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Article(id=1156949367912489074, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1156949362480861758, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2309686, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1701964800000, receivedDateStr=2023-12-08, revisedDate=1731254400000, revisedDateStr=2024-11-11, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1753767824390, onlineDateStr=2025-07-29, pubDate=1740672000000, pubDateStr=2025-02-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753767824390, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-29, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753767824390, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753767824390, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1156949362480861758, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='4', pageStart='1312', pageEnd='1751', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1753767823094, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1755171161273, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1162835389472424814, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1156949362480861758, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1162835389472424815, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1156949362480861758, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1370, endPage=1377, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1156949369200140405, articleId=1156949367912489074, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=Deformation Characteristics of Moraine Soil Ancient Landslide and Its Resurrection Mechanism in Taihe Town under Rainfall-induced Effects, columnId=1156262729351549255, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Papers·Astronomy and Geosciences, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Affected by the continuous rainfall in the rainy season, the Taihe Town moraine soil paleolandslide is a giant soil-rock complex paleolandslide with a volume of about 1 200×104 m3, which began to be resurrected in 2021 and entered the creep stage. By 2022, the growth rate began to decline in the rainy season, which seriously threatened the normal mining inside the pit. Based on field investigation, drilling exposure, field monitoring, and physical and mechanical tests, the influencing factors and resurrection mechanism of ancient landslides were explored on the basis of identifying the micro-topography, geological structure characteristics and deformation instability stages of ancient landslides. The results show that the accumulation of rock and soil and topography are the basis of ancient landslide resurrection, and rainfall infiltration and mining excavation are the inducing factors of landslide resurrection. The analysis shows that under the influence of long-term rainfall leaching, fine particulate matter accumulates at the base-cover interface to form a sliding zone, and mining excavation causes an effective free face at the leading edge. Under the long-term influence of groundwater, the strength of the sliding zone soil is gradually reduced. Rainfall leads to increased seepage and reduced shear strength, which induces the revival of ancient landslides. The research results have certain reference value for similar engineering problems.

, correspAuthors=Hong-lian SHI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Jun-yan LIANG, Cheng-tang WANG, Yu CHEN, Yan-ru WANG, Hong-lian SHI, Hong MIN, Hao WANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1156949453191078854, articleId=1156949367912489074, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=CN, title=降雨诱发作用下太和镇冰碛土古滑坡变形特征及其复活机制, columnId=1156262730077163858, journalTitle=科学技术与工程, columnName=论文·天文学、地球科学, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=受雨季连续降雨作用的影响,太和镇冰碛土古滑坡为一方量约为1 200×104 m3巨型土石混合体古滑坡于2021年开始复活进入蠕滑阶段,到2022年雨季开始增速下滑,严重威胁到矿坑内部的正常开采。基于现场调查、钻探揭露、现场监测、物理力学试验,在查明古滑坡微地形、地质结构特征和变形失稳阶段的基础上,对其影响因素及复活机制进行探究。结果表明:堆积岩土体及地形地貌是古滑坡复活的孕灾基础,降雨入渗作用、采矿开挖是滑坡复活的诱发因素。分析表明,受长期以来的降雨淋滤作用影响,细颗粒物质在基覆界面处进行堆积形成滑带,采矿开挖使前缘出现有效临空面,且受地下水长期影响,滑带土的强度逐渐削减,降雨导致渗流作用加剧,抗剪强度降低,从而诱发古滑坡复活。研究成果对类似工程问题具有一定的参考价值。, correspAuthors=时红莲, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*时红莲(1969—),女,汉族,河南郑州人,硕士,副教授。研究方向:非饱和土性质及地基基础。E-mail:。
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梁俊岩(1998—),男,汉族,山西吕梁人,硕士研究生。研究方向:岩土体性质与边坡稳定性。E-mail:。

, authorsList=梁俊岩, 王成汤, 陈娱, 王沿儒, 时红莲, 闵弘, 王浩)}, authors=[Author(id=1225944413977882695, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156949367912489074, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=2768898424@qq.com, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1225944414170820692, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156949367912489074, authorId=1225944413977882695, language=EN, stringName=Jun-yan LIANG, firstName=Jun-yan, middleName=null, lastName=LIANG, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1 Faculty of Engineering, China University of Geosciences (Wuhan), Wuhan 430074, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1225944414275678303, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156949367912489074, authorId=1225944413977882695, language=CN, stringName=梁俊岩, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1 中国地质大学(武汉)工程学院, 武汉 430074, bio={"content":"

梁俊岩(1998—),男,汉族,山西吕梁人,硕士研究生。研究方向:岩土体性质与边坡稳定性。E-mail:。

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梁俊岩(1998—),男,汉族,山西吕梁人,硕士研究生。研究方向:岩土体性质与边坡稳定性。E-mail:。

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slope safety factor and water content of sliding zone soil, figureFileSmall=bowE+PY1ld+obq2rN/qY8g==, figureFileBig=Gbwg1YyRRFbTjR7POvV3nA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225944426997003196, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156949367912489074, language=CN, label=图11, caption=边坡安全系数与滑带土含水率关系曲线, figureFileSmall=bowE+PY1ld+obq2rN/qY8g==, figureFileBig=Gbwg1YyRRFbTjR7POvV3nA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225944427139609543, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156949367912489074, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Zoning characteristics of south stope landslide

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边坡分区 高程分布/m 高差/m 坡度/(°) 成因
Ⅰ 1 759~2 108 349 28~32 构造剥蚀
Ⅱ 1 770~1 832 62 2~16 滑坡堆积
Ⅲ 1 602~1 962 360 30~45 矿坑开采
), ArticleFig(id=1225944427231884247, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156949367912489074, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

南采场边坡分区特征

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
边坡分区 高程分布/m 高差/m 坡度/(°) 成因
Ⅰ 1 759~2 108 349 28~32 构造剥蚀
Ⅱ 1 770~1 832 62 2~16 滑坡堆积
Ⅲ 1 602~1 962 360 30~45 矿坑开采
), ArticleFig(id=1225944427353519076, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156949367912489074, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Results of mineral composition analysis of slip soil

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
取样点 编号 矿物成分占比/%
蒙脱石 伊利石 钠长石 钾长石 磁铁矿 石英 高岭土 羟磷灰石
1 680 m平台 1 76 4 11 — — 2 4 3
2 75 — 8 — — 1 6 11
1 725 m平台 3 35 5 27 8 — 10 6 9
4 33 8 11 12 — 31 5 —
C- ZK3 61 m 5 6 13 22 21 2 30 6 —
6 10 — 42 20 — 26 2 —
), ArticleFig(id=1225944427470959609, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156949367912489074, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

滑带土矿物成分分析结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
取样点 编号 矿物成分占比/%
蒙脱石 伊利石 钠长石 钾长石 磁铁矿 石英 高岭土 羟磷灰石
1 680 m平台 1 76 4 11 — — 2 4 3
2 75 — 8 — — 1 6 11
1 725 m平台 3 35 5 27 8 — 10 6 9
4 33 8 11 12 — 31 5 —
C- ZK3 61 m 5 6 13 22 21 2 30 6 —
6 10 — 42 20 — 26 2 —
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降雨诱发作用下太和镇冰碛土古滑坡变形特征及其复活机制
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梁俊岩 1 , 王成汤 2 , 陈娱 3 , 王沿儒 4 , 时红莲 1, * , 闵弘 2 , 王浩 2
科学技术与工程 | 论文·天文学、地球科学 2025,25(4): 1370-1377
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科学技术与工程 | 论文·天文学、地球科学 2025, 25(4): 1370-1377
降雨诱发作用下太和镇冰碛土古滑坡变形特征及其复活机制
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梁俊岩1 , 王成汤2, 陈娱3, 王沿儒4, 时红莲1, * , 闵弘2, 王浩2
作者信息
  • 1 中国地质大学(武汉)工程学院, 武汉 430074
  • 2 中国科学院武汉岩土力学研究所, 岩土力学与工程国家重点实验室, 武汉 430071
  • 3 四川省地质矿产勘查开发局, 四川省第九地质大队, 德阳 618000
  • 4 中国电建集团贵阳勘测设计研究院有限公司, 贵阳 550000

    • 梁俊岩(1998—),男,汉族,山西吕梁人,硕士研究生。研究方向:岩土体性质与边坡稳定性。E-mail:。

通讯作者:

*时红莲(1969—),女,汉族,河南郑州人,硕士,副教授。研究方向:非饱和土性质及地基基础。E-mail:。
Deformation Characteristics of Moraine Soil Ancient Landslide and Its Resurrection Mechanism in Taihe Town under Rainfall-induced Effects
Jun-yan LIANG1 , Cheng-tang WANG2, Yu CHEN3, Yan-ru WANG4, Hong-lian SHI1, * , Hong MIN2, Hao WANG2
Affiliations
  • 1 Faculty of Engineering, China University of Geosciences (Wuhan), Wuhan 430074, China
  • 2 State Key Laboratory of Geomechanics and Geotechnical Engineering, Institute of Rock and Soil Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
  • 3 Sichuan Bureau of Geology & Mineral Resources, Sichuan Province Ninth Geological Brigade, Deyang 618000, China
  • 4 PowerChina Guiyang Engineering Corporation Limited Company, Guiyang 550000, China
出版时间: 2025-02-28 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2309686
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摘要
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受雨季连续降雨作用的影响,太和镇冰碛土古滑坡为一方量约为1 200×104 m3巨型土石混合体古滑坡于2021年开始复活进入蠕滑阶段,到2022年雨季开始增速下滑,严重威胁到矿坑内部的正常开采。基于现场调查、钻探揭露、现场监测、物理力学试验,在查明古滑坡微地形、地质结构特征和变形失稳阶段的基础上,对其影响因素及复活机制进行探究。结果表明:堆积岩土体及地形地貌是古滑坡复活的孕灾基础,降雨入渗作用、采矿开挖是滑坡复活的诱发因素。分析表明,受长期以来的降雨淋滤作用影响,细颗粒物质在基覆界面处进行堆积形成滑带,采矿开挖使前缘出现有效临空面,且受地下水长期影响,滑带土的强度逐渐削减,降雨导致渗流作用加剧,抗剪强度降低,从而诱发古滑坡复活。研究成果对类似工程问题具有一定的参考价值。
巨型古滑坡  /  变形特征  /  复活机制  /  降雨入渗

Affected by the continuous rainfall in the rainy season, the Taihe Town moraine soil paleolandslide is a giant soil-rock complex paleolandslide with a volume of about 1 200×104 m3, which began to be resurrected in 2021 and entered the creep stage. By 2022, the growth rate began to decline in the rainy season, which seriously threatened the normal mining inside the pit. Based on field investigation, drilling exposure, field monitoring, and physical and mechanical tests, the influencing factors and resurrection mechanism of ancient landslides were explored on the basis of identifying the micro-topography, geological structure characteristics and deformation instability stages of ancient landslides. The results show that the accumulation of rock and soil and topography are the basis of ancient landslide resurrection, and rainfall infiltration and mining excavation are the inducing factors of landslide resurrection. The analysis shows that under the influence of long-term rainfall leaching, fine particulate matter accumulates at the base-cover interface to form a sliding zone, and mining excavation causes an effective free face at the leading edge. Under the long-term influence of groundwater, the strength of the sliding zone soil is gradually reduced. Rainfall leads to increased seepage and reduced shear strength, which induces the revival of ancient landslides. The research results have certain reference value for similar engineering problems.

gigantic pre-historic landslide  /  deformation characteristics  /  resurrection mechanism  /  rainfall infiltration
梁俊岩, 王成汤, 陈娱, 王沿儒, 时红莲, 闵弘, 王浩. 降雨诱发作用下太和镇冰碛土古滑坡变形特征及其复活机制. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (4) : 1370 -1377 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2309686
Jun-yan LIANG, Cheng-tang WANG, Yu CHEN, Yan-ru WANG, Hong-lian SHI, Hong MIN, Hao WANG. Deformation Characteristics of Moraine Soil Ancient Landslide and Its Resurrection Mechanism in Taihe Town under Rainfall-induced Effects[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (4) : 1370 -1377 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2309686
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古滑坡复活一直是困扰中国重大工程规划建设和城镇安全的突出问题。受构造活动作用,大量古滑坡分布于构造活跃山区。这些古滑坡体可能保持稳定状态持续数万年之久,但容易在外部因素触发下发生局部或整体性复活,尤其是近年来人类工程活动不断加剧和极端气候频现的情况下,滑坡发生复活的可能性增加,从而损坏基础设施,造成严重的人员伤亡及经济损失。截止到目前,古滑坡复活酿成的惨剧层出不穷:受三峡库区水库蓄水的影响,2003年7月13日凌晨,秭归千将坪滑坡复活,滑坡体积近2.0×107 m3,造成14人死亡、10人失踪及巨大经济损失[1]; 2012年,贵州省岑巩县思旸镇大榕滑坡受到不合理人工填土(后缘堆载且阻塞河道)及强降雨引发古滑坡堆积体复活造成9栋房屋坍塌并形成堰塞湖[2];2017年,四川雷波县城东侧边坡由于修建公路开挖及强降雨诱发古滑坡局部复活,摧毁在建道路,堵塞坡脚东边沟[3]。由此可见,古滑坡的复活破坏性巨大,一旦破坏将造成巨大的人员伤亡和经济损失。
针对古滑坡的变形演化及复活机制等问题,中外学者已开展了大量的研究工作。在变形演化研究方面,张倬元等[4]提出斜坡岩体稳定性的工程地质分析原理并提出斜坡变形破坏的5种模式,即蠕滑-拉裂、滑移-压致拉裂、滑移-弯曲、弯曲-拉裂、塑流-拉裂,直到现在依然作为主要基本模式使用。在复活机理方面,古滑坡的形成演化过程复杂,致使其孕灾基础和诱发因素差异性较大,古滑坡的复活已成为前沿性的学科难题。Burda等[5]认为采矿活动是Eisenberg滑坡复活的直接原因,由于采矿和降雨的累积作用,滑坡发生持续性的局部变形。何坤等[6]认为盐源玻璃村特大型玄武岩古滑坡的复活,微地形是致使其发生分区分向分阶段滑动的孕灾基础,而前期降雨和地下水位变化是其滑动的诱发因素。张永双等[7]分析了古滑坡复活问题的研究进展,认为古滑坡复活是一个涉及气候、地貌及人类活动等因素的复杂过程,其复活机制与古滑坡体和古滑带的强度特性密切相关。目前,中外针对古滑坡的研究主要集中在极端降雨或库水位变化条件下滑坡的稳定性、变形演化、复活机制、位移预测等方面[8-10],针对的古滑坡堆积体主要是以残积物、冲洪积物、崩积物为主[11-15],研究涉及的诱发因素也主要以极端降雨、软弱夹层、河流下切以及库水位升降为主[16-20]。鲜有学者开展受开挖和降雨入渗作用影响下大型冰碛堆积体古滑坡的变形特征及其复活机理的研究。
鉴于此,以西昌市太和镇冰碛土古滑坡为例,结合现场调查、地质勘探、全球导航卫星系统(global navigation satellite system,GNSS)表面位移监测、深部位移监测以及滑带土物理力学性质试验等,在查明该滑坡基本特征的基础上,分析滑坡复活过程中的地表裂隙发育的时空规律以及变形特征,并确定降雨入渗作用为古滑坡复活变形中的主要影响因素,揭示该古滑坡的变形特征及其复活机制,为类似工程问题提供有意义的参考。
1 滑坡区基本特征
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1.1 滑坡基本特征
西昌市太和镇冰碛土古滑坡发育于露天采场南帮斜坡的中部,滑坡平面近似呈月牙状,南北向长约495 m,东西宽约654 m,平均厚度约37 m,方量约1 200×104 m3,为巨型土石混合体滑坡。滑坡区地形西高东底,沿此方向最大高差226 m,靠北侧受采矿剥采改造微地貌类型呈台阶状。
根据地貌成因大致划分3个区:Ⅰ上部构造剥蚀陡坡区、Ⅱ滑坡堆积缓坡区、Ⅲ阶梯状斜坡区,如表1所示。微地形类型为:陡坡-缓坡-阶梯状斜坡地貌,如图1所示。
1.2 物质结构特征
南采场边坡地层自上而下为粉质黏土、冰碛土、辉绿岩及辉长岩,如图2所示。粉质黏土厚度约为10 m,主要分布于边坡以上区域坡表,对边坡整体稳定性影响较小;冰碛土为该边坡主要变形地层,由黏性土和砾石构成,砾石含量受冰川搬运和沉积作用影响区域差异性较大,一部分区域砾石相对集中,呈聚团状产出,如图2(a)所示,砾石含量最大达到56%,另一部分黏性土相对集中,形成黏性土夹砾的透镜体如图2(a)所示,整体显示组成多变的特性;辉绿岩主要分布于辉长岩和冰碛土之间,灰绿色,绿泥石含量较高,节理裂隙发育,大量矿物已风化蚀变,岩芯呈饼状、碎块状,裂隙张开,填充黏性土,如图2(a)所示;辉长岩层厚度超过200 m。
2 滑坡变形演化特征
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2.1 滑坡变形发育历史
南采区边坡在形成后一直处于欠稳定状态,2015年初边坡中部出现小规模滑移,为防止发生大规模破坏进行了削坡减载。2020年当边坡开采至1 650 m标高时,出现有效临空面致使南帮南东区域又开始出现滑移破坏,滑坡前缘位于1 650 m标高附近,后缘裂缝顶部最大高程位于1 700 m平台的中部,滑面出现在土岩交界面附近,滑坡方向东偏北,滑带厚度在20~40 cm,疑似古滑面。2021年初,当二期开采至1 686 m时,在南帮西区域发现古滑面,滑面处于土岩交界面附近,近似平行于土岩交界面,与东边的古滑面连成一个整体。
2.2 宏观变形特征
南帮边坡于2021年初开始变形,这与InSAR解译结论一致。根据现场结果显示,随着南帮边坡的开挖,最早于2021年1月8日揭露古滑面及出现裂缝位于南帮东侧1 626~1 650 m平台,随着边坡开挖的持续进行,原滑坡堆积体应力平衡逐步被破坏,至2021年12月17日沿边坡古滑面陆续显现滑移迹象。截至2022年5月5日滑坡区西侧、南侧、东侧已形成断续边界裂缝,滑坡规模初步形成,期间4月2日边坡揭露的滑面明显错动,滑坡向采场凌空面滑移的趋势显现。
2022年6月24日滑坡南侧矿山公路出现裂缝,截至2022年7月1日,滑坡西侧、南侧、东侧边界裂缝已完全贯通,呈明显圈椅状,与此同时滑坡区中部多处出现裂缝,边坡临空面揭露的古滑面随着坡体滑移变形的持续,上盘呈现明显外错,具备剪出特征。如图3所示。
滑坡区内破坏现象丰富,可划分为3个区,即启动区(A区)、滑动区(B区)和牵引滑动区(C区),如图4所示。现对主要分区特征概述如下。
2.2.1 启动区(A区)
启动区位于滑坡的东北侧,为受开挖影响最大的区域,前部沿着古滑面发生滑移,产状15~20°∠8~10°,平均滑移方向为18°,剪出口明显错动(图3),最大错位达50 cm,多个区域因错位而引发垮塌,并在坡脚处形成反翘,发生时间为2021年的1—4月。
2.2.2 滑移区(B区)
滑移区位于南帮中部,主要在1 780 m缓坡平台发育东西向拉张裂隙(LF06~LF09),裂缝多集中在滑坡中部坡顶缓坡平台,以整体滑移为主要特征,滑移方向为24°,与启动区之间无明显错断型边界,发生时间为2021年的6—9月份。
2.2.3 牵引滑移区(C区)
牵引滑移区(C区)位于古滑坡的后缘,大致东西走向,东西两侧转向北西、北东延伸,呈弧形状,长约760 m,局部段形成错台,最大错高约50 cm,缝宽5~20 cm,深度60~200 cm,外壁倾角70°~84°,主裂缝两侧发育多条次级裂缝。主裂缝于公路平台可见最大缝宽30 cm,错高约20 cm,深30 cm,外壁倾角85°,滑移方向为39°,发生时间为2022年的5—8月份。
2.3 滑坡运动模式分析
根据现场布置的测斜仪监测数据显示(图5),南帮滑坡体滑面上方的浅表区域比滑面下方的深部区域变形更大,滑块沿滑向位移显著增加的深度即为滑面深度,结合别的位置的深部位移监测数据可以推断滑面的平均深度为30 m,最大深度为54 m左右。在C-ZK3钻探过程中暴露出红褐色、灰褐色含砾粉质黏土,软塑~可塑,含水率较高与边坡揭露的滑带物质一致,结合深部位移监测确定滑带位置为54 m。这也验证了深倾角仪确定滑动带位置的可靠性。此外,滑带处岩芯可见明显的擦痕(图6),说明滑带土经历了明显的剪切变形,处于残余变形阶段。
根据以上分析,滑坡的运动模式为典型的牵引式滑坡,主要受自重控制。受雨季集中降雨、开采活动、爆破振动影响,滑带土经历了不同蠕变速率的蠕变阶段和不同时段的休眠阶段,且在不同位置土体受剪切作用不同。
3 滑坡复活机制分析
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3.1 地形地貌
古滑坡复活前,滑坡区按照地形从上到下分为陡坡区、缓坡区、阶梯状斜坡区,陡坡向缓坡区过渡地带形成湿地和地表径流,为降雨入渗提供了有利条件,也决定了滑坡的后缘裂缝分布于陡坡区与缓坡区分界线附近。受开采活动影响形成阶梯状高陡边坡,高差超过300 m,坡度40°,单台阶高度10~15 m,多级陡坎为滑坡变形提供了良好的临空条件,也决定了滑坡的变形机制为在多级陡坎处剪出、错动、垮塌。
3.2 地质构造
南采场西侧发育仰天窝逆断层,自南向横穿古滑坡后缘,延伸超过3 km,向西倾斜,产状262°~272°∠56°~83°。断层破碎带影响宽度为30~50 m,所处位置位于滑坡牵引滑移区的西侧,与西侧边界大致相同,断层破碎带内岩体破碎,为牵引滑移区滑动提供了边界条件。
3.3 地层条件
滑坡区内地层主要由冰碛(漂)砾、辉绿岩及辉长岩组成。冰碛(漂)砾、辉绿岩力学强度受水的影响较大,一方面滑坡区原为古滑坡堆积体,受长期降雨淋虑、风化作用原生结构受到破坏,在滑坡底部形成了黏土质条带;另一方面,强风化层基岩中辉绿岩及部分辉长岩遇水易崩解、滑坡底部泥质漂砾遇水风化成灰绿色粉质黏土。两者均为滑带的形成创造了良好条件,从而为滑坡的形成提供了物质基础。
3.4 降雨与地下水
从宏观变形演化过程可以看出,南帮古滑坡的错动垮塌、缓慢蠕滑、增速下滑发生的时间节点都在每年的雨季5—10月。
通过分析典型表面位移监测点的累计位移时间曲线与变形速率时间曲线,各监测点的地表位移在2022年的5月中旬之前变化较平稳,变形速率在3 mm/d,无突然加速的情况发生;2022年的雨季开始后,变形速率开始迅速上升,变形速率的上升对于降雨具有明显的滞后效应;雨季快结束时变形速率达到最大,约为10 mm/d,此时累计位移差也达到最大,累计位移差约为10 cm,如图7所示。根据监测数据可以确定滑坡目前处于蠕滑变形阶段。
3.5 软弱地层
3.5.1 XRD实验
对现场获取的滑带土土样做X射线衍射(XRD)矿物成分分析,试验结果如表2所示。根据矿物成分的不同将滑带土归为两类,一类蒙脱石、伊利石及高岭土含量较高,最高可达76.44%,这几种矿物遇水均易膨胀崩解,失水易收缩,雨季对边坡稳定性极为不利。另一类钠、钾长石含量较高,最高达40.64%,成矿过程及风化过程中易高岭土化,高岭土化夹层遇水软化也会对边坡稳定性产生不利影响。
3.5.2 环剪实验
采集这两类滑带土试样H1和H2,通过颗粒分析试验得到H1样品含粉黏粒(42.8%)、砂粒(49.6%)较多,为黏质砂土,H2样品含粉黏粒(72.8%)、砂粒(23.4%)较多,为黏土(图8)。
太和镇冰碛土古滑坡的运动规律表明,滑带土已经达到残余状态,残余强度参数是分析复活滑坡稳定性的关键[21]。为此,针对滑带土开展了环剪试验,以研究H1、H2滑带土随含水率的强度演化特征。试验设备采用的是JH-200多功能环剪仪,试样高度为60 mm,内径130 mm,外径200 mm,有效剪切面积为18 142.7 mm2。实验采用固结排水多级剪切的方式,所用的垂直应力分别为100、200、400、800、1 000 kPa,剪切速率为0.50 mm/min,直到达到残余强度。通过对H1、H2残余强度与含水率的拟合得到关系曲线,如图9所示。
由图9可知,H1、H2两个试样的残余强度破坏包络线均具有明显的线性特征,残余度随着法向应力增大而线性增大,满足摩尔-库伦破坏准则;随着含水率的增加,H1的残余内摩擦角随含水率成二次线性降低,含水率越大降低速率也越大,H2残余内摩擦角呈现线性降低,H1、H2的残余黏聚力均呈线性降低,H1的降低速率较大。总体上来说,H1、H2的力学性能受含水率的影响均较大,残余强度随着含水率的增大而降低,相比H2,H1的强度随含水率增加降低更显著。
3.5.3 边坡稳定性计算结果
选取典型地质剖面B-B'(图1)建立有限元计算模型如图10所示,根据环剪试验得到的各含水率下的两种滑带土强度参数分别计算边坡安全系数,并取相应的安全系数的平均值以分析边坡稳定性的演化规律[22]。
图11给出了不同滑带土含水率下边坡安全系数。可以看出,滑带土含水率对边坡稳定性具有较大影响:当含水率在5%时边坡安全系数为1.22,整体稳定;当含水率达到15%时,安全系数降幅最大;当含水率达到20%接近饱和时,安全系数降低到1.07,边坡即将进入蠕滑状态,这与现场实际情况相吻合。
4 结论
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综合运用现场调查、钻探揭露、现场监测和物理力学试验对太和镇冰碛土古滑坡变形特征及其复活机制进行研究,得到以下结论。
(1)滑坡为一巨型古滑坡,平面似半圆形,古滑面即现在地形变化后的剪出口,由西向东基本位于基覆界面,滑体岩性以第四系冰水堆积碎块石为主,滑带位于土层内部和基覆界面处,以含砾粉质黏土为主,滑床以强、中风化辉绿岩为主。
(2)滑坡区根据变形特征的不同分为启动区、滑移区、牵引滑移区。其形成机制为:受持续开挖作用和长期降雨作用影响,前缘启动区进入持续蠕滑状态;地下渗流场的改变引发多点渗流使前缘出现局部垮塌,滑移区开始整体滑动;随着滑移区累计位移的增大,在滑坡中部出现拉裂缝,为牵引滑移区提供有效临空面;中部拉裂缝不断变宽,导致牵引滑移区开始失稳,滑坡后缘东西向拉裂缝开始逐渐贯通,自此滑坡整体开始复活,进入整体蠕滑状态,并在雨季滑移速度加快。
(3)古滑坡堆积体受长期降雨淋滤作用影响,在旧滑面的基础上孕育出新的次级滑面,矿坑开采为其提供了有效的临空面,同时也改变了地下渗流场,引发多点渗水,并发生小规模垮塌,降雨作用下渗流场的改变被明显放大,渗透力增强,抗剪强度明显降低,坡体稳定性削弱,变形速率明显加快。复杂的工程地质条件、水文地质条件及较好的临空条件成为边坡失稳的内在因素,在采矿边帮开挖、降雨的综合作用下,诱发原古滑坡堆积体复活。
(4)建议在滑坡中部修建截排水沟,减少降雨期间沿着前缘剪出口发生的渗流,以达到减少前缘垮塌的目的,在坡体内对裂缝进行封填(多次),在斜坡上搭建完备的排水体系,最后对一些关键位置的地表变形、降雨、地下水等实施综合监测。
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2025年第25卷第4期
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2309686
  • 接收时间：2023-12-08
  • 首发时间：2025-07-29
  • 出版时间：2025-02-28
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  • 收稿日期：2023-12-08
  • 修回日期：2024-11-11
基金
国家自然科学基金(42207222)
作者信息
    1 中国地质大学(武汉)工程学院, 武汉 430074
    2 中国科学院武汉岩土力学研究所, 岩土力学与工程国家重点实验室, 武汉 430071
    3 四川省地质矿产勘查开发局, 四川省第九地质大队, 德阳 618000
    4 中国电建集团贵阳勘测设计研究院有限公司, 贵阳 550000

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*时红莲(1969—),女,汉族,河南郑州人,硕士,副教授。研究方向:非饱和土性质及地基基础。E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family		 属数
Number of
genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)		 属
Genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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