Article(id=1156949367501443679, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1156949362480861758, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2401741, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1710172800000, receivedDateStr=2024-03-12, revisedDate=1732032000000, revisedDateStr=2024-11-20, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1753767824292, onlineDateStr=2025-07-29, pubDate=1738944000000, pubDateStr=2025-02-08, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753767824292, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-29, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753767824292, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753767824292, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1156949362480861758, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='4', pageStart='1312', pageEnd='1751', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1753767823094, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1755171161273, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1162835389472424814, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1156949362480861758, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1162835389472424815, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1156949362480861758, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1512, endPage=1521, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1156949368197698164, articleId=1156949367501443679, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=Small Signal Stability and Robust Control Method of Cyber Physical Power System in Stochastic Environment, columnId=1156262733675876713, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Papers·Electrical Technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The stability of power cyber physical system(CPS) is easily affected by stochastic uncertainty from both the information and physical sides. A stability analysis method for power CPS based on stochastic uncertainty model and a robust wide area feedback frequency control method were proposed. Taking into account the essential differences between the discreteness of the information side and the continuity of the physical side, as well as the mutual influence in terms of functionality, a dynamic model of power CPS in stochastic environment was established from both the information and physical sides. According to the definition of mean square exponential stability of stochastic differential equations, small signal stability analysis was conducted for dynamic model of power CPS. The critical variance based on mean square norm calculation was used to describe the impact of stochastic uncertainty on small signal stability of power CPS. Focusing on the norm optimization problem based on linear matrix inequality constraints, a robust wide area feedback controller was designed based on the distributed control method. Finally, simulation analysis was conducted on an IEEE 39 bus system, and the results verified the correctness and effectiveness of the proposed method.

, correspAuthors=You-ping FAN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Zi-xi HAN, Zong-wu HUANG, Chen-xuan ZHANG, Zhao-yi ZHANG, Feng XIONG, You-ping FAN), CN=ArticleExt(id=1156949445477749000, articleId=1156949367501443679, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=CN, title=随机环境下电力信息物理系统小干扰稳定及鲁棒控制方法, columnId=1156262734506353627, journalTitle=科学技术与工程, columnName=论文·电工技术, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

电力信息物理系统(cyber physical system,CPS)的运行稳定性容易受到来自信息侧与物理侧不确定因素的影响。基于随机不确定模型研究信息-物理网络相互依存的电力CPS稳定性分析方法,并提出一种鲁棒广域反馈频率控制技术。综合信息侧离散性和物理侧连续性的本质不同以及在功能上的相互影响,分别从物理域与信息域两个维度建立考虑随机不确定性的电力CPS动态模型。根据随机微分方程均方指数稳定性条件,针对电力CPS随机模型进行小干扰稳定性分析,采用基于均方范数计算的临界方差刻画随机不确定性对电力CPS小干扰稳定的影响。结合基于线性矩阵不等式约束的范数优化问题,在分布式控制方法的基础上改进设计一种鲁棒广域反馈控制器。最后通过IEEE 39节点系统进行仿真分析,结果验证了所提方法的正确性和有效性。

, correspAuthors=樊友平, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*樊友平(1970—),男,汉族,湖北荆州人,博士,教授。研究方向:电力系统安全性分析与风险控制、多端直流输电系统、复杂电网协调控制。E-mail:
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韩子熙(2000—),男,汉族,山西长治人,硕士研究生。研究方向:电力系统稳定性分析与控制。E-mail:

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韩子熙(2000—),男,汉族,山西长治人,硕士研究生。研究方向:电力系统稳定性分析与控制。E-mail:

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韩子熙(2000—),男,汉族,山西长治人,硕士研究生。研究方向:电力系统稳定性分析与控制。E-mail:

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蓝色部分代表物理域风能的不确定性;红色部分代表信息域的信道不确定性

, figureFileSmall=DBK+JPKYJ2nwaF29HFFsPw==, figureFileBig=+A7msSJqD+PkntCRsbtWIA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225944420940431690, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156949367501443679, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Gaussian fitting of real-time wind speed data, figureFileSmall=qfgd959YO+PEoFwgvhKr2Q==, figureFileBig=QRnlXcibwCZlUiclLjFtqQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225944421196284269, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156949367501443679, language=CN, label=图2, caption=高斯拟合实时风速数据

红色实线为该组数据的高斯拟合曲线

, figureFileSmall=qfgd959YO+PEoFwgvhKr2Q==, figureFileBig=QRnlXcibwCZlUiclLjFtqQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225944421338890618, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156949367501443679, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Stochastic closed-loop systems considering channel multiplicative uncertainty, figureFileSmall=BTsLDFZNzlCni3vkri031Q==, figureFileBig=qnDtZOmHx9XZCcg3rhWkIA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225944421464719755, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156949367501443679, language=CN, label=图3, caption=考虑信道乘式不确定性的随机闭环系统, figureFileSmall=BTsLDFZNzlCni3vkri031Q==, figureFileBig=qnDtZOmHx9XZCcg3rhWkIA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225944421582160282, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156949367501443679, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Feedback interconnected systems with random uncertainty in feedback, figureFileSmall=XRrPJ0MdEoaiWXP3PmPRcg==, 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Critical variance data of PMU measurement and control input positions

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位置 PMU测量位置
的临界方差
控制输入位置
的临界方差
30 0.10 0.01
31 0.04 9×10-4
32 0.01 0.02
33 0.14 0.01
34 0.04 7×10-4
35 0.07 0.14
36 0.05 0.28
37 0.18 8×10-4
38 0.08 0.006
39 1.00 1
), ArticleFig(id=1225944425529000638, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156949367501443679, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

PMU测量与控制输入位置的临界方差数据

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
位置 PMU测量位置
的临界方差
控制输入位置
的临界方差
30 0.10 0.01
31 0.04 9×10-4
32 0.01 0.02
33 0.14 0.01
34 0.04 7×10-4
35 0.07 0.14
36 0.05 0.28
37 0.18 8×10-4
38 0.08 0.006
39 1.00 1
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随机环境下电力信息物理系统小干扰稳定及鲁棒控制方法
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韩子熙 1, 2 , 黄宗武 1, 2 , 张宸瑄 1, 2 , 张兆毅 1, 2 , 熊丰 1, 2 , 樊友平 1, 2, *
科学技术与工程 | 论文·电工技术 2025,25(4): 1512-1521
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科学技术与工程 | 论文·电工技术 2025, 25(4): 1512-1521
随机环境下电力信息物理系统小干扰稳定及鲁棒控制方法
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韩子熙1, 2 , 黄宗武1, 2, 张宸瑄1, 2, 张兆毅1, 2, 熊丰1, 2, 樊友平1, 2, *
作者信息
  • 1 武汉大学新型电力系统与国际标准研究院, 武汉 430072
  • 2 武汉大学电气与自动化学院, 武汉 430072
  • 韩子熙(2000—),男,汉族,山西长治人,硕士研究生。研究方向:电力系统稳定性分析与控制。E-mail:

通讯作者:

*樊友平(1970—),男,汉族,湖北荆州人,博士,教授。研究方向:电力系统安全性分析与风险控制、多端直流输电系统、复杂电网协调控制。E-mail:
Small Signal Stability and Robust Control Method of Cyber Physical Power System in Stochastic Environment
Zi-xi HAN1, 2 , Zong-wu HUANG1, 2, Chen-xuan ZHANG1, 2, Zhao-yi ZHANG1, 2, Feng XIONG1, 2, You-ping FAN1, 2, *
Affiliations
  • 1 Institute of Next Generation Power Systems and International Standards, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
  • 2 School of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
出版时间: 2025-02-08 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2401741
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电力信息物理系统(cyber physical system,CPS)的运行稳定性容易受到来自信息侧与物理侧不确定因素的影响。基于随机不确定模型研究信息-物理网络相互依存的电力CPS稳定性分析方法,并提出一种鲁棒广域反馈频率控制技术。综合信息侧离散性和物理侧连续性的本质不同以及在功能上的相互影响,分别从物理域与信息域两个维度建立考虑随机不确定性的电力CPS动态模型。根据随机微分方程均方指数稳定性条件,针对电力CPS随机模型进行小干扰稳定性分析,采用基于均方范数计算的临界方差刻画随机不确定性对电力CPS小干扰稳定的影响。结合基于线性矩阵不等式约束的范数优化问题,在分布式控制方法的基础上改进设计一种鲁棒广域反馈控制器。最后通过IEEE 39节点系统进行仿真分析,结果验证了所提方法的正确性和有效性。

信息物理系统(CPS)  /  随机不确定性  /  小干扰稳定  /  负荷频率控制  /  鲁棒分布式控制

The stability of power cyber physical system(CPS) is easily affected by stochastic uncertainty from both the information and physical sides. A stability analysis method for power CPS based on stochastic uncertainty model and a robust wide area feedback frequency control method were proposed. Taking into account the essential differences between the discreteness of the information side and the continuity of the physical side, as well as the mutual influence in terms of functionality, a dynamic model of power CPS in stochastic environment was established from both the information and physical sides. According to the definition of mean square exponential stability of stochastic differential equations, small signal stability analysis was conducted for dynamic model of power CPS. The critical variance based on mean square norm calculation was used to describe the impact of stochastic uncertainty on small signal stability of power CPS. Focusing on the norm optimization problem based on linear matrix inequality constraints, a robust wide area feedback controller was designed based on the distributed control method. Finally, simulation analysis was conducted on an IEEE 39 bus system, and the results verified the correctness and effectiveness of the proposed method.

cyber physical system(CPS)  /  stochastic uncertainty  /  small signal stability  /  load frequency control  /  robust distributed control
韩子熙, 黄宗武, 张宸瑄, 张兆毅, 熊丰, 樊友平. 随机环境下电力信息物理系统小干扰稳定及鲁棒控制方法. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (4) : 1512 -1521 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2401741
Zi-xi HAN, Zong-wu HUANG, Chen-xuan ZHANG, Zhao-yi ZHANG, Feng XIONG, You-ping FAN. Small Signal Stability and Robust Control Method of Cyber Physical Power System in Stochastic Environment[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (4) : 1512 -1521 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2401741
随着新型信息与通信技术(information and communication technology, ICT)在智能电网建设过程中的应用越来越广泛,电力系统中的能量流和信息流之间的交互行为也将日益频繁。因而,未来电网将发展成为由信息侧的ICT网络与物理侧的电能传输网络共同构成且相互依存的复杂系统,即信息物理系统(cyber physical system, CPS)[1-3]。对电力CPS的理论与实际应用展开研究,可以提高电力系统的灵活性和适应性,更好地整合可再生能源和分布式能源,促进电力系统向低碳、可持续方向发展。当前,电力CPS中传感和驱动技术的发展越来越被视为提高未来电网可靠性和功能性的关键因素,也使复杂电力系统的稳定性问题变得愈加重要,也逐渐从物理系统短路或设备故障导致的电压频率波动等物理域稳定性问题,发展为信息网络的数据传输被影响或薄弱环节被攻击所形成的信息域稳定性问题及其可能导致的物理域稳定性问题[4-5]。这些问题给未来电力CPS的理论研究和实际应用提出了很多亟待解决并具有挑战性的内容。
电力CPS极易出现小干扰不稳定的问题,尤其是当系统阻尼不足时,往往会导致系统内产生自发性低频振荡且难以进行跨区的协调控制。因此,对电力CPS进行小干扰稳定性分析,是一个值得高度重视的研究领域。文献[6]将风速建模为随机模型,并提出了一种分析方法来分析电力系统的概率小干扰稳定性。考虑到需求侧和发电侧的不确定性,文献[7]通过分析特征值给出了基于蒙特卡洛法的概率小干扰稳定性分析法。文献[8]通过广泛的蒙特卡洛时域仿真,研究了带有随机风力发电和随机负荷模型的孤岛电网的随机小干扰稳定性。文献[9]采用随机微分方程(stochastic differential equation, SDE)刻画风电功率的随机波动性对电力系统稳定性的影响,并给出了随机激励下系统小干扰稳定性的判别方法。文献[10-11]采用概率潮流进行了新能源电力系统概率静态安全稳定分析。文献[12]提出了一种考虑通信传输过程的电力信息物理系统双层模型框架,用于分析网络攻击环境下的电力信息物理系统的稳定性。但上述研究未提出相应的量化指标用以描述随机不确定性对系统状态方程的影响,为克服这种不足,提出以临界方差作为关键指标来评估不确定性对系统小干扰稳定的影响。
负荷频率控制(load frequency control, LFC)是改善电力CPS运行稳定性的重要手段,随着该技术日趋成熟,电网可以通过主动控制负荷来抵消可再生能源发电带来的不确定性以及短期波动,有效解决了网络功率不平衡的问题,为新能源渗透率的提高提供安全保障。文献[13]验证了负荷频率控制在维持风电互联系统运行稳定的重要作用。文献[14-15]讨论了分布式负荷频率控制器的设计思路和具体方案。文献[16-17]讨论了分层分布式控制技术,以进一步提高分布式控制方法的性能。但分布式控制在对系统随机不确定性的抵御能力上表现欠佳,为解决这一问题,文献[18]针对互联系统LFC问题,结合Lyapunov稳定性原理开发设计了一种鲁棒负荷频率控制器,显著增强了系统对于随机不确定性的抵御能力,但该控制器只局限于在物理系统层面的应用。文献[19]针对信息物理系统,设计了一种新型的鲁棒自适应控制器,取得了较好的抗干扰效果,但对通信中断和时延等情形未进行深入研究。文献[20]通过事件触发指令滤波控制解决受网络攻击的非线性时滞信息物理系统的安全有限时间跟踪问题。文献[21]针对拒绝服务攻击下具有网络时延的信息物理系统,设计了满足H鲁棒性能的状态反馈控制器,实现了系统的安全稳定控制。
现基于随机不确定模型研究信息-物理网络相互依存的电力CPS的稳定性分析和频率控制技术。考虑到物理域中风能渗透率的快速提高,对风能的波动性和间歇性进行不确定性建模,同时,由于信息域受到自然因素以及网络攻击等不确定源的影响,对通信通道进行不确定性建模。并在这些模型的基础上,使用随机微分方程的均方指数稳定性概念来研究电力CPS中不确定性对网络小干扰稳定性的影响。最后结合基于线性矩阵不等式(linear matrix inequality, LMI)约束的鲁棒控制器综合问题,设计一种鲁棒广域控制器,实现了负荷侧频率调节,为未来电力CPS负荷频率控制的研究提供了理论支撑,这对保证未来电网的安全稳定运行具有十分重要的意义。
电力CPS是一个由信息网和电力物理网构成的相互依存的二元复合网络,能量流和信息流在其中频繁地交换与互动,发电机、负荷和电力传输线构成了电力CPS的物理设备部分,而相量测量装置(phasor measurement unit, PMU)、传感器、控制中心以及连接物理电网和控制中心的通信通道构成电力CPS的信息网络部分。考虑随机不确定性的电力CPS体系结构如图1所示,通信网络连接各种ICT设备实现计算、传感、控制等功能,输配电网络连接各种电力物理设备实现电能的传输和消费行为。综合信息侧离散性和物理侧连续性的本质不同以及在功能上的相互影响,分别从物理域与信息域两个维度建立考虑随机不确定性的电力CPS动态模型。
可再生能源的接入导致了电力CPS物理网络参数的不确定性。作为风力发电机的输入,风速是一种随机可再生能源,其间歇性和波动性必须通过其他能源或需求响应策略来补偿,以保持功率平衡,从而维持电网运行频率稳定。
风速变化会影响风能输出,进而会影响电力系统动态过程。将风速建模为一个随机过程来捕获风速的变化,图2为中国某风电场的一座风机上记录的8 h的风速数据的直方图。随着实际风速统计数据集的增大,高斯曲线的拟合表现将更加优良。因此可以通过高斯分布建立风速模型,为了降低模型的复杂度,在短时间内,可以将立方风速建模为Wiener过程,即将立方风速建模为以下随机过程。
${v}_{i}^{3}={v}_{io}^{3}+{\sigma }_{i}{\xi }_{i}$
式(1)中:σi为高斯分布的标准差;vio为额定风速;ξi为标准Wiener过程Δi对时间的导数。
其中标准独立Wiener过程Δ(t)满足以下条件:①Prob{Δ(0)=0}=1;②{Δ(t)}是一个具有独立增量的过程;③{Δ(t)-Δ(s)}具有高斯分布,E[Δ(t)-Δ(s)]=0且E{[Δ(t)-Δ(s)]2}=|t-s|。其中,t为时间变量,Prob{A}为事件A发生的概率。
将考虑风速不确定性的电力CPS物理系统建模为一组微分代数方程,如式(2)所示。
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}\stackrel{·}{x}=f(x,y,\xi)\\ 0=g(x,y)\end{array}\right.$
式(2)中:x为与发电机角速度、发电机励磁电压、每个发电机处的本地PI控制器的状态、跨传输线的功率等相对应的动态状态;f为微分方程;g为代数方程;y为网络以及与电压、电流、相角等参数对应的发电机代数状态;ξ为随机不确定性参数。
将式(2)所描述的电力系统随机非线性方程在标称工作点周围线性化可获得式(3)所示的线性系统。
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}\stackrel{·}{x}=A\left(\xi \right)x+By\\ 0=Cx+Dy\end{array}\right.$
式(3)中:$A=\frac{\partial f}{\partial x};B=\frac{\partial f}{\partial y};C=\frac{\partial g}{\partial x};D=\frac{\partial g}{\partial y}。$
在将微分代数方程线性化之后,f中的不确定性以参数的形式出现在系统矩阵A中。在D可逆的情况下,可以将代数状态表示为y=-D-1Cx。然后,将系统方程的确定性部分和不确定性部分分离,风能的间歇性与波动性以乘式参数的形式引入式(4)所示的随机微分方程。
$\stackrel{·}{x}=Ax+\sum _{l=1}^{m}{\sigma }_{l}{B}_{l}x{\xi }_{l}$
式(4)中:m为不确定性数量;ξl为标准Wiener过程Δl对时间的导数;σl为随机风速的标准差。
接到控制器的输入信号,信道受到乘式和加式不确定性的影响,其中乘式不确定性代表对系统造成的影响可在反馈过程中成倍累积的不确定性,比如量测数据误差和网络攻击等,而加式不确定性则代表数据传输过程中始终存在的固有不确定性,比如信道的随机延迟等。
同时考虑信道的乘式和加式不确定性,对电力CPS的信息系统进行详细的数学建模会导致系统矩阵的维数过高,增加计算难度。忽略信道数据传输过程中始终存在的固有不确定性,对系统动态过程几乎没有影响。因此,仅考虑信道的乘式不确定性对电力CPS信息网络的影响。
通过不确定的输入和输出信道进行交互的多输入多输出随机闭环系统如图3所示。电网的物理系统通过通信通道与控制器交互,其输出yp通过输出信道与控制器的输入yk交互,且控制器的输出uk通过输入信道与物理系统的输入up进行交互。
被控对象P的状态空间表达式为
$P\left\{\begin{array}{l}{\stackrel{·}{x}}_{p}={A}_{p}{x}_{p}+{B}_{p}{u}_{p}\\ {y}_{p}={C}_{p}{x}_{p}\end{array}\right.$
式(5)中:${x}_{p}\in {R}^{n};{u}_{p}\in {R}^{d};{y}_{p}\in {R}^{q}$分别为被控对象的状态、输入和输出;ApBpCp分别为被控对象的系统矩阵、输入矩阵和输出矩阵。
所关注的被控对象是电力网络,假定其状态空间是可稳定的、可检测的。控制器K的状态空间表达式为
$K\left\{\begin{array}{l}{\stackrel{·}{x}}_{k}={A}_{k}{x}_{k}+{B}_{k}{y}_{k}\\ {u}_{k}={C}_{k}{x}_{k}\end{array}\right.$
式(6)中:${x}_{k}\in {R}^{n};{u}_{k}\in {R}^{d};{y}_{k}\in {R}^{q};{A}_{k}、{B}_{k}、{C}_{k}$分别为控制器的系统矩阵、输入矩阵和输出矩阵。
在到达控制器之前,被控对象的输出受到随机不确定性的影响,用yk=ΩOyp表示。同样,从控制器输入到被控对象的过程也受到随机不确定性的影响,用up=ΩIuk表示。输出ΩO和输入ΩI信道不确定性可以分为均值和零均值部分,可表示为
${\Omega }_{O}={\Lambda }_{O}+{\Sigma }_{O}\frac{d{\Delta }_{O}}{dt},{\Omega }_{I}={\Lambda }_{I}+{\Sigma }_{I}\frac{d{\Delta }_{I}}{dt}$
式(7)中:ΛIΛO分别为输入、输出信道不确定性的均值部分;${\Sigma }_{I}、{\Sigma }_{O}$分别为输入、输出信道不确定性的标准偏差;ΔIΔO为矢量值独立的Wiener过程,假定输入和输出信道的不确定性都不相关。
相应的矩阵定义为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{\Lambda }_{O}=diag({\lambda }_{O}^{1},{\lambda }_{O}^{2},\dots,{\lambda }_{O}^{q})\\ {\Lambda }_{I}=diag({\lambda }_{I}^{1},{\lambda }_{I}^{2},\dots,{\lambda }_{I}^{d})\end{array}\right.$
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{\Sigma }_{O}=diag({\sigma }_{O}^{1},{\sigma }_{O}^{2},\dots,{\sigma }_{O}^{q})\\ {\Sigma }_{I}=diag({\sigma }_{I}^{1},{\sigma }_{I}^{2},\dots,{\sigma }_{I}^{d})\end{array}\right.$
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}\frac{d{\Delta }_{O}}{dt}=diag\left(\frac{d{\Delta }_{O}^{1}}{dt},\frac{d{\Delta }_{O}^{2}}{dt},\dots,\frac{d{\Delta }_{O}^{q}}{dt}\right),\\ \frac{d{\Delta }_{I}}{dt}=diag\left(\frac{d{\Delta }_{I}^{1}}{dt},\frac{d{\Delta }_{I}^{2}}{dt},\dots,\frac{d{\Delta }_{I}^{d}}{dt}\right)\end{array}\right.$
式中:λIλO分别为每个输入、输出信道不确定性的均值;σIσO分别为每个输入、输出信道不确定性的标准偏差。
随机闭环系统的标称部分G即随机闭环系统的确定性部分,它由被控对象P、控制器K和不确定性的均值部分(ΛI,ΛO)组成。标称部分用G=f(P,K)表示,本质上是被控对象和控制器之间通过不确定信道的均值部分相互作用的反馈互连,并在图3的虚线框内显示。标称系统通过扰动信号和控制信号与随机不确定性相互作用。扰动和控制信号分别为
$\left\{\begin{array}{ll}{\omega }_{op}={\Sigma }_{O}\frac{d{\Delta }_{O}}{dt}{z}_{op},& {\omega }_{ip}={\Sigma }_{I}\frac{d{\Delta }_{I}}{dt}{z}_{ip}\\ {z}_{op}={y}_{p}={C}_{p}{x}_{p},& {z}_{ip}={u}_{k}={C}_{k}{x}_{k}\end{array}\right.$
最终导出随机闭环系统的状态空间表达式为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}\stackrel{·}{x}=Ax+B\omega \\ z=Cx\end{array}\right.$
式中:$m=d+q,m、d、q$分别为不确定性总数、输入信道中的不确定性数量和输出信道中的不确定性数量;$x=\left[\begin{array}{l}{x}_{p}\\ {x}_{k}\end{array}\right]\in {R}^{m};z=\left[\begin{array}{l}{z}_{op}\\ {z}_{ip}\end{array}\right]\in {R}^{m};\omega =\left[\begin{array}{l}{\omega }_{op}\\ {\omega }_{ip}\end{array}\right]\in {R}^{m};C=diag({C}_{p},{C}_{k});A=\left[\begin{array}{ll}{A}_{p}& {B}_{p}{\Lambda }_{I}{C}_{k}\\ {B}_{k}{\Lambda }_{O}{C}_{p}& {A}_{k}\end{array}\right];B=\left[\begin{array}{ll}0& {B}_{p}\\ {B}_{k}& 0\end{array}\right]。$
将系统中的输入和输出不确定性重新列写为Δ1,Δ2,…,Δm,图3所示的随机闭环系统经下线性分式变换可以构造图4所示结构。在反馈互联系统中,标称系统G与随机不确定性相互作用,图4中的虚线内展示了随机闭环系统的标称部分,反馈中显示了每个不确定的信道,所得的反馈互连系统的反馈连接数等于不确定性数。
对于考虑随机不确定性的电力CPS随机微分方程模型,传统的稳定性定义与研究方法已经不再适用,需引入随机理论加以解决。
随机微分方程(stochastic differential equation, SDE)的稳定性理论解决的是这样的一类问题:一个微分方程的解在t→∞时具有什么样的极限状态,以及极限状态如何依赖于初值。这一问题的解答关系着随机微分方程所描述的动态系统的长期行为,对于SDE来说,常见的稳定性概念是指解关于初值的稳定性,其定义一般有3种:依概率稳定、几乎必然稳定、p阶矩稳定。矩稳定性定义被广泛应用于随机变量概率分布以及演化过程的分析中,当p=2时,称为均方指数稳定。
p=2时系统的随机稳定性展开研究,即判别电力CPS系统在受到随机干扰后的均方稳定性。随机微分方程均方指数稳定的定义如下。
定义1 设系统随机微分方程的解过程为x(t),若存在正常数β1β2,使x(t)满足:
$E\left[\boldsymbol{x}(t)^{\mathrm{T}} \boldsymbol{x}(t)\right] \leqslant \beta_{1} \exp \left(-\beta_{2} t\right) E\left[\boldsymbol{x}(0)^{\mathrm{T}} \boldsymbol{x}(0)\right]$
则SDE是均方指数稳定的[22]
为了分析图4所示的反馈互联系统,首先引入标称系统G的均方范数定义为
${‖G‖}_{MS}=\underset{i=\mathrm{1,2},\dots,m}{max}\sqrt{\sum _{j=1}^{m}{‖{G}_{ij}‖}_{2}^{2}}$
式(14)中:Gij为标称系统中对应于输入j和输出i的传递函数;${‖{G}_{ij}‖}_{2}$为标准2-范数。
在上面给出的均方范数的定义中,标称系统的输入和输出数量取决于输入和输出信道中的不确定性数量。为把图4所示的随机反馈互连系统写成适用于定义1给出的均方指数稳定性的形式,需对该系统做出以下假设:①由G表示的确定性系统在内部是稳定的,即A为Hurwitz矩阵,G被认为是可稳定的、可检测的并且严格真的;②以x(0)表示的系统G的初始状态具有有界方差,并且对于每个i∈{1,2,…,m}都独立于Δi(t)。
在以上两个假设的条件下,对于如图4所示的反馈互连系统,以下稳定性条件是系统均方指数稳定性的等效条件:
$\rho \left(\stackrel{~}{G}\stackrel{~}{\Sigma }\right)1$
式(15)中:ρ为矩阵的谱半径。
$\begin{array}{l}\stackrel{~}{\Sigma }=diag({\sigma }_{1}^{2},{\sigma }_{2}^{2},\dots,{\sigma }_{m}^{2});\\ \stackrel{~}{G}=\left[\begin{array}{llll}{‖{G}_{11}‖}_{2}^{2}& {‖{G}_{12}‖}_{2}^{2}& \dots & {‖{G}_{1m}‖}_{2}^{2}\\ {‖{G}_{21}‖}_{2}^{2}& {‖{G}_{22}‖}_{2}^{2}& \dots & {‖{G}_{2m}‖}_{2}^{2}\\ ︙& ︙& & ︙\\ {‖{G}_{m1}‖}_{2}^{2}& {‖{G}_{m2}‖}_{2}^{2}& \dots & {‖{G}_{mm}‖}_{2}^{2}\end{array}\right]。\end{array}$
特别地,在所有方差都相同的特殊情况下,当且仅当
${\sigma }^{2}\underset{\theta 0,\theta -diag}{inf}{‖{\theta }^{-1}G\theta ‖}_{MS}^{2}1$
系统是均方指数稳定的。式(16)中,${‖{\theta }^{-1}G\theta ‖}_{MS}$为变换后的系统${\theta }^{-1}G\theta $的均方范数,θ为引入的比例因子,其值需确保所有输入和输出的均方范数都相同。
根据等效条件[式(16)]可用于计算不确定性的最大容许方差${\sigma }_{\ast }^{2}$,也称为临界方差。
临界方差${\sigma }_{\ast }^{2}$的值可由式(17)求得。
${\sigma }_{\ast }^{2}=\frac{1}{\underset{\theta 0,\theta -diag}{inf}{‖{\theta }^{-1}G\theta ‖}_{MS}^{2}}$
当随机不确定性的输入方差值大于临界方差时,反馈互连系统将变为均方指数不稳定,即在随机小干扰下系统轨迹脱离平衡点作非周期运动,这可能会导致电力系统产生自发低频振荡,影响正常运行,因此将临界方差作为随机环境下电力CPS的小干扰稳定性的评估指标,此外,临界方差指标还可用于确定不确定性关键位置。
在应用LMI理论进行鲁棒分布式控制器设计之前,首先给出如下引理[23]
引理1(Schur补) 对给定的对称矩阵S=ST=$\left[\begin{array}{ll}{S}_{11}& {S}_{12}\\ \ast & {S}_{22}\end{array}\right]$,其中${S}_{11}\in {R}^{r\times r}$,以下3个条件是等价的:①S<0;②${S}_{11}0,{S}_{22}-{{S}^{T}}_{12}{S}_{11}^{-1}{S}_{12}0$;$③{S}_{22}0,{S}_{11}-{S}_{12}{S}_{22}^{-1}{{S}^{T}}_{12}0$;
针对随机反馈互连系统设计状态反馈控制器,该控制器对于电力CPS的随机不确定性表现出鲁棒性。首先,将具有乘式不确定性的随机系统可表示为
$\stackrel{·}{x}=Ax+Bu+\sigma \sum _{l=1}^{m}{B}_{1}^{l}x{\xi }_{l}+\sigma \sum _{l=1}^{m}{B}_{2}^{l}u{\xi }_{l}$
式(18)中:${\xi }_{l}=\frac{d{\Delta }_{l}}{dt},l=\mathrm{1,2},\dots,m;$Δ1(t),Δ2(t),…,Δm(t)为标准的独立Wiener过程;x为状态变量;控制输入u为附加的励磁输入;σ为随机不确定性的输入标准差;m为不确定性数量。
假设反馈控制器的形式为u=Kx,可以得到如下的随机反馈互连系统为
$\stackrel{·}{x}=(A+BK)x+\sigma \sum _{l=1}^{m}({B}_{1}^{l}+{B}_{2}^{l}K)x{\xi }_{l}$
使随机反馈互连系统均方指数稳定的另一充要条件是存在Q>0,满足:
${(A+BK)}^{T}+{\sigma }^{2}\sum _{l=1}^{m}({B}_{1}^{l}+{B}_{2}^{l}K\left)Q\right({B}_{1}^{l}+{B}_{2}^{l}{K)}^{T}0$
均方指数稳定性的LMI可用于求解一个鲁棒反馈控制器的系统矩阵K,使得Q>0,且随机系统可以允许的不确定性方差最大。因此将式(20)重写为
$AQ+Q{A}^{T}+BKQ+Q{K}^{T}{B}^{T}+{\sigma }^{2}\sum _{l=1}^{m}({B}_{1}^{l}Q+{B}_{2}^{l}KQ\left){Q}^{-1}\right({B}_{1}^{l}Q+{B}_{2}^{l}{KQ)}^{T}0$
LMI通常是一个非凸问题。因此,引入变量M=KQ-1,采用Schur补理论,可以得到式(22)所示的线性矩阵不等式(LMI)。
$\left[\begin{array}{lllll}AQ+Q{A}^{T}+BM+{M}^{T}{B}^{T}& \sigma ({B}_{1}^{1}Q+{B}_{2}^{1}\left.M\right)& \sigma ({B}_{1}^{2}Q+{B}_{2}^{2}\left.M\right)& \dots & \sigma ({B}_{1}^{m}Q+{B}_{2}^{m}\left.M\right)\\ \sigma ({B}_{1}^{1}Q+{B}_{2}^{1}{\left.M\right)}^{T}& -Q& 0& \dots & 0\\ \sigma ({B}_{1}^{2}Q+{B}_{2}^{2}{\left.M\right)}^{T}& 0& -Q& \dots & 0\\ ︙& ︙& ︙& & ︙\\ \sigma ({B}_{1}^{m}Q+{B}_{2}^{m}{\left.M\right)}^{T}& 0& 0& \dots & -Q\end{array}\right]0$
若想得到反馈控制器的系统矩阵K,需要求解LMI优化问题的可行解。为此,以鲁棒控制形式重新列写了随机闭环系统的状态空间表达式为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}\stackrel{·}{x}=\stackrel{-}{A}x+\stackrel{-}{B}\omega \\ z=\stackrel{-}{C}x\end{array}\right.$
式(23)中:$\stackrel{-}{A}$=A+BK;$\stackrel{-}{C}$=1n In,其中,1n为模为1的n维列向量,In为大小为n的单位矩阵,为Kronecker乘积。
$\stackrel{-}{B}=\left[\begin{array}{llll}{B}_{1}^{1}+{B}_{2}^{1}K& {B}_{1}^{2}+{B}_{2}^{2}K& \dots & {B}_{1}^{m}+{B}_{2}^{m}K\end{array}\right]$
变量ωz分别为干扰信号和控制信号,它们之间的关系可表示为
$\omega =\xi z$
式(24)中:ξ=diag(ξ1In, ξ2In,…,ξmIn)。
对于该闭环系统而言,其稳态输出方差即为对应标称系统的均方范数。具有线性矩阵不等式约束的优化问题的目标即为求取鲁棒控制器系统矩阵K,使系统的稳态输出方差最小,可表示为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}min{‖\stackrel{-}{G}‖}_{MS}\\ s.t.LMI\left[式\right(22\left)\right]\end{array}\right.$
式(25)中:${‖\stackrel{-}{G}‖}_{MS}$为鲁棒控制形式的随机闭环系统标称部分的均方范数。
求取LMI优化问题的可行解一般采用迭代法,该方法获得的控制器增益较小,易于实现,所设计的广域鲁棒反馈控制器的算法流程图如图5所示。
采用MATLAB软件平台进行仿真分析,硬件平台为Ryzen 7 5800X CPU,内存32 G。借助临界方差指标对IEEE 39节点算例展开小干扰稳定性分析,进一步确定系统中PMU量测和广域控制输入的关键位置,并对鲁棒广域反馈控制器的性能进行分析。
IEEE39节点系统的结构如图6所示,参数见文献[24],该系统由10个发电机节点和29个负荷节点组成,其中节点30~39为发电机节点,节点39处的发电机被视为参考节点。设节点30、32、34、36、38的发电机为双馈感应发电机(doubly fed induction generator, DFIG),节点31、33、35、37、39的发电机为同步发电机(synchronous generator, SG)。
假设系统中不同位置的DFIG的风速保持一致,标称风速设定为8 m/s。图7显示了随机风速输入方差的增加对DFIG节点和SG节点运行频率的影响。从图中可以看出,当风速不确定性的方差从小于临界方差值增加到大于临界方差值时,系统从均方指数稳定转变为均方不稳定,运行频率超出安全范围,且系统低频振荡幅度随着输入方差的增加而随之增大。
假设除了参考节点39以外所有发电机均安装了广域控制器,且发电机为广域控制输入信号的受端,不确定性来源假定为PMU测量和广域控制输入,每条输入输出信道中不确定性的方差相同且等于σ2,然后,通过对比各发电机位置上随机不确定性的临界方差计算结果,可以找到PMU测量和广域控制受端关键位置。
为了确定关键性程度,每个PMU测量和每个广域控制输入都会考虑随机不确定性,并计算相对应的临界方差${\sigma }_{\ast }^{2}。$如果某个位置的临界方差最小,则其被认为是最关键的。表1为PMU测量与控制输入位置归一化后的临界方差数据,其中发电机32的PMU测量是最关键的,发电机31、34和37的控制输入最为关键。
为了使结果更加清晰,在单线图中标注出关键PMU和关键广域控制输入的位置,如图8图9所示。这些关键发电机位置更加容易因为不确定性干扰的影响而导致频率失稳或失去同步,基于该分析结果就可以在关键位置处采取适当的措施来改善系统整体的运行稳定性。
分别使用分布式控制策略以及鲁棒分布式控制策略来分析计算系统在各发电机节点上所能允许的临界方差,同时保持系统的均方指数稳定性,即保持系统的随机小干扰稳定性。选择不同控制器策略的控制增益时应确保在每条负荷节点上可控负荷的最大可控比例为20%,并且可提供49.9~50.1 Hz范围内的频率调节,假设所有信道的方差都相同。
为了验证基于LMI的广域反馈控制器对随机不确定性的鲁棒特性,比较鲁棒和非鲁棒控制器的临界标准差和稳态协方差。为了更好地形成对比并证明两种控制方法的有效性,设置一组不使用控制器的对照组。图10为3种情况下稳态协方差与标准差之间的曲线,图10中的红色虚线对应临界标准差${\sigma }_{\ast }。$鲁棒控制器的${\sigma }_{\ast }$为1.542 4,非鲁棒控制器的${\sigma }_{\ast }$为1.251 7,无控制器的${\sigma }_{\ast }$为1.123 1。可以看出,闭环系统的标准差随着稳态协方差的增大而不断接近临界值,且增长速度也随之加快。
图11为方差相同时,两种控制方法下38号节点发电机的频率波动曲线。可以观察到,鲁棒分布式控制策略下的频率振荡幅度显著小于分布式控制策略。具体而言,改进的鲁棒分布式控制方法提高了系统所能够允许的临界方差,即增强了系统对于随机不确定性的抵御能力,提高了系统的小干扰稳定性。
建立考虑物理域和信息域不确定性的电力CPS随机模型,提出一种以临界方差为关键指标的小干扰稳定分析方法,给出基于线性矩阵不等式约束的鲁棒广域反馈控制器设计方法,采用MATLAB软件平台进行仿真分析,得到如下结论。
(1)建立基于电力系统小信号模型的复杂电力CPS动态随机模型。对物理域快速集成的风能不确定性和信息域通信通道中的各种形式的不确定建模为乘式参数,实现了对电力CPS动态随机因素的准确刻画。
(2)提出基于均方范数计算的临界方差作为度量参数不确定性的关键指标。临界方差不仅可以作为判断系统小干扰稳定性的可靠指标,还可用于确定系统中PMU量测和广域控制输入的关键位置。
(3)在分布式控制方法的基础上改进设计一种鲁棒广域反馈控制器。所设计的鲁棒分布式控制器具有优越的稳定系统运行频率的能力,增强系统对于随机不确定性的抵御能力,提高了电力CPS的小干扰稳定性。
  • 国家重点研发计划(2023YFF0612200)
  • 中央高校基本科研业务费专项(2042023kf1015)
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2401741
  • 接收时间:2024-03-12
  • 首发时间:2025-07-29
  • 出版时间:2025-02-08
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  • 收稿日期:2024-03-12
  • 修回日期:2024-11-20
基金
国家重点研发计划(2023YFF0612200)
中央高校基本科研业务费专项(2042023kf1015)
作者信息
    1 武汉大学新型电力系统与国际标准研究院, 武汉 430072
    2 武汉大学电气与自动化学院, 武汉 430072

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*樊友平(1970—),男,汉族,湖北荆州人,博士,教授。研究方向:电力系统安全性分析与风险控制、多端直流输电系统、复杂电网协调控制。E-mail:
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
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