替代部分水基压裂液的方式可以缓解对水敏储层的伤害,有助于提高油气层压裂后开采效果。与常规压裂液体系不同,CO2泡沫压裂液需要考虑不同泡沫质量的作用效果,优选碳水比(即气相(CO2)与水相占比)等关键工艺参数,对于压裂液稳定性、流变性、携砂性及与储层间配伍性相当重要。文献[15-17]开展了不同碳水比对泡沫压裂液黏度、稳定性、井筒温度压力、人工裂缝参数的影响研究,但该比例对储层伤害程度影响的认识相对定性(即减少水相含量可以降低储层伤害),缺少定量结果帮助泡沫压裂液体系优化选型。总体而言,目前中外对于CO2泡沫压裂液增产机理的研究已相当深入,也着重分析总结实际应用存在的问题,但仍需更细致地建立CO2泡沫压裂液体系优选方法,以更好地将CO2泡沫压裂工艺推广到不同类型的储层改造中。
新疆准噶尔盆地玛湖凹陷部分地区由于低渗透[18-19]、砾石胶结物中泥质含量高[20],导致常规水基压裂液对储层伤害较为严重,影响裂缝导流能力[21],压后增产效果不明显。现考虑在水敏性油藏通过CO2泡沫压裂工艺的开发方式,减少入井水基压裂液用量,降低水敏伤害,提升压后产量。但目前CO2泡沫压裂工艺在砾岩储层的应用较少,缺乏对CO2泡沫压裂适用性评价方法与认识。
鉴于此,以降低支撑剂嵌入程度、减少储层伤害、提高人工裂缝导流能力为优化目标,开展模拟储层温压条件下不同碳水比CO2泡沫压裂液体系的室内嵌入实验,并建立模型预测导流能力大小,为现场施工中CO2泡沫压裂液体系优选提供参考。
试件来源于玛湖凹陷某区块多口井的全直径岩心,由于该区块砾石胶结性较差,尽可能减少加工过程中水的影响,使用煤油钻取多块直径为38 mm,高度为50 mm的砾岩圆柱,并使用线切割沿轴向对半剖开。支撑剂选用40/70 目陶粒,圆度和球度均为0.9。实验优选α-烯基磺酸钠(AOS)作为起泡剂。为提高泡沫稳定性,延长泡沫半衰期,使用FM-550(改性硅树脂聚醚微乳液)稳泡剂。基液配方为:0.5%AOS起泡剂+0.4%FM-550稳泡剂+1.0%胍胶稠化剂。
图1所示,实验设备由压嵌系统、泵注系统和起泡系统构成。通过设置围压缸温度压力、水和CO2的泵注流速,可模拟实际地层压力、温度和泡沫流体作用下的支撑剂压嵌过程。其中起泡管内部紧密填充30~80目的球形骨料,使多相流流态在多孔介质中发生转变[22]
实验流程如图2所示。首先对试件加工过程中的碎屑研磨,测定其矿物组成与相对含量,以助于归类和后期分析。试件需要使用实验室制备的地层水进行饱和1 d(CaCl2水型,矿化度25 000 mg/L),以模拟地下流体环境。其后,使用1 000~2 000目数的细砂纸对试件表面进行打磨抛光,将表面高度极差控制在100 μm以内,减少初始粗糙度对后期扫描识别压嵌坑及测算深度的影响。打磨完成后,将支撑剂铺置在试件剖面上,铺置厚度为3 mm,放入橡胶筒内,左右两端塞入带有导流口的不锈钢塞,以防止液压油流入缝内。左右两端连接好导流管线后,开始设定温度和压力等实验条件。
试件放入围压缸后,首先开启油泵,泵入液压油,使缸内压力提高并稳定在30 MPa,其后使用温度控制系统,使液压油升温并保持在90 ℃。压力和温度稳定后,开启基液泵和CO2泵,按照不同碳水比设置对应的流速大小(其中不同碳水比中碳水比0∶1即为常规水力压裂,碳水比1∶0为纯干法压裂),经过起泡管形成泡沫流体,通入到试件支撑裂缝内部。此时观察导流出口,可以收集流出的泡沫液体(图3),在显微镜下观察泡沫液的形态,记录消泡特征,根据实际情况对泵注速度进行调整。从图4中可以看出,在同一起泡体系下,不同碳水比泡沫的消泡特征近似,消泡速度呈先快后慢的趋势,初始半衰期在30~40 min。随着CO2含量升高,消泡速率略有下降。
待泡沫流体流出稳定后,开始记录压嵌时间,维持12 h。实验结束取出岩板,使用蘸酒精的细刷清除表面支撑剂与液体残留,干燥后进行表面形貌扫描,对压嵌结果进行统计分析。
图5所示,实验结束后,砾岩表面出现了大量的支撑剂嵌入坑(由于放大倍数较大,对不同位置拍摄照片进行了拼接处理)。使用表面形貌扫描后,发现支撑剂在杂基和砾石位置嵌入深度相差较大,部分杂基位置嵌入深度是砾石处的5倍(图6)。
出现上述现象的原因是砾岩非均质性较强,砾石和杂基的力学性质主要受岩相结构控制。在单个支撑剂嵌入的尺度下,砾石处为单一岩相,强度高,支撑剂嵌入困难,嵌入深度较小;而杂基处岩相构成复杂,强度主要由泥质或砂质胶结物贡献,较砾石位置支撑剂更容易嵌入,故嵌入深度相对较大。这种支撑剂非均质嵌入行为文献[23-24]进行了研究,砾岩嵌入则尤为显著,以往将嵌入深度进行平均处理的方法存在明显缺陷。因此,对试件表面嵌入情况进行统计,更全面地表征砾岩支撑剂嵌入行为,并对比不同碳水比作用下嵌入的差异。
表1给出了各试件的黏土矿物相对含量和不同嵌入深度区间坑的占比。考虑到实验中试件表面受到剐蹭,嵌入后发生脱砾,只有深度在0.10~0.40 mm的嵌入坑被统计入内。
为更直观地比较不同泡沫流体的作用效果,以黏土矿物含量20%为分界线,将试件划分为黏土矿物含量低和高两个等级(黏土矿物含量为20%划为低黏土矿物含量一组),并将同等级的试件嵌入频率求平均,绘制图7曲线。可以看出,当碳水比0∶1时,占比最大嵌入坑深度区间是0.15~0.20 mm;当压裂液含有CO2时,占比最大的区间为0.10~0.15 mm,表明CO2将水相部分替代后,使得整体嵌入深度降低。随着CO2含量的升高,大部分试件深度超过0.15 mm的嵌入坑占比有所下降,下降幅度与CO2比例成正相关。当碳水比为7∶3和1∶0时,深度在0.30~0.40 mm的嵌入坑基本消失。
综上分析,泡沫体系碳含量的升高,可以使支撑剂嵌入深度变小。但由于嵌入深度区间划分较多,变化幅度各有差别,嵌入深度无法与导流能力直接对应,不利于泡沫流体碳水比的优选。故需要建立以导流能力为单一指标的评价模型,更明确地开展不同碳水比的泡沫流体的优选。
为对不同含碳量压裂液作用下支撑剂非均质嵌入结果进行归一化分析,有必要建立不同嵌入深度占比-导流能力的评价模型。该模型做以下假设(图8):①支撑剂为球形刚体,只嵌入而不发生变形和破碎;②支撑剂嵌入不超过一个粒径深度;上下岩板嵌入程度一致;③支撑剂嵌入是充填层的孔隙度变化的唯一原因,不考虑支撑剂重新排布、嵌入产生的岩屑堵塞等;④支撑剂在裂缝内正排列。
由于支撑裂缝的导流能力与支撑剂充填层孔隙结构有关[22],故首先需要对单个支撑剂嵌入情况进行分析。图9给出了不同嵌入深度单个支撑剂孔隙空间(红色阴影)的变化。
图9所示,当支撑剂未发生嵌入时,单元的孔隙体积为
vp=8R3-$\frac{4}{3}$πR3
式(1)中:vp为单个支撑剂孔隙体积,上标p为孔隙;R为支撑剂颗粒的半径。
当支撑剂嵌入深度≤支撑剂半径时,孔隙体积变化为
Δvp=4R2hh2$\left(R-\frac{ℎ}{3}\right)$
式(2)中:Δvp为单个支撑剂孔隙体积的变化;h为嵌入深度。
同理,当支撑剂嵌入深度>支撑剂半径时,孔隙体积变化为
Δvp=4R3-$\frac{2}{3}$πR3+4R2(h-R)-
$\left[\frac{2}{3}\pi {R}^{3}-\pi {\left(2\right.R-ℎ)}^{2}\left(R-\frac{2R-ℎ}{3}\right)\right]$
当所有支撑剂嵌入深度=支撑剂半径时,支撑剂充填层孔隙度为
φ=$\frac{m{v}^{p}-2\Delta {v}^{p}}{8{R}^{3}m}$
式(4)中:φ为支撑剂充填层的孔隙度;m为支撑剂堆积层数,计算公式为
m=$\frac{{H}_{0}}{2R}$
式(5)中:H0为嵌入前支撑缝宽。
当所有支撑剂嵌入深度不等时,支撑剂充填层孔隙度为
φ=$\frac{m{v}^{p}-\sum _{i=1}^{6}2{\lambda }_{i}\Delta {{v}^{p}}_{i}}{8{R}^{3}m}$
式(6)中:Δ${v}_{i}^{p}$为嵌入深度位于第i个区间时单个支撑剂充填层的孔隙空间变化。
根据实验结果分为6个深度区间,即i=1时嵌入深度介于0.10~0.15 mm,i=2时介于0.15~0.20 mm;以此类推,i=6时嵌入深度介于0.35~0.40 mm。
λi为第i个深度区间嵌入坑的所占比例,其计算公式为
λi=$\frac{{n}_{i}}{N}$
式(7)中:ni为第i个深度区间嵌入坑的数量;N为实验统计所有嵌入坑的数量。
根据Carman-Kozeny方程得到支撑剂充填层渗透率[25]
k=$\frac{4{R}^{2}{\varphi }^{3}}{180{(1-\varphi)}^{2}}$
式(8)中:k为支撑剂充填层渗透率。
嵌入后,支撑整体缝宽变为
Wf=H0-$\sum _{i=1}^{6}$2λihi
式(9)中:Wf为支撑整体缝宽;hi为第i个区间的平均嵌入深度。
支撑裂缝导流能力的计算公式为
Kf=kWf (10)
式(10)中:Kf为导流能力。
将式(6)、式(8)和式(10)联立,可得到考虑支撑剂非均匀嵌入后的裂缝导流能力大小模型。
为验证模型的准确性,需要将模型与实验结果做对比。选择20/40目(等效粒径2R≈0.60 mm)和40/70目(等效粒径2R≈0.32 mm)陶粒,设置支撑缝宽为3 mm(与室内支撑剂嵌入实验一致),得到了两种粒径嵌入深度-支撑裂缝导流能力的曲线(每个支撑剂嵌入深度相同)。此外,本文选择相对均质的砂岩进行4组常规短期导流能力实验,测得了上述条件下两种粒径的导流能力大小与相应的支撑剂嵌入深度,结合文献[26]结果与本文模型进行对比(图10)。
通过对比可以发现,嵌入深度>0.10 mm时,20/40目陶粒支撑剂铺置的导流模型计算结果与已有数据拟合较好,趋势基本一致;而40/70目陶粒支撑剂铺置的导流模型计算结果在<0.10 mm和嵌入深度>0.40 mm时误差较大,导流模型在嵌入深度介于0.10~0.40 mm时较为精确。分析可知,这种误差来源于模型的前提假设。实际情况下支撑剂在裂缝内的排列方式一般介于正排列和菱形排列之间[27-28],模型初始时孔隙度偏高,导流能力预测误差较大,模型导流能力偏高;当支撑剂嵌入深度较大时,意味着高闭合应力,20/40目支撑剂易发生破碎[29],碎屑堵塞流动通道,使实际导流能力偏低;而40/70目支撑剂不易破碎且通过内部变形重排等方式仍能维持相对较高的孔隙度[30],预测精度显著下降。另外由于砂岩和砾岩的力学性质相差较大,导致不同岩石类型的裂缝导流能力也有差异。
综上,在压裂液不影响压嵌过程中支撑剂变形破碎或排布等假设前提下,且只考虑0.10~0.40 mm嵌入深度时,模型可以评价不同碳水比泡沫压裂液作用下支撑剂的嵌入程度,预测不同嵌入情况时的导流能力。
基于表1的实验结果,代入3.1节模型中,得到每个试件嵌入后预测的导流能力。图11给出所有试件的导流能力预测结果的箱型图,并依据泡沫流体CO2含量进行分类(泡沫流体CO2含量即CO2所占泡沫流体的比例,如碳水比7∶3时CO2含量为70%)。箱体中间横线为同组平均值。
图11中可以看出,整体上裂缝导流能力与泡沫流体中CO2含量呈正相关关系,且随着CO2含量升高,导流能力提升效果逐渐减弱。泡沫碳水比4∶6时,各试件导流能力离散程度较高,可能是由于砾岩非均质性较强导致的。另外,泡沫碳水比7∶3和1∶0时导流能力相差不大,当CO2含量高于70%时再增加CO2含量并不能有效提高裂缝的导流能力。
为比较不同泡沫流体的作用大小,定义导流能力提高效果,可表示为
Ω=$\frac{{{K}^{C}}_{f}-{{K}^{H}}_{f}}{{{K}^{H}}_{f}}$×100%
式(11)中:Ω为导流能力提高效果;KCf为该CO2含量泡沫流体作用下裂缝的导流能力平均值;${K}_{f}^{H}$为水作用下裂缝导流能力平均值。
根据式(11),将相同黏土矿物含量等级的试件计算结果取平均,图12给出了不同CO2含量泡沫流体对两个黏土含量等级的作用效果。可发现,当泡沫碳水比7∶3及以上时,高黏土矿物含量与低黏土矿物试件的导流能力提升了11%~12%,低黏土含量试件的提升效果略高;
泡沫碳水比7∶3时低黏土含量试件导流能力提高达到上限,再增加CO2含量对导流能力作用不大;而对于高黏土含量试件,泡沫流体CO2含量在40%~50%时导流能力显著地提高,效果甚至超过了黏土含量较低的试件。当含量超过50%后,导流能力提高不再明显。
从模型结果来看,高碳水比时黏土矿物含量低和高试件的效果相近。但模型仅反映了CO2泡沫流体减弱支撑剂嵌入程度的效果,实际上CO2泡沫流体作用是多方面的,需要更全面分析其对支撑裂缝-缝周边地层渗流系统的影响。
图13对砾岩储层支撑裂缝渗流系统进行示意。在实际的砾岩储层中,油气流体的渗流过程大体上分为3个阶段:未压裂液水化区域渗流→压裂液水化区域渗流→人工裂缝渗流。其中,压裂液对储层的伤害有以下几个方面:首先,压裂液滤失会使缝周边岩石水化,胶结物的黏土矿物膨胀、颗粒运移将使水化区域渗流能力下降;其次,砾岩胶结物水化后强度降低,会加剧支撑剂的嵌入,裂缝导流通道变窄;最后,支撑剂嵌入的加剧会产生更多的疏松岩屑,淤积在裂缝表面,形成“附加表皮”[31],进一步削弱支撑裂缝-缝周边地层系统的渗流能力。
支撑剂在缝面岩石表面发生嵌入的同时,产生了大量的岩屑,分布在嵌入坑周围。当裂缝内部流速较大时,会携带岩屑在支撑剂充填层内部运移,进而可能会堵塞部分狭小的渗流通道。因此,支撑剂不单单会造成缝宽缩窄,导流能力变小,嵌入产生的岩屑可能会进一步使裂缝导流能力下降。
基于上述分析,可知CO2泡沫流体不仅弱化了支撑剂嵌入程度,还可以减少嵌入产生的岩屑,并具备多重降滤失效果[32]。即通过气泡暂堵、快速返排减少基液对缝周储层岩石渗透率的损伤。而本次实验只获得了CO2泡沫压裂液的部分作用效果,后续可开展其他方面作用效果的研究及机理分析,更深入地认识CO2泡沫压裂的增产机制,为现场施工应用推广助力。
为对新疆准噶尔盆地玛湖凹陷砾岩储层CO2泡沫压裂液体系进行选型评价,通过开展模拟储层温压条件的不同碳水比泡沫压裂液作用下支撑剂嵌入实验,将结果代入建立的嵌入深度相关导流模型中,得到CO2泡沫压裂液碳水比对导流能力的影响规律,最后从砾岩储层支撑裂缝-缝周边地层渗流系统的角度,对实验结果进行分析并提出未来研究建议。得出如下结论。
(1)使用CO2替代部分水基压裂液,可以减弱支撑剂的嵌入程度。在含有CO2的泡沫流体作用时,0.15~0.20 mm深度区间的嵌入坑占比平均下降了51.6%,当碳水比7∶3时,0.30~0.40 mm深度的嵌入坑几乎消失。
(2)随着CO2比例的升高,泡沫流体提高导流能力的效果逐渐减弱,达到上限时,模型计算导流能力较水基提高约12%。
(3)黏土含量是影响导流能力的重要因素,以黏土矿物含量20%为分界,碳水比7∶3时低黏土含量试件导流能力提高达到上限,高黏土矿物含量试件的导流能力对于CO2含量的增加更敏感,CO2含量更低时达到上限,CO2含量超过50%后导流能力提高效果不大。
(4)在实际储层中,CO2泡沫压裂液可以提高支撑裂缝-缝周边地层岩石系统的渗流能力,室内实验可能低估了其作用效果,后续可开展针对支撑剂嵌入产生岩屑及“附加表皮”的研究,通过建立数学模型或数值模拟等方法,更全面、定量地明确不同CO2含量的泡沫压裂液减少储层伤害的程度。
  • 国家自然科学基金(51974356)
  • 中国石油大学(北京)科研基金(2462021YXZZ012)
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2025年第25卷第4期
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2401274
  • 接收时间:2024-02-27
  • 首发时间:2025-07-29
  • 出版时间:2025-02-08
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  • 收稿日期:2024-02-27
  • 修回日期:2024-11-20
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国家自然科学基金(51974356)
中国石油大学(北京)科研基金(2462021YXZZ012)
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    1 中国石油新疆油田分公司工程技术研究院, 克拉玛依 834000
    2 中国石油大学(北京)石油工程学院, 北京 102249

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*彭岩(1987—),男,汉族,江苏徐州人,博士,副教授。研究方向:石油工程岩石力学、储层改造机理。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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