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Article(id=1156949366666777179, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1156949362480861758, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2402054, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1711036800000, receivedDateStr=2024-03-22, revisedDate=1732204800000, revisedDateStr=2024-11-22, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1753767824093, onlineDateStr=2025-07-29, pubDate=1740672000000, pubDateStr=2025-02-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753767824093, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-29, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753767824093, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753767824093, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1156949362480861758, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='4', pageStart='1312', pageEnd='1751', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1753767823094, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1755171161273, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1162835389472424814, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1156949362480861758, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1162835389472424815, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1156949362480861758, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1412, endPage=1418, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1156949367497249374, articleId=1156949366666777179, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=Residual Oil Distribution Pattern of Viscosity-reducing Flooding in Heavy Oil Reservoirs with Deep Low Permeability and Application of Intelligent Identification, columnId=1156262729003422020, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Papers·Petroleum and Natural Gas Industry, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Aiming at the problem of high water content and low degree of recovery of low permeability heavy oil reservoir in Guan128 block of Dagang Oilfield, the microscopic seepage law and residual oil characteristics of viscosity reducers flooding were studied through indoor experiments, and the planar wave and characteristics and residual oil distribution law were quantitatively analysed with the help of AI intelligent recognition. The experimental results show that after the viscosity reducer emulsification of crude oil, the emulsion aggregates and can block the water-driven flux channels, the advantageous transport channels of oil droplets increase, improve the wave and reach coefficient, and reduce the oil saturation. AI image identified pore throat droplets of oil, the wall membrane oil, the residual oil in the dead corner and the residual oil without wave and flake oil and other types of residual oil distribution, and the formation mechanism was analyzed, and measures of surfactants injection and encryption of the network of wells were put forward, and the blocking of high seepage channels was adjusted. Adding viscosity-reducing agent system can reduce the starting pressure gradient and improve the fluidity of heavy oil. After the conversion of water drive to chemical drive, the oil washing effect of residual oil in the pores and throat and residual oil in the dead space is improved, and the recovery rate is increased by 15.28%. The research results provide important theoretical reference for the research on the mechanism of efficient oil enhancement and field application of viscosity-reducing agent injection in the late stage of water-drive development of low-permeability heavy oil reservoirs.

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针对大港油田官128区块低渗透稠油油藏高含水低采出程度的问题,通过室内实验研究降黏剂驱的微观渗流规律和剩余油特征,借助AI智能识别定量分析平面波及特征和剩余油分布规律。实验结果表明:降黏剂乳化原油后,乳状液聚并可封堵水驱窜流通道,油滴的优势运移通道增加,提高波及系数,降低含油饱和度。AI图像识别出孔喉滴状油、壁面膜状油、死角残余油和未波及片状油等剩余油分布类型,并分析其形成机理,提出加注表面活性剂和加密井网,调剖封堵高渗通道的措施。加入降黏剂体系能降低启动压力梯度,提高稠油流动性。水驱转化学驱后,提高了孔隙、喉道中剩余油和死角残余油的洗油效果,采收率提高15.28%。研究成果为低渗透稠油油藏水驱开发后期注降黏剂高效增油机理研究和现场应用提供重要理论借鉴。

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马瑞(1985—),男,汉族,安徽涡阳人,硕士,高级工程师。研究方向:油气田开发。E-mail:。

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马瑞(1985—),男,汉族,安徽涡阳人,硕士,高级工程师。研究方向:油气田开发。E-mail:。

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马瑞(1985—),男,汉族,安徽涡阳人,硕士,高级工程师。研究方向:油气田开发。E-mail:。

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ROI Align为提取感兴趣区域特征;FC为全连接层;Class labels为类别标签;Bounding box predictions为边界框预测;CONV为卷积层;Mask为掩码;Output mask为输出掩码;N为目标数量

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深层低渗稠油油藏降黏剂驱剩余油分布规律及智能识别应用
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马瑞 1 , 王庆魁 1 , 季岭 1 , 王飞 1 , 李春雷 1 , 孙建 1 , 周松 2 , 李想 2
科学技术与工程 | 论文·石油、天然气工业 2025,25(4): 1412-1418
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科学技术与工程 | 论文·石油、天然气工业 2025, 25(4): 1412-1418
深层低渗稠油油藏降黏剂驱剩余油分布规律及智能识别应用
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马瑞1 , 王庆魁1, 季岭1, 王飞1, 李春雷1, 孙建1, 周松2, 李想2
作者信息
  • 1 中国石油大港油田第三采油厂, 沧州 061000
  • 2 中国石油大学(北京)石油工程学院, 北京 102249

    • 马瑞(1985—),男,汉族,安徽涡阳人,硕士,高级工程师。研究方向:油气田开发。E-mail:。

Residual Oil Distribution Pattern of Viscosity-reducing Flooding in Heavy Oil Reservoirs with Deep Low Permeability and Application of Intelligent Identification
Rui MA1 , Qing-kui WANG1, Ling JI1, Fei WANG1, Chun-lei LI1, Jian SUN1, Song ZHOU2, Xiang LI2
Affiliations
  • 1 Third Oil Recovery Factory, PetroChina Dagang Oilfield Company, Cangzhou 061000, China
  • 2 College of Petroleum Engineering, China University of Petroleum, Beijing 102249, China
出版时间: 2025-02-28 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2402054
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针对大港油田官128区块低渗透稠油油藏高含水低采出程度的问题,通过室内实验研究降黏剂驱的微观渗流规律和剩余油特征,借助AI智能识别定量分析平面波及特征和剩余油分布规律。实验结果表明:降黏剂乳化原油后,乳状液聚并可封堵水驱窜流通道,油滴的优势运移通道增加,提高波及系数,降低含油饱和度。AI图像识别出孔喉滴状油、壁面膜状油、死角残余油和未波及片状油等剩余油分布类型,并分析其形成机理,提出加注表面活性剂和加密井网,调剖封堵高渗通道的措施。加入降黏剂体系能降低启动压力梯度,提高稠油流动性。水驱转化学驱后,提高了孔隙、喉道中剩余油和死角残余油的洗油效果,采收率提高15.28%。研究成果为低渗透稠油油藏水驱开发后期注降黏剂高效增油机理研究和现场应用提供重要理论借鉴。

稠油  /  降黏剂  /  渗流特征  /  剩余油  /  图像识别

Aiming at the problem of high water content and low degree of recovery of low permeability heavy oil reservoir in Guan128 block of Dagang Oilfield, the microscopic seepage law and residual oil characteristics of viscosity reducers flooding were studied through indoor experiments, and the planar wave and characteristics and residual oil distribution law were quantitatively analysed with the help of AI intelligent recognition. The experimental results show that after the viscosity reducer emulsification of crude oil, the emulsion aggregates and can block the water-driven flux channels, the advantageous transport channels of oil droplets increase, improve the wave and reach coefficient, and reduce the oil saturation. AI image identified pore throat droplets of oil, the wall membrane oil, the residual oil in the dead corner and the residual oil without wave and flake oil and other types of residual oil distribution, and the formation mechanism was analyzed, and measures of surfactants injection and encryption of the network of wells were put forward, and the blocking of high seepage channels was adjusted. Adding viscosity-reducing agent system can reduce the starting pressure gradient and improve the fluidity of heavy oil. After the conversion of water drive to chemical drive, the oil washing effect of residual oil in the pores and throat and residual oil in the dead space is improved, and the recovery rate is increased by 15.28%. The research results provide important theoretical reference for the research on the mechanism of efficient oil enhancement and field application of viscosity-reducing agent injection in the late stage of water-drive development of low-permeability heavy oil reservoirs.

heavy oil  /  viscosity reducer  /  seepage characteristics  /  residual oil  /  image recognition
马瑞, 王庆魁, 季岭, 王飞, 李春雷, 孙建, 周松, 李想. 深层低渗稠油油藏降黏剂驱剩余油分布规律及智能识别应用. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (4) : 1412 -1418 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2402054
Rui MA, Qing-kui WANG, Ling JI, Fei WANG, Chun-lei LI, Jian SUN, Song ZHOU, Xiang LI. Residual Oil Distribution Pattern of Viscosity-reducing Flooding in Heavy Oil Reservoirs with Deep Low Permeability and Application of Intelligent Identification[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (4) : 1412 -1418 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2402054
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稠油资源相较于常规原油,具有黏度高,比重大,流动性差的特点。常规一次采油仅能采出地质储量的3%~10%,采出程度十分有限[1]。采用水驱时,由于油水流度比高,水在驱替稠油过程中并不是均匀的活塞驱替,容易出现指进和舌进现象,最后快速突破,生产井含水率快速上升,波及效率低[2-3]。因此,稠油高效开发的关键问题在于如何有效降低原油黏度,通常采用热力降黏和化学降黏。热力降黏是利用稠油黏度对温度的敏感性升温降黏;化学降黏则是用化学剂降低稠油黏度,提高稠油流动性,从而提高驱油效率。热力降黏大多采用蒸汽驱和蒸汽吞吐,但往往面临蒸汽超覆和井间汽窜的问题,热利用效率低[4-8]。化学降黏广泛应用于稠油油藏开发,通过向地层中注入油溶性或者水溶性降黏剂,地层水和稠油混合生成乳状液,降低黏度,从而增大稠油的流动性。
学者们对从降黏剂和表面活性剂的降黏机理开展研究,从乳状液的形态和油水界面分子膜的角度分析乳化能力和油水界面活性。表面活性剂具有良好的界面活性和乳化能力,而稠油原位乳化后形成的乳状液在多孔介质中的渗流规律更为关键。水溶性降黏剂作用机理以乳化降黏为主,通过表面活性物质使地层水或者注入水与原油混合,原油成为分散相分散到水中,形成水包油乳状液,稠油连续性降低,因此黏度降低,流动阻力减小。油溶性降黏剂一般为有机溶剂,与地层原油有着相似的化学性质,但分子量较小,黏度低。根据相似相溶原理,对稠油进行稀释降黏[9-11]。矿场实践中,降黏剂在稠油井筒和管道输送等方面的实施和应用都取得了显著成效。中外学者在降黏剂和表面活性剂等的研制和表征等开展了大量研究,对于高含水稠油油藏,通过物理模型验证和数学模型建立,都能说明降黏剂驱在稠油油藏冷采提高采收率的潜力和优势[12-15],但储层中剩余油分布较分散,影响流场发育的因素复杂。目前针对稠油降黏剂驱替过程中油水两相在多孔介质中微观渗流规律及剩余油动用和分布特征缺乏系统分析和研究。尤其通过AI智能识别方法读取计算平面波及特征,建立驱替过程平面波及与注入量的关系。现借助二维可视化平板模型,研究常规水驱和降黏剂驱平面波及和剩余油分布特征。采用长岩心启动压力梯度实验和驱替实验研究稠油启动压力梯度、水驱+降黏剂驱的驱替特征,并评价其稠油+降黏剂流动界限和驱油效果,进一步阐述稠油降黏剂驱驱油机理及剩余油赋存规律,为稠油油藏注降黏剂原位乳化高效开发提供基础理论依据和参考。
1 实验条件与方法
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1.1 实验条件
实验所用仪器包括二维可视化平板物理模型驱替装置和长岩心驱替装置。其中二维可视化平板物理模型驱替装置主要由均质可视化平板模型、高清高倍数微距摄像头、平流泵、产出液采出系统等组成,长岩心驱替装置主要由ISCO恒速恒压泵、岩心夹持器、压力传感器,产出液采集系统。
实验所用二维可视化平板模型由30目玻璃微珠均质充填,尺寸为60 cm(长)×60 cm(宽)×5 cm(高),渗透率为150 mD。
实验所用油样为大港油田G区块原油,地面原油密度为0.941 g/cm3,黏度为5 004 mPa·s(40 ℃)。实验所用水样为大港油田G区块地层水,矿化度为24 g/L。
实验所用岩心为大港油田G区块钻取的天然岩心,渗透率为150 mD。
1.2 实验方法
1.2.1 可视化平板物理模型驱替实验
分别进行水驱和水驱+化学驱波及效率评价,分析水驱和化学驱替后剩余油赋存规律,实验装置如图1所示。主要操作流程如下:①根据油藏的物性参数制作两组相应的可视化平板模型,模型固结后进行密封性测试;②对两组可视化平板进行饱和水和饱和油,计量饱和水和油的体积,并将模型置于烘箱内设置温度为75 ℃,即油藏温度下老化24 h,并获取原油初始微观分布形态图像;③以0.2 mL/min的速度连续向实验系统中注水直至出口端含水率为85%,即参考油田目前含水率,高清摄像头对驱替过程平板图像进行拍摄和记录;④向其中一组模型再次以0.2 mL/min的速度连续向实验系统中注降黏剂,降黏剂质量分数为2%,直至出口端含水率为98%,高清摄像头对驱替过程平板图像进行拍摄和记录。
1.2.2 长岩心启动压力梯度和驱替实验
稠油启动压力梯度实验基本原理:稠油体系由不流动状态转变为流动状态的临界点对应的压力梯度,称为启动压力梯度。实验参考《稠油油藏高温相对渗透率及驱油效率测定方法》(SY/T 6315—2006),主要实验过程为:岩心中的稠油体系和稠油+化学剂体系从初始的不流动状态到流动状态,即不稳定渗流状态下,然后再回到最终稳定的不流动状态,利用平衡法测出启动压力梯度。
图2为长岩心启动压力和驱替实验装置。水驱+降黏剂驱主要实验步骤包括:①取天然岩心洗净烘干抽真空,饱和配制的地层水,并计量饱和水的体积;②饱和油用原油以0.1 mL/min的注入速度饱和,并计量饱和油的体积,将岩心放置于75 ℃烘箱中恒温老化24 h;③采用0.2 mL/min的注入速度水驱,记录驱替过程的压力变化、采出油和采出水的体积,驱替至含水率达到98%,停止水驱;④采用2%降黏剂溶液继续驱替,注入速度与之前一致,驱替至含水率达到98%结束实验,记录驱替过程的压力变化、采出油和采出水的体积。
2 结果与分析
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2.1 降黏剂驱渗流特征及剩余油分布分析
水驱过程中可视化平板剩余油分布如图3所示,其中浅黄色区域表示水驱过程波及区域,深色区域表示水驱未波及区域。由于水与稠油之间存在流度差,驱替过程中出现了明显的指进现象[16-18],随着水的持续注入,驱替前缘向前推进,波及范围扩大。非均匀推进的油水剖面使得主流通道逐渐形成,大部分水沿着主流通道开始窜流,当窜流通道到采出端后,波及延伸范围受限,油层存有大量的剩余油。
图4展示了水驱转降黏剂驱后,随着注入量的增加降黏剂驱替前缘向前推进的过程,可以看出,平面波及的程度。水驱完成后,开始注入降黏剂,之前未波及的深棕色区域在降黏剂的驱动力下,水向主流通道的两侧含油区运移。从注入端注入的降黏剂则缓慢向前推进,深棕色的未波及区域布满浅蓝色降黏剂,浅蓝色降黏剂使油层波及面积显著增大且能有效地启动并驱替残余油,提高驱油效率。这是由于降黏剂分子的极性基团会进入稠油内,削弱重质组分之间强烈的相互作用,引起各向异性,形成流动性强水包油乳状液,达到低浓度下高效降黏目的[19-20]。与此同时,一些降黏剂分子被吸附到孔喉壁或约束到小孔及盲端,使得残余油被启动起来降低了残油饱和度。
采用图像识别方法定量描述剩余油的具体分布情况、各区域的波及效率和含油饱和度。图像预处理过程包括:误差控制、灰度化和二值化。图5为可视化平板图像二值化处理前后,基于OpenCV的图像亮度趋同技术,通过目标识别器对含油区域进行识别分类,目标识别器采用SoftMax模型。同时在目标检测任务中,边框回归器能够定位目标边框。在输入的微观剩余油图像中通过选框推荐来寻找最有可能包含目标的一部分区域,采用卷积神经网络直接选择候选框并进行推荐。采用Mask R-CNN图像识别模型对特征进行抽取,图6为Mask R-CNN算法的示意图,随后迭代处理,计算波及系数和含油饱和度等参数。
图7为水驱和水驱+化学驱注入体积与平面波及系数关系,当注入量从0.09 PV增加至0.36 PV,波及系数由4.14%增大至19.62%。受指进现象影响,当注入量达到0.81 PV后,平面波及系数达到24.66%,水窜流通道形成后波及系数趋于稳定。水驱转降黏剂驱后,降黏剂具有乳化原油的作用,乳状液聚集后可封堵窜流通道,油滴的优势运移通道增加,驱替前缘向前平行推进,波及面积变大。注入降黏剂0.22 PV,平面波及系数增加8.03%。可视化平板中大部分波及区域透光性的增加表明本区剩余油饱和度降低,降黏剂对波及区残余油有较好的启动和驱替效果。由图8可以看出,水驱转降黏剂驱后相比于继续水驱含油饱和度降低9.09%,表明水驱转降黏剂驱后降黏剂能将附着在壁面和孔喉的残余油洗出,从而减低残余油饱和度。
研究驱替后剩余油类型,可以有效地针对不同种类剩余油进行相应的提高采收率措施,实现油田开发经济效益最大化。降黏剂作用下,部分油滴在孔隙中被剥离,因贾敏效应和毛管力滞留在运移通道的孔喉处,呈油滴状或柱状如图9(a)所示,而沉积在多孔介质通道壁面上的重质组分则会以油膜的形式黏附在表面如图9(a)所示。由于驱替相和被驱替相流度比大,指进现象明显,形成窜流通道后,两侧还存在大量未波及片状油和死角残余油。死角残余油处于孔隙的隅角,盲端等孔隙连通性不好的位置,驱替相难以进入。对于孔喉滴状油和壁面膜状油可以采取注入表面活性剂,降低油水界面张力和改变润湿性,从而提高驱油效率。而死角残余油和未波及片状油,现场可以采取加密井网,调剖封堵高渗层,进一步提高采收率。
2.2 启动压力梯度变化
中外学者普遍认为在多孔介质中,稠油在渗流中表现出非牛顿流体的特性,存在启动压力梯度。图10为稠油体系在温度为40~100 ℃下流速和压差的关系,体系温度越高,对应压差与流速的变化越小。图11为启动压力梯度随温度变化,可以看出对于单一的稠油体系,随温度升高,启动压力梯度降低,当温度升高至约100 ℃时,启动压力梯度消失。加入降黏剂后,原油黏度显著降低,流动能力增强,启动压力梯度明显降低,温度80 ℃时,启动压力梯度消失。在油藏温度70 ℃下,化学剂的加入可以显著降低启动压力梯度,改善流动性。
2.3 水驱+化学驱油效果评价
岩心驱替实验结果(图12)表明,水驱前期原油中胶质和沥青质含量高,易形成油包水乳状液增大被驱替相黏度,导致渗流阻力增大,驱替压力升高。形成窜流通道后,驱替压力下降,含水率升高,采收率增长缓慢,最终水驱采收率达到62.04%。
转化学驱后,前期由于贾敏效应注入压力短暂升高,随着降黏剂与原油相互作用,主要是稠油重质组分在降黏剂的作用下被分解和分散成小分子聚集体,但体系黏度急剧降低,流动能力增强,驱替压力降低,含水率随之降低[21-23]。注入的化学剂能将原油从岩石表面剥离,并以水包油乳状液形式运移,增加驱替相与被驱替相流度比,减小指进,被束缚在小孔隙、喉道中的剩余油及死角残余油也会被化学剂波及,提高了波及效率和洗油效率,化学驱在水驱的基础上采收率提高15.28%。
3 结论
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(1)可视化平板实验表明降黏剂具有乳化原油的作用,乳状液聚并可封堵窜流通道,油滴的优势运移通道增加,提高波及系数,同时能有效地启动并驱替残余油,提高驱油效率,降低含油饱和度。
(2)采用AI图像识别方法定量描述水驱和化学驱剩余油的具体分布情况。水驱和化学驱后存在孔喉滴状油、壁面膜状油、死角残余油和未波及片状油。孔喉滴状油和壁面膜状油可以采取注入表面活性剂,降低油水界面张力和改变润湿性。死角残余油和未波及片状油,现场可以采取加密井网,调剖封堵高渗层。
(3)加入化学剂能显著降低原油黏度,从而降低原油启动压力梯度,改善流动性。岩心驱替过程中化学剂会导致驱替压力和含水率会降低,同时化学剂能提高孔隙、喉道中剩余油和死角残余油的洗油效果。
基金
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  • 国家自然科学基金企业创新发展联合基金(U20B6003)
文献
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2025年第25卷第4期
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2402054
  • 接收时间：2024-03-22
  • 首发时间：2025-07-29
  • 出版时间：2025-02-28
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  • 收稿日期：2024-03-22
  • 修回日期：2024-11-22
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国家自然科学基金企业创新发展联合基金(U20B6003)
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    1 中国石油大港油田第三采油厂, 沧州 061000
    2 中国石油大学(北京)石油工程学院, 北京 102249
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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Family		 属数
Number of
genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)		 属
Genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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