Article(id=1156949368277393523, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1156949362480861758, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403247, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1714579200000, receivedDateStr=2024-05-02, revisedDate=1732636800000, revisedDateStr=2024-11-27, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1753767824476, onlineDateStr=2025-07-29, pubDate=1738944000000, pubDateStr=2025-02-08, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753767824476, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-29, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753767824476, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753767824476, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1156949362480861758, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='4', pageStart='1312', pageEnd='1751', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1753767823094, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1755171161273, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1162835389472424814, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1156949362480861758, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1162835389472424815, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1156949362480861758, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1503, endPage=1511, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1156949369674096759, articleId=1156949368277393523, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=Control Strategy of Hybrid Energy Storage System for Mitigating Wind Power Fluctuations, columnId=1156262733675876713, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Papers·Electrical Technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to mitigate the impact of wind power fluctuations on the power grid, a hybrid energy storage system (HESS) control strategy was proposed, which optimized the parameters of variational mode decomposition (VMD) using the mayfly algorithm (MA). Firstly, the sliding average algorithm was employed to determine the wind power grid connected power that met the grid standards. Then, a fitness function was constructed by combining two evaluation criteria, and the optimal parameters of the VMD algorithm were determined using the mayfly algorithm. The optimal parameters were then introduced into the VMD algorithm to decompose the hybrid energy storage power, realizing the initial allocation of the hybrid energy storage power. Finally, fuzzy control was utilized to optimize the state of charge (SOC) of the energy storage devices, adjusting the power commands of supercapacitors and lithium batteries. The results indicate that the proposed strategy not only enables adaptive decomposition and rational allocation of hybrid energy storage power, effectively mitigating wind power fluctuations but also ensures the SOC of the energy storage devices remains within a reasonable range, achieving safe and stable operation of the HESS.

, correspAuthors=Lei ZHANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Zhi-yuan FENG, Lei ZHANG, Gong CHEN, Hang LIU, Yu-kun HU, Xu-yang SHI), CN=ArticleExt(id=1156949459889381482, articleId=1156949368277393523, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=CN, title=平抑风电波动的混合储能系统控制策略, columnId=1156262734506353627, journalTitle=科学技术与工程, columnName=论文·电工技术, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为了降低风电功率波动对电网的影响,提出一种基于蜉蝣算法(mayfly algorithm,MA)优化变分模态分解(variational mode decomposition,VMD)参数的混合储能系统(hybrid energy storage system,HESS)控制策略。首先,利用滑动平均算法确定满足并网标准的风电并网功率。然后,综合两个评价指标构建适应度函数,利用蜉蝣算法寻优确定VMD算法的最优参数;将最优参数带入VMD算法分解混合储能功率,实现混合储能功率的初次分配。最后,利用模糊控制优化储能设备的荷电状态(state of charge,SOC),修正超级电容器和锂电池的功率指令。结果表明,所提策略不仅能够自适应分解和合理分配混合储能功率,有效平抑风电功率波动;还能够保证储能设备的SOC维持在合理范围内,实现HESS安全稳定运行。

, correspAuthors=张雷, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*张雷(1974—),男,汉族,河南洛阳人,博士,副教授。研究方向:计算智能、智能电网。E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=bjNfvHTzjAzOHh3MwpmRtg==, magXml=bocRoBstHH3bZULqD06TZA==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=gOPSHTWn5Rjtpm7Nb8Ja9w==, pdfFileSize=7323855, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=ScuFa3T1sdvbUjT3veCIqA==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=IxCyeE2p0pTf6+AOovqk+A==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

冯志远(1999—),男,汉族,河南商丘人,硕士研究生。研究方向:风电并网与混合储能控制。E-mail:

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冯志远(1999—),男,汉族,河南商丘人,硕士研究生。研究方向:风电并网与混合储能控制。E-mail:

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冯志远(1999—),男,汉族,河南商丘人,硕士研究生。研究方向:风电并网与混合储能控制。E-mail:

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Proceedings of the CSEE, 2022, 42(4): 1514-1523., articleTitle=Data repairing of photovoltaic power plant based on pearson correlation coefficient, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1225944439122735674, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156949368277393523, awardId=U2004163, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金(U2004163), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1225944423004025445, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156949368277393523, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1225944423016608360, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156949368277393523, companyId=1225944423004025445, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=School of Information Engineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471000, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1225944423024996969, 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Active power fluctuation limits for wind farms

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
风电场装机容量/
MW
1 min波动限值/
MW
10 min波动限值/
MW
<30 3 10
30~150 装机容量/10 装机容量/3
>150 15 50
), ArticleFig(id=1225944436304163303, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156949368277393523, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

风电场有功功率波动限值

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
风电场装机容量/
MW
1 min波动限值/
MW
10 min波动限值/
MW
<30 3 10
30~150 装机容量/10 装机容量/3
>150 15 50
), ArticleFig(id=1225944436425798125, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156949368277393523, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Fuzzy control rules for fuzzy controller 1

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
${P}_{SC}^{\ast }\left(t\right)$ SOCSC(t-1)
VS S M B VB
NB VS S VB VB VB
NM VS MB VB VB VB
NS VS B VB VB VB
PS VB VB VB B VS
PM VB VB VB MB VS
PB VB VB VB S VS
), ArticleFig(id=1225944436568404470, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156949368277393523, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

模糊控制器1的模糊控制规则

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
${P}_{SC}^{\ast }\left(t\right)$ SOCSC(t-1)
VS S M B VB
NB VS S VB VB VB
NM VS MB VB VB VB
NS VS B VB VB VB
PS VB VB VB B VS
PM VB VB VB MB VS
PB VB VB VB S VS
), ArticleFig(id=1225944436677456380, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156949368277393523, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Fuzzy control rules for fuzzy controller 2

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
${P}_{b}^{\ast }\left(t\right)$ SOCb(t-1)
VS S MS M MB B VB
NB VS S MS VB MB MB VB
NM VS MS MB VB VB VB VB
NS VS MB B VB VB VB VB
PS VB VB VB VB B MB VS
PM VB VB VB VB MB MS VS
PB VB MB MB VB MS S VS
), ArticleFig(id=1225944436790702594, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156949368277393523, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

模糊控制器2的模糊控制规则

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
${P}_{b}^{\ast }\left(t\right)$ SOCb(t-1)
VS S MS M MB B VB
NB VS S MS VB MB MB VB
NM VS MS MB VB VB VB VB
NS VS MB B VB VB VB VB
PS VB VB VB VB B MB VS
PM VB VB VB VB MB MS VS
PB VB MB MB VB MS S VS
), ArticleFig(id=1225944438212571660, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156949368277393523, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

MA parameter settings

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参数 数值 参数 数值
最大迭代次数N 20 种群数量P 20
动态惯性系数g0 0.8 动态惯性衰减gdamp 1
正吸引系数a1 1 正吸引系数a2 1.5
能见度系数$\beta $ 2 舞蹈系数d0 5
舞蹈系数衰减ddamp 0.8 全局学习系数a3 1.5
飞行系数fl0 1 飞行系数衰减fldamp 0.99
突变体数量n 1 突变率$\sigma $ 0.01
), ArticleFig(id=1225944438330012179, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156949368277393523, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

MA参数设置

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 数值 参数 数值
最大迭代次数N 20 种群数量P 20
动态惯性系数g0 0.8 动态惯性衰减gdamp 1
正吸引系数a1 1 正吸引系数a2 1.5
能见度系数$\beta $ 2 舞蹈系数d0 5
舞蹈系数衰减ddamp 0.8 全局学习系数a3 1.5
飞行系数fl0 1 飞行系数衰减fldamp 0.99
突变体数量n 1 突变率$\sigma $ 0.01
), ArticleFig(id=1225944438426481179, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156949368277393523, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Energy storage related parameters

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 数值
超级电容器 SOC范围 0.1~0.9
初始SOC 0.5
额定功率/MW 6.7
额定容量/(MW·h) 4.8
锂电池 SOC范围 0.2~0.8
初始SOC 0.5
额定功率/MW 3.3
额定容量/(MW·h) 6
), ArticleFig(id=1225944438569087520, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156949368277393523, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

储能相关参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 数值
超级电容器 SOC范围 0.1~0.9
初始SOC 0.5
额定功率/MW 6.7
额定容量/(MW·h) 4.8
锂电池 SOC范围 0.2~0.8
初始SOC 0.5
额定功率/MW 3.3
额定容量/(MW·h) 6
), ArticleFig(id=1225944438690722347, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156949368277393523, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

SOC of supercapacitors and lithium batteries before and after fuzzy control

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
状态 超级电容器SOC区间/% 锂电池SOC区间/%
模糊控制前 4~51 10~52
模糊控制后 15~51 21~52
), ArticleFig(id=1225944438820745776, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156949368277393523, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

模糊控制前后超级电容器和锂电池SOC

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
状态 超级电容器SOC区间/% 锂电池SOC区间/%
模糊控制前 4~51 10~52
模糊控制后 15~51 21~52
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平抑风电波动的混合储能系统控制策略
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冯志远 , 张雷 * , 陈功 , 刘航 , 胡宇堃 , 石旭阳
科学技术与工程 | 论文·电工技术 2025,25(4): 1503-1511
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科学技术与工程 | 论文·电工技术 2025, 25(4): 1503-1511
平抑风电波动的混合储能系统控制策略
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冯志远 , 张雷* , 陈功, 刘航, 胡宇堃, 石旭阳
作者信息
  • 河南科技大学信息工程学院, 洛阳 471000
  • 冯志远(1999—),男,汉族,河南商丘人,硕士研究生。研究方向:风电并网与混合储能控制。E-mail:

通讯作者:

*张雷(1974—),男,汉族,河南洛阳人,博士,副教授。研究方向:计算智能、智能电网。E-mail:
Control Strategy of Hybrid Energy Storage System for Mitigating Wind Power Fluctuations
Zhi-yuan FENG , Lei ZHANG* , Gong CHEN, Hang LIU, Yu-kun HU, Xu-yang SHI
Affiliations
  • School of Information Engineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471000, China
出版时间: 2025-02-08 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403247
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为了降低风电功率波动对电网的影响,提出一种基于蜉蝣算法(mayfly algorithm,MA)优化变分模态分解(variational mode decomposition,VMD)参数的混合储能系统(hybrid energy storage system,HESS)控制策略。首先,利用滑动平均算法确定满足并网标准的风电并网功率。然后,综合两个评价指标构建适应度函数,利用蜉蝣算法寻优确定VMD算法的最优参数;将最优参数带入VMD算法分解混合储能功率,实现混合储能功率的初次分配。最后,利用模糊控制优化储能设备的荷电状态(state of charge,SOC),修正超级电容器和锂电池的功率指令。结果表明,所提策略不仅能够自适应分解和合理分配混合储能功率,有效平抑风电功率波动;还能够保证储能设备的SOC维持在合理范围内,实现HESS安全稳定运行。

风电波动  /  蜉蝣算法(MA)  /  变分模态分解(VMD)  /  混合储能  /  模糊控制  /  荷电状态(SOC)

In order to mitigate the impact of wind power fluctuations on the power grid, a hybrid energy storage system (HESS) control strategy was proposed, which optimized the parameters of variational mode decomposition (VMD) using the mayfly algorithm (MA). Firstly, the sliding average algorithm was employed to determine the wind power grid connected power that met the grid standards. Then, a fitness function was constructed by combining two evaluation criteria, and the optimal parameters of the VMD algorithm were determined using the mayfly algorithm. The optimal parameters were then introduced into the VMD algorithm to decompose the hybrid energy storage power, realizing the initial allocation of the hybrid energy storage power. Finally, fuzzy control was utilized to optimize the state of charge (SOC) of the energy storage devices, adjusting the power commands of supercapacitors and lithium batteries. The results indicate that the proposed strategy not only enables adaptive decomposition and rational allocation of hybrid energy storage power, effectively mitigating wind power fluctuations but also ensures the SOC of the energy storage devices remains within a reasonable range, achieving safe and stable operation of the HESS.

wind power fluctuations  /  mayfly algorithm(MA)  /  variational mode decomposition(VMD)  /  hybrid energy storage  /  fuzzy control  /  state of charge(SOC)
冯志远, 张雷, 陈功, 刘航, 胡宇堃, 石旭阳. 平抑风电波动的混合储能系统控制策略. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (4) : 1503 -1511 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403247
Zhi-yuan FENG, Lei ZHANG, Gong CHEN, Hang LIU, Yu-kun HU, Xu-yang SHI. Control Strategy of Hybrid Energy Storage System for Mitigating Wind Power Fluctuations[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (4) : 1503 -1511 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403247
近年来,全球性的能源危机促进了以风电为代表,具有无污染、可持续和分布范围广等优点的可再生能源的大力发展[1]。但是,由于风电固有的随机性、间歇性和波动性,并网时将对电网的安全稳定运行造成诸多不利影响[2]。储能系统具有快速储存和释放电能的能力,能够有效抑制风电功率波动[3]。然而,单一储能系统存在运行效率不高、成本偏高等问题[4],而混合储能系统(hybrid energy storage system,HESS)综合了两种或多种具有互补特性的储能系统的优势,能够有效平抑风电功率波动,提高HESS经济性。
中外学者在HESS组合方式上做了大量研究,包括电池-超级电容器、电池-超导磁储能、电池-飞轮、压缩空气-飞轮等[5]。在诸多储能技术中,锂电池具有充放电效率高、安全性能好、容量大等优点,是典型的能量型储能;而超级电容器则是具有功率密度高、循环寿命长等优点的功率型储能。以这两种具有互补特性的储能系统组成的HESS能够极大提高系统综合性能[6-7]
为了降低风电功率波动,保证电力系统安全可靠地运行,中外相关学者就如何控制HESS平抑风电功率波动展开深入研究。常见的HESS控制策略有低通滤波[8-9]、小波包分解[10-11]、经验模态分解[12-13]和变分模态分解[14-15]等。文献[8-9]利用低通滤波器对原始风电功率进行滤波,得到并网功率和分配给不同储能系统的混合储能功率。但是低通滤波存在一定的时间延迟,无法实时跟踪风电功率变化。文献[10-11]利用小波包分解得到风电并网功率和混合储能功率,将混合储能功率合理地分配给不同的储能系统。但是小波包分解结果受小波基的影响。文献[12]利用经验模态分解(empirical mode decomposition,EMD)算法将原始风电功率分解,得到不同频带的本征模态函数(intrinsic mode functions,IMF),根据并网标准确定风电并网功率,其余分量作为混合储能功率分配给不同储能系统。但是EMD算法分解结果的模态混叠现象严重,与之相比,变分模态分解(variational mode decomposition,VMD)算法能够有效改善EMD算法中各IMF之间的模态混叠现象。文献[14]利用VMD算法将混合储能功率分解成一系列具有中心频率和有限带宽的IMF,自适应地分配给不同的储能系统。但是VMD算法中模态个数K和二次惩罚因子$\alpha $的选取具有一定的主观性,会对分解结果造成一定的影响。文献[15]利用遗传算法优化VMD参数,避免了人为因素对分解结果的影响,但是存在局部搜索能力差、收敛速度慢等问题。
针对以上问题,提出的基于蜉蝣算法(mayfly algorithm,MA)优化VMD参数的混合储能系统控制策略能够有效平抑风电功率波动。首先,根据并网标准利用滑动平均算法对风电场输出功率滤波,得到风电并网功率。然后,综合包络熵和皮尔逊相关系数两个评价指标构建适应度函数,利用MA算法寻优确定VMD算法中K$\alpha $的最优组合;将最优参数组合带入VMD算法分解混合储能功率,根据分解结果的边际谱确定功率分频点,将高低频分量分别分配给超级电容器和锂电池。最后,考虑到储能设备的容量问题,为避免其出现过充过放现象,利用模糊控制修正超级电容器和锂电池的充放电功率指令,保证储能设备的荷电状态(state of charge,SOC)维持在合理范围内,实现混合储能功率的二次分配。
所研究的风电场混合储能系统结构如图1所示。该系统由风电场、混合储能系统、电网和控制系统组成,其中混合储能系统由超级电容器和锂电池组成。风电场输出功率Pw(t)为风电并网功率Pg(t)与混合储能功率Pℎess(t)之和,而Pℎess(t)为锂电池功率Pb(t)与超级电容器功率Psc(t)之和,其表达式为
${P}_{w}\left(t\right)={P}_{g}\left(t\right)+{P}_{ℎess}\left(t\right)$
${P}_{ℎess}\left(t\right)={P}_{b}\left(t\right)+{P}_{sc}\left(t\right)$
混合储能系统的充放电功率采用累加形式得到其剩余容量,通过剩余容量与储能系统SOC的关系建立数学模型,表达式为
$\begin{array}{l}{E}_{rb/rsc}\left(t\right)={E}_{rb/rsc}(t-1)+{P}_{b/sc,cℎ}\left(t\right){\lambda }_{b/sc,cℎ}\Delta t+\\ \frac{{P}_{b/sc,dis}\left(t\right)\Delta t}{{\lambda }_{b/sc,dis}}\end{array}$
$SO{C}_{b/sc}\left(t\right)=\frac{{E}_{rb/rsc}\left(t\right)}{{E}_{b/sc}}$
式中:Erb/rsc(t)为锂电池/超级电容器的剩余容量;${\lambda }_{b/sc,cℎ}$${\lambda }_{b/sc,dis}$分别为锂电池/超级电容器的充电、放电效率;Pb/sc,cℎ(t)Pb/sc,dis(t)分别为锂电池/超级电容器的充电、放电功率;Eb/sc为锂电池/超级电容器的额定容量;SOCb/sc(t)为锂电池/超级电容器的SOC。
从安全性和使用寿命两个方面考虑,要使混合储能系统能够平滑调节下一时刻的风电出力,又能保证储能设备在其充放电功率和SOC允许范围内运行,需要满足:
${P}_{b/sc,min}\le {P}_{b/sc}\left(t\right)\le {P}_{b/sc,max}$
$SO{C}_{b/sc,min}\le SO{C}_{b/sc}\left(t\right)\le SO{C}_{b/sc,max}$
式中:Pb/sc,minPb/sc,max分别为锂电池/超级电容器充放电功率的下限和上限;SOCb/sc,minSOCb/sc,max分别为锂电池/超级电容器SOC的下限和上限。
风电并网功率须满足《风电场接入电力系统技术规定第1部分: 陆上风电》(GB/T 19963.1—2021)规定的风电场有功功率波动极限标准[16],主要包括1 min和10 min两个时间尺度,如表1所示。
根据表1所示的风电场有功功率波动极限标准,利用滑动平均算法对风电场输出功率滤波,得到风电并网功率和混合储能功率。滑动平均算法流程如图2所示。
变分模态分解是一种通过迭代寻求最优解的信号分解算法,通过设定模态个数K和二次惩罚因子$\alpha $,将信号分解为K个具有特定稀疏特性的IMF分量,其核心为构造和求解变分约束问题。
构造变分问题:将原始信号f(t)分解为K个IMF分量${u}_{k}\left(t\right)={A}_{k}\left(t\right)cos\left[{\varphi }_{k}\right(t\left)\right]$,其中Ak(t)${\varphi }_{k}\left(t\right)$分别为各IMF分量的幅值与相位函数,每个分量都存在与之对应的中心频率${\omega }_{k}。$对IMF分量进行希尔伯特变换得到其单边频谱,将其与${e}^{-j{\omega }_{k}t}$相乘,可将其频谱移动至相应的基频带。通过信号梯度的平方范数L2对IMF分量带宽进行估计。将K个IMF分量之和等于f(t)作为约束构造变分约束问题,可表示为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}\underset{\left\{{u}_{k}\right\},\left\{{\omega }_{k}\right\}}{min}\left(\sum _{k=1}^{K}{‖{\partial }_{t}\left\{\left[\delta \left(t\right)+\frac{j}{\pi t}\right]\ast {u}_{k}\left(t\right)\right\}{e}^{-j{\omega }_{k}t}‖}_{2}^{2}\right)\\ s.t.\sum _{k=1}^{K}{u}_{k}\left(t\right)=f\left(t\right)\end{array}\right.$
式(7)中:*为卷积符号;j为虚数单位;$\delta \left(t\right)$为脉冲函数;${\partial }_{t}$表示对t求偏导。
求解变分问题:引入拉格朗日乘法算子$\lambda $将约束变分问题转换为非约束变分问题,然后采用乘法算子交替法求解非约束变分问题,通过式(8)~式(10)交替迭代不断更新各IMF分量${u}_{k}^{n+1}$、各分量的中心频率${\omega }_{k}^{n+1}$、各分量的拉格朗日乘法算子${\lambda }_{k}^{n+1}$,直到满足VMD给定的判别精度为止,停止迭代。
${\hat{u}}_{k}^{n+1}\left(\omega \right)=\frac{\hat{f}\left(\omega \right)-{\sum }_{i\ne k}^{}{\hat{u}}_{i}^{n}\left(\omega \right)+\frac{{\hat{\lambda }}^{n}\left(\omega \right)}{2}}{1+2\alpha (\omega -{\omega }_{k}^{n}{)}^{2}}$
$\omega_{k}^{n+1}=\frac{\int_{0}^{\square} \omega\left|\hat{u}_{k}^{n+1}(\omega)\right|^{2} \mathrm{~d} \omega}{\int_{0}^{\square}\left|\hat{u}_{k}^{n+1}(\omega)\right|^{2} \mathrm{~d} \omega}$
${\hat{\lambda }}^{n+1}\left(\omega \right)={\hat{\lambda }}^{n}\left(\omega \right)+\tau \left[\hat{f}\left(\omega \right)-{\sum }_{k}^{}{\hat{u}}^{n+1}\left(\omega \right)\right]$
式中:${\hat{u}}_{k}^{n+1}\left(\omega \right)、\hat{f}\left(\omega \right)、{\hat{u}}_{i}^{n}\left(\omega \right)、{\hat{\lambda }}^{n}\left(\omega \right)$分别为${u}_{k}^{n+1}\left(\omega \right)、f\left(\omega \right)、{u}_{i}^{n}\left(\omega \right)、{\lambda }^{n}\left(\omega \right)$的傅里叶变换;n为迭代次数;$\tau $为步长;$\omega $为频率。
满足判别精度后,对${\hat{u}}_{k}^{n}\left(\omega \right)$进行傅里叶反变换,即可得到K个有限带宽的本征模态函数uk(t)。
利用VMD算法分解信号时需要人为设定K值和$\alpha $值,如果K值和$\alpha $值的选取不当将会对信号分解结果造成极大影响,难以实现混合储能功率的合理分配。为了解决这一问题,利用MA算法对VMD参数进行优化,根据不同的信号自适应地选择最优的K值和$\alpha $值来对信号进行分解,可以避免人为因素对分解结果的影响。
MA算法[17]是于2020年提出的一种基于蜉蝣行为特性的群体智能优化算法,该算法模拟了蜉蝣的飞行行为和交配过程,具体步骤如下。
步骤1 设定参数,初始化雄性、雌性蜉蝣。计算适应度值,更新个体最优和全局最优。
步骤2 更新雄性、雌性蜉蝣的速度和位置。式(11)和式(12)为雄性蜉蝣的速度和位置更新公式,更新其速度和位置,计算适应度值并进行排序,更新个体最优和全局最优。式(13)和式(14)为雌性蜉蝣的速度和位置更新公式,更新其速度和位置,计算适应度值并进行排序。
${v}_{ij}^{t+1}=\left\{\begin{array}{ll}g{v}_{ij}^{t}+{a}_{1}{e}^{-\beta {{r}^{2}}_{p}}({p}_{bij}-{x}_{ij}^{t})+& \\   {a}_{2}{e}^{-\beta {{r}^{2}}_{g}}({g}_{b}-{x}_{ij}^{t}),& f\left({x}_{i}\right)f\left({g}_{b}\right)\\ g{v}_{ij}^{t}+dr,& f\left({x}_{i}\right)\le f\left({g}_{b}\right)\end{array}\right.$
${x}_{i}^{t+1}={x}_{i}^{t}+{v}_{i}^{t+1}$
${v}_{ij}^{t+1}=\left\{\begin{array}{ll}g{v}_{ij}^{t}+{a}_{3}{e}^{-\beta {r}_{mf}^{2}}({x}_{ij}^{t}-{y}_{ij}^{t}),& f\left({y}_{i}\right)f\left({x}_{i}\right)\\ g{v}_{ij}^{t}+{f}_{l}r,& f\left({y}_{i}\right)\le f\left({x}_{i}\right)\end{array}\right.$
${y}_{i}^{t+1}={y}_{i}^{t}+{v}_{i}^{t+1}$
式中:${v}_{ij}^{t}$为第t次迭代蜉蝣i在维度j上的速度;pbij为该蜉蝣个体的历史最佳位置;xiyi分别为雄性蜉蝣i、雌性蜉蝣i的位置;g为动态惯性系数;g为更新参数;a1、a2为正吸引系数;a3为全局学习系数;$\beta $为能见度系数;rp为当前位置到个体最优位置pb的距离;rg为当前位置到全局最优位置gb的距离;rmf为雄性、雌性蜉蝣之间的距离;d为舞蹈系数;r为[-1,1]之间的随机数;fl为飞行系数。
步骤3 生成子代蜉蝣并对部分子代进行突变。将排序后的雄性、雌性蜉蝣根据优配优原则进行交配,根据式(15)生成子代蜉蝣,计算适应度值,更新全局最优。根据式(16)对部分子代进行突变操作,计算适应度值,更新全局最优。
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}offsprin{g}_{1}=Lx+(1-L)y\\ offsprin{g}_{2}=Ly+(1-L)x\end{array}\right.$
$offsprin{g}_{n}=offsprin{g}_{n}+\sigma N\left(\mathrm{0,1}\right)$
式中:offspringn为子代蜉蝣,n=1,2,当n=1表示雄性子代蜉蝣,当n=2表示雌性子代蜉蝣;xy分别为父代蜉蝣和母代蜉蝣;L为[-1,1]之间的随机数;$\sigma $为突变率,N(0,1)为标准正态分布。
步骤4 更新参数g、dfl。判断是否达到最大迭代次数,达到则输出最优解,否则继续迭代。
以包络熵和皮尔逊相关系数构建的复合评价指标作为MA优化VMD参数的适应度函数。包络熵[18]是一种评价信号稀疏特性的指标,即IMF分量噪声越多,模态混叠越严重,包络熵值越大。皮尔逊相关系数[19]表示两个信号的线性相关程度,可作为重构信号与原始信号之间偏差的评价指标。包络熵EP和皮尔逊相关系数R的计算公式分别为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{E}_{P}=-\sum _{i=1}^{N}p\left(i\right)lgp\left(i\right)\\ p\left(i\right)=\frac{a\left(i\right)}{\sum _{i=1}^{N}a\left(i\right)}\end{array}\right.$
$R=\frac{\sum _{i=1}^{N}({x}_{i}-\stackrel{-}{x}\left)\right({y}_{i}-\stackrel{-}{y})}{\sqrt{\sum _{i=1}^{N}({x}_{i}{-\stackrel{-}{x})}^{2}}\sqrt{\sum _{i=1}^{N}({y}_{i}{-\stackrel{-}{y})}^{2}}}$
式中:N为原始信号时间序列的数据个数;a(i)为各IMF分量经过Hilbert变换得到的包络信号;p(i)a(i)归一化后的概率序列;$\stackrel{-}{x}$$\stackrel{-}{y}$分别为xiyi的均值;xiyi分别为原始信号和重构信号。
建立复合评价指标,可表示为
$fitness=min\left(\frac{{E}_{P}}{R}\right)$
该指标综合考虑IMF分量频率特征、原始信号与重构信号之间的偏差两个因素,当IMF分量频率特征越明显且原始信号与重构信号的偏差越小时,复合评价指标越小,因此将其最小值作为适应度函数。MA优化VMD参数流程如图3所示。
经过MA算法优化的VMD算法能够自适应地将混合储能功率分解为一系列频率从低到高的IMF分量,确定适当的分频点,将低频分量分配给锂电池,高频分量分配给超级电容器。采用Hilbert变换对各IMF分量进行解析,得到其边际频谱。根据各IMF分量边际频谱的模态混叠严重程度确定分频点,并对各IMF分量进行重构。重构后的低频和高频功率分量分别表示为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{P}_{b}\left(t\right)=\sum _{k=1}^{j\text{'}}{u}_{k}\left(t\right)\\ {P}_{sc}\left(t\right)=\sum _{k=j\text{'}+1}^{K}{u}_{k}\left(t\right)\end{array}\right.$
式(20)中:j'为低频分量与高频分量的分频点。
由于混合储能系统初次功率分配没有考虑储能设备的容量问题,以及最大化储能设备的使用寿命和使用效率需要将其SOC维持在在合理范围内。因此,利用模糊控制修正超级电容器和锂电池的充放电功率,优化储能设备的SOC,模糊控制流程如图4所示。
修正后的功率指令为
$P{\text{'}}_{SC}\left(t\right)={K}_{SC}\left(t\right){P}_{SC}\left(t\right)$
$P{\text{'}}_{b}\left(t\right)={P}_{b}\left(t\right)+[1-{K}_{SC}(t\left)\right]{P}_{SC}\left(t\right)$
$P{″}_{b}\left(t\right)={K}_{b}\left(t\right)P{\text{'}}_{b}\left(t\right)$
式中:P'SC(t)P″b(t)分别为超级电容器和锂电池修正后的充放电功率;KSC(t)Kb(t)分别为超级电容器和锂电池的功率修正系数;P'b(t)为补偿超级电容器修正前后差值的锂电池充放电功率。
图4可以得出,模糊控制器1以超级电容器t-1时刻的荷电状态SOCSC(t-1)t时刻的归一化功率${P}_{SC}^{\ast }\left(t\right)$为输入,输出超级电容器的功率修正系数KSC(t);模糊控制器2以锂电池t-1时刻的荷电状态SOCb(t-1)t时刻的归一化功率${P}_{b}^{\ast }\left(t\right)$为输入,输出锂电池的功率修正系数Kb(t)。
(1)模糊控制器1。SOCSC(t-1)的论域范围为[0,1],模糊子集为[VS(极低),S(低),M(适中),B(高),VB(极高)],表示超级电容器SOC水平;${P}_{SC}^{\ast }\left(t\right)$的论域范围为[-1,1],模糊子集为[NB(负大),NM(负中),NS(负小),PS(正小),PM(正中),PB(正大)],表示功率指令;KSC(t)的论域范围为[0,1],模糊子集为[VS(极小),S(较小),MS(小),MB(大),B(较大),VB(极大)]。其模糊规则及隶属函数如表2图5所示。
(2)模糊控制器2。SOCb(t-1)的论域范围为[0,1],模糊子集为[VS(极低),S(较低),MS(低),M(适中),MB(高),B(较高),VB(极高)],表示锂电池SOC水平;${P}_{b}^{\ast }\left(t\right)$的论域范围为[-1,1],模糊子集为[NB(负大),NM(负中),NS(负小),PS(正小),PM(正中),PB(正大)],表示功率指令;功率修正系数Kb(t)的论域范围为[0,1],模糊子集为[VS(极小),S(较小),MS(小),M(适中),MB(大),B(较大),VB(极大)]。其模糊规则及隶属函数如表3图6所示。
以中国某地区装机容量为80 MW风电场的实测功率数据(采样间隔为1 min)为依据验证所提策略,算例仿真在MATLAB中进行。
根据风电场有功功率波动限值标准,利用滑动平均算法对风电场输出功率滤波,得到风电并网功率。风电场输出功率和滤波后的风电并网功率对比如图7所示,当滑动窗口M取值为4时,滤波后的风电并网功率1 min最大波动限值为3.69 MW,10 min最大波动限值为22.28 MW,满足国家规定的风电场有功功率波动限值标准。
利用MA算法优化VMD参数,MA算法的参数设置如表4所示。为了验证MA算法优化VMD参数的优越性,选择遗传算法作为对比算法,迭代对比结果如图8所示。MA算法在第7次迭代寻得最小适应度值7.451,而遗传算法则在第12次迭代寻得最小适应度值7.456。结果表明,MA算法与遗传算法相比,寻优速度更快,精度更高,不易陷入局部最优。MA算法优化VMD参数得到的最优$[K,\alpha ]$参数为[10,417]。
为了验证VMD算法的优势,选择EMD算法和EEMD算法作为对比算法分解混合储能功率。将最优$[K,\alpha ]$参数代入VMD算法分解混合储能功率,分解结果如图9所示,对其进行希尔伯特变换得到如图10所示的各IMF边际谱,可以看出不同IMF的频率都集中在各自中心频率两侧,高低频区分明显。EMD算法分解结果的边际谱如图11所示,可以看出各IMF之间的模态混叠严重。EEMD算法分解结果的边际谱如图12所示,相比EMD算法,EEMD算法各IMF之间的模态混叠情况略有改善,但高低频分量依旧难以区分。由此可得经过参数优化的VMD算法能够有效改善EMD算法和EEMD算法中各IMF之间的模态混叠现象,能够更加合理地完成混合储能功率的初次分配。
通过观察图10中VMD算法各IMF边际谱的频率特征,可以看出IMF1和IMF2之间频率区分最为明显,以此为分频点,将IMF1分配给锂电池,IMF2~IMF10分配给超级电容器,储能相关参数如表5所示。考虑到储能设备的SOC,利用模糊控制修正超级电容器和锂电池的充放电功率,保证储能设备的SOC维持在合理范围内。模糊控制前后超级电容器和锂电池的SOC如图13图14所示。
图13图14得到模糊控制前后储能设备的SOC变化情况如表6所示。可以看出,超级电容器SOC区间从4%~51%优化为15%~51%;锂电池SOC区间从10%~52%优化为21%~52%;优化后的SOC均维持在合理范围内。结果表明,经过模糊控制修正后的超级电容器和锂电池充放电功率,有效避免了储能设备出现过充过放现象。
为了降低风电功率波动对电网的影响,提出一种基于MA算法优化VMD参数的HESS控制策略,通过仿真验证和分析,得出如下结论。
(1)利用MA算法优化VMD参数,以包络熵和皮尔逊相关系数构建的复合评价指标作为MA算法的适应度函数,迭代寻优得到最优$[K,\alpha ]$参数,对比遗传算法,MA算法寻优速度更快,精度更高。
(2)利用参数优化的VMD算法分解混合储能功率,对比EMD算法和EEMD算法,VMD算法有效改善了EMD算法和EEMD算法中各IMF之间的模态混叠现象,能够更加合理地完成混合储能功率的初次分配。
(3)利用模糊控制修正超级电容器和锂电池的充放电功率,优化储能设备的SOC,保证储能设备的SOC维持在合理范围内,有效避免了储能设备出现过充过放现象。
  • 国家自然科学基金(U2004163)
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2025年第25卷第4期
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403247
  • 接收时间:2024-05-02
  • 首发时间:2025-07-29
  • 出版时间:2025-02-08
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  • 收稿日期:2024-05-02
  • 修回日期:2024-11-27
基金
国家自然科学基金(U2004163)
作者信息
    河南科技大学信息工程学院, 洛阳 471000

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*张雷(1974—),男,汉族,河南洛阳人,博士,副教授。研究方向:计算智能、智能电网。E-mail:
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
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红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
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