Article(id=1156949363399417946, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1156949362480861758, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2402207, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1711555200000, receivedDateStr=2024-03-28, revisedDate=1732464000000, revisedDateStr=2024-11-25, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1753767823313, onlineDateStr=2025-07-29, pubDate=1738944000000, pubDateStr=2025-02-08, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753767823313, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-29, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753767823313, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753767823313, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1156949362480861758, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='4', pageStart='1312', pageEnd='1751', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1753767823094, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1755171161273, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1162835389472424814, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1156949362480861758, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1162835389472424815, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1156949362480861758, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1467, endPage=1474, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1156949363953066076, articleId=1156949363399417946, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=Effect of Fan-shaped Nozzle Structure Optimization on Jet Impact Force Based on Response Surface Analysis, columnId=1156262732765717457, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Papers·Mechanical and Instrumental Industry, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Fan nozzle is an important part of high pressure water descaling system, and its internal structure parameters directly affect the performance of jet. The nozzle flow field was analyzed by using fluid simulation software FLUENT, and the nozzle exit diameter, cone section contraction angle and exit contraction angle were selected as reference factors. The jet impact force was used as evaluation index, and the nozzle structure parameters were optimized by response surface method. The results show that the velocity distribution of the internal flow field is affected by the single factor of the diameter of the outlet section and the conical contraction angle, but the flow rate of the nozzle is little affected. The pressure drop of nozzle is affected by the change of the diameter of outlet section and the contraction angle of nozzle outlet, and the influence of the contraction angle of nozzle conical section on the pressure drop is negligible. When the diameter of the outlet section is 3.15 mm, the taper shrinking angle is 26.17°, and the outlet shrinking angle is 40.93°, it is found that the nozzle striking force is increased from the original 94.91 N to the optimized 143 N by establishing the outflow field and applying the gas-liquid two-phase flow model simulation calculation. The research results provide theoretical guidance for optimizing nozzle structure to enhance jet impact force.

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Wen-guang LIU, Xin-jian ZHOU, Qi-cai LI, Wei GAO, Hao YANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1156949457821589526, articleId=1156949363399417946, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=CN, title=基于响应面分析的扇形喷嘴结构优化对射流打击力影响, columnId=1156262732954461139, journalTitle=科学技术与工程, columnName=论文·机械、仪表工业, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=扇形喷嘴是高压水除鳞系统的重要部件,其内部结构参数直接影响射流性能。利用流体仿真软件FLUENT对喷嘴流场进行分析,选取喷嘴出口段直径,锥形段收缩角,出口收缩角为参考因素,以射流打击力为评价指标,采用响应面方法优化喷嘴结构参数。结果表明:单因素出口段直径与锥形收缩角的改变会影响内流场速度分布,对喷嘴流量影响较小;出口段直径与喷嘴出口收缩角的变化影响着喷嘴静压降,喷嘴锥形段收缩角对压降的影响可以忽略。当出口段直径为3.15 mm、锥形收缩角为26.17°、出口收缩角为40.93°时,通过建立外流场,运用气液两相流模型仿真计算,发现喷嘴打击力由原始的94.91 N提升至143 N。研究成果为优化喷嘴结构以提升射流打击力提供理论指导。, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=JoBG4KlG9lKbIKr/8tX9Gg==, magXml=JVn32M9WD72I1JVfvUXRfA==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=uZLXTIRMm76PmO0CP6oRkQ==, pdfFileSize=7556057, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=uejJCEX+ODKRnf7TbpmvBg==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=CCemX3jXxNb5j2OHNq3jhg==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

刘文广(1977—),男,汉族,河北尚义人,博士,副教授。研究方向:专用机械。E-mail:

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刘文广(1977—),男,汉族,河北尚义人,博士,副教授。研究方向:专用机械。E-mail:

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刘文广(1977—),男,汉族,河北尚义人,博士,副教授。研究方向:专用机械。E-mail:

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caption=喷嘴X轴心处流场速度, figureFileSmall=ch59nN3Tp2SqXgYaFkoeLA==, figureFileBig=drxKrSlesPzJ1GpS1hwKwQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225944433800167615, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156949363399417946, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Effect of outlet contraction Angle on mass flow, figureFileSmall=rxxGoTfah2jY/1mVB1EZmw==, figureFileBig=unDLvUtigF96VefvzpryBg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225944433963745479, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156949363399417946, language=CN, label=图8, caption=出口收缩角对质量流量影响, figureFileSmall=rxxGoTfah2jY/1mVB1EZmw==, figureFileBig=unDLvUtigF96VefvzpryBg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225944434194432208, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156949363399417946, language=EN, label=Fig.9, caption=Parameter sensitivity to mass flow, figureFileSmall=35UlC3JlAX28fNs0GAgxYA==, figureFileBig=pCnl/dRSRXHBqUiYb2PS2w==, 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language=EN, label=Fig.11, caption=P1 and P3 respond to the mass flow rate, figureFileSmall=YYiHCJOq43jnP7B2S/t8JA==, figureFileBig=dIp6WOPgXQfrk/nCCup34A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225944434945212673, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156949363399417946, language=CN, label=图11, caption=P1P3对质量流量响应

P1为出口段直径,P3为出口段圆锥高度,P6为质量流量

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P7为喷嘴压降

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Parameters constraint

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
输入参数 参数上限 参数下限
出口段直径/mm 3.85 3.15
锥形段圆锥高/mm 15.8 11.0
出口段圆锥高/mm 8.45 6.72
出口收缩角/(°) 60 40
锥形收缩角/(°) 40 20
), ArticleFig(id=1225944436182532433, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156949363399417946, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

参数约束

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
输入参数 参数上限 参数下限
出口段直径/mm 3.85 3.15
锥形段圆锥高/mm 15.8 11.0
出口段圆锥高/mm 8.45 6.72
出口收缩角/(°) 60 40
锥形收缩角/(°) 40 20
), ArticleFig(id=1225944436295778647, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156949363399417946, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Parameters design

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
出口直径/mm 锥形圆锥高/mm 出口圆锥高/mm 锥形收缩角/(°) 出口收缩角/(°) 质量流量/(kg·s-1) 压降/Pa
3.50 13.40 7.58 29.28 49.54 1.30 21 862 100
3.15 13.40 7.58 26.46 45.11 1.60 21 791 300
3.85 13.40 7.58 32.06 53.82 0.94 21 928 500
3.50 11.00 7.58 35.30 49.54 1.30 21 862 100
3.50 15.80 7.58 24.98 49.54 1.30 21 862 100
3.50 13.40 6.72 29.28 55.02 0.90 21 934 200
3.50 13.40 8.45 29.28 45.00 1.68 21 769 700
3.22 11.45 6.88 31.38 50.09 1.26 21 871 000
3.78 11.45 6.88 36.58 57.62 0.67 21 963 400
3.22 15.35 6.88 23.66 50.09 1.26 21 870 900
3.78 15.35 6.88 27.70 57.62 0.67 21 963 400
3.22 11.45 8.29 31.38 42.41 1.82 21 729 400
3.78 11.45 8.29 36.58 49.08 1.35 21 852 100
3.22 15.35 8.29 23.66 42.41 1.82 21 729 300
3.78 15.35 8.29 27.70 49.08 1.35 21 852 200
), ArticleFig(id=1225944436421607775, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156949363399417946, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

参数设计

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
出口直径/mm 锥形圆锥高/mm 出口圆锥高/mm 锥形收缩角/(°) 出口收缩角/(°) 质量流量/(kg·s-1) 压降/Pa
3.50 13.40 7.58 29.28 49.54 1.30 21 862 100
3.15 13.40 7.58 26.46 45.11 1.60 21 791 300
3.85 13.40 7.58 32.06 53.82 0.94 21 928 500
3.50 11.00 7.58 35.30 49.54 1.30 21 862 100
3.50 15.80 7.58 24.98 49.54 1.30 21 862 100
3.50 13.40 6.72 29.28 55.02 0.90 21 934 200
3.50 13.40 8.45 29.28 45.00 1.68 21 769 700
3.22 11.45 6.88 31.38 50.09 1.26 21 871 000
3.78 11.45 6.88 36.58 57.62 0.67 21 963 400
3.22 15.35 6.88 23.66 50.09 1.26 21 870 900
3.78 15.35 6.88 27.70 57.62 0.67 21 963 400
3.22 11.45 8.29 31.38 42.41 1.82 21 729 400
3.78 11.45 8.29 36.58 49.08 1.35 21 852 100
3.22 15.35 8.29 23.66 42.41 1.82 21 729 300
3.78 15.35 8.29 27.70 49.08 1.35 21 852 200
), ArticleFig(id=1225944436564214118, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156949363399417946, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Optimal parameters

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
出口直径/
mm
锥形圆锥
高/mm
出口圆锥
高/mm
锥形收缩
角/(°)
出口收缩
角/(°)
3.15 13.56 8.45 26.17 40.93
), ArticleFig(id=1225944436694237548, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156949363399417946, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

最优参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
出口直径/
mm
锥形圆锥
高/mm
出口圆锥
高/mm
锥形收缩
角/(°)
出口收缩
角/(°)
3.15 13.56 8.45 26.17 40.93
), ArticleFig(id=1225944436824260981, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156949363399417946, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Error

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标 预测值 仿真值 误差/%
质量流量/(kg·s-1) 1.937 1 1.92 -0.6
压降/Pa 21 694 608 21 700 300 0.2
), ArticleFig(id=1225944438216769915, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156949363399417946, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

误差

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标 预测值 仿真值 误差/%
质量流量/(kg·s-1) 1.937 1 1.92 -0.6
压降/Pa 21 694 608 21 700 300 0.2
), ArticleFig(id=1225944438321627519, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156949363399417946, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Numerical verification

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标 理论值 仿真值 误差/%
射流速度/(m·s-1) 206.7 209.0 1.1
优化前打击力/N 89.86 94.91 5.32
优化后打击力/N 132 143 7.7
), ArticleFig(id=1225944438418096519, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156949363399417946, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

数值验证

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标 理论值 仿真值 误差/%
射流速度/(m·s-1) 206.7 209.0 1.1
优化前打击力/N 89.86 94.91 5.32
优化后打击力/N 132 143 7.7
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基于响应面分析的扇形喷嘴结构优化对射流打击力影响
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刘文广 1 , 周新健 1 , 李启才 2 , 高伟 2 , 阳浩 1
科学技术与工程 | 论文·机械、仪表工业 2025,25(4): 1467-1474
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科学技术与工程 | 论文·机械、仪表工业 2025, 25(4): 1467-1474
基于响应面分析的扇形喷嘴结构优化对射流打击力影响
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刘文广1 , 周新健1, 李启才2, 高伟2, 阳浩1
作者信息
  • 1 内蒙古科技大学机械工程学院, 包头 014010
  • 2 艾弗茨(天津)冶金设备有限公司, 天津 301701
  • 刘文广(1977—),男,汉族,河北尚义人,博士,副教授。研究方向:专用机械。E-mail:

Effect of Fan-shaped Nozzle Structure Optimization on Jet Impact Force Based on Response Surface Analysis
Wen-guang LIU1 , Xin-jian ZHOU1, Qi-cai LI2, Wei GAO2, Hao YANG1
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Mechanical Engineering, Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology, Baotou 014010, China
  • 2 Aifuci (Tianjin) Metallurgical Equipment Co., Ltd., Tianjin 301701, China
出版时间: 2025-02-08 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2402207
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扇形喷嘴是高压水除鳞系统的重要部件,其内部结构参数直接影响射流性能。利用流体仿真软件FLUENT对喷嘴流场进行分析,选取喷嘴出口段直径,锥形段收缩角,出口收缩角为参考因素,以射流打击力为评价指标,采用响应面方法优化喷嘴结构参数。结果表明:单因素出口段直径与锥形收缩角的改变会影响内流场速度分布,对喷嘴流量影响较小;出口段直径与喷嘴出口收缩角的变化影响着喷嘴静压降,喷嘴锥形段收缩角对压降的影响可以忽略。当出口段直径为3.15 mm、锥形收缩角为26.17°、出口收缩角为40.93°时,通过建立外流场,运用气液两相流模型仿真计算,发现喷嘴打击力由原始的94.91 N提升至143 N。研究成果为优化喷嘴结构以提升射流打击力提供理论指导。
响应面优化  /  扇形喷嘴  /  高压水除鳞  /  中心复合试验

Fan nozzle is an important part of high pressure water descaling system, and its internal structure parameters directly affect the performance of jet. The nozzle flow field was analyzed by using fluid simulation software FLUENT, and the nozzle exit diameter, cone section contraction angle and exit contraction angle were selected as reference factors. The jet impact force was used as evaluation index, and the nozzle structure parameters were optimized by response surface method. The results show that the velocity distribution of the internal flow field is affected by the single factor of the diameter of the outlet section and the conical contraction angle, but the flow rate of the nozzle is little affected. The pressure drop of nozzle is affected by the change of the diameter of outlet section and the contraction angle of nozzle outlet, and the influence of the contraction angle of nozzle conical section on the pressure drop is negligible. When the diameter of the outlet section is 3.15 mm, the taper shrinking angle is 26.17°, and the outlet shrinking angle is 40.93°, it is found that the nozzle striking force is increased from the original 94.91 N to the optimized 143 N by establishing the outflow field and applying the gas-liquid two-phase flow model simulation calculation. The research results provide theoretical guidance for optimizing nozzle structure to enhance jet impact force.

response surface optimization  /  fan nozzle  /  high pressure water descaling  /  central compound test
刘文广, 周新健, 李启才, 高伟, 阳浩. 基于响应面分析的扇形喷嘴结构优化对射流打击力影响. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (4) : 1467 -1474 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2402207
Wen-guang LIU, Xin-jian ZHOU, Qi-cai LI, Wei GAO, Hao YANG. Effect of Fan-shaped Nozzle Structure Optimization on Jet Impact Force Based on Response Surface Analysis[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (4) : 1467 -1474 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2402207
热轧生产工艺流程中,板坯出炉后表面会形成一层氧化铁皮[1]。高压水除鳞装置是热轧生产线重要设备,布置在轧机的前后侧,通过上、下集管喷嘴的水流打击力,实现带钢表面氧化铁皮的清除,从而改善带钢表面光洁度[2]。利用高压水经过除鳞喷嘴产生强大冲击力和水流将氧化铁皮冲击掉是目前最常用的除鳞方法。
扇形喷嘴广泛运用于高压水除鳞系统,是产生射流的执行部件。中外学者根据喷嘴结构参数对射流性能影响进行了研究。对内流场研究有不同喷嘴腔体形状[3]、出口收缩角及切槽类型对评价指标影响[4]。文献[5-6]通过极差分析和方差分析验证了喷嘴结构参数对射流性能影响敏感性。王博等[7]研究不同喷嘴收缩角对自身的冲蚀情况,发现收缩角增大,冲蚀集中区域后移。胡坤等[8]对圆柱形喷嘴进行研究,采用响应面方法优化了喷嘴结构。于兰英等[9]对不同出口直径的扇形喷嘴在不同压力下的打击力、动压进行了比较。Huang等[10]研究了喷嘴壁面的气体生成速率和轴向速度分布,确定了扩压器的最佳尺寸。Wang等[11]分析了喷嘴结构参数与喷嘴内部流场轴向静压和速度的关系。沈正昊等[12]研究了喷嘴的切槽角、切深、接口形状以及喷射压力参数对喷嘴的雾场分布及其均匀性的影响。目前对高压水除鳞喷嘴结构参数的研究大多集中于外流场或内流场单个流场的分析,多个参数共同作用下对喷嘴流场的影响研究较少。
鉴于此,建立扇形喷嘴三维模型,运用FLUENT单相流模型对喷嘴内流场进行分析,得到其物理量分布情况。结合参数化设计分析喷嘴内部结构参数对内流场速度分布及喷嘴流量的影响。设定喷嘴原始尺寸变动范围,利用中心复合试验设计方法设计参数表,根据响应面分析得到喷嘴结构参数的最优组合。建立外流场,通过流体容积法(volume of fluid,VOF) 对喷嘴外流场进行仿真。对比结构参数优化前后喷嘴射流打击力大小,得到多个参数交互作用下对射流性能的影响,为喷嘴结构优化提供理论指导。
轴向扇形喷嘴其出口截面为椭圆状,椭圆喷孔一般由一定角度的“楔”与球形喷孔垂直相贯而成[13]。“楔”常分V形和U形两类。图1为某型号出口切槽为U形的扇形喷嘴结构,图2为对应喷嘴实物。由结构示意图(图1)可知,高压水流进入圆柱形入口段,在锥形收缩段处水流直径逐渐减小后到达出口段,经出口收缩段再次收缩作用最终抵达喷嘴切槽,在其形成的椭圆形出口集束后形成扇形扁平射流束。喷嘴内部结构参数的改变会影响内流场流动行为及射流性能,如图3所示,L1为出口段锥孔延长线高度,L2为锥形收缩段延长线锥孔高度,选取出口收缩角θ=50°,出口段直径d=7 mm,锥形收缩角α=30°作为原始喷嘴尺寸。
除鳞效果的好坏与射流打击力密切相关,是衡量喷嘴射流性能的重要指标,喷嘴射流打击力理论值F的计算公式为
F=$\frac{{F}_{s}}{S}$=$\frac{0.055Q\sqrt{p}cos\beta }{{H}^{2}tan\frac{\varphi }{2}tan\frac{\tau }{2}}$
Fs=k1k2k3W=k1k2k3$\frac{Qv}{60}$
式中:F为射流作用于物体上的打击力,N/mm2;Fs为总打击力,N;W为喷嘴出口打击力,N;S为打击面积,mm2;Q为喷嘴的流量,L/min;p为喷嘴入口压力,kg/cm2;β为喷嘴轴线与喷射打击面法线方向夹角,(°);H为喷嘴喷口端面至打击力面的垂直距离,mm;ϕ为喷嘴的喷射角,(°);τ为射流厚度方向喷射角,(°);k1k2为射流流速与流量衰减系数,分别取0.7与0.75;k3为整流系数,取1.3;v为射流流速,m/s。
根据动量定理,可得到射流流速v
v=$\sqrt{\frac{2\Delta Pg}{{\rho }_{w}}}$
式(3)中:g为重力加速度,取9.8 m/s2;ρw为水流密度,取1 000 kg/m3P为喷嘴压降,kg/m2
在不考虑安装参数前提下,由式(1)、式(2)可知,射流打击力主要与喷嘴流量Q及喷嘴压降ΔP有关。为便于后续监测,将流量Q(单位:L/min)换算为质量流量q(单位:kg/s),在后续响应面分析中将喷嘴压降ΔP与质量流量q设置为监测指标。
(1)连续性方程。位置固定无穷小微团质量的变化率=流入无穷小微团质量-流出无穷小微团质量的变化率。
$\frac{\partial \rho }{\partial t}$+$\frac{\partial \left(\rho u\right)}{\partial x}$+$\frac{\partial \left(\rho v\right)}{\partial y}$+$\frac{\partial \left(\rho w\right)}{\partial z}$=0
式(4)中:ρ为流体密度;uvw分别为XYZ方向速度。
(2)动量方程。该方程实质是牛顿第二定律,可表述为:微元体中流体的动量对时间的变化率等于外界作用在该微元上的各种力之和。
$\frac{\partial \boldsymbol{V}}{\partial t}+(\boldsymbol{V} \cdot \nabla) \boldsymbol{V}=f-\frac{1}{\rho} \nabla p+\frac{\mu}{\rho} \nabla^{2} \boldsymbol{V}$
式(5)中:ρ为流体密度;V为速度矢量;p为压力;f为单位体积流体受的外力;$\nabla$为哈密尔顿算子;μ为动力黏度。
为对喷嘴内流场进行数值模拟,先抽取喷嘴模型流体域。该流场区域几何尺寸较小,且喷嘴出口不规则,物理量对网格数量不敏感,因此网格无关性在后续外流场分析中验证。划分网格时以四面体网格为主导,对喷嘴非进出口区域进行边界层网格建立。将第一层网格高度定为0.02 mm,图4为网格模型及边界命名,统计网格单元数量为69 755,网格平均质量0.64。求解过程中使用稳态、压力基求解器,喷嘴射流属于自由剪切流动,湍流模型采用Realizable k(湍动能)-ε(耗散率)模型,该模型能更好地模拟圆孔射流问题。材料模型添加液态水,并充满整个计算区域,将喷嘴入口处端面命名为压力入口边界,设定为22 MPa;出口设为压力出口边界,初始表压定为0 MPa,即一个标准大气压;其余边界类型均为无滑移光滑壁面。压力与速度的耦合采用SIMPLE算法,残差及松弛因子根据经验设置,迭代步数设定为1 000步。
对仿真云图进行可视化处理,在计算区域内创建二维平面切片,喷嘴内部XZ平面速度及压力场分布如图5所示。可以看出,来自除鳞系统管路中的水流进入喷嘴后,经过喷嘴圆锥收缩段后速度增加,从入口位置的16 m/s增加到40 m/s。在直径不变的出口段处速度波动较小,到达出口收缩段处水流速度提升最为明显,直至临界出口时水速到达约200 m/s。此时喷嘴进出口压降为2.18×107Pa,质量流量为1.26 kg/s,该过程完成了从管路中的低速流动水到外界高速水射流的转变。
为探究单因素对射流性能影响,对该因素进行参数化设计,该方法缩短了重复建模及网格划分等前处理时间,加快了数值仿真计算。选取出口收缩角θ=50°,锥形收缩角α=30°。出口段直径d依次选择3.0、3.2、3.8、4.0 mm,同原直径d=3.5 mm进行仿真计算,设定模型X轴为速度监测位置,提取其速度值,结果如图6所示。
出口段直径的改变会使出口段与锥形收缩段水流速度产生差异,对入口段与出口流速影响较小。对于原始出口段直径,随着出口段直径增加,锥形收缩段速度降低,速度趋势变得“平缓”;当直径减小时,锥形收缩段速度相应增加,速度曲线变得“陡峭”。在X=15~20 mm处,不同直径喷嘴内流场速度处于26.7~45.8 m/s。可知喷嘴内部水流速度数值分层次增长,速度改变点处于锥形收缩段与出口段结束部位。
锥形收缩段是连接喷嘴入口段与出口段的部位,改变锥形收缩角会影响水流在Y方向的速度变化。若喷嘴内部不包含锥形收缩段,入口段与出口段在径向处垂直相连,导致流动水直接冲击Y方向壁面,湍动能增大,减小了X方向速度分量,不利于内流场水流速度提升,进而影响射流性能。选取出口收缩角θ=50°,出口段直径d=3.5 mm。锥形收缩角α依次选择20°、25、35°、40°。与原始锥形收缩角α=30°进行分析,提取X轴上速度分布,结果如图7所示。
锥形收缩角的变化使得锥形收缩段流体速度产生差异。如图7所示,对于原始锥形收缩角,随着角度增加,锥形段水流速度增加;角度减少时,锥形段水流速度则降低。由上述两个仿真可知,对于单个变量出口直径、锥形收缩角的改变,虽未对出口流速,流量产生实质影响,但会显著影响内流场速度分布情况,使得内流场速度变化剧烈程度不同。
选取锥形收缩角α=30°,出口段直径d=3.5 mm。锥形收缩角θ选择40°、45、55°、60°,与原尺寸θ=50°进行仿真计算,提取压力出口处质量流量,结果如图8所示。
喷嘴出口收缩段与喷嘴出口段、锥形收缩段的不同之处在于该部位同外界环境相接触,内流场水流在此区域进入外界大气,所以该处水流速度变化最明显。改变出口收缩角的大小不会对内流场速度分布有较大影响,但会改变出流孔的等效面积,进而影响了质量流量。由图8可知,出口收缩角的减小显著提升了质量流量。出口收缩角每改变5°,质量流量变化33%,两者的线性关系明显。
响应面方法是数学方法与统计理论相结合的产物,通过一系列的多项式建立输入和输出之间的数学模型,确定最佳的工艺参数或条件。响应面法能够拟合出一个近似的包含所需变量的函数来描述响应值。由于响应面法仅输出描述关于变量和目标函数关系的函数,依靠目标函数本身的性质确定最优解,拟合出较高精度的响应关系,因此被广泛地应用于设计优化过程中[14]
喷嘴结构参数包括L1L2dαθ。参数间关联关系可表示为
α=2×$\frac{180}{\pi }$atan$\left(\frac{d}{{L}_{1}}\right)$
θ=2×$\frac{180}{\pi }$atan$\left(\frac{d}{{L}_{2}}\right)$
影响喷嘴打击性能的物理量包括喷嘴出口流量、 喷嘴压降,在此选取的目标变量及目标函数为:目标变量:喷嘴压降ΔP与质量流量q;目标函数:max(ΔP)及max(q)。参数约束如表1所示。
根据表1中参数上下限,采用中心复合试验方法,该方法适合多因素多水平的试验方案。形成的试验设计如表2所示。
由于各输入参数的改变对输出参数影响效果不同,需分析输入输出参数之间敏感性。图9为结构参数对质量流量灵敏度曲线。
图9可知,对喷嘴质量流量有影响的输入参数有:喷嘴出口直径、喷嘴出口段圆锥高度。喷嘴锥形段圆锥高度对质量流量影响较小。其中,喷嘴出口直径、喷嘴出口段圆锥高度与质量流量近似呈线性关系。
图10为结构参数对喷嘴压降灵敏度曲线。与质量流量灵敏度曲线类似,影响喷嘴压降的因素为喷嘴出口直径,喷嘴出口段圆锥高度。不同的是两参数与压降灵敏度所显现的线性关系斜率发生转变,而喷嘴锥形段圆锥高度对喷嘴静压降的影响较不明显。
由参数灵敏度曲线,得到锥形段圆锥高度变化对质量流量及压降影响不大。输出喷嘴出口直径、喷嘴出口段圆锥高度对目标变量三维响应面如图11图12所示。
根据表2中参数设计,利用响应面优化得到最优参数组合,对其进行圆整处理,如表3所示。
同时,响应面优化给出了此参数组合下输出参数预测值。为对预测值进行可靠性分析,将该优化点组合作为设计点导入至喷嘴结构参数中进行数值计算,得到预测值与仿真值之间误差,如表4所示。
利用响应面分析对参数设计(表3)中的离散点进行三维曲面预测并得到响应图,根据最大化原则得到喷嘴优化参数。可以看出,预测值与仿真值误差值在合理范围内,可用于后续外流场分析。
喷嘴内部结构参数优化后,需获取其外流场射流打击力。因此对喷嘴外部射流流场进行数值模拟,在原始喷嘴与优化喷嘴内流场外界衔接一个体积较大的矩形区域,与圆柱区域相比,矩形区域更加符合扁平射流形状。该区域初始由空气填满,以模拟外界大气。为减少数值计算时间,将整个计算区域进行对称处理,即沿着XZ平面将其剖分,保留Y正方向区域。划分网格后,经过网格无关性验证后,将网格数量确定为122 051,平均网格质量为0.78。网格边界命名如图13所示,令XZ平面上计算区域命名为对称面,喷嘴口面对的外流场区域最远端设定为壁面。其余边界类型与喷嘴内流场仿真时相同。在求解器中采用VOF两相流模型,主相设为空气,次相设为液态水,将喷嘴入口处水的体积分数定为1。初始化类型采用标准初始化,参考位置选择压力入口,并选择局部初始化,将喷嘴内外流场水体积分数设定为0。建立力矩监视器,目标面选择射流打击壁面。
对喷嘴进行外部射流场数值模拟,XZ平面处喷嘴外部射流流场的速度云图如图14所示。随着射流距离的增加,水在空气的阻碍下,流动速度减慢,逐渐形成一个扇形射流束。在射流束范围内存在一射流核心区,射流核心区内射流水的速度最大,对钢坯的冲击力最大,除鳞效果最为显著。
XY平面处喷嘴外部射流流场的速度云图如图15所示,可以看出,射流在Y方向上分布较为扁平,在径向距离上未发生波动。射流中心线含水量高,流体不受空气剪切作用,因而速度稳定。随着径向距离增加,水流带动空气流动,速度逐渐减缓。在云图右侧,射流撞击壁面,流速大幅度降低。经力矩监视器计算,原始喷嘴射流总打击力为94.91 N,优化后喷嘴总打击力为143 N。
在对喷嘴射流速度及打击力完成数值模拟后,通过理论计算公式验证。将ΔP=2.18×107 Pa=2.18×106 kg/m2代入式(3)得到理论射流速度v。其次计算射流打击力,将质量流量q(单位:kg/s)换算为流量Q(单位:L/min),连同射流速度v代入式(2)分别得到喷嘴优化前后的理论打击力。需注意的是,由于仿真打击面为实际区域面积的$\frac{1}{2}$,因此计算理论总打击力后采取其数值的$\frac{1}{2}$进行比对,表5为理论值与仿真值的对比。
利用响应面分析对扇形喷嘴结构参数进行优化,得出以下结论。
(1)将参数化设计与中心复合试验方法结合。缩短了喷嘴流场重复建模及网格划分等前处理时间,便于研究多个参数共同作用下流场特性。
(2)基于内流场的单因素分析,发现喷嘴结构参数中的出口段直径,锥形收缩角是影响内流场速度分布的主要因素,但对喷嘴流量影响较小。出口收缩角影响着喷嘴流量,对内流场速度分布影响不大。
(3) 基于中心复合试验设计方法,得到三因素两水平参数设计表,展现了不同因素对喷嘴的质量流量与压降的敏感程度。通过灵敏度曲线可知,喷嘴质量流量与静压降对出口段直径,出口收缩角较为敏感,且线性关系明显,但对锥形收缩角敏感性较低。
(4)利用响应面优化得到了喷嘴最佳结构参数,并根据理论打击力公式对其进行验证。得到出口段直径d为3.15 mm、锥形收缩角α为26.17°、出口收缩角θ为40.93°。建立外流场流体计算区域,测得射流打击力由原来的94.91 N提升至优化后的143 N。
  • 内蒙古自然科学基金(2020LH05025)
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2025年第25卷第4期
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2402207
  • 接收时间:2024-03-28
  • 首发时间:2025-07-29
  • 出版时间:2025-02-08
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  • 收稿日期:2024-03-28
  • 修回日期:2024-11-25
基金
内蒙古自然科学基金(2020LH05025)
作者信息
    1 内蒙古科技大学机械工程学院, 包头 014010
    2 艾弗茨(天津)冶金设备有限公司, 天津 301701
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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