Article(id=1156949364510904910, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1156949362480861758, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2309535, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1701619200000, receivedDateStr=2023-12-04, revisedDate=1730822400000, revisedDateStr=2024-11-06, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1753767823579, onlineDateStr=2025-07-29, pubDate=1738944000000, pubDateStr=2025-02-08, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753767823579, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-29, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753767823579, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753767823579, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1156949362480861758, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='4', pageStart='1312', pageEnd='1751', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1753767823094, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1755171161273, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1162835389472424814, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1156949362480861758, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1162835389472424815, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1156949362480861758, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1458, endPage=1466, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1156949365995688533, articleId=1156949364510904910, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=Tooth Surface Design and Dynamic Characteristics Analysis of Helical Non-circular Gear with Point Contact, columnId=1156262732765717457, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Papers·Mechanical and Instrumental Industry, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To further improve the transmission performance of non-circular gear pair, a new helical non-circular gear with point contact was proposed based on the meshing principle of gears. Mathematical model of helical non-circular gear with point contact was constructed. Geometric kinematic relationships between the pitch curve and tooth profile curve for helical non-circular gear with point contact under spatial coordinate system were deduced. Tooth surface design of the gear was completed. Three-dimensional solid models of helical non-circular gear pair with point contact was established by using the convert-tooth shape method. The dynamic simulation model of helical non-circular gear with point contact was established. The dynamic meshing forces of the new gear pair and general involute non-circular gear pair under the same conditions were analyzed. Meshing characteristics of helical non-circular gear with point contact under different working conditions were also obtained. The tooth surface contact state and contact stress of point contact non-circular gear and involute non-circular gear under the same parameter and working condition were compared and analyzed. Research results provide an important theoretical support and reference value for the design and application of non-circular gear pair.

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为进一步提高非圆齿轮副的传动性能,在齿轮啮合原理的研究基础上,提出一种新型点接触斜齿非圆齿轮,构建点接触斜齿非圆齿轮副主、从动轮啮合数学模型,推导在空间坐标系下点接触斜齿非圆齿轮节曲线与齿廓曲线的几何运动关系,完成轮齿齿面的设计,结合折算齿形法建立点接触斜齿非圆齿轮副的三维模型;构建点接触斜齿非圆齿轮副动力学仿真模型,分析等同条件下点接触斜齿非圆齿轮副与渐开线斜齿非圆齿轮副的动态啮合力,以及不同工况下点接触斜齿非圆齿轮副的啮合特性;对比分析同参数、同工况下点接触非圆齿轮与渐开线非圆齿轮的齿面接触状态以及接触应力,相关研究结果为非圆齿轮设计及应用提供重要的理论支撑和参考价值。

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梁栋(1987—),男,汉族,山东烟台人,博士,教授。研究方向:机械传动及系统、齿轮几何学设计与制造。E-mail:

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梁栋(1987—),男,汉族,山东烟台人,博士,教授。研究方向:机械传动及系统、齿轮几何学设计与制造。E-mail:

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梁栋(1987—),男,汉族,山东烟台人,博士,教授。研究方向:机械传动及系统、齿轮几何学设计与制造。E-mail:

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Tai’an: Shandong Agricultural University, 2022., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1225944431572988149, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156949364510904910, awardId=52175042, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金(52175042), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1225944431723983111, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156949364510904910, awardId=CKLPTEDSI-KFKT-202102, language=CN, fundingSource=公共交通装备设计与系统集成重庆市重点实验室开放课题(CKLPTEDSI-KFKT-202102), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1225944416288944260, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156949364510904910, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1225944416297332869, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156949364510904910, companyId=1225944416288944260, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=School of Mechatronics and Vehicle Engineering, Chongqing Jiaotong University, Chongqing 400074, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1225944416309915783, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156949364510904910, companyId=1225944416288944260, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=重庆交通大学机电与车辆工程学院, 重庆 400074)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1225944422664286791, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156949364510904910, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Convex tooth profile of helical non-circular gear, figureFileSmall=oOLOwANboG0Rbms1at/qPg==, figureFileBig=QGHCmD+7Y5is67Q7FygE7Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225944422806893139, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156949364510904910, language=CN, label=图1, caption=斜齿非圆齿轮凸齿齿廓

θb为圆弧曲线段A1所对应圆心角;ρb为圆弧曲线段A1的曲率半径;G1为圆弧曲线段A1端点

, figureFileSmall=oOLOwANboG0Rbms1at/qPg==, figureFileBig=QGHCmD+7Y5is67Q7FygE7Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225944423012414054, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156949364510904910, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Concave tooth profile of helical non-circular gear, figureFileSmall=rt+UhxZLnYpqmR3WPo/z+w==, figureFileBig=x0MuKUhv0clEFvUjVtKjwg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225944423138243197, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156949364510904910, language=CN, label=图2, caption=斜齿非圆齿轮凹齿齿廓

αf4G3点所对应压力角;ρf1为圆弧段B2所对应曲率半径

, figureFileSmall=rt+UhxZLnYpqmR3WPo/z+w==, figureFileBig=x0MuKUhv0clEFvUjVtKjwg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225944423293432466, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156949364510904910, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Coordinate system of spiral motion, figureFileSmall=M61avQd6QKotwHOdXoOwKA==, figureFileBig=RTj+c8g+N7MVlW1J2wguTQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225944423477981861, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156949364510904910, language=CN, label=图3, caption=螺旋运动坐标系

x1y1z1O1分别为坐标系S1(O1-x1, y1, z1)的坐标轴及坐标原点;zn为坐标系Sn(On-xn, yn, zn)的坐标轴且与齿廓螺旋方向相切;φ为旋转角

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tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225944425277338343, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156949364510904910, language=CN, label=图5, caption=点接触斜齿椭圆齿轮动力学模型, figureFileSmall=brOIZ6TliWx+W1XxRRdvrw==, figureFileBig=NA+LyzGlMD5U8cQSbswpVg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225944425386390264, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156949364510904910, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Change of dynamic engagement force curve between point contact helical elliptical gear pair andinvolute helical elliptical gear pair under the same conditions, figureFileSmall=9/rLMRScrLU6mBG4nRwhaw==, figureFileBig=jVBNOZ6tlDGcKAcbIwy3iA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225944425508025101, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156949364510904910, language=CN, label=图6, caption=相同条件下点接触斜齿椭圆齿轮副与渐开线斜齿椭圆齿轮副动态啮合力曲线变化, figureFileSmall=9/rLMRScrLU6mBG4nRwhaw==, figureFileBig=jVBNOZ6tlDGcKAcbIwy3iA==, 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tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156949364510904910, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Basic parameters of tooth profile of helical non-circular gear with point contact

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 数值
凸齿 凹齿
名义压力角α0/(°) 20 20
全齿高h1 1.5mn 1.52mn
凸齿、凹齿齿顶高ha1ha2 1.234mn 0.166mn
凸齿、凹齿齿根高hf1hf2 0.266mn 1.354mn
凸齿、凹齿齿廓圆弧曲率半径ρaρf 1.5mn 1.65mn
凸齿、凹齿齿廓圆心移距量eaef 0 0.063 4mn
凸齿、凹齿齿廓圆心偏移量lalf 0.589 5mn 0.559 5mn
), ArticleFig(id=1225944429702328419, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156949364510904910, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

点接触斜齿非圆齿轮副齿廓基本参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 数值
凸齿 凹齿
名义压力角α0/(°) 20 20
全齿高h1 1.5mn 1.52mn
凸齿、凹齿齿顶高ha1ha2 1.234mn 0.166mn
凸齿、凹齿齿根高hf1hf2 0.266mn 1.354mn
凸齿、凹齿齿廓圆弧曲率半径ρaρf 1.5mn 1.65mn
凸齿、凹齿齿廓圆心移距量eaef 0 0.063 4mn
凸齿、凹齿齿廓圆心偏移量lalf 0.589 5mn 0.559 5mn
), ArticleFig(id=1225944429983346806, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156949364510904910, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Main parameters of elliptical gear and three-step non-circular gear pair

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 椭圆齿轮 三阶非圆齿轮
模数 6 6
齿数 51 27
中心/mm 262.276 169.280
齿宽/mm 75 75
螺旋角/(°) 25.84 25.84
偏心率 0.321 9 0.012 2
), ArticleFig(id=1225944430314696837, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156949364510904910, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

椭圆齿轮及三阶非圆齿轮副主要参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 椭圆齿轮 三阶非圆齿轮
模数 6 6
齿数 51 27
中心/mm 262.276 169.280
齿宽/mm 75 75
螺旋角/(°) 25.84 25.84
偏心率 0.321 9 0.012 2
), ArticleFig(id=1225944430499246233, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156949364510904910, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Definition of helical non-circular gear pairs

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
部件1 部件2 运动副
主动轮 从动轮 接触
主动轮 主动轮 锁定
从动轮 从动轮 锁定
主动轮 旋转
从动轮 旋转
), ArticleFig(id=1225944430654435496, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156949364510904910, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

斜齿非圆齿轮运动副的定义

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
部件1 部件2 运动副
主动轮 从动轮 接触
主动轮 主动轮 锁定
从动轮 从动轮 锁定
主动轮 旋转
从动轮 旋转
), ArticleFig(id=1225944430813819062, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156949364510904910, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Dynamic meshing force of point contact elliptic gear under different constant load torque

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
负载/
(N·m)
最大值/
N
平均值/
N
均方根/
N
均方根与平均值
之差/N
10 76.15 46.45 48.76 2.31
12.5 128.85 94.79 99.43 4.64
15 206.39 146.47 153.54 7.07
), ArticleFig(id=1225944430927065285, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156949364510904910, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

不同恒定负载转矩下点接触椭圆齿轮动态啮合力

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
负载/
(N·m)
最大值/
N
平均值/
N
均方根/
N
均方根与平均值
之差/N
10 76.15 46.45 48.76 2.31
12.5 128.85 94.79 99.43 4.64
15 206.39 146.47 153.54 7.07
), ArticleFig(id=1225944431103226067, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156949364510904910, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Equivalent stress of point contact elliptic gear and involute elliptic gear under the same conditions

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
齿轮类型 点接触椭圆齿轮 渐开线椭圆齿轮
最大等效应力/N 1 126.2 1 499.2
), ArticleFig(id=1225944431258415326, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156949364510904910, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

相同条件点接触椭圆齿轮与渐开线椭圆齿轮等效应力

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
齿轮类型 点接触椭圆齿轮 渐开线椭圆齿轮
最大等效应力/N 1 126.2 1 499.2
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点接触斜齿非圆齿轮齿面设计及动力学特性分析
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梁栋 , 曹玉培 , 徐向阳 , 贾涵杰 , 何泽银
科学技术与工程 | 论文·机械、仪表工业 2025,25(4): 1458-1466
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科学技术与工程 | 论文·机械、仪表工业 2025, 25(4): 1458-1466
点接触斜齿非圆齿轮齿面设计及动力学特性分析
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梁栋 , 曹玉培, 徐向阳, 贾涵杰, 何泽银
作者信息
  • 重庆交通大学机电与车辆工程学院, 重庆 400074
  • 梁栋(1987—),男,汉族,山东烟台人,博士,教授。研究方向:机械传动及系统、齿轮几何学设计与制造。E-mail:

Tooth Surface Design and Dynamic Characteristics Analysis of Helical Non-circular Gear with Point Contact
Dong LIANG , Yu-pei CAO, Xiang-yang XU, Han-jie JIA, Ze-yin HE
Affiliations
  • School of Mechatronics and Vehicle Engineering, Chongqing Jiaotong University, Chongqing 400074, China
出版时间: 2025-02-08 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2309535
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为进一步提高非圆齿轮副的传动性能,在齿轮啮合原理的研究基础上,提出一种新型点接触斜齿非圆齿轮,构建点接触斜齿非圆齿轮副主、从动轮啮合数学模型,推导在空间坐标系下点接触斜齿非圆齿轮节曲线与齿廓曲线的几何运动关系,完成轮齿齿面的设计,结合折算齿形法建立点接触斜齿非圆齿轮副的三维模型;构建点接触斜齿非圆齿轮副动力学仿真模型,分析等同条件下点接触斜齿非圆齿轮副与渐开线斜齿非圆齿轮副的动态啮合力,以及不同工况下点接触斜齿非圆齿轮副的啮合特性;对比分析同参数、同工况下点接触非圆齿轮与渐开线非圆齿轮的齿面接触状态以及接触应力,相关研究结果为非圆齿轮设计及应用提供重要的理论支撑和参考价值。

非圆齿轮  /  点接触  /  节曲线  /  齿面设计  /  动力学仿真

To further improve the transmission performance of non-circular gear pair, a new helical non-circular gear with point contact was proposed based on the meshing principle of gears. Mathematical model of helical non-circular gear with point contact was constructed. Geometric kinematic relationships between the pitch curve and tooth profile curve for helical non-circular gear with point contact under spatial coordinate system were deduced. Tooth surface design of the gear was completed. Three-dimensional solid models of helical non-circular gear pair with point contact was established by using the convert-tooth shape method. The dynamic simulation model of helical non-circular gear with point contact was established. The dynamic meshing forces of the new gear pair and general involute non-circular gear pair under the same conditions were analyzed. Meshing characteristics of helical non-circular gear with point contact under different working conditions were also obtained. The tooth surface contact state and contact stress of point contact non-circular gear and involute non-circular gear under the same parameter and working condition were compared and analyzed. Research results provide an important theoretical support and reference value for the design and application of non-circular gear pair.

non-circular gear  /  point contact  /  pitch curve  /  tooth surface design  /  dynamic simulation
梁栋, 曹玉培, 徐向阳, 贾涵杰, 何泽银. 点接触斜齿非圆齿轮齿面设计及动力学特性分析. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (4) : 1458 -1466 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2309535
Dong LIANG, Yu-pei CAO, Xiang-yang XU, Han-jie JIA, Ze-yin HE. Tooth Surface Design and Dynamic Characteristics Analysis of Helical Non-circular Gear with Point Contact[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (4) : 1458 -1466 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2309535
非圆齿轮是一种可根据不同工况需求进行设计的变传动比齿轮传动机构,非圆斜齿轮在啮合传动过程中重合度较大,承载能力较强,振动冲击较小,但目前多数斜齿非圆齿轮为线接触的渐开线非圆齿轮,啮合传动中会存在相对滑动,从而加剧齿面磨损以及传动平稳性等。
为进一步提高斜齿非圆齿轮的传动性能,Xiao 等[1]基于空间曲线啮合理论,提出了一种纯滚动非圆线齿轮机构的设计方法,包括接触曲线的推导、齿数的获取和旋转角函数的求解等。梁栋等[2]提出了一种点接触曲线构形内啮合齿轮副,并对其进行了齿面接触分析。Wang等[3]为满足从动齿轮运动特征为所需要求,推导了非圆齿轮节曲线方程以及齿轮截面长度和中心距公式。刘永平等[4]基于非圆齿轮啮合原理利用MATLAB设计了高阶非圆齿轮节曲线,并验证了其凹凸性。Liu[5]基于非圆齿轮啮合原理,建立外啮合非圆斜齿轮成型齿面优化策略及基础联结模型。史诺等[6]提出一种以规定传动比为目标设计非圆齿轮的方法,并通过范成加工原理构建齿廓包络图。李渤涛等[7]在现有非圆齿轮的研究基础之上,分析对比非圆齿轮的设计方法以及未来发展趋势,为非圆齿轮的研究开发提供了理论支撑作用。林海彬[8]基于图像边缘像素理论和齿轮啮合原理,提出了一种快速提取非圆齿轮齿廓离散点的方法。程金石等[9]依照非圆齿轮为变传动比条件,提出了一种设计非圆齿轮齿廓曲线的力臂函数法,该方法可简单高效完成非圆齿廓的设计以及优化。李强等[10]分析渐开线圆弧齿轮副的结构以及传动特性,通过Pro/E软件进行渐开线圆弧齿轮副凹凸齿的三维建模,并对其进行模态分析。刘大伟等[11]基于非圆齿轮啮合传动过程中受力方向不断变化的特性,提出按照有限元法分割其传动比从而构建非圆齿轮运动学模型。侯东海等[12]建立工具斜齿条法加工斜齿非圆齿轮的数学模型,证明了斜齿非圆齿轮齿廓是直纹面。豆晨晨[13]建立斜齿非圆齿轮动力学模型,研究了不同工况、不同螺旋角等对于斜齿非圆齿轮啮合动态啮合力的影响。朱艺林[14]针对非圆齿轮在传动过程中会出现相对滑动这一问题,提出了一种纯滚动非圆齿轮副。
基于此,以非圆齿廓构型设计为出发点,基于空间啮合曲线提出一种新型点接触非圆齿轮副,该齿轮副中两啮合轮齿间始终通过三点接触完成传动。推导在空间坐标系下点接触非圆齿轮节曲线与齿廓曲线的几何运动关系,完成轮齿齿面设计,结合折算齿形法建立点接触非圆齿轮三维模型;建立点接触非圆齿轮副动力学仿真模型,分析对比相同条件下点接触非圆齿轮副与渐开线非圆齿轮副的动态啮合力情况,探究不同工况下点接触非圆齿轮副的啮合特性,为非圆齿轮设计及应用提供重要的理论支撑和参考价值。
设非圆齿轮的中心距为a,主动齿轮转角为ϕ1,瞬时角速度为ω1,从动齿轮转角为ϕ2,瞬时角速度为ω2,并且同时满足ω1r1=ω2r2,其瞬时传动比为
i12=$\frac{{\omega }_{1}}{{\omega }_{2}}$=$\frac{{r}_{2}}{{r}_{1}}$=$\frac{a-{r}_{1}}{{r}_{1}}$
式(1)中:r1r2分别为主、从动轮的基圆半径。
非圆齿轮的传动比i12在不断变化,即其瞬心P的位置和r1r2在不断变化。
主动轮1的节曲线方程为
r1(ϕ1)=$\frac{a}{1+{i}_{12}}$=$\frac{a}{1+g\left({\varphi }_{1}\right)}$
从动轮2的节曲线方程为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{r}_{2}\left({\varphi }_{2}\right)=a-{r}_{1}\left({\varphi }_{1}\right)=\frac{a{i}_{12}}{1+{i}_{12}}\\ {\varphi }_{2}={\int }_{0}^{{\varphi }_{1}}\frac{1}{{i}_{12}}d{\varphi }_{1}={\int }_{0}^{{\varphi }_{1}}\frac{1}{g\left({\varphi }_{1}\right)}d{\varphi }_{1}\end{array}\right.$
式中:g(ϕ1)为主、从动轮传动比函数。
图1所示,点接触斜齿非圆齿轮主动轮的齿廓曲线包括过渡圆弧曲线段A1、工作圆弧曲线段A2;laxn轴与Oa之间的距离,Sa为凸齿接触点齿厚。曲线段A1A2交于G2,曲线段A2与齿顶线交于G3,On为节曲线上某一点,yn轴为过主动轮节曲线上On点处法线,rb为工作圆弧曲线段A1的圆弧半径,qb为工作圆弧曲线段A1对应圆心角,αa0αaminαamax分别为A2G2G3处所对应压力角。
由几何学理论可知,主动轮凸齿齿廓曲线中过渡圆弧曲线段A1可表示为
${r}_{{A}_{1}}$=$\left[\begin{array}{l}-{\rho }_{b}cos{\theta }_{b}+({\rho }_{a}+{\rho }_{b})sin{\alpha }_{amin}\\ \pm [{\rho }_{b}sin{\alpha }_{amin}-({\rho }_{a}+{\rho }_{b})cos{\alpha }_{amin}+{l}_{a}]\\ 0\\ 1\end{array}\right]$
主动轮凸齿齿廓曲线中圆弧曲线段A2在坐标系中可表示为
${r}_{{A}_{2}}$=$\left[\begin{array}{l}{\rho }_{a}sin{\alpha }_{a}\\ \mp ({\rho }_{a}cos{\alpha }_{a}-{l}_{a})\\ 0\\ 1\end{array}\right]$
式中:ρa为圆弧曲线段A2的圆弧半径;ρb为圆弧曲线段A1的曲率半径;αa为啮合角,且αaminαaαamax,其中${\alpha }_{{}_{amax}}$=sin-1$\left(\frac{{ℎ}_{a1}}{{\rho }_{a}}\right)$,其中ha1为齿顶高。
图2所示,点接触斜齿非圆齿轮从动轮的齿廓曲线分为6段,其中包括齿根倒角直线段B1、凸圆弧曲线段B2B5、抛物线曲线段B3B4以及齿顶倒角圆弧段B6Of1Of2为圆心;以上6条曲线段分别交于点G1G2G3N1N2N3,其中点N1N2N3与主动轮圆弧曲线A2段构成3点接触,且这3点在从动轮凹齿齿廓所成形齿面上形成的空间螺旋线应与主从动轮接触迹线重合,ɑf1ɑf2ɑf3分别3个接触点的压力角,Wf为凹齿接触点齿槽宽。
由几何学理论可知,从动轮凹齿齿廓曲线中齿根倒角直线段B1在坐标系中表示为
${r}_{{B}_{1}}$(l)=$\left[\begin{array}{l}{\rho }_{f1}sin{\alpha }_{f0}-({\rho }_{f1}-{\rho }_{a})sin{\alpha }_{f1}-\\   lcos{\delta }_{e}\\ \mp [lsin{\delta }_{e}+{\rho }_{f1}cos{\alpha }_{f0}-\\   ({\rho }_{f1}-{\rho }_{a})cos{\alpha }_{f1}-{l}_{f}]\\       0\\       1\end{array}\right]$
式(6)中:αf0为线段B1与圆弧曲线段B2交点的法线与节线之间夹角;l为点B1到直线段B1B2任意一点的距离;δe为线段B1xn轴的夹角;lfxn轴与Of之间的距离。
从动轮凹齿齿廓曲线中凸圆弧曲线段B2在坐标系中可表示为
${r}_{{B}_{2}}$[${\alpha }_{f}^{\left(Ⅰ\right)}$]=$\left[\begin{array}{l}{\rho }_{f1}sin{\alpha }_{f}^{\left(Ⅰ\right)}-({\rho }_{f1}-{\rho }_{a})sin{\alpha }_{f1}\\ \mp [{\rho }_{f1}cos{\alpha }_{f}^{\left(Ⅰ\right)}-({\rho }_{f1}-{\rho }_{a})\times \\   cos{\alpha }_{f1}-{l}_{f}]\\       0\\       1\end{array}\right]$
式(7)中:ρf1为凸圆弧曲线段B2的圆弧半径;${\alpha }_{f}^{\left(Ⅰ\right)}$决定点在圆弧位置的设计参数。
从动轮凹齿齿廓曲线中,抛物线曲线段B3与凸圆弧曲线段B2和抛物线曲线段B4分别相切在点N1以及N2,其在坐标系中可表示为
${r}_{{B}_{3}}$(t1)=$\left[\begin{array}{l}{t}_{1}cos{\alpha }_{f12}-\frac{{t}_{1}^{2}}{2{p}_{1}}sin{\alpha }_{f12}+\\   {L}_{1}sin{\alpha }_{f12}\\ \pm ({t}_{1}sin{\alpha }_{f12}+\frac{{t}_{1}^{2}}{2{p}_{1}}cos{\alpha }_{f12}-\\   {L}_{1}cos{\alpha }_{f12}+{l}_{f})\\      0\\      1\end{array}\right]$
式(8)中:t1为独立变量;t1∈[-ρasinθ1,ρasinθ1],其中θ1=$\frac{({\alpha }_{f2}-{\alpha }_{f1})}{2}$;αf12=$\frac{({\alpha }_{f1}+{\alpha }_{f2})}{2}$;P1为抛物线系数,p1=ρacosθ1;L1为抛物线顶点到原点On的距离,且L1=$\frac{{\rho }_{a}si{n}^{2}{\theta }_{1}}{2cos{\theta }_{1}+{\rho }_{a}cos{\theta }_{1}。}$
从动轮凹齿齿廓曲线中,抛物线曲线段B4与抛物线曲线段B3以及凸圆弧曲线段B5分别相切在点N2以及N3,其在坐标系中可表示为
${r}_{{B}_{4}}$(t2)=$\left[\begin{array}{l}{t}_{2}cos{\alpha }_{f23}-\frac{{t}_{2}^{2}}{2{p}_{2}}sin{\alpha }_{f23}+\\   {L}_{2}sin{\alpha }_{f23}\\ \pm ({t}_{2}sin{\alpha }_{f23}+\frac{{t}_{2}^{2}}{2{p}_{2}}cos{\alpha }_{f23}-\\   {L}_{2}cos{\alpha }_{f23}+{l}_{f})\\      0\\      1\end{array}\right]$
式(9)中:t2为独立变量,t2∈[-ρasinθ2,ρasinθ2],其中θ2=$\frac{({\alpha }_{f3}-{\alpha }_{f2})}{2}$;αf23=$\frac{({\alpha }_{f2}+{\alpha }_{f3})}{2}$;p2为抛物线系数,p2=ρacosθ2;L2为抛物线顶点到原点On的距离,L2=$\frac{{\rho }_{a}si{n}^{2}{\theta }_{2}}{2cos{\theta }_{2}+{\rho }_{a}cos{\theta }_{2}}$
从动轮凹齿齿廓曲线中凸圆弧曲线段B5坐标系中可表示为
${r}_{{B}_{5}}$[${\alpha }_{f}^{\left(Ⅴ\right)}$]=$\left[\begin{array}{l}{\rho }_{f2}sin{\alpha }_{f}^{\left(Ⅴ\right)}-({\rho }_{f2}-{\rho }_{a})sin{\alpha }_{f3}\\ \mp [{\rho }_{f2}cos{\alpha }_{f}^{\left(Ⅴ\right)}-({\rho }_{f2}-{\rho }_{a})\times \\   cos{\alpha }_{f3}-{l}_{f}]\\       0\\       1\end{array}\right]$
式(10)中:ρf2为凸圆弧曲线段B5的圆弧半径;${\alpha }_{f}^{\left(Ⅴ\right)}$为决定点的位置的设计参数。
从动轮凹齿齿廓曲线中齿顶倒角圆弧段B6标系中可表示为
${r}_{{B}_{6}}$(${\theta }_{{f}_{3}}$)=$\left[\begin{array}{l}{\rho }_{{f}_{3}}(cos{\theta }_{{f}_{3}}-1)+{ℎ}_{f2}\\ \mp {\rho }_{{f}_{3}}sin{\theta }_{{f}_{3}}\\ 0\\ 1\end{array}\right]$
式(11)中:ρf3为齿顶倒角圆弧段B6的圆弧半径;θf3为决定点在圆弧位置的设计参数。
与渐开线直齿非圆齿轮齿面成型方法相比,点接触斜齿非圆齿轮齿面成形方法其不同点在于其齿廓面上的切线同轴线之间存在螺旋角β,如图3所示,当母线Γ(即点接触斜齿非圆齿轮齿廓曲线)在当量基圆上沿螺旋线做纯滚动时,令母线沿z轴匀速移动的同时绕z轴匀速旋转,母线在空间形成的轨迹为所求螺旋面,即轮齿齿面。
通过具体求解检验后,点接触斜齿非圆齿轮的建模过程为:①利用非圆齿轮齿廓曲线方程在MATLAB中绘制二维齿廓;②将二维齿廓数据点导入Unigraphics NX软件,并绘制齿根圆;③通过螺旋线的发生线以及螺旋角绘制螺旋线;④将母线沿螺旋线按规定齿宽完成螺旋运动得到单个轮齿齿面;⑤结合折算齿数法重复以上步骤完成建模。
所建三维模型包含点接触椭圆齿轮以及点接触三阶非圆齿轮,相关基本齿廓参数分别如表1表2所示。根据上述建模步骤所得椭圆齿轮及三阶非圆齿轮的三维模型如图4所示。
基于ADAMS仿真软件对提出的点接触斜齿非圆齿轮进行动力学分析,分别以点接触斜齿椭圆齿轮以及渐开线斜齿椭圆齿轮为对象,分析同条件下轮齿间动态啮合力变化情况,并探究点接触斜齿椭圆齿轮在不同工况下的动态啮合性能。
将所建点接触斜齿椭圆齿轮以及渐开线斜齿椭圆齿轮模型导入ADAMS中,修改材料定义45钢,弹性模量210 GPa,泊松比0.28以及质量密度7 800 kg/m3,运动副的定义如表3所示。
椭圆齿轮副动力学模型如图5所示。设计主动轮转速120 r/min,从动轮施加负载转矩15 N·m,通过使用阶跃(step)函数,在0.01 s内逐渐施加或增加转矩,实现缓慢加载的效果,即STEP(time,0,0,0.01,50)+STEP(time,0.01,0,1,0),其中time为时间变化量,步长500。
图6为相同条件下点接触斜齿椭圆齿轮副与渐开线斜齿椭圆齿轮副动态啮合力曲线变化图。可以看出,点接触斜齿椭圆齿轮副与渐开线斜齿椭圆齿轮副有相同的动态啮合力变化周期,但点接触斜齿椭圆齿轮副动态啮合力相对较小,因此在满足正常传动的情况下,点接触斜齿椭圆齿轮拥有更好的传动平稳性。
非圆齿轮的点接触传动中,啮合点处由于载荷引起弹性形变,导致啮合点的法向速度瞬时突变,从而在齿轮传动中引发振动和冲击。因此,研究点接触非圆齿轮在不同负载和转速条件下齿面啮合力的变化至关重要。这项研究为提高点接触非圆齿轮传动的平稳性以及优化非圆齿轮齿面设计奠定了关键的理论基础。
在点接触非圆齿轮啮合传动时,由于从动轮负载影响着主从动轮轮齿间啮合力变化情况,因此本文分析了不同载荷对于点接触斜齿椭圆齿轮间啮合传动的影响,以及单一恒定荷载和交变载荷对于啮合传动的影响。
基于所建点接触斜齿椭圆齿轮动力学模型,给定以下设定参数:①主动轮转为120 r/min,从动轮恒定载荷为15 N·m,交变载荷为载荷在时间0~0.2 s保持为0,在时间0.2~0.4 s增至15 N·m,在时间0.4~0.6 s再次降至0,在时间0.6~0.8 s降至-15 N·m;②主动轮转为120 r/min,从动轮恒定载荷依次为10、12.5、15 N·m。
图7为单一恒定荷载和交变载荷下轮齿齿间啮合力时频变化图。由图7(a)可知,在恒定荷载下,从动轮动态啮合力变化具有良好的周期性且变化幅值相对较小;由图7(a)可知,当在从动轮作用交变载荷时,轮齿间动态啮合力变化频率增大,齿间啮合冲击变大,从而加重啮合齿轮齿面间的磨损、产生噪音、减少齿轮寿命。
图8为不同恒定荷载下啮合力变化曲线。可以看出,当主动轮的转速保持不变时,随着从动轮负载增大,主从动轮间的动态啮合力变化幅值将随着增加。致使该情况的原因在于主/从动轮轮齿在啮合传递中,由于载荷增加导致轮齿齿面弹性变形增大,从而致使点接触斜齿椭圆齿轮在啮合传动中啮合力增大。
表4为不同恒定负载转矩下点接触椭圆齿轮动态啮合力。可以看出,轮齿间动态啮合力的平均值、最大值、均方根值以及均方根与平均值之差都随着载荷的增大而增大。这表明在合理范围之内,随着从动轮负载的增加,点接触椭圆齿轮齿面之间的动态啮合力波动幅度也增加。此外,在负载较高的情况下,振动会更加明显,从而导致轮齿齿面之间的冲击力增大,振动冲击加剧,这进一步导致轮齿齿面接触区域的磨损程度增加,减少齿轮寿命。
为深入了解不同转速对点接触斜齿非圆齿轮动态啮合力特性的影响,结合所建点接触椭圆齿轮动力学模型,给出以下参数:主动轮转速分别为100、120、150 r/min,从动轮载荷为20 N·m。
图9为空载情况下点接触非圆齿轮动态啮合力随转速变化曲线。可以看出,动态啮合力的变化幅值随转速的增加而增加,进而增大轮齿齿面间冲击,严重影响齿轮工作性能。
图10为恒定负载不同转速下轮齿间动态啮合力曲线变化图,可以看出,随着转速的增加,轮齿间动态啮合力变化周期变小,同时轮齿间动态啮合力的变化幅值也变小,存在啮合力突变的情况,证明轮齿间冲击振动增大,从而加速齿面磨损,因此在实际运用中,应选合理的转速保证轮齿间传动平稳性。
在齿轮传动系统中,角加速度对传动有显著影响,较高的角加速度会引起动态负载变化,增加齿轮齿面的磨损和疲劳,并引发惯性效应,导致额外的动态力矩和力,影响系统稳定性和寿命。同时,角加速度的变化可能增加系统的振动和噪声,降低传动效率,并影响润滑状态,使润滑油膜破裂或不足。因此,在设计点接触斜齿非圆齿轮传动时,需要充分考虑角加速度对于齿轮副传动的影响,以确保传动系统的可靠性和寿命。
图11为不同转速下点接触非圆齿轮从动轮角加速度变化频域图。可以看出,从动轮角加速度随着主动轮转速的增加而增大,致使轮齿间啮合冲击逐渐增大,增大了振动频率,从而加剧轮齿接触齿面间磨损程度,严重影响齿轮寿命。
对比分析点接触非圆齿轮与渐开线非圆齿轮的啮合过程中的接触状态以及应力分布情况,进一步揭示点接触非圆齿轮啮合性能上的优越性。
(1)材料定义。弹性模量E=2.06×105 MPa,泊松比μ=0.3,材料密度ρ=7 850 kg/m3
(2)定义接触面。选取主从动轮齿轮为接触面,齿面摩擦系数为0.15。
(3)网格划分。在划分网格时,采用六面体单元进行划分,除齿根以及齿面部分需要进行网格加密外,其余部分都将网格适当放大,以达到最佳分析效果。最终建立的点接触非圆齿轮模型如图12所示,其中接触面单元尺寸为1.5 mm×1.5 mm,网格划分后有749 865个单元,163 442个节点。
(4)设置边界条件与载荷。设置以两轮齿轴孔为中心对地回转副约束,主动轮回转中心设置转速ω=10 rad/s,在从动轮回转中心设置阻力矩T=300 N。
选取相同的材料,划分相同的网格,定义相同的接触对,设置相同的载荷和边界条件以及求解设置,建立渐开线斜齿椭圆齿轮有限元模型,进行瞬态动力学仿真对比分析。
图13为点接触斜齿非圆齿轮有限元分析结果。图13(a)为点接触斜齿椭圆齿轮从动轮接触状态图,齿面在接触的情况下产生弹性变形,且点接触区域为椭圆形,向齿宽方向为接触椭圆长轴;齿高方向为接触椭圆短轴。图13(a)为点接触斜齿椭圆齿轮等效应力图,等效应力最大值为1 126.2 MPa,最大应力值出现在接触区域中心处且向四周递减。
图14为渐开线斜齿椭圆齿轮有限元分析结果。图14(a)为渐开线斜齿椭圆从动齿轮接触状态,可以看出,渐开线斜齿椭圆齿轮副间接触区域近似为线接触,且从轮齿中间啮合位置延续至齿顶分离位置,接触区域应力又接触线沿其两端逐渐递减。图14(a)为渐开线斜齿椭圆齿轮等效应力图,其大小几乎均匀分布于接触线区域,其中最大值为1 499.2 MPa。
结合表5,同时对比以上两种接触方式的椭圆齿轮的有限元分析结果,点接触斜齿椭圆齿轮主从动轮间的最大接触应力相对于渐开线斜齿椭圆齿轮少了33.1%,说明其等效应力有了较大提升。综上可知,点接触椭圆齿轮的承载能力优于渐开线椭圆齿轮。
(1)按照非圆齿轮设计理论,给出按传动比函数设计节曲线的参数方程,推导点接触非圆齿轮在节曲线设计中的封闭性、凹凸性和根切的判断条件,以及压力角、重合度计算方法。
(2)基于齿轮啮合原理,构建了点接触斜齿非圆齿轮副主、从动轮啮合传动数学模型,依据空间螺旋法推导了点接触斜齿非圆齿轮节曲线与齿廓曲线的几何坐标运动关系,优选设计参数并结合折算齿形法,通过MATLAB以及UG软件完成点接触非圆齿轮三维模型的构建。
(3)建立点接触斜齿非圆齿轮动力学仿真模型,探究了相同条件下点接触非圆齿轮副与渐开线非圆齿轮副的动态啮合特性,以及不同工况下点接触非圆齿轮啮合特性,分析比较得出:相较于渐开线非圆齿轮,点接触非圆齿轮副拥有更好的传动平稳性。
(4)建立齿轮瞬态动力学有限元模型,对比分析了相同参数、相同工况下,点接触斜齿椭圆齿轮与渐开线斜齿椭圆齿轮啮合过程中的接触状态以及受力情况,由分析结果得出点接触斜齿椭圆轮齿的接触区域更均匀、更明显,且点接触斜齿椭圆齿轮的接触应力小于渐开线斜齿椭圆齿轮,验证了点接触非圆齿轮的优越性。
  • 国家自然科学基金(52175042)
  • 公共交通装备设计与系统集成重庆市重点实验室开放课题(CKLPTEDSI-KFKT-202102)
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2025年第25卷第4期
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2309535
  • 接收时间:2023-12-04
  • 首发时间:2025-07-29
  • 出版时间:2025-02-08
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  • 收稿日期:2023-12-04
  • 修回日期:2024-11-06
基金
国家自然科学基金(52175042)
公共交通装备设计与系统集成重庆市重点实验室开放课题(CKLPTEDSI-KFKT-202102)
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    重庆交通大学机电与车辆工程学院, 重庆 400074
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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