Article(id=1156949364141809758, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1156949362480861758, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2309219, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1700668800000, receivedDateStr=2023-11-23, revisedDate=1730736000000, revisedDateStr=2024-11-05, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1753767823491, onlineDateStr=2025-07-29, pubDate=1740672000000, pubDateStr=2025-02-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753767823491, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-29, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753767823491, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753767823491, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1156949362480861758, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='4', pageStart='1312', pageEnd='1751', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1753767823094, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1755171161273, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1162835389472424814, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1156949362480861758, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1162835389472424815, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1156949362480861758, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1383, endPage=1391, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1156949365093916773, articleId=1156949364141809758, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=Analysis of the Stability of Steeply Inclined and Fractured Ore Body Mining Fields in the Deep Sections of the Chambishi Mine, columnId=1156264152168518571, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Papers·Mining and Metallurgical Engineering, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Due to the unique challenges of deep underground mining environments, such as frequent geological disasters like roof fall, rock bursts, and water inrush, there is a high demand for enhanced safety and stability in mines. The use of downward roadway backfilling methods has shown significant effectiveness in controlling ground pressure activities and rock layer movement. In light of this, the Chambishi Copper Mine in Africa was selected as a case study. Initially, a digital structural plane identification system was employed to conduct a detailed analysis of the ore body structural planes. The findings indicate that the development of structural planes in deep ore bodies significantly impacts the safe extraction of minerals. The high density and narrow spacing of these planes increase the fragmentation of the rock mass, elevating the risk of roof fall and instability in mining areas. Additionally, numerical simulations were performed to study the mechanical behavior and deformation characteristics of the deep zones of the Chambeshi Copper Mine. By optimizing the structure and strength of the bearing layers, the stability of the mining area can be effectively controlled. The simulation results demonstrate that well-structured bearing layers are capable of withstanding the pressure from overlying rock strata, ensuring higher stability in the mining areas. These research outcomes provide effective strategies for the safe extraction of minerals in deep mines, particularly in high-risk geological environments. Adaptable mining methods and safety measures were proposed, which were of significant importance for enhancing the safety and efficiency of deep mining operations.

, correspAuthors=Yong ZHAO, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Bing ZHANG, Yong ZHAO, Quan-yu LIANG, Qian-bai ZHAO, Tian-hong YANG, Hui HOU), CN=ArticleExt(id=1156949511466738209, articleId=1156949364141809758, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=CN, title=矿冶工程谦比希深部急倾斜破碎矿体采场稳定性分析, columnId=1156264152306930605, journalTitle=科学技术与工程, columnName=论文·矿冶工程, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=由于地下深部作业环境的特殊性,如顶板冒落、岩爆和突水等地质灾害频发问题,对矿山安全性和稳定性的要求极高,而采用下向进路充填法对于控制地压活动和岩层移动具有显著效果。鉴于此,以非洲谦比希铜矿为案例,首先采用结构面数字识别系统,对矿体结构面进行了详细分析。结果表明:深部矿体结构面的发育情况对矿山的安全开采具有重要影响。结构面的高密度和小间距特征增加了岩体的破碎程度,增加了顶板崩落和采场不稳定性的风险。同时,对谦比希铜矿深部区域的力学行为和变形特性展开了数值模拟,通过优化承载层的结构和强度,可以有效控制采场的稳定性。模拟结果显示,承载层结构完好,能够承受上覆岩层的压力,采场稳定性较高。研究成果为深部矿山安全开采的提供了有效策略,特别是对于高风险的地质环境,提出了适应性强的开采方法和安全措施,这些策略对于提高深部矿山开采的安全性和效率具有重要意义。, correspAuthors=赵永, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*赵永(1991—),男,汉族,山东临沂人,博士,副教授。研究方向:岩体损伤与力学响应机理。E-mail:
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张兵(1968—),男,汉族,安徽无为人,硕士,高级工程师。研究方向:金属矿山深部采矿方法技术。E-mail:

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张兵(1968—),男,汉族,安徽无为人,硕士,高级工程师。研究方向:金属矿山深部采矿方法技术。E-mail:

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张兵(1968—),男,汉族,安徽无为人,硕士,高级工程师。研究方向:金属矿山深部采矿方法技术。E-mail:

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Determination method and application of stope stability in down direction slicing drift cemented filling mining method[J]. Metal Mine, 2021(4): 27-34., articleTitle=Determination method and application of stope stability in down direction slicing drift cemented filling mining method, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1225944440154534507, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156949364141809758, awardId=02070073123001, language=CN, fundingSource=中色非洲矿业有限公司横向项目(02070073123001), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1225944425088594637, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156949364141809758, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1225944425096983250, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156949364141809758, companyId=1225944425088594637, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 NFC Africa Mining PLG, Kitwe 100000, Zambia), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1225944425151509208, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156949364141809758, companyId=1225944425088594637, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 中色非洲矿业有限公司, 基特韦 100000)]), AuthorCompany(id=1225944425310892781, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156949364141809758, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1225944425327670000, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156949364141809758, companyId=1225944425310892781, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 School of Resources and Civil Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1225944425398973178, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156949364141809758, companyId=1225944425310892781, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 东北大学资源与土木工程学院, 沈阳 110819)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1225944431275192543, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156949364141809758, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Geological map of the Chambeshi Copper Mine Area, figureFileSmall=JIvB/We96eKFYKd8i+qy5Q==, figureFileBig=zGSWUrvx3NtiKmY1WlRRXA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225944431413604581, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156949364141809758, language=CN, label=图1, caption=谦比希铜矿区域地质图, figureFileSmall=JIvB/We96eKFYKd8i+qy5Q==, figureFileBig=zGSWUrvx3NtiKmY1WlRRXA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225944431593959673, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156949364141809758, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Principles of stereoscopic image synthesis, figureFileSmall=/ld6YwKXebEyDXR8PNRCfQ==, figureFileBig=BFV+kTyic0X8zt7zDeH51A==, tableContent=null), 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figureFileBig=IIx8rJPf8YUxkRes1pQGRA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225944439403754054, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156949364141809758, language=CN, label=图21, caption=塑性区分布云图(采场第三分层右侧), figureFileSmall=QRJJ2vI2D5KjOi6pU3//9w==, figureFileBig=IIx8rJPf8YUxkRes1pQGRA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225944439529583180, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156949364141809758, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Summary of structural surface parameter statistics

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
测点 组别 倾向/
(°)
倾角/
(°)
迹长/
m
间距/
m
条数/
节理密度/
(个·m-3)
平均迹
长/m
770-1 1 293.3 65.4 0.55 0.95 9 5.9 0.36
2 16.29 72.5 0.28 0.85 5
3 216.2 64.6 0.26 0.66 6
4 282.7 4.9 0.33 0.47 5
770-2 1 284.2 69.4 0.46 0.42 14 6.2 0.37
2 233.5 81.1 0.34 0.32 8
3 246.9 42.2 0.30 1.24 7
770-3 1 73.9 67.0 0.35 0.67 19 8.2 0.29
2 257.4 89.0 0.32 0.48 5
3 348.3 80.4 0.27 0.99 9
4 204.5 63.1 0.24 0.27 8
), ArticleFig(id=1225944439647023697, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156949364141809758, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

结构面参数统计结果汇总

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
测点 组别 倾向/
(°)
倾角/
(°)
迹长/
m
间距/
m
条数/
节理密度/
(个·m-3)
平均迹
长/m
770-1 1 293.3 65.4 0.55 0.95 9 5.9 0.36
2 16.29 72.5 0.28 0.85 5
3 216.2 64.6 0.26 0.66 6
4 282.7 4.9 0.33 0.47 5
770-2 1 284.2 69.4 0.46 0.42 14 6.2 0.37
2 233.5 81.1 0.34 0.32 8
3 246.9 42.2 0.30 1.24 7
770-3 1 73.9 67.0 0.35 0.67 19 8.2 0.29
2 257.4 89.0 0.32 0.48 5
3 348.3 80.4 0.27 0.99 9
4 204.5 63.1 0.24 0.27 8
), ArticleFig(id=1225944439789630042, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156949364141809758, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Parameters for the calculation of the Mohr-Coulomb constitutive model

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岩性 弹性模
量/GPa
泊松比 黏聚力/
MPa
内摩擦
角/(°)
抗拉强
度/MPa
围岩 15.53 0.30 5.20 25.90 2.25
矿体 16.10 0.19 6.58 19.20 2.61
钢筋混凝土 8.70 0.20 0.80 20.00 1.27
充填体1 0.81 0.14 0.70 18.00 0.46
充填体2 0.35 0.07 0.55 16.00 0.20
), ArticleFig(id=1225944439907070561, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156949364141809758, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

摩尔库伦本构模型计算参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
岩性 弹性模
量/GPa
泊松比 黏聚力/
MPa
内摩擦
角/(°)
抗拉强
度/MPa
围岩 15.53 0.30 5.20 25.90 2.25
矿体 16.10 0.19 6.58 19.20 2.61
钢筋混凝土 8.70 0.20 0.80 20.00 1.27
充填体1 0.81 0.14 0.70 18.00 0.46
充填体2 0.35 0.07 0.55 16.00 0.20
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矿冶工程谦比希深部急倾斜破碎矿体采场稳定性分析
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张兵 1 , 赵永 2, * , 梁权宇 1 , 赵乾百 2 , 杨天鸿 2 , 侯辉 2
科学技术与工程 | 论文·矿冶工程 2025,25(4): 1383-1391
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科学技术与工程 | 论文·矿冶工程 2025, 25(4): 1383-1391
矿冶工程谦比希深部急倾斜破碎矿体采场稳定性分析
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张兵1 , 赵永2, * , 梁权宇1, 赵乾百2, 杨天鸿2, 侯辉2
作者信息
  • 1 中色非洲矿业有限公司, 基特韦 100000
  • 2 东北大学资源与土木工程学院, 沈阳 110819
  • 张兵(1968—),男,汉族,安徽无为人,硕士,高级工程师。研究方向:金属矿山深部采矿方法技术。E-mail:

通讯作者:

*赵永(1991—),男,汉族,山东临沂人,博士,副教授。研究方向:岩体损伤与力学响应机理。E-mail:
Analysis of the Stability of Steeply Inclined and Fractured Ore Body Mining Fields in the Deep Sections of the Chambishi Mine
Bing ZHANG1 , Yong ZHAO2, * , Quan-yu LIANG1, Qian-bai ZHAO2, Tian-hong YANG2, Hui HOU2
Affiliations
  • 1 NFC Africa Mining PLG, Kitwe 100000, Zambia
  • 2 School of Resources and Civil Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China
出版时间: 2025-02-28 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2309219
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由于地下深部作业环境的特殊性,如顶板冒落、岩爆和突水等地质灾害频发问题,对矿山安全性和稳定性的要求极高,而采用下向进路充填法对于控制地压活动和岩层移动具有显著效果。鉴于此,以非洲谦比希铜矿为案例,首先采用结构面数字识别系统,对矿体结构面进行了详细分析。结果表明:深部矿体结构面的发育情况对矿山的安全开采具有重要影响。结构面的高密度和小间距特征增加了岩体的破碎程度,增加了顶板崩落和采场不稳定性的风险。同时,对谦比希铜矿深部区域的力学行为和变形特性展开了数值模拟,通过优化承载层的结构和强度,可以有效控制采场的稳定性。模拟结果显示,承载层结构完好,能够承受上覆岩层的压力,采场稳定性较高。研究成果为深部矿山安全开采的提供了有效策略,特别是对于高风险的地质环境,提出了适应性强的开采方法和安全措施,这些策略对于提高深部矿山开采的安全性和效率具有重要意义。
深部开采  /  力学响应  /  采场稳定性  /  充填采矿法

Due to the unique challenges of deep underground mining environments, such as frequent geological disasters like roof fall, rock bursts, and water inrush, there is a high demand for enhanced safety and stability in mines. The use of downward roadway backfilling methods has shown significant effectiveness in controlling ground pressure activities and rock layer movement. In light of this, the Chambishi Copper Mine in Africa was selected as a case study. Initially, a digital structural plane identification system was employed to conduct a detailed analysis of the ore body structural planes. The findings indicate that the development of structural planes in deep ore bodies significantly impacts the safe extraction of minerals. The high density and narrow spacing of these planes increase the fragmentation of the rock mass, elevating the risk of roof fall and instability in mining areas. Additionally, numerical simulations were performed to study the mechanical behavior and deformation characteristics of the deep zones of the Chambeshi Copper Mine. By optimizing the structure and strength of the bearing layers, the stability of the mining area can be effectively controlled. The simulation results demonstrate that well-structured bearing layers are capable of withstanding the pressure from overlying rock strata, ensuring higher stability in the mining areas. These research outcomes provide effective strategies for the safe extraction of minerals in deep mines, particularly in high-risk geological environments. Adaptable mining methods and safety measures were proposed, which were of significant importance for enhancing the safety and efficiency of deep mining operations.

deep mining  /  mechanical response  /  stope stability  /  filling mining method
张兵, 赵永, 梁权宇, 赵乾百, 杨天鸿, 侯辉. 矿冶工程谦比希深部急倾斜破碎矿体采场稳定性分析. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (4) : 1383 -1391 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2309219
Bing ZHANG, Yong ZHAO, Quan-yu LIANG, Qian-bai ZHAO, Tian-hong YANG, Hui HOU. Analysis of the Stability of Steeply Inclined and Fractured Ore Body Mining Fields in the Deep Sections of the Chambishi Mine[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (4) : 1383 -1391 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2309219
随着矿产资源持续不断的高强度开采,浅部资源日益枯竭,矿业工程正逐渐向着深部进军[1]。而这种深部安全且高效的开采面临着一系列的工程挑战。当矿山开采工程进入地下1 000 m以上深度进行作业,围岩结构和力学特性将产生重大的变化。在此地质环境条件下,深部的高地应力和开挖扰动应力的耦合作用易导致采矿工程产生破坏性的地压活动,进而诱发冒落、突水和岩爆等地质灾害,极大地增加了开采作业的复杂性和风险,对矿山作业人员和工程的安全构成了严重威胁[2-4]。针对于上述问题,相对于空场法和崩落法,充填法不仅降低矿石的贫化率,提高回采效率,同时对于控制地压活动和岩层移动具有显著效果,提高了矿山的开采安全性和稳定性[5-7]
中外学者对矿山深部工程中采场稳定性展开了大量的研究[8-12]。李兴权等[13]提出在采用下向分层进路充填采矿法时,可将胶结充填体视作弹簧支撑件,并采用“固定端超静定悬臂梁”力学模型,研究表明,通过优化顶柱厚度、跨度和充填体强度,可以有效减少顶柱上部的水平拉应力和剪应力,从而提高采矿安全性。Sun等[14]在矩形与六边形采矿场中应用先进的开采技术和材料,成功提高了矿区的生产效率,其中六边形进路的效率高于矩形进路,显著提升了回采作业的安全性和产量。Zhu等[15]利用相似材料模拟方法研究了不同阶段上覆地层的构造和运动特征,总结了充填-回采条件下地层沉降的控制理论。王正帅[16]揭示了在急倾斜特厚煤层分段开采中,工作面下部煤岩体的应力和位移演化呈现不对称特性,其中卸压深度受开采深度影响明显,而分段高度的影响较小,随着埋深增加,应力集中区域扩大,导致煤体的垂直应力和位移显著增加。冯帆等[17]通过建立“嵌固梁”力学模型分析浅埋单一进路巷道上覆充填顶板,研究结果表明,锚杆(索)对顶板与矿柱间抗剪力的贡献对均布荷载影响大,而对顶板与围岩间的影响较小,确保单层承载层厚度不小于2.35 m是维持上覆充填顶板稳定的关键。张志贵等[18]为解决下向分层进路式胶结充填法采场稳定性问题,提出了等效采空区法来计算非连续采空区的有效暴露面积,并以此为基础进行定量分析和判断,从而实现针对性的采场稳定性分析,这一方法已被实际矿山生产验证,证明了其有效性和实用性。
上述研究过程中,大多数研究依赖于理论模型和实验室模拟。深部矿山的地质环境复杂多变,这些理论模型可能难以准确预测实际情况下的应力分布和岩体变形。此外,现有研究往往忽视了深部开采中的动态地压活动,这些活动可能在实际开采过程中产生重大影响。因此,通过深部岩体结构面的数字摄影测量技术,结合岩石室内力学实验以及钻孔岩芯数据展开谦比希铜矿深部采场稳定性数值模拟研究。研究成果能够更好地理解深部矿山开采过程中的力学行为,预测潜在的风险,从而为制定更有效的采矿策略和提高矿山作业的安全性提供理论依据和技术支持。
谦比希铜矿位于非洲赞比亚铜带省,地质构造上位于世界著名的非洲中部赞比亚-刚果(金)铜矿带的中部偏南,该铜矿带走向北西—南东,在赞比亚境内长约150 km,宽约50 km。自北西部的孔科拉到东南部的卢安夏;矿床分布于卡富埃背斜的东北翼和西南翼,形成北东和南西两个次级矿带,孔科拉-恩昌加-谦比希-恩卡纳-卢安夏构成南西次级矿带,谦比希铜矿位于南西矿带中部的谦比希盆地的北缘。如图1所示,铜带省的铜矿床根据原岩情况和赋存位置分为泥质型、杂砂岩型和下盘矿化型,谦比希的铜矿原岩主要是泥质型沉积变质岩型铜矿床。谦比希矿区包括谦比希主矿体、谦比希西矿体、谦比希下盘矿体和谦比希东南矿体4个矿体。本次研究对象为谦比希的主矿体。
工程岩体中结构面对岩体的整体稳定性具有显著影响。结构面的形态、力学属性以及空间中的组合方式,一定程度上决定了矿山地压现象的产生以及岩体顶板冒落的过程。因此,通过现场调查来研究这些岩体结构面的性质和特征是至关重要的。这不仅包括对它们的定性描述,还包括对其特性的定量分析。这样的研究对于岩体稳定性的评估提供了关键信息,有助于更准确地预测和管理矿山开采活动安全性问题。
采用结构面数字识别系统ShapeMetriX 3D对非洲谦比希铜矿进行结构面调查分析,获得结构面的详细信息为围岩稳定性研究提供数据支持。原理如图2所示,两个图像上相应的点P1(u,v)、P2(u,v),通过像素匹配、视距判断等技术可以组成三维空间物体点P(x,y,z)。岩体结构面测试的内容包括:结构面的组合关系、成因类型,结构面产状、延展性、形态、性质、间距、数量统计等,并为节理岩体强度的确定提供依据。
本次结构面调查了谦比希铜矿深部770 m分段的3个测点。以测点1为例,现场获取的左视图、右视图如图3所示,将左视图和右视图分别导入ShapeMetrix 3D软件分析系统,圈定出重点测量区域,根据像素点匹配、图像变形偏差纠正等一系列技术,对三维模型进行合成以及方位、距离的真实化,获得岩体表面的三维视图,如图4所示。
在合成的三维图上,根据主要的节理裂隙的分布情况,对岩体节理进行分组,不同颜色代表不同的组,主要的裂隙分布有3组,即图4中的红色组、绿色组和蓝色组。谦比希铜矿770 m分段岩体结构面统计结果如表1所示。可以看出,谦比希主矿体深部围岩节理密度大、间距小,结构面倾向以高角度为主,节理裂隙较为发育,采动影响后具有发生围岩片帮、裂隙贯通成成导水通道的风险性。
由谦比希深部结构面调查结果可知:深部开采过程中,围岩和矿体发育的节理显著影响了矿山的安全开采。具体来说,矿体的破碎性导致岩石强度降低,从而增加了顶板崩落的风险,并对采场稳定性构成挑战。此外,为了保持采联巷道和采场的稳定,必须采用更多的支护措施,这无疑增加了开采成本。值得注意的是,矿体的破碎程度和节理的发育状况还直接影响着采矿方法的选择。综上所述,谦比希铜矿深部拟采用下向进路充填法。此方法不仅在提升矿产资源利用效率方面表现出色,而且在保障开采安全方面具有显著的优势。它允许更精确地控制矿体的开采边界,通过充填开采后留下的空间,显著减少了地表沉降和地压问题,从而提升了开采作业的安全性。
在下向进路充填开采中,预备层进路的顶板主要由矿岩构成。与此相比,预备层以下各分层的进路直接顶板均由承载层组成。通常,这些承载层的弹性模量和强度明显低于矿岩。此差异在面对较大垂直荷载时尤为关键,因为较低强度的承载层可能面临垮塌的风险。
因此,对于下向进路充填开采方法,研究承载层的稳定性至关重要。在开采过程中,一般顶板即承载层的灰砂比较高,强度和整体性能较优越;相反,上部的补口层和接顶层充填体的灰砂比较低,强度和整体性较差。下向进路充填开采的采场稳定性主要依赖于承载层的稳定性,其中承载层所承受的主要荷载是来自上部低强度充填体的重量。采用下向进路胶结充填采矿法进行回采时,采用自上而下的顺序,并在承载层的保护下进行分层回采。
研究主要聚焦于谦比希铜矿主矿体770~878 m西部不稳固区域,采用钢筋砼假顶下向进路充填开采法条件下,采场围岩以及承载层中应力、位移和塑性区力学响应规律研究,保证谦比希铜矿深部安全且高效的开采。
在谦比希铜矿数值模型构建过程中:模型总高度定为118 m,以全面反映试验区域的受力变化过程。模型沿走向长度约300 m,考虑到矿体的平均倾角和厚度,X方向长度定为150 m,以更好地反映围岩的应力分布和塑性变化。三维地质模型如图5所示。
谦比希铜矿数值模型的边界包含两种条件:位移边界条件和应力边界条件。数值模型的前后左右以及底面设置为位移边界条件。其中,前后边界单元节点的Y方向位移设置为0;左右边界单元节点的X方向位移设置为0;底面边界单元节点的Z方向设置为0。根据前期谦比希铜矿工程地质调查结果,本次数值模拟主要考虑自重应力的影响,即对模型施加自重应力,地表的相对标高为770 m,按照围岩的平均密度为2 700 kg/m3,根据计算可知,对谦比希模型顶部边界单元节点施加垂直于Z轴负方向的应力边界条件,垂直应力大小为20.79 MPa;对前后左右边界单元阶段施加垂直边界的应力边界条件,侧应力大小为8.91 MPa。
围岩、矿体、充填体以及钢筋混凝土的本构模型均采用摩尔-库伦模型。本次数值模拟所采用的物理力学参数数据来自南非Roclab及VLC公司提交的主矿体岩石力学试验测试报告,所采用的充填体物理力学参数根据经验所得。其中,充填体1为高强度分级尾砂胶结体,做承载层用,充填体2为承载层上部低强度充填体,满足自立性及接顶要求。岩体力学参数如表2所示。
数值模拟过程中,下向进路充填开采位置选择E-1、E-2采场第一分段开展回采-充填的模拟,模拟过程中忽略相关支护及充填前期铺底等准备工程。将采场长度平均划分为两部分,采用“隔一采一”的回采方式,即同时对采场左侧部分或右侧部分进行回采作业活动,待回采-充填作业完成后,充填体强度达到要求,再进行同一分层采场余下部分的开采,回采按一次性完成,充填按两步骤完成。
首采层(预备层)为4 m(宽)×3.5 m(高),首采层以下各分层为4 m(宽)×4 m(高),由于矿体上盘贫下盘富,同一分层进路靠近下盘布置,进路长度30 m。每完成一个进路的开采后,立即进行差别充填,即下部采用高强度充填体,上部则采用低强度充填体。在同一分层的开采充填完成后,继续进行下一分层的开采和充填。
每个开挖步骤都建立在前一阶段的计算基础之上,从而客观地揭示了矿体在逐步开采和充填过程中围岩应力的叠加、岩体变形的延续及破坏的逐渐发展。以研究区域第二分层和第三分层数值模拟结果为例:详细分析谦比希铜矿主矿体在770~878 m深部不稳固区域进行开采充填后的力学响应和变形情况。
图6图7所示,采场第二分层左侧回采后,采场最大主应力和最小主应力分布云图。由此可知,第二分层左侧回采后,预备层顶板、第二分层底板主要受压应力集中,所受最大压应力约10.0 MPa;此外,第二分层上部承载层既受压应力也受拉应力,其中,所受最大拉应力约为1.0 MPa,压应力最大约0.4 MPa,受力均在其抗拉及抗压强度范围以内,故承载层稳定性良好。
图8所示,采场第二分层左侧回采后,采场竖直方向位移云图。由此可知,第二分层左侧回采完成后,上部承载层及第二分层底板在竖直方向的位移量均比较小,其中上部承载层下沉最大约1.09 cm,小于承载层最大允许挠度1.51 cm;此外,第二分层底板上鼓量最大值约6.8 mm,形变量较小,影响较小,故采场及承载层稳定性良好。
图9可知,预备层及第二分层的开挖、充填,使得围岩出现塑性变形,塑性变形主要集中在开挖区域四周及角隅处,其原因在于:采场结构简化,边角处应力集中较大造成的。此外,第二分层上部承载层塑性变形面积较小,且形变值在承载层挠度范围之内,表明承载层结构完好未破坏,稳定性良好。
图10图11所示,采场第二分层右侧回采后,采场最大主应力和最小主应力分布云图。由此可知,最大压应力主要集中在采场两端及采场与采场之间的矿柱上,应力约25 MPa,表明它们现在主要作为承载体承担上覆岩层重量;此外,空区上部承载层受拉、压应力集中,拉应力最大值约1.0 MPa,压应力最大值约2.5 MPa,围岩及承载层所受应力值均在其抗拉、抗压强度范围以内,故采场及承载层稳定性良好。
图12所示,采场第二分层右侧回采完后,采场竖直方向位移云图。可以看出,第二分层右侧回采完成后,空区上部承载层发生沉降变形,最大下沉量8.66 mm,远小于承载层所允许的挠曲变形1.51 cm;此外,底板出现轻微上鼓,最大上鼓量5.34 mm,形变量较小,影响较小,故采场及承载层稳定性良好。
图13所示,第二分层右侧开挖后,采场塑性区分布云图。由此可知,预备层及第二分层左侧开挖-充填形成的塑性变形,在第二分层右侧开挖时,并没有发生较大面积的塑性面积增加,塑性面积增加只集中在开挖区域四周,并且,上部承载层的变形主要为拉伸变形,集中在边角,其他区域主要为剪切变形,因空区周围塑性变形面积较小,承载层变形也在挠曲变形范围以内,故采场及承载层稳定性良好。
图14图15所示,采场第三分层左侧回采后,采场最大主应力和最小主应力分布云图。由此可知,第三分层左侧回采完成后,采场两端围岩承压较大,最大压应力约29.5 MPa;其次,第三分层上部承载层受拉也受压,拉应力在0.85 MPa,压应力最大值2.5 MPa,均在承拉及承压范围以内,故采场及承载层稳定性良好。
图16所示,第三分层左侧回采后,采场竖直方向位移云图。由此可知,第三分层左侧回采完成后,上部承载层发生沉降,下沉量最大值约8.85 mm,底板出现5.97 mm上鼓,由于承载成变形在其挠曲变形范围以内,故承载层结构良好,采场稳定性良好。
图17所示,第三分层左侧开挖后,采场塑性区分布云图。由此可知,采场两端围岩塑性变形面积较大,其原因是一方面两端围岩主要起承载作用,另一方面矿岩较脆,压力传导较深造成的,其次,第三分层右侧未开挖区域因承压也出现剪切塑性变形;此外,空区上部承载层主要出现拉伸变形,因其在挠曲变形范围以内,所以结构并未发生破坏,故采场及承载层稳定性良好。
图18图19所示,采场第三分层右侧回采后,采场最大主应力和最小主应力分布云图。由此可知,第三分层右侧在完成回采后,空区四周围岩主要受压应力集中,最大压应力约20 MPa,受力大小低于围岩的抗压强度;此外,空区上部承载层主要受拉、压应力集中,其中拉应力最大值约1.0 MPa,压应力最大值约5.0 MPa,受力大小均在承载层抗拉、抗压强度范围以内,故承载层结构完好,采场稳定性良好。
图20所示,第三分层右侧回采后,采场竖直方向位移云图。由此可知,空区底板出现上鼓,最大上鼓量6.3 mm,空区顶板即承载层出现沉降,最大下沉量9.1 mm,其沉降变形在承载层最大挠曲变形范围之内,故承载层结构良好,采场稳定性良好。
图21所示,第三分层右侧开挖后,采场塑性区分布云图。由此可知,采场两端出现较大面积塑性变形,其原因在于开挖后采场两端主要作为承载体承担上覆岩层重量,且矿岩质量较差,导致压力传导较深造成的;此外,空区上部承载层呈现拉伸变形,因其变形在其挠曲变形范围之内,故变形对承载层整体结构影响较小,采场稳定性良好。
分层回采结束后,空区顶板即承载层和围岩虽均出现不同程度的应力集中、沉降变形和塑性破坏,但整体上承载层和围岩结构完好未破坏,其稳定性良好。但值得注意的是,在右侧分层回采时,左侧已回采-充填的充填体边墙小范围因爆破垮塌。因此,应根据实际情况需要调整布孔参数和装药结构,以尽可能减少充填体破坏造成的矿石贫化。此外,在技术和经济合理的情况下,尽可能优化充填材料配比,提高采场充填体强度,这将有助于提高整个回采作业的稳定性和安全性。
(1)分层回采后,空区两端的围岩及相邻的未回采的矿岩出现较大压应力集中,表明此阶段它们是主要承载体,承受上覆岩层的载重。分段矿体全部回采结束后,采空区上部出现一个较大范围的压力拱,拱脚位于空区的两端。此外,采用钢筋砼假顶下向进路充填采矿法进行开采时,第一分段回采完成后,围岩所受最大压应力值20 MPa,低于围岩的抗压强度36.7 MPa;承载层所受最大拉应力值1.0 MPa,最大压应力值5.0 MPa,受力大小均低于混凝土承载层抗拉强度1.27 MPa、抗压强度10 MPa。这表明围岩和承载层结构良好,采场处于稳定状态。
(2)采用钢筋砼假顶下向进路充填采矿法进行开采时,每一分层矿体回采后,顶底板区域出现了一个横跨空区的拱形变形,且越靠近采空区,变形相对越大;此外,空区顶板即承载层变形量较小,最大形变量分别为0.91 cm及0.89 cm,变形量小于承载层所允许的最大挠曲变形1.51 cm及1.69 cm,故承载层结构完好未破坏,采场稳定性良好。
(3)矿体分层回采后,塑性区主要分布在空区的顶底板及四周的围岩中,围岩分布区域较大,主要以剪切变形为主,空区上部承载层主要以拉伸破坏为主;随着向下分层回采结束,塑性区面积有所扩张,但仍主要集中在四周围岩中。此外,承载层中出现小面积的拉伸变形,因其形变量较小,在其最大挠曲变形范围之内,故塑性变形未造成承载层破坏,采场稳定性良好。
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2025年第25卷第4期
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2309219
  • 接收时间:2023-11-23
  • 首发时间:2025-07-29
  • 出版时间:2025-02-28
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  • 收稿日期:2023-11-23
  • 修回日期:2024-11-05
基金
中色非洲矿业有限公司横向项目(02070073123001)
作者信息
    1 中色非洲矿业有限公司, 基特韦 100000
    2 东北大学资源与土木工程学院, 沈阳 110819

通讯作者:

*赵永(1991—),男,汉族,山东临沂人,博士,副教授。研究方向:岩体损伤与力学响应机理。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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