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Laser 3D scanning technology rapidly acquires point cloud data of target surfaces, including spatial point coordinates that describe the geometric features of the target and laser reflectance intensity that characterizes the material’s reflectivity. The application of automatic semantic segmentation techniques for 3D point clouds in geological exploration research lays the foundation for depicting regional geological features. To demonstrate the recent advancements of 3D laser scanning technology in large-scale semantic segmentation within geological scenarios, firstly, photogrammetry and LiDAR as two methods for acquiring 3D point clouds were compared, highlighting the advantages of LiDAR in terms of accuracy, versatility, and insensitivity to lighting conditions. By elucidating the principles of lithological semantic segmentation, a comprehensive review and summary of recent methods based on geometric or intensity features were provided. Common large-scale point cloud datasets and evaluation metrics were introduced, and the segmentation performance of different algorithms was compared. Finally, the limitations of existing methods were summarized, and future research directions for lithological semantic segmentation tasks were outlined.
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激光三维扫描技术可快速获取扫描目标表面的点云数据,包括用于描述目标几何特征的空间点坐标和刻画目标材质反射率信息的激光反射强度。将激光三维点云的自动语义分割技术应用于地质勘探研究中,能为区域地质特征描绘奠定基础。为了展示激光三维扫描技术在地质场景大规模语义分割领域的最新进展,首先对摄影测量和激光雷达两种三维点云获取方式进行了比较,得到激光雷达在精度、泛用性、不易受光照条件影响等方面具有优势。通过阐述岩性语义分割的原理,将近年来基于几何特征或强度特征的岩性点云分割方法进行了全面的归纳和总结;介绍了常用大规模点云数据集和评价指标,并比较不同算法分割性能;最后总结了现有方法的局限性,并指出岩性语义分割任务未来研究方向进行展望。
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1 长江大学非常规油气地质与工程湖北省工程研究中心, 武汉 430100, bio={"content":"
邵燕林(1979—),男,汉族,湖北黄冈人,博士,副教授,硕士研究生导师。研究方向:数字露头、储层三维表征。E-mail:500171@yangtzeu.edu.cn。
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邵燕林(1979—),男,汉族,湖北黄冈人,博士,副教授,硕士研究生导师。研究方向:数字露头、储层三维表征。E-mail:500171@yangtzeu.edu.cn。
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1 Hubei Engineering Research Center of Unconventional Petroleum Geology and Engineering, Yangtze University, Wuhan 430100, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1225944413013192717, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156949364015977033, companyId=1225944413000609802, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=
1 长江大学非常规油气地质与工程湖北省工程研究中心, 武汉 430100)]), AuthorCompany(id=1225944413113856020, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156949364015977033, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1225944413122244628, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156949364015977033, companyId=1225944413113856020, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=
2 Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration & Development, Beijing 100000, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1225944413130633238, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156949364015977033, companyId=1225944413113856020, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=
2 中国石油勘探开发研究院, 北京 100000)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1225944422085472776, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156949364015977033, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=
Point cloud data acquisition method, figureFileSmall=Ex1clFn+2LJ/cP4lV9e8Cw==, figureFileBig=GcIzbupEjx8LoOwzEYtrcQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225944422274216478, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156949364015977033, language=CN, label=图1, caption=
点云数据获取方法, figureFileSmall=Ex1clFn+2LJ/cP4lV9e8Cw==, figureFileBig=GcIzbupEjx8LoOwzEYtrcQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225944422433600042, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156949364015977033, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=
Spectral data from NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory[24], figureFileSmall=AxkDZWGXlhRsthHCNbtRiA==, figureFileBig=GY4k+Dk5dlFUoyd+Hlc6hA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225944422538457660, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156949364015977033, language=CN, label=图2, caption=
NASA喷气推进实验室的光谱数据[24], figureFileSmall=AxkDZWGXlhRsthHCNbtRiA==, figureFileBig=GY4k+Dk5dlFUoyd+Hlc6hA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225944422668481096, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156949364015977033, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=
3D point cloud characteristic diagram, figureFileSmall=jUHUHBewEyhdV9uEI0VaSg==, figureFileBig=nLXBFTWriVcC2+4hZ8GVVg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225944422798504530, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156949364015977033, language=CN, label=图3, caption=
三维点云特性图, figureFileSmall=jUHUHBewEyhdV9uEI0VaSg==, figureFileBig=nLXBFTWriVcC2+4hZ8GVVg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225944422932722272, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156949364015977033, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=
Sketch of edges (curves) and marks (boxes), figureFileSmall=RJU87AWtUnW/PJXnn1QQ9Q==, figureFileBig=fq4GCtzyXHjsj8urI/rqGg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225944423066940017, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156949364015977033, language=CN, label=图4, caption=
边缘(曲线)和痕迹(方框)示意图, figureFileSmall=RJU87AWtUnW/PJXnn1QQ9Q==, figureFileBig=fq4GCtzyXHjsj8urI/rqGg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225944423171797632, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156949364015977033, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=
Point normals define the graph, figureFileSmall=Fb0VObeKqloqWRdV1frfTw==, figureFileBig=ehcdO8iJJYBvPbAPof45aw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225944423310209685, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156949364015977033, language=CN, label=图5, caption=
边界识别处理流程图, figureFileSmall=Fb0VObeKqloqWRdV1frfTw==, figureFileBig=ehcdO8iJJYBvPbAPof45aw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225944423469593254, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156949364015977033, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=
Point normals define the graph[30], figureFileSmall=wRGmkc8Nc1OxH9igXWeglg==, figureFileBig=4B8nwD1WFcSVbBk17AWzZg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225944424874685106, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156949364015977033, language=CN, label=图6, caption=
点法线定义图[30], figureFileSmall=wRGmkc8Nc1OxH9igXWeglg==, figureFileBig=4B8nwD1WFcSVbBk17AWzZg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225944425017291457, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156949364015977033, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=
Network structure of MFFNet[35], figureFileSmall=tj607QjIOII0rQbQrgPn5Q==, figureFileBig=Sj+uFTtFblNOYvEX+h4V8w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225944425164092122, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156949364015977033, language=CN, label=图7, caption=
MFFNet网络结构[35], figureFileSmall=tj607QjIOII0rQbQrgPn5Q==, figureFileBig=Sj+uFTtFblNOYvEX+h4V8w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225944425407361787, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156949364015977033, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=
Examples of commonly used datasets for large-scale point cloud semantic segmentation[45-48], figureFileSmall=ylxcccdBY5yvcPSKZhO4yA==, figureFileBig=oF9d7bOEoakFRFiJQA3/bg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225944425549968144, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156949364015977033, language=CN, label=图8, caption=
大规模点云语义分割常用的数据集示例[45-48], figureFileSmall=ylxcccdBY5yvcPSKZhO4yA==, figureFileBig=oF9d7bOEoakFRFiJQA3/bg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225944425763877674, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156949364015977033, language=EN, label=Fig.9, caption=
Single-band laser point cloud lithology semantic segmentation results[52], figureFileSmall=HUSprSIFobT8JbJpvU2zsw==, figureFileBig=OAmBk/l0Fq15IfcvmAmAzQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225944425902289722, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156949364015977033, language=CN, label=图9, caption=
单波段激光点云岩性语义分割结果[52], figureFileSmall=HUSprSIFobT8JbJpvU2zsw==, figureFileBig=OAmBk/l0Fq15IfcvmAmAzQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225944426015535946, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156949364015977033, language=EN, label=Fig.10, caption=
Automatic identification of structural surfaces of DSM models[62], figureFileSmall=SIkFiiluNcYcuDLCTLUS7A==, figureFileBig=fonl3AuWgwD0qeclimmVSQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225944426124587866, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156949364015977033, language=CN, label=图10, caption=
DSM模型结构面自动化识别[62], figureFileSmall=SIkFiiluNcYcuDLCTLUS7A==, figureFileBig=fonl3AuWgwD0qeclimmVSQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225944426262999912, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156949364015977033, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=
Summary of characteristics of point cloud data acquisition methods
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 方法 | 分辨率 | 优点 | 缺点 |
| 摄影测量 | 包含稀疏到密集的点云,取决于相机参数 | 数据获取经济成本低,可扩展性 | 受光照条件影响,相机标定,GCP准确性 |
| ALS | 低分辨率 | 精度高,大范围,不易受天气影响 | 价格昂贵,镜像反射 |
| MLS | 高分辨率 | 精度高,采集效率高 | 价格昂贵,数据解译难 |
| TLS | 高分辨率 | 精度高,技术成熟 | 价格昂贵,扫描时间长 |
| ULS | 高分辨率 | 精度高,可用于危险场景数据采集 | 价格昂贵,数据解译难 |
), ArticleFig(id=1225944426413994878, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156949364015977033, language=CN, label=表1, caption=
点云数据获取方式特点总结
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| 方法 | 分辨率 | 优点 | 缺点 |
| 摄影测量 | 包含稀疏到密集的点云,取决于相机参数 | 数据获取经济成本低,可扩展性 | 受光照条件影响,相机标定,GCP准确性 |
| ALS | 低分辨率 | 精度高,大范围,不易受天气影响 | 价格昂贵,镜像反射 |
| MLS | 高分辨率 | 精度高,采集效率高 | 价格昂贵,数据解译难 |
| TLS | 高分辨率 | 精度高,技术成熟 | 价格昂贵,扫描时间长 |
| ULS | 高分辨率 | 精度高,可用于危险场景数据采集 | 价格昂贵,数据解译难 |
), ArticleFig(id=1225944426560795534, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156949364015977033, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=
Accuracy evaluation results of unsupervised clustering point cloud segmentation method[34-39,41,44]
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| 分割方法 | S3DIS | Semantic3D | ScanNet(v2) | Sem. KITTI (mIoU) |
Area5 (OA) | Area5 (mIoU) | 6-fold (OA) | 6-fold (mIoU) | Sem. (OA) | Sem. (mIoU) | red. (OA) | red. (mIoU) | OA | mIoU |
| 基于投影 | SqueezeSegV3[34] | 82.5 | 52.8 | — | — | — | — | — | — | 80.1 | 40.9 | 40.9 |
| MFFNet[35] | — | 58.1 | — | — | — | 68.6 | — | — | — | 48.0 | 68.6 |
| 基于体素 | SEGCloud[36] | — | 48.9 | — | — | — | — | 88.1 | 61.3 | — | — | — |
| VV-Net[37] | — | — | 87.8 | 78.2 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 基于点 | PointNet[38] | — | 41.1 | 78.6 | 47.6 | — | — | — | — | — | — | 14.6 |
| PointNet++[39] | — | — | 81.0 | 54.5 | 85.7 | 63.1 | — | — | 84.5 | 33.9 | 20.1 |
| PointSIFT[41] | — | — | 88.7 | 70.2 | — | — | — | — | 86.2 | 41.5 | — |
| DAC-SNet[44] | 75.1 | 69.1 | — | — | — | — | — | — | 80.6 | 72.5 | — |
), ArticleFig(id=1225944426791482274, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156949364015977033, language=CN, label=表2, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 分割方法 | S3DIS | Semantic3D | ScanNet(v2) | Sem. KITTI (mIoU) |
Area5 (OA) | Area5 (mIoU) | 6-fold (OA) | 6-fold (mIoU) | Sem. (OA) | Sem. (mIoU) | red. (OA) | red. (mIoU) | OA | mIoU |
| 基于投影 | SqueezeSegV3[34] | 82.5 | 52.8 | — | — | — | — | — | — | 80.1 | 40.9 | 40.9 |
| MFFNet[35] | — | 58.1 | — | — | — | 68.6 | — | — | — | 48.0 | 68.6 |
| 基于体素 | SEGCloud[36] | — | 48.9 | — | — | — | — | 88.1 | 61.3 | — | — | — |
| VV-Net[37] | — | — | 87.8 | 78.2 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 基于点 | PointNet[38] | — | 41.1 | 78.6 | 47.6 | — | — | — | — | — | — | 14.6 |
| PointNet++[39] | — | — | 81.0 | 54.5 | 85.7 | 63.1 | — | — | 84.5 | 33.9 | 20.1 |
| PointSIFT[41] | — | — | 88.7 | 70.2 | — | — | — | — | 86.2 | 41.5 | — |
| DAC-SNet[44] | 75.1 | 69.1 | — | — | — | — | — | — | 80.6 | 72.5 | — |
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