Article(id=1156949364015977033, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1156949362480861758, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2401864, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1710432000000, receivedDateStr=2024-03-15, revisedDate=1732118400000, revisedDateStr=2024-11-21, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1753767823461, onlineDateStr=2025-07-29, pubDate=1740672000000, pubDateStr=2025-02-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753767823461, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-29, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753767823461, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753767823461, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1156949362480861758, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='4', pageStart='1312', pageEnd='1751', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1753767823094, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1755171161273, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1162835389472424814, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1156949362480861758, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1162835389472424815, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1156949362480861758, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1313, endPage=1324, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1156949364557042255, articleId=1156949364015977033, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=Application of Laser 3D Point Cloud in Semantic Segmentation of Lithology, columnId=1225062610404528461, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Survey·Electronic and Communicational Technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Laser 3D scanning technology rapidly acquires point cloud data of target surfaces, including spatial point coordinates that describe the geometric features of the target and laser reflectance intensity that characterizes the material’s reflectivity. The application of automatic semantic segmentation techniques for 3D point clouds in geological exploration research lays the foundation for depicting regional geological features. To demonstrate the recent advancements of 3D laser scanning technology in large-scale semantic segmentation within geological scenarios, firstly, photogrammetry and LiDAR as two methods for acquiring 3D point clouds were compared, highlighting the advantages of LiDAR in terms of accuracy, versatility, and insensitivity to lighting conditions. By elucidating the principles of lithological semantic segmentation, a comprehensive review and summary of recent methods based on geometric or intensity features were provided. Common large-scale point cloud datasets and evaluation metrics were introduced, and the segmentation performance of different algorithms was compared. Finally, the limitations of existing methods were summarized, and future research directions for lithological semantic segmentation tasks were outlined.

, correspAuthors=Lang LIU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Yan-lin SHAO, Lang LIU, Qi-hong ZENG, Zhong-gui HU, Wei WEI, Fan DENG, Qing WANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1156949436799733856, articleId=1156949364015977033, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=CN, title=电子技术、通信技术激光三维点云在岩性语义分割中的应用综述, columnId=1225062610664575326, journalTitle=科学技术与工程, columnName=综述·电子技术、通信技术, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

激光三维扫描技术可快速获取扫描目标表面的点云数据,包括用于描述目标几何特征的空间点坐标和刻画目标材质反射率信息的激光反射强度。将激光三维点云的自动语义分割技术应用于地质勘探研究中,能为区域地质特征描绘奠定基础。为了展示激光三维扫描技术在地质场景大规模语义分割领域的最新进展,首先对摄影测量和激光雷达两种三维点云获取方式进行了比较,得到激光雷达在精度、泛用性、不易受光照条件影响等方面具有优势。通过阐述岩性语义分割的原理,将近年来基于几何特征或强度特征的岩性点云分割方法进行了全面的归纳和总结;介绍了常用大规模点云数据集和评价指标,并比较不同算法分割性能;最后总结了现有方法的局限性,并指出岩性语义分割任务未来研究方向进行展望。

, correspAuthors=刘浪, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*刘浪(1999—),男,汉族,湖北武汉人,硕士研究生。研究方向:三维点云岩性识别。E-mail:
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邵燕林(1979—),男,汉族,湖北黄冈人,博士,副教授,硕士研究生导师。研究方向:数字露头、储层三维表征。E-mail:

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邵燕林(1979—),男,汉族,湖北黄冈人,博士,副教授,硕士研究生导师。研究方向:数字露头、储层三维表征。E-mail:

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邵燕林(1979—),男,汉族,湖北黄冈人,博士,副教授,硕士研究生导师。研究方向:数字露头、储层三维表征。E-mail:

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articleId=1156949364015977033, language=CN, label=图10, caption=DSM模型结构面自动化识别[62], figureFileSmall=SIkFiiluNcYcuDLCTLUS7A==, figureFileBig=fonl3AuWgwD0qeclimmVSQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225944426262999912, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156949364015977033, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Summary of characteristics of point cloud data acquisition methods

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方法 分辨率 优点 缺点
摄影测量 包含稀疏到密集的点云,取决于相机参数 数据获取经济成本低,可扩展性 受光照条件影响,相机标定,GCP准确性
ALS 低分辨率 精度高,大范围,不易受天气影响 价格昂贵,镜像反射
MLS 高分辨率 精度高,采集效率高 价格昂贵,数据解译难
TLS 高分辨率 精度高,技术成熟 价格昂贵,扫描时间长
ULS 高分辨率 精度高,可用于危险场景数据采集 价格昂贵,数据解译难
), ArticleFig(id=1225944426413994878, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156949364015977033, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

点云数据获取方式特点总结

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方法 分辨率 优点 缺点
摄影测量 包含稀疏到密集的点云,取决于相机参数 数据获取经济成本低,可扩展性 受光照条件影响,相机标定,GCP准确性
ALS 低分辨率 精度高,大范围,不易受天气影响 价格昂贵,镜像反射
MLS 高分辨率 精度高,采集效率高 价格昂贵,数据解译难
TLS 高分辨率 精度高,技术成熟 价格昂贵,扫描时间长
ULS 高分辨率 精度高,可用于危险场景数据采集 价格昂贵,数据解译难
), ArticleFig(id=1225944426560795534, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156949364015977033, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Accuracy evaluation results of unsupervised clustering point cloud segmentation method[34-39,41,44]

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分割方法 S3DIS Semantic3D ScanNet(v2) Sem.
KITTI
(mIoU)
Area5
(OA)
Area5
(mIoU)
6-fold
(OA)
6-fold
(mIoU)
Sem.
(OA)
Sem.
(mIoU)
red.
(OA)
red.
(mIoU)
OA mIoU
基于投影 SqueezeSegV3[34] 82.5 52.8 80.1 40.9 40.9
MFFNet[35] 58.1 68.6 48.0 68.6
基于体素 SEGCloud[36] 48.9 88.1 61.3
VV-Net[37] 87.8 78.2
基于点 PointNet[38] 41.1 78.6 47.6 14.6
PointNet++[39] 81.0 54.5 85.7 63.1 84.5 33.9 20.1
PointSIFT[41] 88.7 70.2 86.2 41.5
DAC-SNet[44] 75.1 69.1 80.6 72.5
), ArticleFig(id=1225944426791482274, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156949364015977033, language=CN, label=表2, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
分割方法 S3DIS Semantic3D ScanNet(v2) Sem.
KITTI
(mIoU)
Area5
(OA)
Area5
(mIoU)
6-fold
(OA)
6-fold
(mIoU)
Sem.
(OA)
Sem.
(mIoU)
red.
(OA)
red.
(mIoU)
OA mIoU
基于投影 SqueezeSegV3[34] 82.5 52.8 80.1 40.9 40.9
MFFNet[35] 58.1 68.6 48.0 68.6
基于体素 SEGCloud[36] 48.9 88.1 61.3
VV-Net[37] 87.8 78.2
基于点 PointNet[38] 41.1 78.6 47.6 14.6
PointNet++[39] 81.0 54.5 85.7 63.1 84.5 33.9 20.1
PointSIFT[41] 88.7 70.2 86.2 41.5
DAC-SNet[44] 75.1 69.1 80.6 72.5
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电子技术、通信技术激光三维点云在岩性语义分割中的应用综述
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邵燕林 1 , 刘浪 1, * , 曾齐红 2 , 胡忠贵 1 , 魏薇 1 , 邓帆 1 , 王庆 1
科学技术与工程 | 综述·电子技术、通信技术 2025,25(4): 1313-1324
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科学技术与工程 | 综述·电子技术、通信技术 2025, 25(4): 1313-1324
电子技术、通信技术激光三维点云在岩性语义分割中的应用综述
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邵燕林1 , 刘浪1, * , 曾齐红2, 胡忠贵1, 魏薇1, 邓帆1, 王庆1
作者信息
  • 1 长江大学非常规油气地质与工程湖北省工程研究中心, 武汉 430100
  • 2 中国石油勘探开发研究院, 北京 100000
  • 邵燕林(1979—),男,汉族,湖北黄冈人,博士,副教授,硕士研究生导师。研究方向:数字露头、储层三维表征。E-mail:

通讯作者:

*刘浪(1999—),男,汉族,湖北武汉人,硕士研究生。研究方向:三维点云岩性识别。E-mail:
Application of Laser 3D Point Cloud in Semantic Segmentation of Lithology
Yan-lin SHAO1 , Lang LIU1, * , Qi-hong ZENG2, Zhong-gui HU1, Wei WEI1, Fan DENG1, Qing WANG1
Affiliations
  • 1 Hubei Engineering Research Center of Unconventional Petroleum Geology and Engineering, Yangtze University, Wuhan 430100, China
  • 2 Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration & Development, Beijing 100000, China
出版时间: 2025-02-28 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2401864
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激光三维扫描技术可快速获取扫描目标表面的点云数据,包括用于描述目标几何特征的空间点坐标和刻画目标材质反射率信息的激光反射强度。将激光三维点云的自动语义分割技术应用于地质勘探研究中,能为区域地质特征描绘奠定基础。为了展示激光三维扫描技术在地质场景大规模语义分割领域的最新进展,首先对摄影测量和激光雷达两种三维点云获取方式进行了比较,得到激光雷达在精度、泛用性、不易受光照条件影响等方面具有优势。通过阐述岩性语义分割的原理,将近年来基于几何特征或强度特征的岩性点云分割方法进行了全面的归纳和总结;介绍了常用大规模点云数据集和评价指标,并比较不同算法分割性能;最后总结了现有方法的局限性,并指出岩性语义分割任务未来研究方向进行展望。

三维激光雷达  /  数字模型  /  点云语义分割  /  岩性分类

Laser 3D scanning technology rapidly acquires point cloud data of target surfaces, including spatial point coordinates that describe the geometric features of the target and laser reflectance intensity that characterizes the material’s reflectivity. The application of automatic semantic segmentation techniques for 3D point clouds in geological exploration research lays the foundation for depicting regional geological features. To demonstrate the recent advancements of 3D laser scanning technology in large-scale semantic segmentation within geological scenarios, firstly, photogrammetry and LiDAR as two methods for acquiring 3D point clouds were compared, highlighting the advantages of LiDAR in terms of accuracy, versatility, and insensitivity to lighting conditions. By elucidating the principles of lithological semantic segmentation, a comprehensive review and summary of recent methods based on geometric or intensity features were provided. Common large-scale point cloud datasets and evaluation metrics were introduced, and the segmentation performance of different algorithms was compared. Finally, the limitations of existing methods were summarized, and future research directions for lithological semantic segmentation tasks were outlined.

3D LIDAR  /  digital model  /  point cloud semantic segmentation  /  lithological classification
邵燕林, 刘浪, 曾齐红, 胡忠贵, 魏薇, 邓帆, 王庆. 电子技术、通信技术激光三维点云在岩性语义分割中的应用综述. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (4) : 1313 -1324 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2401864
Yan-lin SHAO, Lang LIU, Qi-hong ZENG, Zhong-gui HU, Wei WEI, Fan DENG, Qing WANG. Application of Laser 3D Point Cloud in Semantic Segmentation of Lithology[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (4) : 1313 -1324 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2401864
随着激光三维扫描技术的快速发展,三维点云数据精度提高及其价格逐渐平民化,彻底改变了地质勘探研究的各个领域。光探测和测距(激光雷达)和摄影测量技术是遥感中常用的方法。这些技术可提供高分辨率、高精度的地表三维数据,消除了传统测量和地质填图的缺点,大大改善了数据采集过程。通过遥感技术获取的三维点云已广泛应用于地质、岩土工程和测绘调查,包括危害识别和监测[1],火山活动分析[2],断裂带识别[3],数据地理空间分析[4-5]
传统的人工测量三维数据的方法的可靠性取决于收集的数据量和采样过程中引入的偏差。人工测量很难在人迹难及的地区或对人身安全构成威胁的高陡坡完成,此外,收集到的数据易受到地质学家或工程师的经验和技能的影响[6]。然而,地面三维激光扫描技术(terrestrial laser scanning,TLS)具有高几何分辨率、高精度、信息含量丰富、主动式非接触测量等优点,可与全球定位系统(global positioning system,GPS)和高分辨率相机结合使用,实现在安全模式下快速收集三维坐标数据集[7]
在资源勘探和地质调查过程中,由于不连续面的存在,岩体表现出复杂的地质力学行为。这些不连续性会影响岩体的强度、可变形性和渗透性。因此,准确地描述和识别所涉及的不连续岩体,对于后续区域岩体特性研究及地质建模具有重要基础意义。点云是在同一空间参考系下表达目标空间分布和目标表面特性的海量点集合[8]。与2D数据相比,点云能够提供原始三维空间几何信息和深度信息。然而,由于岩石表面的不规则性,加上岩石风化、植被覆盖、扫描过程易引入噪声和数据空白(点云中的空白区域)等因素,岩体点云的平面检测和岩性语义分割任务面临着独特的挑战。已有许多研究者提出包含机器学习、深度学习、决策树等自动识别岩体岩性的方法,这些方法大多都是基于二维图像作为基础数据源,在学习岩体光谱特征后,训练得到较高精度模型,依据模型进行分类实现较好分类效果。现拟从岩性语义分割领域,总结比较基于不同数据源的岩石表面点云分割方法,探究激光数据的综合优势和实际应用。同时,总结现有激光点云数据在实际应用中遇到的瓶颈,指出岩性语义分割任务未来研究方向。
三维点云数据中每个点都由一个三维坐标(x,y,z)表示。除坐标外,其他有用数据可以在扫描仪测量过程中与每个点相关联,如红绿蓝(RGB)颜色或激光束强度。三维点云主要通过摄影测量和激光三维扫描技术获取。
摄影测量方法使用价格相对低廉的高清数码相机来获取感兴趣区域的图像。将这些图像导入到摄影测量软件中进行处理,通过三维重建技术创建该区域的点云表示。由于计算机图像计算能力大幅提升和运动恢复结构(structure-from-motion,SFM)图像处理算法的引入,越来越多的摄影测量方法得到应用[9]。运动恢复结构摄影测量方法允许使用重叠图像的立体对进行三维重建,并对每个图像中的许多自动定位的对应点进行束调整。这样可以确定每个图像的相机位置和方向,以及图像中匹配点的3D坐标[10]。SFM摄影测量工作流程包括:①图像采集;②图像匹配,识别和匹配重叠照片的对应点;③使用光束平差法重建图像几何数据和匹配图像中稀疏点集对应的三维坐标;④从重建图像几何中致密化稀疏点;⑤地理参考[11]
SFM算法处理可以生成高精度的高分辨率点云数据。基于此方法生成点云已被应用于建筑工程中的裂纹检测和损伤评估以及自然灾害场景重建[12-13]
激光雷达方法使用激光束测量发射点与目标之间的距离,结合激光发射器的位置和姿态信息联合计算,得到被测目标的三维点云坐标(x,y,z)。距离观测方式有相位法和脉冲方法[14]。相位法提供更准确和更快速的距离测定,代价则是具有有限的范围。脉冲法则是遥感距离测距最常用的方法。根据观测目标的几何结构不同,单条激光束可能有多个回波,准确分离和探测每个回波是距离观测的基础。依据回波形式不同,还可分为多回波方式和全波形方式。多回波方式由于算法设计简单,对复杂波形处理效果差,容易漏提取回波。全波形方式以一定间隔不断记录后向散射信号,并提供给用户进行后续波形处理,可得到回波位置和形状参数[15]。因此,主要商业激光扫描仪多采用全波形回波信号作为时间函数进行采样。
基于传感器不同,点的分辨率可能每平方米10到数千个不等。依据搭载平台不同,激光雷达可分为:地面激光雷达扫描(terrestrial laser scanning,TLS)、机载激光雷达扫描(airborne laser scanning,ALS)、无人激光雷达扫描(unmanned laser scanning,ULS)和移动激光雷达扫描(mobile laser scanning,MLS)。安装在三脚架上的TLS用于近中程测量,可以产生高密度点云。TLS的点密度可达到5 000~10 000点/m2,ALS的点密度通常在0.5~100点/m2[16]。MLS则安装在移动平台上,如汽车,通常应用于3D地理空间道路信息获取[17]。ULS通常安装在无人驾驶车辆上,用于短程测量距离并产生高密度点云数据。该系统多应用于林业、采矿、灾害监测等各种测量任务[18-19]
摄影测量方法主要优点在于经济成本低,可与无人机相结合高效率快速生成大范围目标物点云数据。但是,由于相机校准、平台运动会导致图像模糊,同时图像分辨率、图像网络几何形状、表面纹理、照明条件、地面控制点(ground control points,GCP)精度和分布等原因会在SFM摄影测量3D重建过程中引入误差,此种方法很难适用对岩体岩性分类精度有较高要求的地质勘探研究[20]。激光三维扫描技术可通过改变搭载平台的方式,适应地质勘探领域多尺度范围区域岩体勘探研究的要求。同时,地面激光扫描系统相关技术更加成熟,其生产的三维点云数据不易受光照条件影响,能精确测量被扫目标长度、体积和平坦度等信息,是地质勘探领域岩体结构面解译和特征参数表征的有力数据支撑。图1为点云获取方法。表1为各点云获取方法特点。
岩性是对岩石单元颜色、质地、粒径和成分等物理特征和化学构造的统一描述,岩性识别则是通过特定的方法来认识和区别岩性的过程[21]。激光雷达传感器利用飞行时间和发射角度精确(单位:cm)计算得到高分辨率(点密度高达104点/m2)和高精度(0.5 mm@10 m)地面表面的三维信息。利用传感器获取大量(1 000 000点/s)点坐标信息计算得到不连续面的方向、间距、粗糙度等岩质边坡参数,可用于提取岩体节理和地层特征[22]
除了提供详细的空间数据外,激光雷达扫描仪还记录激光强度:反向散射信号的功率相对于发射信号的功率。区别于传统影像数据,激光强度与目标光照条件无关。Sanchiz-Viel等[23]研究表明,激光强度受到扫描仪结构、大气条件与环境、扫描目标反射特性、激光雷达传感器与目标的距离和入射角等因素影响。若能减少扫描仪结构和大气条件等外部影响因素;通过数据模型或物理方式校正几何影响因素;将激光强度这一信号与扫描对象反射特性建立对应关系,可大大提高激光三维点云数据在岩性语义分割应用的能力。
颗粒表面的反射率受单个颗粒的组成、重量分数和颗粒大小的复杂控制。当激光雷达激光源发射的光子遇到露头的颗粒状表面时,一些被吸收,而一些被散射。明亮的颗粒(如石英)散射大部分光子,而暗的表面吸收大部分光子。理论上,石英含量高的砂岩应该比页岩更具反射性。如来自美国航空航天局(National Aeronautics and Space Administration,NASA)喷气推进实验室的光谱数据(图2[24])显示,富含石英的砂岩表面反射率在15%~30%;富含黏土的页岩表面反射率在8%~12%;二者存在较大差异。综合其他介质材料反射率信息,可以得到地质表面中不同介质组成存在显著的矿物学差异,这些差异在光谱上是可区分的,可以通过激光雷达强度返回检测到这种近红外反射率的差异。据此原理可以利用激光回波强度获取地质表面信息。
反射信号的强度与激光发射器与目标表面之间的几何形状以及目标在激光波长处的反射特性有关[25]。强度校正的目标是找到一系列校正方法,将原始强度转换为与每个扫描点的表面反射率成比例的值。Sanchiz-Viel等[23]依据实际自然露头扫描的经验,提出使用分离方法和球面目标表面拟合方法,这两种方法不局限于特定的距离范围或特定类型的材料,提供了一个校正激光强度(或相对伪反射率)的非线性增长函数。Crespo-Peremarch等[26]在利用机载激光扫描仪研究森林分布的实验中证明激光扫描仪的不同采集扫描角度对强度产生影响,同时提出使用激光束命中次数作为驱动变量设计校正函数。校正后强度值显著提升了不同材料成分的表面之间的强度变化差异,进一步提升了通过激光数据进行岩性分割的准确性。
点云中每个点可以分配一个语义标记,将具有相似特定特征的点云划分成同一对象的组。这个过程通常被称为语义分割,其目的是帮助准确描述空间中的物体类型,便于依据目标区域具有的语义特征进行应用。
点云的特性会给属性分割带来挑战。这些特性如图3所示。点云都会受到一定程度的噪声影响。这种噪声通常在点云数据采集过程中产生,且随采集几何形状和表面特性变化。此外,点云中存在大量离群点,这些离群点是与原始表面几何不一致的点。在点云分割前的预处理阶段会针对性过滤对应噪声。点云中的点间距不是均匀的,部分区域可能缺点。下采样可以在一定程度上减少这种不规则性的影响。在点云中没有网格结构,就像在数字图像中一样,一般来说,点没有自然的顺序。因此,相邻点之间的关系是不明确的,这导致在非结构化点云中搜索相邻点的效率较低[27]
当前激光点云场景语义分割主要包括:基于边界识别的方法、区域增长法、无监督聚类法。
基于边界识别的方法是由图像数据实现并扩展到三维数据的。该方法主要是识别在强度和颜色发生显著局部变化的区域或附近的像素,定义为痕迹。痕迹包含基于几何形状变化的“边缘”和基于辐射强度变化的“迹”,如图4所示。边缘分割方法步骤包含:数据获取、预处理、边缘分割、分类识别、解译类型。
Mugnai等[28]利用激光雷达数据的空间频率变化,使用小波变换、轮廓波变换和剪切波变换等边缘监测方法,细化边缘特征点,然后对特征加权线进行生长算法,利用生成的边界数据进行分割。Zhang等[29]将三维点云和图像数据融合提取边缘。使用全局阈值法处理算法获得二位边界线,并将边界线像素位置通过转换与三维坐标对应起来,通过判别边界倾向和位置等几何参数作为判别依据实现三维点云的分割。这种方法针对石灰岩类型岩体具有较好的边界提取效果,对于不同岩石表面拓扑条件下的适用性仍需检验。方法处理流程如图5所示。
基于边界提取的点云分割方法,主要受限于二维图像坐标与三维点云坐标匹配效率,且基于图像的边界提取易受光照条件影响,导致最终的点云分割精度降低。此种方法在针对边界清晰,岩层均匀展布的岩体时,相较于区域增长和无监督分类方法具有高分类精度和分割效率的特点。基于图像提取边界大大减少了计算复杂度,在小尺度精细化激光点云岩性分割任务中更常用。
区域增长法工作原理是通过选定曲率值较低的初始种子点,并使用K近邻算法(K-nearest neighbor,KNN)搜索种子点周围k个相邻点,依次计算初始点与相邻点之间法线夹角,判断夹角是否小于阈值,从而在初始区域中添加相邻点并以此迭代推广到整个点云范围。该方法最终输出结果应该属于大致相同的平面点簇。点法线的定义如图6[30]所示。
为适应激光雷达收集点云数据的特点,Ge等[30]通过将不连续点云数据转换成网格数据以提高数据处理和检索效率;使用原始网格数据计算出初步的不连续区域,然后根据修改后的区域进行参数计算的方式提高区域增长法估计点云几何参数的效率。Hu等[31]提出了一种自动检测三维岩体点云中节理平面的方法,该方法通过确定体素化点云中的共面点,并通过区域生长将单个体素合并到平面中。在区域生长后进行进一步处理,在剩余步骤中利用未处理的点提高平面检测的精度。该方法在点云平面区域检测中具有较高的精度和速度。然而,为了确定8个参数的最优配置,需要选择输入点云的一个有代表性的子集进行测试。由于这个初始的试错过程必须对每个新的点云重复,这与该方法的自动特性相冲突。此外,没有讨论点云的可变密度对算法性能的影响,还需要从检测平面区域的倾角和倾角方向来检查性能。Río-Barral等[32]为了减少人为选取种子点引入新的误差,通过滤波隔离道路剖面的高频部分,并根据点高程和可变阈值来筛选裂缝种子点,基于筛选裂缝点结合区域生长算法进行聚类,形成裂缝段,进一步合并为更大的裂缝。此方法直接从3D点云中提取裂缝几何参数,保留原始几何形状,无须栅格化或插值处理。然而,区域生长算法在检测不连续损伤时存在局限性,可能导致小裂缝遗漏或大裂缝被分割成多部分。此外,对于轻微裂缝和不规则裂纹模式的识别能力有限。
区域增长法都是依据指定几何参数作为判断依据寻找初始种子点,常见几何参数包含倾向、间距、暴露面积和粗糙度。然后基于多个初始种子点位置和生长阈值使用区域增长算法遍历到整块点云。由于主观性引入种子位置和生长准则,将这个方法引入非结构化点云数据,往往分割精度和效率并不高。并且为保证分割精度,每次确定初始种子点都需要提前制作有代表性的小点集进行测验,当面对室外大场景点云分割时,区域生长算法并不适用。
无监督聚类方法无须提供先验知识,算法依据样本数据计算基础结构、几何特征或空间分布关系对具有相似性质的点进行分类。其中比较常见的分类方法包括K-means、模糊聚类、mean-shift和基于局部点密度特征与空间聚类算法(density-based spatial clustering,DBSCAN)结合的方法。由于各方法都有其局限性,单独使用很难有较高分割精度。依据分割聚类点云的方式不同,点云语义分割方法可以划分为:基于投影方法、基于体素方法、基于点方法。
基于投影方法其原理是将三维点云投影到二维图像中,然后使用二维分割网络对投影图像进行像素标记,最后使用残差校正融合RGB和深度图像预测分数,最后进行逆投影得到所有点的语义标签。Wu等[33]设计了SqueezeSeg模型,利用球面投影将点云转换为前视图后,将这些视图输入基于SqueezeNet的卷积网络中提取特征,并利用条件随机场(conditional random field,CRF)操作来进一步细化分割结果。为适应激光雷达(light detection and ranging,LiDAR)图像在不同位置具有显著的特征变化,Xu等[34]引入空间自适应卷积操作,优化不同位置特征的权重,充分利用滤波器挖掘更具代表性的特征,有效解决了传统投影方法对相对平稳的细节特征不够敏感的问题。Ren等[35]通过将点云转换为二维RGB图像和频率图像,并利用多模态特征融合模块,增强了点云不同结构特征的内在关系性和可区分性。图7[35]为MFFNet网络结构。MFFNet网络能够综合利用颜色、纹理和几何等多种信息来进行语义分割。但是总体而言,投影分割方法由于是将三维点云数据降维到图像,丢失大量点云间的结构特征信息,因此该类型点云语义分割方法精度很难保证,且容易产生错分和漏分点。
基于体素方法原理是将稀疏的点云离散化表示。在大型高分辨率室外场景,从一组预定义的类别中为点云中每个点分配一个标签,使得同一类的邻近点形成语义上有意义的“块”。Tchapmi等[36]提出了SEGCloud来实现细粒度和全局一致的语义分割。Meng等[37]通过引入一种基于核的插值变分自编码器架构,对每个体素内的局部几何结构进行编码,使得每个体素内的点分布映射到一个紧凑的潜在空间。然后,利用对称池化函数和等价卷积神经网络(convolutional neural networks,CNN)实现鲁棒特征学习。体素方法自然地保留了三维点云的邻域结构。它的常规数据格式也允许直接应用标准3D卷积。这些因素导致该领域的性能稳步提高。然而,体素化步骤固有地引入了离散伪影和信息丢失。通常,高分辨率会导致高内存和计算成本,而低分辨率会导致细节丢失。在实际应用中,如何选择合适的网格分辨率是基于体素方法首先需要解决的问题。
基于点卷积方法原理是网络直接处理不规则点云数据。PointNet提出了使用共享多层感知机(multilayer perceptron,MLP)学习每点特征和使用最大池化函数降低特征维度并聚合特征信息,最终获取全局特征的方法。使用共享MLP可以提高网络运行效率,但不可避免的提取的逐点特征无法捕捉点云中的局部几何以及点之间的相互作用[38]。PointNet++采用相邻特征池将点分层分组,并从更大的局部区域聚合局部相邻点的信息来学习每个点的特征[39]。MappingConvSeg采用连续卷积操作,将不规则的邻域点特征转换为虚拟核点特征的组合,并从相邻点集中提取局部特征。该方法还引入一种分层网络结构,通过交替堆叠映射卷积层和随机采样层来实现。这种网络结构能够更好地处理大规模点云数据,有效提高了分割效率和性能[40]。为了克服点云的非均匀性和密度变化带来的问题,Jiang等[41]提出了PointSIFT模块来实现方向编码和尺度感知。该模块通过三阶段有序卷积对来自8个空间方向的信息进行堆叠和编码。将多尺度特征串联起来,实现对不同尺度的自适应。受PointSIFT启发,Ma等[42]优化对称聚合函数和边缘函数来动态更新边缘图,提高了在处理大规模点云时的计算效率和有效分割精度。大规模点云存在语义类别间不平衡的问题,使得许多方法无法捕捉点云的几何结构和特征关联。Li等[43]提出DenseKPNet网络,该网络设置多尺度点卷积核,由粗到细的学习几何特征,同时引入核点卷积注意力模块,增强模型对不同语义类别间几何特征的区别能力。鲁斌等[44]利用KNN和局部密度位置对点云空间进行分组,结合自注意力和空间注意力聚合全局特征和局部特征。基于点卷积的方法的优势是利用多尺度卷积核自动高效率的挖掘点云丰富的空间几何信息,同时增加密度感知核可以有效解决大规模点云分布不均匀的问题。但是这种方法随着分类精度提升,训练所需的时间成本和计算成本也大大提升,且面临不平衡语义类别时,会产生大量错分类别。
无监督聚类点云分割方法精度评价结果如表2[34-39,41,44]所示。评价数据集包含S3DIS数据集,如图8[45-48]所示。该数据集是斯坦福大学于2016年开发,包含6个室内场景的点云数据,包含13个标签类别和2.5×108个点(包括Area5和6倍交叉验证集)[45]。Semantic3D数据集扫描了欧洲典型建筑的室外场景,包含8个语义标签(包括semantic-8和reduce-8子集)[46]。ScanNet[47]数据集是普林斯顿大学和斯坦福大学合作开发的RGB-D场景,包含200万个物体,20种语义类别。SemanticKITTI[48]是大型户外场景数据集,包含48×108个点和28个类别。评价精度指标为总体精度(overall accuracy, OA)、平均交联度(mean intersection over union, mIoU)。
RmIoU=$\frac{1}{N}\sum _{i=1}^{N}\frac{{N}_{TPi}}{{N}_{FPi}+{N}_{FNi}+{N}_{TPi}}$
式(1)中:N为语义类别标签;RmIoU为所有语义类别交集和并集之比的平均值;NTPi为真预测为真的标签数量;NFPi为假预测为真的标签数量;NFNi为假预测为假的标签数量。
ROA=$\frac{\sum _{i=1}^{N}{N}_{TPi}}{\sum _{i=1}^{N}({N}_{TPi}+{N}_{FPi})}$
式(2)中:ROA为模型正确预测为真的点数和预测为真的点数比值。
TLS单波段激光强度信息可以作为材料反射率的间接来源。Franceschi等[49]和Burton等[50]将TLS的反射信息应用于岩石类型的识别研究中,验证TLS数据的高空间分辨率突出了激光强度的高振幅变化与岩性识别之间的相关性,证明可以依据激光强度数据的极值区分石灰石和泥灰岩。Humair等[51]在此基础上继续研究了基于TLS点云和摄影测量点云的地质层岩性分割。Humair等[51]研究发现,在短波红外(SWIR)波段,3种岩矿受含水黏土矿物吸收现象影响,其反射率存在较大差异,因此可用扫描波段(波长λ=1 530 nm)位于该区间的TLS扫描采集的回波反射强度来区分由石灰石、泥灰岩和泥岩3种岩性组成的露头剖面。摄影测量点云强度值则使用原始RGB图像的蓝色通道亮度值转换为8位[0~255]灰度表示。这是因为露头岩石主色调是由黄到红的颜色,保留RGB蓝带,可在具有互补色调值的RGB传感器上获取最高对比度。
Zivec等[52]研究发现,方解石和石英含量对激光强度存在良好相关性,可利用TLS激光强度和RGB颜色信息构建分类决策树,用于区分泥灰岩和砂岩的自然岩体组成。Zivec等[52]将TLS捕获的强度差与X射线衍射和岩性剖面(通过测量地层厚度)的结果进行比较,以区分泥灰岩和砂岩。结果表明,两种岩石类型的强度值存在显著差异。如图9[52]所示,泥灰岩层和砂岩层都可以从大多数中至厚层中区分出来。对于强度值较高的砂岩层,测得的最小厚度为2 cm。同时该实验还表明,砂岩层内某些段的反射强度值较低,岩层的新鲜程度和含水率直接相关。因此基于单波段激光进行岩性语义分割时易受矿物粒度、颜色、风化程度等多因素影响,且目前不存在统一的校正公式,在实际应用过程中,该方法需要进一步结合几何特征聚类分割方法,从而提升最终的分割精度和效率。
展望未来,利用激光扫描进行岩性分类的进一步研究可以改善地下矿山在次优光照条件下的岩体表征过程。鉴于多光谱激光雷达的最新进展,在识别岩性方面也有望进一步改进[53-54]
传统基于单波段TLS点云数据往往收集的光谱信息有限,且单一波段激光只有与岩样反射特性具有特异性时,激光强度值才具有明显统计特征差异,从而获取更精确的岩性分割结果。为增加收集光谱信息,Hartzell等[55]使用3种具有不同激光波长的辐射校准TLS系统,构建了多波段激光点云强度和校准反射率数据集。通过将三维点云数据光栅化生成二维图像,3个波段辐射校正后反射率作为像素的特征向量进行图像岩性分类。分别采取直接典型样品光谱特征值分类和兴趣区分类两种分类方法评估分类准确性,多波段激光点云岩性语义分割方法总合精度都能达到75%以上。多光谱遥感数据和激光雷达数据结合的方法也提供了更多光谱特征可以提高植物识别和生物量估算的准确性[56]。王丽英等[57]将机载多光谱激光雷达点云应用到土地覆盖分类的领域中,设计了基于高斯混合模型的点云分割算法。实验结果表明,多光谱遥感和LiDAR结合的方式不仅提供了丰富的多波段强度特征和点云特有的高程特征,总体分割精度达到93.75%,远优于传统单一无人机遥感分类精度,为综合利用MS-LiDAR数据的多光谱及空间信息提供新途径。岩性语义分割领域中,王宇翔等[58]提出结合多光谱三维激光扫描技术实现岩体结构面的智能识别。针对传统相似性度量对岩体点云相似性表达单一的问题,提出一种新的相似性度量方法,综合表示数据之间的空间位置差异和方向差异,降低了不同结构面上各点之间的相似性。相比于传统基于激光雷达数据,补充摄影测量的多波段光谱数据可以有效对聚类结果进行改正,最终结果与人工判别一致。Byung-Suk等[59]提出利用多光谱LiDar进行不连续面特征识别,为分析岩质边坡坍塌因素提供有力支撑。经试验对比,点云和图像融合技术可以将不连续面特征提取误差减少50%。Xu[60]将多光谱LiDAR技术应用到九寨沟风景区碳酸盐岩悬崖边坡岩石结构稳定性的研究中。多源数据经过Hough变换和数据融合后,经过自动空间聚类后算法模型自动进行几何参数提取,大大提升块状岩体边波安全性评估效率。然而这些地面多光谱摄影研究也存在局限性,由于被动摄影依赖阳光照明条件,且只有经过辐射校准才能正确提取不同岩石类型的光谱特征,以及TLS点云数据的精确空间配准存在复杂性。针对这些问题,未来的工作可以研究引入更多不同波长TLS激光数据,以及改进辐射定标方法。
基于融合特征激光点云岩性语义分割方法是结合几何特征分割方法获取地质岩体不连续面的典型几何边界,在此划分基础上,再在小尺度点云块中利用点云数据的强度特征与岩性的反射率关系进行更精细的点云语义分割,最终将分割后的小尺度点云重新拼接成完整岩体点云。基于几何特征的激光点云岩性语义分割方法往往无法正确识别与岩体斜坡面垂直的优势层理面,这是由于扫描角度导致边界线位置点云稀疏,这些不连续面只能作为迹线暴露或具有轻微曲率变化的面[61]。当几何特征方法无法检测到明显边界用于划分不同岩性时,基于激光强度的方法可以依据颜色信息(RGB或强度值)结合点云坐标,通过计算颜色梯度识别垂直于岩体斜坡面的不连续点的边界。
许文涛等[62]采用由无人机航测、实时动态测量技术(real time kinematic,RTK)及地面近景摄影组成的摄影测量系统,对甘肃北山地区不同尺度岩体结构面进行研究并构建了数字表面模型(digital surface model,DSM)。然后设计了基于KNN、主成分分析法和以平坦度为指标的区域增长法进行模型遍历的自动识别方法。在点云稀疏区域通过同轴相机获取的光谱信息进行边界提取,有效矫正了聚类结果,实现了岩体结构面信息的高效识别和特征参数的准确表征;证明点云的空间特征(法向量或平坦度量)以及结合点云颜色信息可大大提升岩石斜坡面岩性分割的能力(图10[62])。光谱和几何特征融合将推动三维激光扫描仪等主动测量传感器在岩性自动化识别等地质领域的使用。
激光三维点云数据分析的发展改进了岩体结构面识别领域研究。在过去10年中,基于机器学习的岩性语义分割已经取得了巨大的进步,然而从点云的特性和目前研究成果来看,仍然存在一些问题未得到很好的解决。通过分析现有方法的局限性,对未来的研究方向进行展望。
基于边界识别的方法解决了点云非结构化问题。当面对边界清晰,岩层分布均匀的小型岩体时,该方法能够保证高岩性分割精度和效率。该方法主要受限于二维图像坐标与三维点云坐标匹配效率,且基于图像的边界提取易受光照条件影响,导致最终的点云分割精度降低。同时从而为图像转换为三维点云时会引入误差和离散化错误,在未来研究中,该类方法需将二维图像特征和三维点云特征相互融合,以加强局部点的特征表示,从而获得更高的分割精度。
区域增长法主要解决了点云自动识别效率的问题,适用于大规模场景点云分割。传统区域增长法多为人工寻找种子点和几何参数判别依据[30],导致前期准备工作过多,该方法并不适合多项目迁移。也有学者改进人工选点的问题,通过小范围典型点集测试,通过阈值筛选找到初始种子点。但这些方法都不能充分学习点云上下文信息,对噪声点鲁棒性不足,未来该方法研究应该与结合KNN算法,增强局部点云特征提取,增强算法健壮性并减少噪声点的影响。
无监督聚类中基于投影和体素的间接分割方法,解决了点云非均质性和非结构化问题。然而,基于投影和多视图的方法易造成空间信息丢失、离散化错误和推断模糊等问题,并且在处理复杂场景时,模型的时间成本和内存消耗普遍较高[33-34]。基于体素的方法对网格的分辨率敏感,当分辨率增加时计算负担呈立方增长,在处理大规模场景时,体素的量化损失问题也会更加严重[36-37]。直接分割方法存在网络设计复杂度高、内存消耗大和细节信息学习不充分的问题。文献[38,41]为了提升分割效率,采用共享多层感知机(multilayer perceptron,MLP)设置点云密度自适应卷积,改善了点云排列不变性。然而,这些方法存在不能充分学习点云上下文信息的局限性,并且对噪声的鲁棒性明显不足。后来的方法未解决传统采样导致信息丢失问题[42-44],不断增加网络层次和深度感受野,虽然提高了分割精度,但也造成了内存和时间消耗大,网络扩展受限的新问题。未来的研究可以特征学习采样和稀疏卷积结合,优化分割效率,充分利用稀疏区域的信息提升网络的泛化能力。
单一依靠激光点云数据的强度特征需要通过数据校正、建立激光强度和目标反射率的对应关系,实现特定波段下不同岩性的分类。在未来,激光数据需要针对在复杂三维场景中,激光反射强度易受多种因素影响的问题继续进行更多研究;同时现在主流商业激光扫描仪仍是单波段工作,在实际地质工作应用中会遗漏很多有效信息,多波段激光技术融合也将会是激光行业的下一步研究方向之一。多光谱LiDAR数据融合特征分割方法,在适当的情况下,可让两类特征实现互补,提高整体岩性分割精度,减少错判,漏判的情况。点云数据相对于传统摄影图像数据提供的特有的三维几何特征具有很强的应用能力,大大提升岩性识别的精确性和后续地质建模的质量,提高了工作效率和经济效益。许文涛等[62]针对广域范围不同尺度地物信息智能化提取问题,提出了结合GPS卫星导航系统、无人机摄影测量、地面数字近景摄影测量以及实时动态测量技术(real time kinematic,RTK)移动端测量为一体的数字摄影测量系统。将激光技术与传统被动摄影测量系统融合也是未来继续发挥激光扫描技术优势,满足实际地质工作需求的研究方向。
三维数据相对于传统的二维图像包含更多的空间信息和特定波段辐射信息。随着激光扫描技术的发展,三维数据获取的成本逐渐降低,更加有利于三维激光扫描技术在岩性语义分割研究领域的推广。然而,三维激光点云数据本身具有数据量大、无序性以及缺乏拓扑关系等特点。此外,在地质场景中进行激光扫描时,岩体受含水量、浮土覆盖以及风化程度等因素影响,会导致获取到的三维数据出现失真。因此,探究基于激光三维点云数据,设计分割效果更好的点云岩性语义分割算法,减少扫描引入的误差,提升点云语义分割的正确率,很有研究意义。得出如下结论。
(1)阐述岩体三维点云数据的获取方式的基本原理、系统分类、技术特点,分析比较激光三维扫描技术获取点云数据具有不易受光照条件影响、几何精度高、搭载多平台可适应地质勘探领域多尺度范围区域岩体勘探研究的需求。
(2)介绍激光点云岩性分割基本原理、强度矫正方法、三维点云分割和不连续面提取的各种方法,通过强度矫正方法处理原始点云数据,减少外部因素对激光强度值的影响,提高岩性语义分割网络的分割精确度。分析比较仅基于激光点云几何特征和强度特征进行语义分割的方法,发现这些方法存在对激光扫描点云特征利用不足、正确率较低的问题。在此基础上,探究基于融合特征的岩性语义分割方法的研究思路。并指出未来激光三维扫描技术应向全天候、多波段、多尺度、多源数据融合的方向进行研究。
  • 湖北省教委科研基金(2023269)
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2025年第25卷第4期
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2401864
  • 接收时间:2024-03-15
  • 首发时间:2025-07-29
  • 出版时间:2025-02-28
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  • 收稿日期:2024-03-15
  • 修回日期:2024-11-21
基金
湖北省教委科研基金(2023269)
作者信息
    1 长江大学非常规油气地质与工程湖北省工程研究中心, 武汉 430100
    2 中国石油勘探开发研究院, 北京 100000

通讯作者:

*刘浪(1999—),男,汉族,湖北武汉人,硕士研究生。研究方向:三维点云岩性识别。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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