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In order to efficiently develop the ultra-deep thin interbedded carbonate gas field, the development well of Lei-4 gas reservoir in western Sichuan gas field adopted a three-spud casing program. The first spud section was drilled into the Penglaizhen Formation to the third member of Xujiahe Formation. Due to the large variation of soft and hard sand mudstone, and the existence of mud shale or sand mudstone is easy to be hydrated and denudated, there will be falling block, collapse and other problems. The second spud section was drilled into the formation from the 3rd of Xujiahe Formation to Maantang Formation. The formation shale and coal seam are interbedded frequently, the uncased hole section is long and high pressure fractured gas layer, these factors are prone to risk of wellbore instability, well loss and even blowout. The third spud section was drilled into the fourth member of Leikoupo formation. Due to the alternations of limestone and dolomite, the stress difference between layers is large, and the formation is broken, it is easy to cause local instability of borehole wall, and even collapse, stuck drilling and other downhole complications. In the face of challenges, through theoretical research, laboratory experiments and field application optimization, potassium-based polysulfonic drilling fluid technology was used in the first section, the compound salt strongly inhibited polysulfonic anti-collapsing drilling fluid technology was used in the second spud section, strong plugging white oil base drilling fluid technology was used in the third section, have been formed to solve the technical problems faced by drilling fluids. The successful application of more than 10 wells has achieved remarkable results in speed and efficiency improvement..Among them, well PZ5-1D has a drilling depth of 8 208 m and a drilling cycle of 252.79 days.

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为了高效开发超深层薄互层碳酸盐岩大气田,川西气田雷四气藏开发井采用三开制井身结构。一开井段钻遇蓬莱镇组-须家河组三段地层,砂泥岩非均质性强,且易水化膨胀,剥蚀掉块、垮塌;二开井段钻遇须家河组三段-马鞍塘组地层,地层页岩、煤层互层频繁,井眼稳定问题突出,并且裸眼段长,高压裂缝性气层发育,也存在井漏和井喷风险;三开超深大斜度/水平井段钻遇雷四上亚段地层,灰岩与白云岩交替,层间应力差异大,加上地层破碎,易造成井壁局部失稳,甚至发生垮塌、卡钻等井下复杂。通过理论研究、室内实验及现场应用优化,形成一开钾基聚磺钻井液技术,二开复合盐强抑制聚磺防塌钻井液技术,三开水平段强封堵白油基钻井液技术,解决了钻井液面临的技术难题,成功应用10余井提速提效成果显著,大幅降低复杂事故率,缩短了钻进周期,其中PZ5-1D井完钻井深8 208 m,钻井周期252.79 d。

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唐涛(1987—),男,汉族,湖北石首人,博士,工程师。研究方向:钻井液理论与技术。E-mail:

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Drilling Fluid & Completion Fluid, 2018, 35(1): 13-20., articleTitle=Study and application of a high performance high temperature polymer drilling fluid, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1225944435872153920, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156949364884201570, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=24, issue=2, pageStart=520, pageEnd=527, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[15], rfOrder=27, authorNames=张统得, 樊腊生, 刘伟, journalName=科学技术与工程, refType=null, unstructuredReference=张统得, 樊腊生, 刘伟, 等. 页岩气调查井复杂地层有机硅聚合物钻井液体系的研制与应用[J]. 科学技术与工程, 2024, 24(2): 520-527., articleTitle=页岩气调查井复杂地层有机硅聚合物钻井液体系的研制与应用, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1225944436035731786, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156949364884201570, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=24, issue=2, pageStart=520, pageEnd=527, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[15], rfOrder=28, authorNames=Zhang Tongde, Fan Lasheng, Liu Wei, journalName=Science Technology and Engineering, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Zhang Tongde, Fan Lasheng, Liu Wei, et al. Research and application of organosilicon polymer drilling fluid system in complex formation of shale gas survey well[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2024, 24(2): 520-527., articleTitle=Research and application of organosilicon polymer drilling fluid system in complex formation of shale gas survey well, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1225944429874299860, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156949364884201570, awardId=51974270, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金(51974270), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1225944430037877735, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156949364884201570, awardId=KJ-649-2119, language=CN, fundingSource=中国石化西南油气分公司科技攻关项目(KJ-649-2119), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1225944411582939914, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156949364884201570, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1225944411595522827, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156949364884201570, companyId=1225944411582939914, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 Petroleum Engineering Technology Institute of Southwest Petroleum Branch, SINOPEC, Deyang 618000, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1225944411612300045, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156949364884201570, companyId=1225944411582939914, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 中石化西南油气分公司石油工程技术研究院, 德阳 618000)]), AuthorCompany(id=1225944411842986778, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156949364884201570, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1225944411851375387, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156949364884201570, companyId=1225944411842986778, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 State Key Laboratory of Oil & Gas Reservoir Geology and Exploitation, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu 610500, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1225944411859763997, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156949364884201570, companyId=1225944411842986778, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 西南石油大学油气藏地质及开发工程国家重点实验室, 成都 610500)]), AuthorCompany(id=1225944412048507682, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156949364884201570, xref=3, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1225944412056896292, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156949364884201570, companyId=1225944412048507682, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3 Southwest Petroleum Branch, SINOPEC, Chengdu 610041, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1225944412073673509, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156949364884201570, companyId=1225944412048507682, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3 中石化西南油气分公司, 成都 610041)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1225944418394489026, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156949364884201570, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Rock mineral composition and content chart, figureFileSmall=lm5ZgJ3Nu2KWD6mz8ZnXAA==, figureFileBig=/9aqqtfAiMwOtgcFcu6bsw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225944418520318166, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156949364884201570, language=CN, label=图1, caption=岩石矿物组分及含量图, figureFileSmall=lm5ZgJ3Nu2KWD6mz8ZnXAA==, figureFileBig=/9aqqtfAiMwOtgcFcu6bsw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225944418692284652, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156949364884201570, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Scanning electron microscopy of rock core, figureFileSmall=4zsRAcNz1728KJpDGGu67Q==, figureFileBig=ltuPWnnS4IYkk8ZszDpvbQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225944418792947961, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156949364884201570, language=CN, label=图2, caption=岩心扫描电镜图, figureFileSmall=4zsRAcNz1728KJpDGGu67Q==, figureFileBig=ltuPWnnS4IYkk8ZszDpvbQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225944418889416969, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156949364884201570, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Schematic diagram of rock mass structure and strength with multiple weak surfaces, figureFileSmall=FFsuAdTHGiKdLy9eOsIVGA==, figureFileBig=1+02LuG9NnJAmXfXekCYgw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225944419011051799, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156949364884201570, language=CN, label=图3, caption=含多弱面的岩体结构与强度示意图

σ1为垂向主应力;σ3为水平主应力即施加围压;STNM为两组不同倾角裂缝;β为裂缝面与水平主应力夹角;β21β22为第二组裂缝力学弱面效应影响范围,当第二组裂缝法向与井壁主应力σ1夹角β满足β21ββ22;β11β12为第一组裂缝力学弱面效应影响范围,当第一组裂缝法向与井壁主应力σ1夹角β满足β11ββ12,需要利用Jeager力学弱面准则计算坍塌压力,否则利用库仑-摩尔准则计算坍塌压力

, figureFileSmall=FFsuAdTHGiKdLy9eOsIVGA==, figureFileBig=1+02LuG9NnJAmXfXekCYgw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225944420462281002, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156949364884201570, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Effect of weak surface group number on collapse pressure, figureFileSmall=8qVyBL6DPn0JDoncQHh9dg==, figureFileBig=2j2gTu1im2omvxnyMpELcA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225944420630053175, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156949364884201570, language=CN, label=图4, caption=弱面组数坍塌压力的影响, figureFileSmall=8qVyBL6DPn0JDoncQHh9dg==, figureFileBig=2j2gTu1im2omvxnyMpELcA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225944421011734871, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156949364884201570, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Collapse pressure cloud diagram around the well under the fixed-azimuth weakening surface inclination mode, figureFileSmall=GeV6DRTIuVegyNmw0hf3ng==, figureFileBig=Lhub8ZASIb3YvoWAq8Xl6w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225944421158535527, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156949364884201570, language=CN, label=图5, caption=定方位变弱面倾角模式下的井周坍塌压力云图, figureFileSmall=GeV6DRTIuVegyNmw0hf3ng==, figureFileBig=Lhub8ZASIb3YvoWAq8Xl6w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225944421275976049, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156949364884201570, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Collapse pressure around the well under fixed-azimuth weakening surface inclination mode, figureFileSmall=qINl5BW0e0S1FIZQy6jfHw==, figureFileBig=niOLFeHppB6k5VKFVHuFxA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225944421410193796, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156949364884201570, language=CN, label=图6, caption=定方位变弱面倾角模式下的井周坍塌压力, figureFileSmall=qINl5BW0e0S1FIZQy6jfHw==, figureFileBig=niOLFeHppB6k5VKFVHuFxA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225944421544411541, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156949364884201570, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Collapse pressure changes with weak plane cohesion and weak plane internal friction angle, figureFileSmall=vZLJQNJOedbNjbinv3nEiw==, figureFileBig=IyEiXL9O2qWPgJomDVJ17Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225944421666046375, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156949364884201570, language=CN, label=图7, caption=坍塌压力随弱面内聚力变化与弱面内摩擦角的变化, figureFileSmall=vZLJQNJOedbNjbinv3nEiw==, figureFileBig=IyEiXL9O2qWPgJomDVJ17Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225944421779292592, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156949364884201570, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=The front and back of the ceramic plate after the experiment, figureFileSmall=5+bTAZxaxsSVzGExHakATQ==, figureFileBig=XjdVFkUdfPaxceC1sAGoKQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225944421913510336, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156949364884201570, language=CN, label=图8, caption=实验后陶瓷盘的正面和背面图, figureFileSmall=5+bTAZxaxsSVzGExHakATQ==, figureFileBig=XjdVFkUdfPaxceC1sAGoKQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225944422043533772, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156949364884201570, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

PZ6-4D of formations encountered during drilling

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
地层 钻厚/m 岩性简述
代号
第四系 Q 37.00 黄色黏土,杂色砾石层
侏罗系 上统 蓬莱镇组 J3p 882.00 泥岩、浅褐灰色细粒岩屑砂岩
遂宁组 J3sn 372.00 粉砂岩、泥岩
中统 沙溪庙组 J2s+x 642.00 泥岩、粉砂岩
千佛崖组 J2q 98.00 泥岩、细粒岩屑砂岩
下统 白田坝组 J1b 39.00 泥岩、含砾中粒岩屑砂岩
三叠系 上统 须家河组 五段 T3x5 699.00 细粒岩屑岩、粉砂岩
四段 T3x4 693.00 含砾粗粒岩屑砂岩、炭质页岩、中粒岩屑石英砂岩
三段 T3x3 932.00 页岩、泥质粉砂岩,局部含有黑色煤岩
二段 T3x2 596.00 石英砂岩、页岩
小塘子组 T3t 452.00 页岩、中粒岩屑砂岩、粉砂岩
马鞍塘组 二段 T3m2 114.00 页岩、细粒岩屑砂岩、局部夹泥质灰岩
一段 T3m1 38.00 微晶灰岩、砂屑灰岩
中统 雷口坡组 四段 T2l4 460.00 微晶白云质灰岩、砂屑灰岩
三段 T2l3 362.00 白云岩、灰岩、膏岩
二段 T2l2 30.00 微晶灰岩、膏岩、云岩
), ArticleFig(id=1225944422261637598, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156949364884201570, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

PZ6-4D(直)钻遇地层

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
地层 钻厚/m 岩性简述
代号
第四系 Q 37.00 黄色黏土,杂色砾石层
侏罗系 上统 蓬莱镇组 J3p 882.00 泥岩、浅褐灰色细粒岩屑砂岩
遂宁组 J3sn 372.00 粉砂岩、泥岩
中统 沙溪庙组 J2s+x 642.00 泥岩、粉砂岩
千佛崖组 J2q 98.00 泥岩、细粒岩屑砂岩
下统 白田坝组 J1b 39.00 泥岩、含砾中粒岩屑砂岩
三叠系 上统 须家河组 五段 T3x5 699.00 细粒岩屑岩、粉砂岩
四段 T3x4 693.00 含砾粗粒岩屑砂岩、炭质页岩、中粒岩屑石英砂岩
三段 T3x3 932.00 页岩、泥质粉砂岩,局部含有黑色煤岩
二段 T3x2 596.00 石英砂岩、页岩
小塘子组 T3t 452.00 页岩、中粒岩屑砂岩、粉砂岩
马鞍塘组 二段 T3m2 114.00 页岩、细粒岩屑砂岩、局部夹泥质灰岩
一段 T3m1 38.00 微晶灰岩、砂屑灰岩
中统 雷口坡组 四段 T2l4 460.00 微晶白云质灰岩、砂屑灰岩
三段 T2l3 362.00 白云岩、灰岩、膏岩
二段 T2l2 30.00 微晶灰岩、膏岩、云岩
), ArticleFig(id=1225944422404243953, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156949364884201570, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Performance data table under different drilling fluid densities(120 ℃,16 h)

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编号 ρ/(g·cm-3) FV/s PV/(mPa·s) YP/Pa G10 s/Pa G10 min/Pa HTHP/mL 泥饼磨阻系数
1 1.60 60 30 11.0 1.7 9 3.2 0.12
2 1.80 61 30 7.0 2.0 10 2.8 0.11
3 2.00 56 35 8.5 1.0 8 2.8 0.13
4 2.20 61 68 6.5 5.0 10 1.2 0.11
), ArticleFig(id=1225944422513295871, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156949364884201570, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

不同钻井液密度下的性能数据(120 ℃、16 h)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号 ρ/(g·cm-3) FV/s PV/(mPa·s) YP/Pa G10 s/Pa G10 min/Pa HTHP/mL 泥饼磨阻系数
1 1.60 60 30 11.0 1.7 9 3.2 0.12
2 1.80 61 30 7.0 2.0 10 2.8 0.11
3 2.00 56 35 8.5 1.0 8 2.8 0.13
4 2.20 61 68 6.5 5.0 10 1.2 0.11
), ArticleFig(id=1225944422639124997, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156949364884201570, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Drilling fluid stability experiments under different temperature conditions

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
温度/℃ 编号 ρ/(g·cm-3) FV/s PV/(mPa·s) YP/Pa G10 s/Pa G10 min/Pa HTHP/mL 实验条件
1 2.00 75 92 2.5 4.5 16.5 1.4 常温
120 2 2.00 60 69 11.0 6.5 11.0 1.2 120 ℃×16 h
3 2.00 79 72 20.5 11.5 18.0 1.0 120 ℃×32 h
1 2.00 75 92 2.5 4.5 16.5 1.4 常温
140 2 2.00 63 56 18.5 9.0 16.5 1.2 140 ℃×16 h
3 2.00 100 75 35.0 15.0 29.0 1.2 140 ℃×32 h
1 2.00 75 80 2.5 4.5 13.0 1.2 常温
160 2 2.00 80 84 28.0 7.0 12.5 1.4 160 ℃×16 h
3 2.00 80 93 27.0 5.0 12.0 1.8 160 ℃×32 h
), ArticleFig(id=1225944422790119957, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156949364884201570, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

不同温度条件下钻井液稳定性实验

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
温度/℃ 编号 ρ/(g·cm-3) FV/s PV/(mPa·s) YP/Pa G10 s/Pa G10 min/Pa HTHP/mL 实验条件
1 2.00 75 92 2.5 4.5 16.5 1.4 常温
120 2 2.00 60 69 11.0 6.5 11.0 1.2 120 ℃×16 h
3 2.00 79 72 20.5 11.5 18.0 1.0 120 ℃×32 h
1 2.00 75 92 2.5 4.5 16.5 1.4 常温
140 2 2.00 63 56 18.5 9.0 16.5 1.2 140 ℃×16 h
3 2.00 100 75 35.0 15.0 29.0 1.2 140 ℃×32 h
1 2.00 75 80 2.5 4.5 13.0 1.2 常温
160 2 2.00 80 84 28.0 7.0 12.5 1.4 160 ℃×16 h
3 2.00 80 93 27.0 5.0 12.0 1.8 160 ℃×32 h
), ArticleFig(id=1225944422928532008, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156949364884201570, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Drilling fluid salt intrusion resistance data sheet(120 ℃×16 h)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
配方 ρ/(g·cm-3) FV/s PV/(mPa·s) YP/Pa G10 s/Pa G10 min/Pa HTHP/mL
基本配方 2.00 60 67 8.5 4.0 17.0 1.3
基本配方+2%NaCl 2.00 63 70 10.5 11.5 16.5 1.8
基本配方+4%NaCl 2.00 66 72 11.0 11.0 17.5 1.9
基本配方+6%NaCl 2.00 56 76 13.0 10.0 15.0 2.0
基本配方+10%NaCl 2.00 71 77 13.0 16.0 18.0 2.4
), ArticleFig(id=1225944423079526969, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156949364884201570, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

钻井液抗盐侵数据(120 ℃×16 h)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
配方 ρ/(g·cm-3) FV/s PV/(mPa·s) YP/Pa G10 s/Pa G10 min/Pa HTHP/mL
基本配方 2.00 60 67 8.5 4.0 17.0 1.3
基本配方+2%NaCl 2.00 63 70 10.5 11.5 16.5 1.8
基本配方+4%NaCl 2.00 66 72 11.0 11.0 17.5 1.9
基本配方+6%NaCl 2.00 56 76 13.0 10.0 15.0 2.0
基本配方+10%NaCl 2.00 71 77 13.0 16.0 18.0 2.4
), ArticleFig(id=1225944423209550407, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156949364884201570, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Evaluation of anti-gypsum pollution performance

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编号 ρ/(g·cm-3) PV/(mPa·s) YP/Pa G10 s/Pa G10 min/Pa HTHP180 ℃/mL 实验条件
基本配方 1.67 30 10.5 3 14 9.2 140 ℃×16 h
基本配方+0.5%CaSO4 1.68 28 15 4 15.5 13 140 ℃×16 h
), ArticleFig(id=1225944423448625756, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156949364884201570, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

抗石膏污染性能评价

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编号 ρ/(g·cm-3) PV/(mPa·s) YP/Pa G10 s/Pa G10 min/Pa HTHP180 ℃/mL 实验条件
基本配方 1.67 30 10.5 3 14 9.2 140 ℃×16 h
基本配方+0.5%CaSO4 1.68 28 15 4 15.5 13 140 ℃×16 h
), ArticleFig(id=1225944424874689136, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156949364884201570, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

Lubricity evaluation of drilling fluid system

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号 ρ/
(g·cm-3)
极压润滑
系数
黏滞
系数
泥饼黏附
系数
方案一 1.60 0.14 0.053 7 0.109 0
方案二 1.80 0.17 0.042 9 0.120 0
方案三 2.00 0.16 0.044 1 0.127 3
), ArticleFig(id=1225944425013101181, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156949364884201570, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

钻井液体系润滑性评价

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号 ρ/
(g·cm-3)
极压润滑
系数
黏滞
系数
泥饼黏附
系数
方案一 1.60 0.14 0.053 7 0.109 0
方案二 1.80 0.17 0.042 9 0.120 0
方案三 2.00 0.16 0.044 1 0.127 3
), ArticleFig(id=1225944425155707539, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156949364884201570, language=EN, label=Table 7, caption=

High temperature and high pressure rheological properties of drilling fluids

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
测试温度/
AV/
(mPa·s)
PV/
(mPa·s)
YP/
Pa
G10 s/
Pa
G10 min/
Pa
25(室温) 48.7 58.00 9.30 1.8 7.5
140 65.6 78.65 13.05 5.2 14.0
160 54.3 65.60 11.20 2.0 4.0
180 51.7 59.35 7.65 2.5 8.3
), ArticleFig(id=1225944425277342371, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156949364884201570, language=CN, label=表7, caption=

钻井液高温高压流变性能

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
测试温度/
AV/
(mPa·s)
PV/
(mPa·s)
YP/
Pa
G10 s/
Pa
G10 min/
Pa
25(室温) 48.7 58.00 9.30 1.8 7.5
140 65.6 78.65 13.05 5.2 14.0
160 54.3 65.60 11.20 2.0 4.0
180 51.7 59.35 7.65 2.5 8.3
), ArticleFig(id=1225944425436725938, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156949364884201570, language=EN, label=Table 8, caption=

Rolling recycling experiment

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
钻井液配方 一次回收率/% 二次回收率/%
清水 4.08
复合盐强抑制聚磺防塌钻井液 98.04 94.98
), ArticleFig(id=1225944425587720900, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156949364884201570, language=CN, label=表8, caption=

滚动回收实验

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
钻井液配方 一次回收率/% 二次回收率/%
清水 4.08
复合盐强抑制聚磺防塌钻井液 98.04 94.98
), ArticleFig(id=1225944425772270299, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156949364884201570, language=EN, label=Table 9, caption=

Performance of anti pollution types

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
抗污染性类型 测试介质 实验条件 ρ/
(g·cm-3)
pH PV/
(mPa·s)
YP/
Pa
G10 s/
Pa
G10 min/
Pa
HTHP150 ℃/
mL
抗岩屑污染性 配方 150 ℃×16 h 2.02 9.5 38 9.5 4 10.5 8.8
配方+3%岩屑 150 ℃×16 h 2.02 9.5 44 12.0 6 14.0 10.4
抗CO2污染性 配方 150 ℃×16 h 2.02 9.5 38 9.5 4 10.5 8.8
配方+CO2 150 ℃×16 h 2.00 9.0 40 11.0 4 14.5 11.2
), ArticleFig(id=1225944425868739308, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156949364884201570, language=CN, label=表9, caption=

抗污染性类型的性能

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
抗污染性类型 测试介质 实验条件 ρ/
(g·cm-3)
pH PV/
(mPa·s)
YP/
Pa
G10 s/
Pa
G10 min/
Pa
HTHP150 ℃/
mL
抗岩屑污染性 配方 150 ℃×16 h 2.02 9.5 38 9.5 4 10.5 8.8
配方+3%岩屑 150 ℃×16 h 2.02 9.5 44 12.0 6 14.0 10.4
抗CO2污染性 配方 150 ℃×16 h 2.02 9.5 38 9.5 4 10.5 8.8
配方+CO2 150 ℃×16 h 2.00 9.0 40 11.0 4 14.5 11.2
), ArticleFig(id=1225944426099426038, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156949364884201570, language=EN, label=Table 10, caption=

Lubricity evaluation of drilling fluid system

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号 ρ/(g·cm-3) EP 黏滞系数 Kf
1 1.60 0.14 0.054 2 0.110 0
2 1.80 0.16 0.043 7 0.118 3
), ArticleFig(id=1225944426237838082, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156949364884201570, language=CN, label=表10, caption=

钻井液体系润滑性

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号 ρ/(g·cm-3) EP 黏滞系数 Kf
1 1.60 0.14 0.054 2 0.110 0
2 1.80 0.16 0.043 7 0.118 3
), ArticleFig(id=1225944426359472910, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156949364884201570, language=EN, label=Table 11, caption=

Performance parameters of strong plugging oil-based drilling fluid

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
老化温度×
时间
AV/
(mPa·s)
PV/
(mPa·s)
YP/
Pa
YP/PV/
[Pa·(mPa·s)-1]
HTHP160 ℃/
mL
ES/
V
160 ℃×16 h 42.0 35.0 7.0 0.20 3.2 763
160 ℃×72 h 39.5 32.0 7.5 0.23 4.0 746
160 ℃×120 h 36.5 29.0 7.5 0.26 3.8 753
160 ℃×168 h 35.0 29.0 6.0 0.21 4.2 776
), ArticleFig(id=1225944426493690651, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156949364884201570, language=CN, label=表11, caption=

强封堵油基钻井液性能参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
老化温度×
时间
AV/
(mPa·s)
PV/
(mPa·s)
YP/
Pa
YP/PV/
[Pa·(mPa·s)-1]
HTHP160 ℃/
mL
ES/
V
160 ℃×16 h 42.0 35.0 7.0 0.20 3.2 763
160 ℃×72 h 39.5 32.0 7.5 0.23 4.0 746
160 ℃×120 h 36.5 29.0 7.5 0.26 3.8 753
160 ℃×168 h 35.0 29.0 6.0 0.21 4.2 776
), ArticleFig(id=1225944426644685605, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156949364884201570, language=EN, label=Table 12, caption=

Settlement resistance value before and after static constant temperature of drilling fluid

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
体系 静恒温前/N 静恒温后/N
强封堵白油基钻井液 68.6×10-3 98.0×10-3
对比例 78.4×10-3 1 254.4×10-3
), ArticleFig(id=1225944426812457786, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156949364884201570, language=CN, label=表12, caption=

钻井液静恒温前后的沉降阻力值

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
体系 静恒温前/N 静恒温后/N
强封堵白油基钻井液 68.6×10-3 98.0×10-3
对比例 78.4×10-3 1 254.4×10-3
), ArticleFig(id=1225944427026367317, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156949364884201570, language=EN, label=Table 13, caption=

Ceramic disk sealing experimental data

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
陶瓷盘规格/μm 10 50 100 150
1 h滤液量/mL 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.2
渗透率/mD 1.84×10-5 3.77×10-5 1.82×10-5 3.58×10-5
), ArticleFig(id=1225944427244471140, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156949364884201570, language=CN, label=表13, caption=

基浆+2%WEF-3000的陶瓷盘封堵实验数据

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
陶瓷盘规格/μm 10 50 100 150
1 h滤液量/mL 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.2
渗透率/mD 1.84×10-5 3.77×10-5 1.82×10-5 3.58×10-5
), ArticleFig(id=1225944427382883180, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156949364884201570, language=EN, label=Table 14, caption=

Effect of residual acid on drilling fluid performance parameters

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
配方 AV/
(mPa·s)
PV/
(mPa·s)
YP/
Pa
YP/PV/
[Pa·(mPa·s)-1]
HTHP160 ℃
/mL
ES/
V
污染前 39.0 32.0 7.0 0.22 2.2 777
5%残酸 44.0 35.0 9.0 0.23 4.8 530
10%残酸 53.0 41.0 12.0 0.26 3.2 535
), ArticleFig(id=1225944427529683834, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156949364884201570, language=CN, label=表14, caption=

残酸对钻井液性能参数的影响

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
配方 AV/
(mPa·s)
PV/
(mPa·s)
YP/
Pa
YP/PV/
[Pa·(mPa·s)-1]
HTHP160 ℃
/mL
ES/
V
污染前 39.0 32.0 7.0 0.22 2.2 777
5%残酸 44.0 35.0 9.0 0.23 4.8 530
10%残酸 53.0 41.0 12.0 0.26 3.2 535
), ArticleFig(id=1225944427638735749, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156949364884201570, language=EN, label=Table 15, caption=

White oil-based drilling fluid basic system’s resistance to water and drilling cuttings contamination

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
配方 AV/
(mPa·s)
PV/
(mPa·s)
YP/
Pa
APIF/
mL
G10 s/
Pa
G10 min/
Pa
ES/
V
污染前 36.5 30 6.5 0.2 3 4.5 704
10%钻屑
(60~100目钻屑)
45.0 38 7.0 0.2 3 5 685
10%水 39.0 30 9.0 1.0 5 10 578
10%钻屑+
10%水
51.0 41 10.0 1.0 8 14 536
), ArticleFig(id=1225944427785536404, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156949364884201570, language=CN, label=表15, caption=

白油基钻井液基础体系抗水、钻屑污染性能

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
配方 AV/
(mPa·s)
PV/
(mPa·s)
YP/
Pa
APIF/
mL
G10 s/
Pa
G10 min/
Pa
ES/
V
污染前 36.5 30 6.5 0.2 3 4.5 704
10%钻屑
(60~100目钻屑)
45.0 38 7.0 0.2 3 5 685
10%水 39.0 30 9.0 1.0 5 10 578
10%钻屑+
10%水
51.0 41 10.0 1.0 8 14 536
), ArticleFig(id=1225944427982668708, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156949364884201570, language=EN, label=Table 16, caption=

Anti-salt pollution performance of white oil-based drilling fluid basic system

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
配方 AV/
(mPa·s)
PV/
(mPa·s)
YP/
Pa
APIFL/
mL
G10 s/
Pa
G10 min/
Pa
ES/
V
污染前 36.5 30 6.5 0.2 3 4.5 704
5%氯化钠 37.0 30 7.0 0.2 3 5.0 702
8%氯化钠 39.0 32 7.0 0.2 5 5.0 712
0.5%无水硫酸钙 36.5 30 6.5 0.2 3 4.5 692
), ArticleFig(id=1225944429412926397, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156949364884201570, language=CN, label=表16, caption=

白油基钻井液基础体系抗盐污染性能

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
配方 AV/
(mPa·s)
PV/
(mPa·s)
YP/
Pa
APIFL/
mL
G10 s/
Pa
G10 min/
Pa
ES/
V
污染前 36.5 30 6.5 0.2 3 4.5 704
5%氯化钠 37.0 30 7.0 0.2 3 5.0 702
8%氯化钠 39.0 32 7.0 0.2 5 5.0 712
0.5%无水硫酸钙 36.5 30 6.5 0.2 3 4.5 692
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石油、天然气工业超深层薄互层碳酸盐岩大气田高效开发钻井液集成技术
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唐涛 1, 2 , 何龙 3 , 欧彪 1 , 严焱诚 1 , 王平全 2 , 王希勇 1
科学技术与工程 | 论文·石油、天然气工业 2025,25(4): 1400-1411
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科学技术与工程 | 论文·石油、天然气工业 2025, 25(4): 1400-1411
石油、天然气工业超深层薄互层碳酸盐岩大气田高效开发钻井液集成技术
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唐涛1, 2 , 何龙3, 欧彪1, 严焱诚1, 王平全2, 王希勇1
作者信息
  • 1 中石化西南油气分公司石油工程技术研究院, 德阳 618000
  • 2 西南石油大学油气藏地质及开发工程国家重点实验室, 成都 610500
  • 3 中石化西南油气分公司, 成都 610041
  • 唐涛(1987—),男,汉族,湖北石首人,博士,工程师。研究方向:钻井液理论与技术。E-mail:

Efficient Drilling Fluid Integration Technology for Developing Large Gas Fields in Ultra-deep Thin Interbedded Carbonate Rocks
Tao TANG1, 2 , Long HE3, Biao OU1, Yan-cheng YAN1, Ping-quan WANG2, Xi-yong WANG1
Affiliations
  • 1 Petroleum Engineering Technology Institute of Southwest Petroleum Branch, SINOPEC, Deyang 618000, China
  • 2 State Key Laboratory of Oil & Gas Reservoir Geology and Exploitation, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu 610500, China
  • 3 Southwest Petroleum Branch, SINOPEC, Chengdu 610041, China
出版时间: 2025-02-28 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2401361
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为了高效开发超深层薄互层碳酸盐岩大气田,川西气田雷四气藏开发井采用三开制井身结构。一开井段钻遇蓬莱镇组-须家河组三段地层,砂泥岩非均质性强,且易水化膨胀,剥蚀掉块、垮塌;二开井段钻遇须家河组三段-马鞍塘组地层,地层页岩、煤层互层频繁,井眼稳定问题突出,并且裸眼段长,高压裂缝性气层发育,也存在井漏和井喷风险;三开超深大斜度/水平井段钻遇雷四上亚段地层,灰岩与白云岩交替,层间应力差异大,加上地层破碎,易造成井壁局部失稳,甚至发生垮塌、卡钻等井下复杂。通过理论研究、室内实验及现场应用优化,形成一开钾基聚磺钻井液技术,二开复合盐强抑制聚磺防塌钻井液技术,三开水平段强封堵白油基钻井液技术,解决了钻井液面临的技术难题,成功应用10余井提速提效成果显著,大幅降低复杂事故率,缩短了钻进周期,其中PZ5-1D井完钻井深8 208 m,钻井周期252.79 d。

钻井液  /  井壁失稳  /  抑制  /  封堵  /  集成技术

In order to efficiently develop the ultra-deep thin interbedded carbonate gas field, the development well of Lei-4 gas reservoir in western Sichuan gas field adopted a three-spud casing program. The first spud section was drilled into the Penglaizhen Formation to the third member of Xujiahe Formation. Due to the large variation of soft and hard sand mudstone, and the existence of mud shale or sand mudstone is easy to be hydrated and denudated, there will be falling block, collapse and other problems. The second spud section was drilled into the formation from the 3rd of Xujiahe Formation to Maantang Formation. The formation shale and coal seam are interbedded frequently, the uncased hole section is long and high pressure fractured gas layer, these factors are prone to risk of wellbore instability, well loss and even blowout. The third spud section was drilled into the fourth member of Leikoupo formation. Due to the alternations of limestone and dolomite, the stress difference between layers is large, and the formation is broken, it is easy to cause local instability of borehole wall, and even collapse, stuck drilling and other downhole complications. In the face of challenges, through theoretical research, laboratory experiments and field application optimization, potassium-based polysulfonic drilling fluid technology was used in the first section, the compound salt strongly inhibited polysulfonic anti-collapsing drilling fluid technology was used in the second spud section, strong plugging white oil base drilling fluid technology was used in the third section, have been formed to solve the technical problems faced by drilling fluids. The successful application of more than 10 wells has achieved remarkable results in speed and efficiency improvement..Among them, well PZ5-1D has a drilling depth of 8 208 m and a drilling cycle of 252.79 days.

drilling fluid  /  wellbore instability  /  inhibition  /  plugging  /  integration technology
唐涛, 何龙, 欧彪, 严焱诚, 王平全, 王希勇. 石油、天然气工业超深层薄互层碳酸盐岩大气田高效开发钻井液集成技术. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (4) : 1400 -1411 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2401361
Tao TANG, Long HE, Biao OU, Yan-cheng YAN, Ping-quan WANG, Xi-yong WANG. Efficient Drilling Fluid Integration Technology for Developing Large Gas Fields in Ultra-deep Thin Interbedded Carbonate Rocks[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (4) : 1400 -1411 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2401361
川西气田天然气探明储量1 140.11×108 m3,是目前世界上第一个被发现,并投入开发的超深层高含硫潮坪相碳酸盐岩大气田,是川渝地区千亿立方米天然气生产基地和四川盆地“气大庆”建设的重要组成部分。川西气田高含硫天然气的开发和利用,不仅可以为国家提供大量的天然气,还可将剧毒的硫化氢转化为中国紧缺的化工原料硫磺,对于中国端牢“能源饭碗”、实现“双碳目标”都具有十分重要的战略意义[1-2]
川西气田位于四川盆地西部龙门山前逆冲推覆构造带,雷四气藏属于超深层、中高产、高含硫、中含二氧化碳、常压、低-中孔、特低渗、受构造控制的层状白云岩边水气藏,具有超深、高温、高压、高含硫、局限潮坪相薄互层白云岩储层复杂、气水关系复杂、天裸眼段然气组分复杂、压力系统复杂、地理生态环境复杂等特点。
川西气田雷四气藏开发井采用三开制井身结构,一开井段钻遇蓬莱镇组-须三段地层,裸眼段长,砂泥岩纵向上非均质性强,且易水化膨胀,剥蚀掉块、垮塌;二开井段钻遇须三段-马鞍塘组地层,地层页岩、煤层互层频繁,井眼稳定问题突出,裸眼段长,高压裂缝性气层发育,存在井漏和井喷风险; 三开超深大斜度/水平井段钻遇雷四上亚段地层,岩层破碎、井壁稳定性差。雷四上亚段灰岩与白云岩交替、交杂发育,层间应力差异大,易造成井壁局部失稳,甚至发生垮塌,卡钻等井下复杂。
程凯等[3]开展抗温抗盐高密度钻井液处理剂优选、性能优化等室内试验,形成一套抗温能力达 200 ℃、密度达2.35 g/cm3、抗15%NaCl的水基钻井液体系。在自流井组、雷口坡组、嘉陵江组使用该钻井液体系,未出现因钻井液原因导致的遇阻或卡钻。但是该体系只考虑了降滤失剂、高温稳定剂和润滑剂的优选,同时高温稳定剂和润滑剂作用效果有限,并不适用川西气田。文献[4-5]为了解决鄂尔多斯盆地碳酸盐岩气藏钻完井过程造成储层损害的问题,在实验室设计了一种酸溶性、无固相钻井液体系,该系统有效地减缓了固相颗粒侵入储层,同时提高了酸压裂过程中的酸化程度。但该体系不能解决川西气田井壁稳定问题。王伟吉等[6]综合考虑强化钻井液封堵能力、控制钻井液高温高压滤失量和优化钻井液动塑比等,优选防塌钻井液配方,并保持较高的钻井液密度以支撑井壁,形成一种水基防塌钻井液技术,解决了顺北油气田碳酸盐岩破碎性地层井壁失稳问题,但是在川西气田,由于临井酸化改造对水基钻井液性能影响较大,该体系也不适用川西气气田。鉴于此,通过地质特征与井壁失稳研究,提出各井段钻井液技术对策,室内配方实验与现场应用优化基础上,形成钻井液川西气田钻井液集成技术,成功应用10余井,提速提效成果显著,大幅降低复杂事故率,缩短钻进周期。
川西气田钻遇地层为:新生界第四系、统蓬莱镇组、遂宁组、沙溪庙组、千佛崖组、白田坝组、统须家河组、小塘子组、马鞍塘组、雷口坡组。岩性特征如表1所示。
蓬莱镇组-须三段地层中黏土矿物含量高,其中须家河地层厚度大,多为泥页岩,易发生水化膨胀,造成钻具泥包、缩径、卡钻、井壁坍塌等井下复杂情况。雷四上亚段地层为潮坪相薄互层,夹层和微裂缝发育,局部胶结性差,储层薄且易破碎,易垮易塌,钻进过程中易发生掉块,遇阻和卡钻等井下复杂情况。主要分析泥页岩地层和潮坪相薄互层的井壁失稳机理,提出钻井液技术对策。
全岩分析和扫描电镜显示,如图1图2所示,直井段白田坝组、须家河、小唐子组地层黏土矿物总量偏高,以蒙脱石、伊利石和伊蒙混层为主。其中,须四段黏土总量高达59.14%,岩心膨胀实验,蒸馏水24 h的岩心膨胀率为20.6%。地层部分溶蚀孔,微裂缝发育明显,极易引起泥页岩水化膨胀,导致井壁失稳。针对易吸水、易层间渗透导致膨胀失稳的地层,需要保持钻井液中的氯化钾含量,同时配合聚胺抑制防塌剂保持钻井液的强抑制性;通过加入多种材料(柔性和刚性)、不同粒径分布的复合封堵材料,增强封堵性,阻止微裂缝扩展。
川西气田雷口坡组气藏埋深为5 500~6 300 m,主力产层是雷口坡组四段,垂厚为130~150 m,为潮坪相薄互层。由于受断层控制,地层裂缝发育,岩石特性复杂。潮坪相薄互层上部主要以晶间孔和晶间溶孔为主。晶间孔直径通常小于10 μm;晶间溶蚀孔隙直径通常小于50 μm。下部孔隙类型主要有白云岩晶间溶孔、藻层叠格架溶孔、藻黏结粒间(溶)孔、晶间孔、粒内溶孔等,同时发育大量溶洞、微裂缝和溶缝,具有显著的多尺度非连续结构特征。地层存在明显的溶蚀损伤现象,受非黏土水化型水岩损伤作用,钻进过程中易出现井壁失稳,掉块导致阻卡频繁,甚至填井侧钻,增加钻井成本。主要研究潮坪相薄互层的井壁稳定模型,分析潮坪相薄互层的井壁失稳特征及主控因素,揭示潮坪相薄互层的井壁失稳机理。
弱面的存在将显著降低岩石强度,其对岩石强度的影响可以被称为岩石的强度各向异性[7-9]。对于单弱面的岩体结构,其强度由弱面软弱程度和弱面法向与主应力方向决定,如图3所示。然而,对于雷口坡潮坪相薄互层而言,其中含有多组弱面结果,而且处于复杂的流体浸泡。因此,单弱面的强度破坏准则并不适用于解释该地层的井壁失稳现象,需构建复杂流体环境下多组软弱面结构的强度破坏模型。
忽略复杂流体环境条件下,当结构沿着多弱面发生破坏时,强度破坏准则为
τo=${C}_{o}^{\left(i\right)}$tan${\varphi }_{o}^{\left(i\right)}{\sigma }_{x}^{o}$(i)
式(1)中:${C}_{o}^{\left(i\right)}$${\varphi }_{o}^{\left(i\right)}$分别为第i组弱面的内黏聚力和内摩擦角;${\sigma }_{x}^{o}$(i)为第i组裂缝面法向主应力;τ0为弱面破坏时正应力。
考虑地层复杂流体对地层岩石强度的影响,建立不同含水饱和度条件下,其与内黏聚力和内摩擦角的关系可表示为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{C}_{o}^{i}\left(s\right)={C}_{o}^{\left(i\right)}+a({s}_{w}-{s}_{o})\\ {\varphi }_{o}^{i}\left(s\right)={\varphi }_{o}^{\left(i\right)}\left(s\right)+b({s}_{w}-{s}_{o})\end{array}\right.$
式(2)中:${C}_{o}^{i}$(s)为地层流体环境下第i组弱面的内聚力,MPa;${\varphi }_{o}^{i}$(s)为地层流体环境下第i组弱面的内摩擦角,(°);sw为岩心含水饱度;so为原含水饱和度;ab为回归系数。
综上,构建地层复杂流体作用下的多弱面破坏准则为
τo(s)=${C}_{o}^{\left(i\right)}$(s)+tan${\varphi }_{o}^{\left(i\right)}$(s)${\sigma }_{x}^{o}$(i)
弱面主要受弱面组数,弱面产状和弱面胶结强度的影响[8-11]。基于M-C、基于破碎程度的H-B准则、基于多组裂缝力学弱面的Jeager准则、基于裂缝力学强度的M-C准则建立的井壁坍塌压力预测模型。岩石本体破坏、单一弱面破坏和多弱面破坏决定了弱面组数,如图4所示。当发生单一弱面破坏时,坍塌压力当量密度极值从0.76 g/cm3 增加到1.39 g/cm3,与此同时安全钻井方位大幅度降低。当结构体从无弱面、单一弱面、多弱面变化时,钻井液安全密度窗口明显变窄,说明当弱面数量增加时,井眼轨迹优化显得尤为重要。
定方位变弱面倾角和定倾角变方位两种模式下,弱面产状形态由坍塌压力主导。如图5所示,当只有一组弱面情况下,坍塌压力云图对称性较好,且安全钻井方位变化明显。从图5中可以看出,在0°~15°倾角情况下,方位角120°~160°或300°~340°属于安全钻井方位,且存在较为宽泛的安全钻井液密度窗口;在30°~60°倾角情况下,坍塌压力变化较大,坍塌压力增加,安全钻井液密度窗口很窄。在75°~90°倾角情况下,方位角0°~80°或200°~260°属于安全钻井方位,也且存在较为宽泛的安全钻井液密度窗口。随着倾角不断增大,坍塌压力值明显升高,在中倾角范围内达到持续峰值,随后在高倾角范围时逐渐减小,如图6所示。
图7可以看出,当弱面结构内聚力和内摩擦角不断增加时,井周坍塌压力值急剧下降。通过曲线斜率变化情况,可以发现弱面结构内摩擦角变化对坍塌压力的降低影响更大,降低率达到57.18%。但是随着弱面内聚力和内摩擦角不断增加,坍塌压力降低到极值后保持不变,说明地层岩石在超过一定极限后,破坏方式转变为基质剪切破坏。
潮坪相薄互层岩性具有较低的分散性且该类地层非均质性强,微裂隙发育,局部胶结性差,较破碎。不同井岩石抗压强度差异较大,潮坪相薄互层岩石强度普遍较大,局部受裂缝、溶蚀孔洞的影响,强度较小。潮坪相薄互层灰岩比白云岩抗压强度大,白云岩中微晶白云岩比粉晶白云岩强度更大,在相同钻井条件下,灰岩比白云岩井壁稳定性更好,白云岩中,微晶白云岩比粉晶白云岩稳定性更好。受结构特征的影响,不同岩样之间压力穿透速度差异较大,压力沿微裂缝穿透,改变了井壁周围应力状态,使井壁更易失稳。在潮坪相薄互层钻井过程中,必须强化钻井液体系的广普封堵能力,防止钻井液滤液进入地层中,才能有效防止井壁失稳的发生。
非储层段井壁稳定应以“防塌”为主,即强化钻井液的抑制性能和封堵性能。储层段应以“封堵为主,抑制为辅,严控钻井液关键性能”,即根据地层的特点,裂缝及孔隙发育情况,选择具有针对性的封堵材料,强化泥饼渗透性的改善,钻井液抑制性方面,保持K+浓度≥25 000 mg/L,抑制其渗透水化,实钻过程中严控钻井液高温高压滤失量≤10 mL。
一开地层蓬莱镇组、遂宁组地层含大段泥岩,易水化分散,加入FA-367,NH4HPAN、K-HPAN、KLC混合胶液,随钻补充HRH、NH-1高分子聚合物,主要以提高钻井液抑制性,控制好流变性为主。下部井段沙溪庙、千佛崖组泥岩地层易发生剥落掉块,须家河五段页岩夹煤线破碎地层易垮塌、易漏。进入沙庙组前加入2%FT-342、1%FT-3、3%QS-2,增强钻井液的封堵防塌能力,降低失稳垮塌风险。
二开地层中须家河组地层较破碎,地层含煤层煤线,易塌易水化膨胀,密度控制在1.93~1.98 g/cm3范围内,确保对井壁形成足够的支撑力;保持氯化钾含量,控制K+浓度在25 000~30 000 mg/L,配合使用聚胺抑制剂提高钻井液的抑制性[12]。小塘子组、马鞍塘组页岩易吸水,易层间渗透导致膨胀失稳,因此需要保持钻井液中的氯化钾含量,同时配合聚胺抑制防塌剂保持钻井液的强抑制性;通过沥青类封堵防塌剂、成膜封堵剂、改性石蜡封堵剂等改善钻井液的封堵防塌性,达到有效的抑制和封堵作用。
三开雷口坡组地层要加强钻井液的封堵性能和润滑性。通过WEF-3000、成膜封堵剂、超细碳酸钙等保持钻井液具有好的封堵防塌性,对地层裂缝形成快速有效的封堵,高温失水量<3 mL。
以PZ5-1D井为例,一开使用钾基聚磺钻井液体系。二开使用复合盐强抑制聚磺防塌钻井液体系。
聚合物钻井液是使用线型水溶性聚合物作为处理剂的钻井液。聚合物钻井液的最大特点是固相低,且固相不分散[13-15]。因此,聚合物钻井液也称为不分散低固相聚合物钻井液。钾基聚合物钻井液体系是聚合物与KC1配合的钻井液体系,对水敏性地层的防塌效果显著。钾基聚合物钻井液配方为:50~60 kg/m3膨润土+4%纯碱(土量)+0.2%~0.4%两性离子聚合物包被剂+0.5%~1%水解聚丙烯腈钾盐+0.5%~1%水解聚丙烯腈胺盐+0.6%~0.8%聚阴离子纤维素+0.5%~0.7%钻井液用清洁润滑剂+3%~5%氯化钾+0.2%~0.3%生石灰+重晶石等。为了提高聚合物钻井液的抗温性能和抗盐性能,钾基聚合物钻井液在钻井过程中根据实际需要逐步转换成钾基聚磺钻井液。通过补充胶液的形式,逐步向钾基聚合物钻井液体系中加入SMP-2、SPNH、FT-342、FT-1、KCl等,将钾基聚合物钻井液体系逐步转换为钾基聚磺钻井液体系,同时调整钻井液各项性能达到设计要求。钾基聚磺钻井液基本配方为:80~100 kg/m3膨润土+4%纯碱(土量)+ 3%~5%钾盐抑制剂+0.2%~0.5%聚合物包被剂+0.2%~0.3%聚合物降黏剂+3%~4%磺化酚醛树脂-II+3%~5%无铬磺化褐煤+1%~2%磺化单宁+1%~2%高效液体润滑剂+3%~5%抗盐抗温降滤失剂+2%~4%多软化点防塌剂+1%~2%纳米乳液+2%~4%超细碳酸钙。
由于同一裸眼段存在多套压力系统,一开钻井中使用不同密度的钾基聚磺钻井液。不同密度钾基聚磺钻井液的流变性有所不同,如表2所示,在密度2.0 g/cm3以下,流变性和失水量变化较小,能满足川西气田上部地层钻井需求。
钾基聚磺钻井液在120、140、160 ℃下的性能,如表3所示,该体系在120 ℃长时间老化条件下,流变性能稳定,高温高压失水较常温仅减少0.4 mL,整体性能稳定;但在140 ℃条件下,长时间老化会使钻井液黏度有所上升;而在160 ℃条件下,钻井液塑性黏度又有所降低,均满足钻井液设计,能达到携岩要求,具有良好的抗温性能。
川西气田在须家河组、小塘子组、马鞍塘组等地层可能钻遇盐水层,会污染钻井液。钾基聚磺钻井液体系中,亲水基团能够与磺酸基团形成稳定共轭体系,减少盐钙离子的侵入量,提高钻井液抗盐钙能力。从表4可以看出,当体系中NaCl加量至6%时,黏切值、滤失量基本保持不变,当NaCl加量至10%时,塑性黏度增加至71 s,高温高压失水稍有升高,但整体性能满足钻进需求,表明该体系抗盐污染性强。抗石膏污染性能评价结果如表5所示,可以看出,钾基聚磺钻井液在加入CaSO4前后钻井液性能变化较小,具有抗石膏污染能力。
川西气田为了效益开发,部署的都是超深长水平段水平井,需要钻井液具备较好润滑性,为了减少井下复杂情况,钻井液中加入适量润滑剂,润滑剂分子可以吸附在钻具与井壁、钻具与套管之间,降低摩擦、减小扭矩及摩阻。采用极压润滑仪、泥饼黏滞系数测定仪、泥饼黏附系数测定仪评价钻井液润滑性。极压润滑仪可以测量钻井液的润滑性和润滑剂降低扭矩的效果,主要反映液膜与钢件之间的摩擦。泥饼黏滞系数测定仪(又称滑块式摩擦系数测定仪)以金属滑块在泥饼上产生滑动时的最小摩擦角来评价泥饼润滑性能。泥饼黏附系数测定仪又称压差式摩擦系数测定仪,主要用于分析钻具与井壁钻井液泥饼间的摩擦系数,可以较好地模拟钻柱与泥饼之间的摩擦。通过润滑性测试评价,实验结果如表6所示,可以看出,钻井液体系在120 ℃×16 h老化后,随密度增加,钾基聚磺体系的极压润滑系数和黏滞系数均呈现略微上升,泥饼黏附系数Kf呈现下降趋势,但总体变化值在可控范围内,满足水平井钻进润滑需求。
随着井深的增加,钻遇须家河组、小塘子组、马鞍塘组时,裸眼段长,对钻井液的封堵防塌性能、润滑性能要求高。通过加入聚胺抑制剂和成膜封堵剂进一步加强钻井液的防塌性能,形成了复合盐强抑制聚磺防塌钻井液体系。复合盐强抑制聚磺防塌钻井液具有抗温性好、抑制性强等特点,特别是防塌性能明显增强,二次清水滚动回收率达到94.98%。复合盐强抑制聚磺防塌钻井液基本配方:20~30 kg/m3膨润土+4%纯碱(土量)+7%~9%氯化钾+0.4%~0.6%生石灰+0.5%~1%聚胺+0.6%~0.8%聚阴离子纤维素+2%~4%磺化酚醛树脂+2%~4%无铬磺化褐煤+0.1%~0.3%两性离子聚合物包被剂+1%~2%纳米封堵剂+1%~2%成膜封堵剂+2%~3%超细碳酸钙+1%~2%井壁封固剂+1%~2%聚合物抗温抗盐降滤失剂+4%~6%抗温抗饱和盐润滑剂。
热滚后的复合盐强抑制聚磺防塌钻井液体系相比热滚前,表观黏度、塑性黏度及动切力都有所增大,如表7所示,在140 ℃时增幅最大,且随着温度的增大,其增幅逐渐减小且趋近于热滚前的各项数值,整体性能满足钻井液设计需求,说明该体系抗温性能优异。
由于一次滚动回收率无法准确评价钻井液的抑制效果,二次滚动回收率成为钻井液的抑制性能的评价标准。参照《钻井液对页岩抑制性评价方法》(NBT 10121—2018)进行滚动回收率实验,由于实验操作细节不统一,结果往往会出现较大的偏差。因此,中石化西南油气分公司在标准的基础上进一步细化了实验操作步骤,减少了由于水洗次数、水流冲刷等因素引起的实验误差,使得实验具有更好的重现性。细化后的步骤:①钻井液体积:350 mL;岩屑质量:50 g;②量取搅拌均匀的钻井液350 mL倒入老化罐,热滚前在搅拌状态下缓慢倒入已烘干后岩屑,使岩屑均匀分散在钻井液中,立即放入已升温至实验温度的滚子炉内;③热滚温度:根据地层温度要求;热滚时间:16 h(备注:滚动时间严格按照16 h,滚动结束后尽快取样筛洗);④热滚后筛洗:热滚后样品倒入40目(0.425 mm)筛子,放入水槽中反复筛洗,直至水澄清为止;若岩屑有黏结成团情况,则轻轻分开,使岩屑分散为颗粒状;⑤将筛洗后岩屑放入105 ℃烘箱,烘4 h,放干燥器内冷却至室温称量,计算滚动回收率;⑥二次滚动:将一次滚动后的烘干岩屑过40目筛,再进行二次滚动,滚动介质采用蒸馏水;热滚温度根据地层温度要求,热滚时间为16 h。
一次滚动和二次滚动最大的区别是滚动介质不同,一次滚动的介质是钻井液,二次滚动的介质是清水。二次滚动回收率可以更准确地评价钻井液抑制性能的长效性,复合盐强抑制聚磺防塌钻井液二次回收率高达94.98%,最大程度抑制了地层泥页岩的水化膨胀,如表8所示。
复合盐强抑制聚磺防塌钻井液的抗污染性包括抗岩屑污染性和抗CO2污染性,如表9所示。岩屑、二氧化碳对复合盐强抑制聚磺防塌钻井液产生增黏提切的效果,增大了钻井液高温高压滤失量,但增幅较小,不影响正常钻进,说明复合盐强抑制聚磺防塌钻井液具有较好的抗岩屑污染和抗CO2污染能力。
大斜度井对钻井液体系的润滑性能要求较高,同时因裸眼段长、钻井液密度高,进一步提高了对钻井液润滑性能的要求。根据极压润滑系数、泥饼黏附系数和黏滞系数,如表10所示。其中极压润滑系数平均值0.15,泥饼黏附系数Kf平均值0.114,均小于水基钻井液摩阻系数0.2要求。说明强抑制聚磺防塌钻井液的具有较好润滑性。
川西气田第一轮开发井PZ4-2D、PZ4-4D水平段使用强封堵高酸溶聚磺钻井液体系,受到邻井酸压的影响,发生掉块、摩阻大、起下钻困难、阻卡严重等问题。为了达到高效安全开发目的,第二轮开发井改用油基钻井液体系钻水平段。油基钻井液具有抗温性强、润滑性好,抗污染能力强等优点,应用在三开水平段钻井中。针对潮坪相薄互层地层特性,通过岩心薄片电镜对邻井岩心孔缝尺寸进行统计发现应力释放后的裂缝最小为1.23 μm,最大为946 μm,岩心孔缝大于50 μm的占比为64.73%,大于125 μm的占比最高(31.40%),大于300 μm占比11.6%,岩心的孔缝尺寸多集中在50~300 μm。通过地面应力加载试验,地面裂缝宽度在原地应力下井下裂缝宽度降低47.7%~71.7%,原地应力条件下地层裂缝宽度多集中在14~157 μm,为筛选级配封堵剂提供了理论依据;基于陶瓷盘构建油基钻井液微纳米封堵评价方法,最终形成一套潮坪相薄互层白油基钻井液技术。
基于白油钻井液封堵评价方法,优选出适用于潮坪相薄互层的油基钻井液封堵剂,最终构建出潮坪相薄互层强封堵白油基钻井液技术,配方为:80%~90%白油+4%~6%主乳+4%~6%辅乳+0.5%~1%润湿剂+20%氯化钙水(浓度20%~25%)+2%~3%有机土+2%生石灰+4%~5%降滤失剂+2%~4%刚性封堵剂+1%~2%封缝即堵剂+1%~2%成膜封堵剂+2%~3%天然沥青+重晶石粉+碱式碳酸锌+套管减磨剂等。
强封堵白油基钻井液在160 ℃下长时间老化后,仍具有良好的流变性能,如表11所示。168 h老化后的表观黏度为35 mPa·s,塑性黏度为29 mPa·s,动切力为6 Pa,动塑比≥0.2,破乳电压>600 V,滤失量<5 mL。钻井液长时间老化后的整体性能变化不超过20%,仍具有较好的携岩能力和乳化稳定性,满足现场钻井需求。
钻井液沉降性反映了钻井液悬浮分散性能,稳定性越好,越不容易发生沉降。使用沉降阻力仪测试静恒温前后的沉降阻力值,沉降阻力值与沉降前的越接近,说明钻井液的沉降稳定性越好。强封堵油基钻井液静恒温前沉降阻力为68.6×10-3 N,经过160 ℃,35 MPa的7 d静恒温实验后,实验结果如表12所示,沉降阻力由沉降前的68.6×10-3 N增加为沉降后的98.0×10-3 N,与对比例的沉降阻力值增量相比,可忽略不计,说明强封堵白油基钻井液沉降稳定性较好,在长时间高温高压下依然具有良好的分散稳定性。
强封堵白油基钻井液体系对10~150 μm陶瓷盘进行封堵后,其渗透率均达到10-5 mD级别,如表13所示,陶瓷盘正面形成的泥饼平整光滑,背面可以看出固相颗粒进入陶瓷盘孔缝中形成了封堵层,如图8所示,PZ6-1D现场钻井液具有优异的封堵效果。
通过添加残酸评价白油基钻井液的抗污染性,如表14所示。随着残酸加量的增加,钻井液黏度增加明显,切力也随之增加。10%残酸加量的动塑比为0.29,钻井液的井眼清洁能力得到加强;破乳电压随着残酸的加量降低,使得钻井液乳化性能变差;高温高压滤失量由2.2 mL增加到4.8 mL,但仍然具有较好的失水造壁性。残酸的加入使得钻井液性增黏提切,破乳电压降低,润滑性变差,高温高压滤失量增加,钻井液的稳定性变差但没有发生恶化,说明强封堵白油基钻井液具有较好的抗污染性。
钻屑的侵入对钻井液性能影响较小,如表15所示。水的侵入相当于降低了油水比,随着水的侵入,钻井液的黏度有一定增加,滤失量有所增加,而钻井液的破乳电压基本保持稳定,破乳电压大于450 V,体系具有良好的抗岩屑和抗水污染能力。
氯化钠的加入虽然改变了水的活度,但是对钻井液性能影响较小,如表16所示。而无水硫酸钙对浆体的流变性和失水基本没有影响,同时破乳电压均700 V,油基钻井液具有良好的抗盐污染能力。
通过理论研究、室内实验及现场应用优化,形成一开钾基聚磺钻井液技术,二开复合盐强抑制聚磺防塌钻井液技术,三开水平段强封堵白油基钻井液技术,解决了钻井液面临的技术难题,成功应用10余井提速提效成果显著,井深8 208 m的PZ5-1D井钻井周期缩短到252.79 d。
钾基聚磺钻井液体系已在PZ5-1D井应用。钾基聚合物钻井液应用井段为820~1 638 m,密度为1.40~1.62 g/cm3。塑性黏度为17~35 mPa·s,动切力为6~10.5 Pa,动塑比为0.24~0.36,失水量为3.8 mL。钾基聚磺钻井液应用井段为1 638~3 542 m,密度为1.69~1.94 g/cm3,塑性黏度在35~41 mPa·s范围内,动切力在8.5~13.5 Pa范围内,动塑比保持在0.30;失水量最低为2.4 mL。PZ5-1D井一开实际施工天数为45 d,比设计提前了12 d,蓬莱镇组-遂宁组的钻速为9.92 m/h,沙溪庙组的钻速为5.80 m/h,千佛崖-白田坝的钻速为6.21 m/h,须五段的钻速为7.23 m/h,须四段-须三段的钻速为4.17 m/h。一开过程中钻井液性能稳定,携砂效果好,无掉块现象。
复合盐强抑制聚磺防塌钻井液在PZ5-1D井3 542~6 046 m井段成功应用。钻井液密度为1.88~2.09 g/cm3。塑性黏度在41~45 mPa·s范围内,动切力在12~19.5 Pa范围内,动塑比保持在0.30左右,钻井液滤失量为0.4~1.8 mL。5-1D井二开实际施工天数为118.46 d,比设计延后了18.46 d,须三段的钻速为4.92 m/h,须二段的钻速为3.27 m/h,须二段-马一段的钻速为2.74 m/h。二开过程中地层较为复杂,钻至井深5 034 m时发生了掉块,6 016 m和6 046 m时发生了遇阻。钻井液整体性能稳定,携砂效果好,井壁较为稳定。
潮坪相薄互层白油基钻井液技术应用于PZ5-1D等6口井。从应用效果来看,强封堵油基钻井液提高了水平段钻井效率,井下复杂时效相比于邻井降低97%。其中,PZ5-1D和PZ6-6D两口井水平段长1 800 m,钻进过程中井下复杂情况减少,钻井液性能稳定,携砂效果好,井壁较为稳定,油基钻井液现场应用效果显著。
(1)分析川西气田开发钻井液面临技术难点,即一开井段钻地层易水化剥蚀掉块、垮塌;二开井段钻地层页岩、煤层互层频繁,井眼稳定问题突出,并且裸眼段长;三开超深大斜度/水平井段钻遇雷四上亚段地层,灰岩与白云岩交替,层间应力差异大,加上地层破碎,易造成井壁局部失稳,甚至发生垮塌、卡钻等井下复杂。通过理论研究、室内实验及现场应用优化,在技术继承、集成的基础形成了一开钾基聚磺钻井液技术,二开复合盐强抑制聚磺防塌钻井液技术,三开水平段强封堵白油基钻井液技术。
(2)该集成钻井液技术在成功应用10余井,提速提效成果显著,井深8 208 m的PZ5-1D井钻井周期缩短到252.79 d, 具有较好的推广应用前景。
  • 国家自然科学基金(51974270)
  • 中国石化西南油气分公司科技攻关项目(KJ-649-2119)
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2025年第25卷第4期
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2401361
  • 接收时间:2024-02-29
  • 首发时间:2025-07-29
  • 出版时间:2025-02-28
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  • 收稿日期:2024-02-29
  • 修回日期:2024-10-05
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国家自然科学基金(51974270)
中国石化西南油气分公司科技攻关项目(KJ-649-2119)
作者信息
    1 中石化西南油气分公司石油工程技术研究院, 德阳 618000
    2 西南石油大学油气藏地质及开发工程国家重点实验室, 成都 610500
    3 中石化西南油气分公司, 成都 610041
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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