Article(id=1156908309887406871, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1156908295593223005, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2401495, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1709568000000, receivedDateStr=2024-03-05, revisedDate=1728403200000, revisedDateStr=2024-10-09, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1753758035394, onlineDateStr=2025-07-29, pubDate=1736265600000, pubDateStr=2025-01-08, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753758035394, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-29, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753758035394, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753758035394, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1156908295593223005, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='438', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1753758031985, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1765425680602, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1205845960933049001, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1156908295593223005, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1205845960933049002, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1156908295593223005, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=119, endPage=127, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1156908311833563931, articleId=1156908309887406871, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=Evaluation of Water-richness of Weathered Bedrock Based on the WOA-SVM Discriminant Model: Take Zhangjiamao Coal Mine in Shenfu Coal Field as an Example, columnId=1156264152168518571, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Papers·Mining and Metallurgical Engineering, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to accurately predict the water richness of the weathered bedrock aquifer, 28 groups of weathered bedrock pumping test borehole data in Zhangjimao minefield were used as training and verification samples, and the lithology combination index, weathering index, thickness, core recovery rate and burial depth of the weathered bedrock were selected as evaluation indexes. Based on whale optimization algorithm-support vector machines (WOA-SVM), a water-rich identification model for weathering bedrock aquifers was proposed. This model can predict the water-rich grade of the weathered bedrock in the area without pumping test data, and realize water-rich zoning of the weathered bedrock in the well field by comprehensive use of the geological information of 249 exploration boreholes. The study shows that the weathered bedrock of Zhangjiamao minefield is weakly water-rich as a whole, and its spatial distribution is uneven. There are strong water-rich areas in the central part of the field and the local area along Wulanbula Gully, but their distribution range is small, there are some moderately water-rich areas in the central-western and southeastern parts, and the northeastern and southwestern areas are weakly and very weakly water-rich almost all the time. The results predicted are more in line with the actual situation, and the research results can provide a reference for the safe production of the mine and a new way of thinking for the prediction of the water-richness of the weathered bedrock.

, correspAuthors=Jia-mei WU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=En-ke HOU, Jia-mei WU, Fan YANG, Chi ZHANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1156908400924775069, articleId=1156908309887406871, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=CN, title=基于鲸鱼优化算法-支持向量机判别模型的风化基岩富水性评价: 以神府煤田张家峁煤矿为例, columnId=1156264152306930605, journalTitle=科学技术与工程, columnName=论文·矿冶工程, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为实现风化基岩含水层富水性的准确预测,以张家峁井田内的28组风化基岩抽水试验钻孔数据作为训练及验证样本,选取风化基岩的岩性组合指数、风化指数、厚度、岩芯采取率、埋深作为评价指标,提出基于鲸鱼优化算法-支持向量机(whale optimization algorithm-support vector machines,WOA-SVM)的风化基岩含水层富水性判别模型。该模型可对无抽水试验资料区域的风化基岩的富水性级别进行预测,综合利用井田内249组勘探钻孔的地质信息,实现井田的风化基岩富水性分区。研究表明,张家峁井田风化基岩整体富水性较弱,且空间分布不均;井田中部和乌兰不拉沟沿线的局部地区存在强富水性区域,但其分布范围较小,中西部和东南部有部分中等富水性区域,东北部及西南部区域几乎全为弱和极弱富水性。该方法预测的结果与实际较为吻合,研究成果可为矿井安全生产提供参考,也为风化基岩富水性预测提供了一种新思路。

, correspAuthors=吴家镁, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 吴家镁(1998—),男,汉族,陕西安康人,硕士研究生。研究方向:矿井水害防治。E-mail:
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侯恩科(1963—),男,汉族,陕西扶风人,博士,教授。研究方向:矿井水害防治。E-mail:

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侯恩科(1963—),男,汉族,陕西扶风人,博士,教授。研究方向:矿井水害防治。E-mail:

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侯恩科(1963—),男,汉族,陕西扶风人,博士,教授。研究方向:矿井水害防治。E-mail:

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A matching point cloud earthwork calculation method based on CSF-WOA-LSSVM[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2022, 22(30): 13194-13201., articleTitle=A matching point cloud earthwork calculation method based on CSF-WOA-LSSVM, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1205909275474457513, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908309887406871, awardId=42177174, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金(42177174), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1205909267350090591, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908309887406871, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1205909267358479199, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908309887406871, companyId=1205909267350090591, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1. 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Shenmu Zhangjiamao Mining Co., Ltd., Shaanxi Coal and Chemical Industry Group, Yulin 719316, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1205909267454948196, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908309887406871, companyId=1205909267442365282, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.陕煤集团神木张家峁矿业有限公司, 榆林 719316)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1205909272404226961, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908309887406871, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Water-richness histogram of typical weathered bedrock, figureFileSmall=lfiEcvZ4TQhxHMkbWNU0mQ==, figureFileBig=ZJ6GxOe3gwOcIIdhvOnJDw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1205909272483918738, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908309887406871, language=CN, label=图1, caption=典型风化基岩富水性柱状图, figureFileSmall=lfiEcvZ4TQhxHMkbWNU0mQ==, figureFileBig=ZJ6GxOe3gwOcIIdhvOnJDw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1205909272567804819, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908309887406871, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Statistical diagram of the percentage of each lithology in the weathered bedrock layer, figureFileSmall=Iz0/eHM6NzWAlzuN9fxFjQ==, figureFileBig=EVqwvhNFRkWeO7kxAe9xMg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1205909272697828244, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908309887406871, language=CN, label=图2, caption=风化基岩层各岩性占比统计图, figureFileSmall=Iz0/eHM6NzWAlzuN9fxFjQ==, figureFileBig=EVqwvhNFRkWeO7kxAe9xMg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1205909272764937109, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908309887406871, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Thickness contour map of weathered bedrock, figureFileSmall=V4jE6NsRuPI2+5Zjc6KUdg==, figureFileBig=TEPGAZliOpSG7GEMC68HHQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1205909272832045974, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908309887406871, language=CN, label=图3, caption=风化基岩厚度等值线图, figureFileSmall=V4jE6NsRuPI2+5Zjc6KUdg==, figureFileBig=TEPGAZliOpSG7GEMC68HHQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1205909272894960535, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908309887406871, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=WOA algorithm optimizes the SVM computation flow, figureFileSmall=MCMUqSELdmxglI4RG8iDKA==, figureFileBig=O0oHFf+smaoBHYn9CqPgXA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1205909272974652312, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908309887406871, language=CN, label=图4, caption=WOA算法优化SVM计算流程, figureFileSmall=MCMUqSELdmxglI4RG8iDKA==, figureFileBig=O0oHFf+smaoBHYn9CqPgXA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1205909273058538393, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908309887406871, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Adaptation-number of iterations relationship graph, figureFileSmall=ndaXpuHFa9KlnZY8n7WOCg==, figureFileBig=Zzqhwd6gdAjy1dMxkCGF5A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1205909273142424474, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908309887406871, language=CN, label=图5, caption=适应度-迭代次数关系图, figureFileSmall=ndaXpuHFa9KlnZY8n7WOCg==, figureFileBig=Zzqhwd6gdAjy1dMxkCGF5A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1205909273226310555, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908309887406871, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Water-richness zoning map of weathered bedrock, figureFileSmall=lNQ4I/AqZEjgREd3fBXPPQ==, figureFileBig=zz1G2ioNz8lDtwzysx+Weg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1205909274396521372, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908309887406871, language=CN, label=图6, caption=风化基岩富水性分区图, figureFileSmall=lNQ4I/AqZEjgREd3fBXPPQ==, figureFileBig=zz1G2ioNz8lDtwzysx+Weg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1205909274455241629, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908309887406871, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Quantification of lithology of weathered bedrock groups

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
岩石类型 量化值di
泥岩 1
砂质泥岩 2
粉砂岩 3
细粒砂岩 4
中粒砂岩 5
粗粒砂岩 6
), ArticleFig(id=1205909274526544798, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908309887406871, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

风化基岩组岩性量化表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
岩石类型 量化值di
泥岩 1
砂质泥岩 2
粉砂岩 3
细粒砂岩 4
中粒砂岩 5
粗粒砂岩 6
), ArticleFig(id=1205909274610430879, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908309887406871, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Comparison of bedrock characteristics with different degrees of weathering

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
风化级别 岩性描述 风化表现
弱风化 颜色为浅黄色、灰白色等,泥岩为浅黄色等、结构较为完整,略有破碎,少量的风化裂隙发育
中等
风化
颜色为灰黄色、灰绿色,泥岩为灰黄色等;局部破坏,常以团块状出现,较破碎、泥钙质胶结明显
强风化 颜色主要为灰黄色、结构严重破坏、松散疏松、易压碎、泥岩团块状遇水膨胀;岩芯破碎、裂隙发育
), ArticleFig(id=1205909274690122656, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908309887406871, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

不同风化程度基岩特征对比图

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
风化级别 岩性描述 风化表现
弱风化 颜色为浅黄色、灰白色等,泥岩为浅黄色等、结构较为完整,略有破碎,少量的风化裂隙发育
中等
风化
颜色为灰黄色、灰绿色,泥岩为灰黄色等;局部破坏,常以团块状出现,较破碎、泥钙质胶结明显
强风化 颜色主要为灰黄色、结构严重破坏、松散疏松、易压碎、泥岩团块状遇水膨胀;岩芯破碎、裂隙发育
), ArticleFig(id=1205909274769814433, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908309887406871, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Quantification of bedrock weathering

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
风化程度 弱风化 中等风化 强风化
量化值fi 1 2 3
), ArticleFig(id=1205909274853700514, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908309887406871, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

基岩风化程度量化表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
风化程度 弱风化 中等风化 强风化
量化值fi 1 2 3
), ArticleFig(id=1205909274937586595, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908309887406871, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Principles of water-richness zoning of weathered bedrock aquifer

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
富水性级别 钻孔单位涌水量/[L·(s·m)-1] 等级量化值
极弱 q≤0.01 1
0.01<q≤0.1 2
中等 0.1<q≤1 3
1<q≤5 4
), ArticleFig(id=1205909275013084068, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908309887406871, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

风化基岩含水层富水性分区原则

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
富水性级别 钻孔单位涌水量/[L·(s·m)-1] 等级量化值
极弱 q≤0.01 1
0.01<q≤0.1 2
中等 0.1<q≤1 3
1<q≤5 4
), ArticleFig(id=1205909275084387237, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908309887406871, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Selected training sample indicators and measured water enrichment data

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
钻孔 X1 X2 X3/m X4/% X5/m 级别
补1 2.54 1.46 20.00 63.41 56.20 2
补3 2.74 1.52 14.88 71.54 58.22 3
A9 4.51 2.31 6.50 60.50 5.50 4
XN2 4.51 2.73 14.00 81.85 46.90 1
XN3 4.24 2.39 10.30 85.06 40.50 2
XN4 4.41 2.95 24.30 79.26 90.10 2
HB03 3.08 3.00 30.28 76.96 4.80 1
HB04 5.00 3.00 17.48 70.94 29.48 3
BK1 5.35 1.61 20.23 77.60 65.65 2
), ArticleFig(id=1205909275168273318, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908309887406871, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

部分训练样本指标及实测富水性级别

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
钻孔 X1 X2 X3/m X4/% X5/m 级别
补1 2.54 1.46 20.00 63.41 56.20 2
补3 2.74 1.52 14.88 71.54 58.22 3
A9 4.51 2.31 6.50 60.50 5.50 4
XN2 4.51 2.73 14.00 81.85 46.90 1
XN3 4.24 2.39 10.30 85.06 40.50 2
XN4 4.41 2.95 24.30 79.26 90.10 2
HB03 3.08 3.00 30.28 76.96 4.80 1
HB04 5.00 3.00 17.48 70.94 29.48 3
BK1 5.35 1.61 20.23 77.60 65.65 2
), ArticleFig(id=1205909275256353703, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908309887406871, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

Predicted results of WOA optimization algorithm with test samples

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
钻孔 X1 X2 X3/m X4/% X5/m 实际
级别
预测
级别
补2 1.88 2.5 14.50 78.62 45.50 1 1
补8 2.74 1.62 16.30 62.42 51.70 1 2
BK4 3.68 1.00 24.36 83.11 28.59 1 1
SK4 3.55 1.32 41.93 89.63 26.98 2 2
X22 3.85 1.26 24.42 82.95 39.30 2 2
XN6 3.67 2.67 10.60 87.15 9.70 1 1
), ArticleFig(id=1205909275331851176, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908309887406871, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

测试样本下WOA优化算法预测结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
钻孔 X1 X2 X3/m X4/% X5/m 实际
级别
预测
级别
补2 1.88 2.5 14.50 78.62 45.50 1 1
补8 2.74 1.62 16.30 62.42 51.70 1 2
BK4 3.68 1.00 24.36 83.11 28.59 1 1
SK4 3.55 1.32 41.93 89.63 26.98 2 2
X22 3.85 1.26 24.42 82.95 39.30 2 2
XN6 3.67 2.67 10.60 87.15 9.70 1 1
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基于鲸鱼优化算法-支持向量机判别模型的风化基岩富水性评价: 以神府煤田张家峁煤矿为例
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侯恩科 1 , 吴家镁 1, * , 杨帆 2 , 张池 2
科学技术与工程 | 论文·矿冶工程 2025,25(1): 119-127
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科学技术与工程 | 论文·矿冶工程 2025, 25(1): 119-127
基于鲸鱼优化算法-支持向量机判别模型的风化基岩富水性评价: 以神府煤田张家峁煤矿为例
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侯恩科1 , 吴家镁1, * , 杨帆2, 张池2
作者信息
  • 1.西安科技大学地质与环境学院, 西安 710054
  • 2.陕煤集团神木张家峁矿业有限公司, 榆林 719316
  • 侯恩科(1963—),男,汉族,陕西扶风人,博士,教授。研究方向:矿井水害防治。E-mail:

通讯作者:

* 吴家镁(1998—),男,汉族,陕西安康人,硕士研究生。研究方向:矿井水害防治。E-mail:
Evaluation of Water-richness of Weathered Bedrock Based on the WOA-SVM Discriminant Model: Take Zhangjiamao Coal Mine in Shenfu Coal Field as an Example
En-ke HOU1 , Jia-mei WU1, * , Fan YANG2, Chi ZHANG2
Affiliations
  • 1. College of Geology and Environment, Xi’an University of Science and Technology, Xi’an 710054, China
  • 2. Shenmu Zhangjiamao Mining Co., Ltd., Shaanxi Coal and Chemical Industry Group, Yulin 719316, China
出版时间: 2025-01-08 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2401495
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为实现风化基岩含水层富水性的准确预测,以张家峁井田内的28组风化基岩抽水试验钻孔数据作为训练及验证样本,选取风化基岩的岩性组合指数、风化指数、厚度、岩芯采取率、埋深作为评价指标,提出基于鲸鱼优化算法-支持向量机(whale optimization algorithm-support vector machines,WOA-SVM)的风化基岩含水层富水性判别模型。该模型可对无抽水试验资料区域的风化基岩的富水性级别进行预测,综合利用井田内249组勘探钻孔的地质信息,实现井田的风化基岩富水性分区。研究表明,张家峁井田风化基岩整体富水性较弱,且空间分布不均;井田中部和乌兰不拉沟沿线的局部地区存在强富水性区域,但其分布范围较小,中西部和东南部有部分中等富水性区域,东北部及西南部区域几乎全为弱和极弱富水性。该方法预测的结果与实际较为吻合,研究成果可为矿井安全生产提供参考,也为风化基岩富水性预测提供了一种新思路。

风化基岩  /  支持向量机(SVM)  /  鲸鱼优化(WOA)  /  富水性分区

In order to accurately predict the water richness of the weathered bedrock aquifer, 28 groups of weathered bedrock pumping test borehole data in Zhangjimao minefield were used as training and verification samples, and the lithology combination index, weathering index, thickness, core recovery rate and burial depth of the weathered bedrock were selected as evaluation indexes. Based on whale optimization algorithm-support vector machines (WOA-SVM), a water-rich identification model for weathering bedrock aquifers was proposed. This model can predict the water-rich grade of the weathered bedrock in the area without pumping test data, and realize water-rich zoning of the weathered bedrock in the well field by comprehensive use of the geological information of 249 exploration boreholes. The study shows that the weathered bedrock of Zhangjiamao minefield is weakly water-rich as a whole, and its spatial distribution is uneven. There are strong water-rich areas in the central part of the field and the local area along Wulanbula Gully, but their distribution range is small, there are some moderately water-rich areas in the central-western and southeastern parts, and the northeastern and southwestern areas are weakly and very weakly water-rich almost all the time. The results predicted are more in line with the actual situation, and the research results can provide a reference for the safe production of the mine and a new way of thinking for the prediction of the water-richness of the weathered bedrock.

weathered bedrock  /  support vector machine(SVM)  /  whale optimization algorithm (WOA)  /  water richness zoning
侯恩科, 吴家镁, 杨帆, 张池. 基于鲸鱼优化算法-支持向量机判别模型的风化基岩富水性评价: 以神府煤田张家峁煤矿为例. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (1) : 119 -127 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2401495
En-ke HOU, Jia-mei WU, Fan YANG, Chi ZHANG. Evaluation of Water-richness of Weathered Bedrock Based on the WOA-SVM Discriminant Model: Take Zhangjiamao Coal Mine in Shenfu Coal Field as an Example[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (1) : 119 -127 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2401495
鄂尔多斯盆地侏罗系煤炭资源是中国当前重要的开发对象之一,其中榆神府矿区开采普遍面临顶板水害威胁[1]。随着开采强度增加,区内煤层开采形成的采动裂隙易突破煤层顶板风化基岩,导致含水层地下水沿采动裂隙进入到工作面,形成严重水害问题[2]。风化基岩的富水性评价对矿井防治水具有重要意义。现阶段对风化基岩富水性的相关研究较少,富水性预测结果与实际有一定的差距,缺少较为精确的富水性预测方法。
在顶板含水层富水性评价方面,前人做了很多研究,取得了大量成果。现阶段主要的富水性评价方法分为水文地质钻探法、物理探测法和多因素综合评价法三大类。常用的地球物理探测法主要包括高密度电法[3]、瞬变电磁法[4]、地面核磁共振技术[5]等。水文地质钻探和物探方法存在成本高、采集数据受干扰程度大以及结果具有主观性强等不足。多因素综合评价法具有数据利用率高、快速、成本低等特点,近年来得到了长足发展。曾一凡等[6]、武强等[7]提出的“富水性指数法”,在富水性评价中得到了广泛应用;基于模糊聚类[8]、层次分析、灰色关联[9]等数学方法提出的富水性预测模型,基本实现了含水层富水性的分级分区,但都存在一些局限性。针对陕北侏罗纪煤田的风化基岩富水性,侯恩科等[10-12]通过选取风化基岩厚度、风化程度和岩性组合指数等多个主控因素作为评判指标,建立了风化基岩的Fisher判别分析模型和Bayes判别分析模型,分区结果在张家峁和红柳林煤矿得到了较好的验证。杨磊等[13]以红柳林煤矿15217工作面为研究对象,基于支持向量机算法建立了含水层的富水性分区模型。现阶段基于优化算法的支持向量机模型用在含水层富水性评价方面的研究还较少。
在前人研究的基础上,现把机器学习引入风化基岩的富水性评价模型的构建中。从张家峁井田的已有钻探成果入手,提出利用鲸鱼算法优化支持向量机来建立风化基岩的富水性评价模型,进而对张家峁井田未做过抽水试验的风化基岩钻孔进行评判,实现整个井田的富水性分区。
张家峁煤矿位于陕北神府煤田神南矿区中部,井田东西长10.0 km,南北宽5.7 km,面积51.979 8 km2,开采标高+910~+1 170 m,生产能力11.0 Mt/a。井田范围内的主要含水层为松散层孔隙含水层和基岩裂隙含水层两大类。其中风化基岩含水层具有富水性不均一、分布广泛的特点,是矿井的主要充水水源。
根据张家峁井田勘探资料,风化基岩含水层主要出露于井田中部及东部沟谷两侧。该含水层位于基岩顶部,厚0.6~49.78 m,平均厚度15.69 m,基本全区分布。含水层由各粒级砂岩、泥岩和砂质泥岩等组成,以粉砂岩-细粒砂岩为主要含水层段。据以往钻孔抽水资料,水位埋深一般为19.18~61.62 m,统径统降单位涌水量为0.000 385~2.854 50 L/(s·m),渗透系数0.004 6~54.44 m/d,矿化度小于0.4 g/L,属于富水性弱至中等含水层。区内典型风化基岩富水性柱状如图1所示。
风化基岩是经风化作用,形成的与原岩性质不同的一类产物,其岩性受风化程度的影响较大。一般来说,影响风化基岩富水性的因素可以从富水介质、富水空间以及补给条件来分析。陕北侏罗系煤田松散层下风化基岩普遍广泛发育,根据以往对风化基岩的富水性研究,结合张家峁井田抽水试验结果以及相关的勘探资料综合分析,选取风化基岩的岩性组合指数、风化指数、厚度、岩芯采取率、埋深作为风化基岩富水性的评价指标。
不同矿物的抗风化能力不同,风化基岩的岩性发育及岩层组合反映含水层内部结构特征,一定程度上影响着含水层的储水性能。含水层的非均质性也与岩性组合特征有一定的关系。如图2所示,统计得出张家峁井田内各钻孔风化基岩岩性占比情况,可以看出,区内风化基岩岩性以粉砂岩和细粒砂岩为主。含水层的岩性对其富水性具有一定影响,泥岩、砂质泥岩具有一定的阻水能力,而砂岩的富水性一般会随着颗粒粒径的增大,孔隙度增大,富水性也会变强。井田内含有泥岩和砂质泥岩的补2和HB05号钻孔,抽水试验结果反映其单位涌水量都属于极弱类型。
参考井田风化基岩富水性的相关研究成果,根据不同岩性的颗粒粒径和孔隙度大小,按照其对富水性的影响程度,结合其在含水层厚度中的占比,将不同岩性做量化处理并建立岩性组合指数L。按岩体岩性不同,分别将泥岩、砂质泥岩、粉砂岩、细粒砂岩、中粒砂岩和粗粒砂岩分别用1~6量化表示(表1)。
岩性组合指数L的表达式为
L= i = 1 n h i d i i = 1 n h i
式(1) 中:L为风化基岩的岩性组合指数;hi为第i层岩层厚度,m;di为第i层岩的岩性量化值。岩性组合指数L越大,表明含水层岩性以粗颗粒砂岩为主,岩层碎屑颗粒的粒径和孔隙度越大,其富水性相对较好。
岩层赋水空间的大小与其内部的孔隙和裂隙有着密切的关系,岩层的孔隙、裂隙越发育,其内部的赋水空间越大,富水性越强。基岩遭受风化作用的程度不同,其孔隙、裂隙发育程度也不同。风化越严重的岩层其内部孔隙、裂隙越发育,其富水性也相对较强。经调查,研究区内基岩以机械风化作用为主,如图3所示,不同风化程度的基岩在颜色、岩性、岩石结构和裂隙发育程度上都有不同的表现。岩石的风化程度与自身的抗风化能力有关,井田内泥岩、粉砂岩的破碎程度高;中、粗粒砂岩中石英矿物含量较高,其抗风化能力相对较强。
为了便于对研究区富水性进行研究,把不同风化程度的岩性特征作为划分标准对研究区内的基岩进行风化程度划分。按照表2的标准将风化基岩划分为强风化、中等风化以及弱风化3类。
表3所示,将不同风化程度赋予不同的量化指数,再将各岩性厚度与风化程度指数结合,如式(2)所示,得到风化指数G
G= i = 1 n h i f i i = 1 n h i
式(2)中:G为风化基岩的风化程度量化指数;hi为第i层岩层厚度,m;fi为第i层岩风化程度量化值。风化指数G越大,表明基岩层受风化作用的影响越严重,岩石的孔隙、裂隙越发育,含水层的富水性越强。
含水层的厚度决定含水层的储水能力,是影响含水层富水能力的关键因素之一。风化基岩受到风化作用的影响,具有厚度不均一的特点。一般来说,当风化基岩厚度越大时,其赋水空间越大,富水性越强。通过分析井田内的勘探资料,在其他条件相似的情况下,岩层厚度越大的钻孔其富水性越强。岩层厚度可作为单一因素来评价富水性强弱。如图3所示,张家峁井田风化基岩厚度0.6~49.78 m,平均厚度15.69 m。风化基岩在西部和南部局部地区厚度较大,厚度分布不均一。位于西南部风化基岩厚度较薄区域的XN7和XN8号钻孔,其抽水试验的单位涌水量都小于0.01 L/(s·m)。
岩芯采取率是反映钻探质量的指标,和地层岩性破碎程度、钻探工艺有关。岩芯采取率在一定程度上可以反映岩石破碎程度,岩石越破碎,其内部的孔隙、裂隙越发育,其富水性也相对较好。当岩层越不完整,岩性越破碎,裂隙发育时,一般岩芯采取率越小,岩层赋水空间越大,富水性越强。岩芯采取率是反映岩层完整性的重要指标,是含水介质裂隙发育的宏观表现,可将其视作为岩层富水性的一个评判指标。
风化基岩受风化作用的影响显著,越接近地表的岩石其遭受的风化作用越强烈。在岩性无明显变化的岩体中,裂隙发育及透水性通常随深度增大而减弱。一方面随着深度加大,其温压也会随之增大,裂隙的张开性变差;另一方面靠近地表的岩石受风化及卸荷作用的影响,构造裂隙进一步张开,导水能力进一步加强。因此,岩体裂隙发育以及渗透性总体性能随深度衰减[14]。当风化基岩含水层埋深较浅时,会较大程度地受风化作用的影响。埋深越浅的钻孔在其他条件相似的条件下,富水性相对较好,基岩埋深只有2 m和5.5 m的A5和A9号钻孔其富水性级别分别达到了中等和强富水性。埋深和其富水性存在一定的相关性,可以将埋深视为影响风化基岩富水性的一个指标。
支持向量机(support vector machines,SVM)是监督学习算法中的一类机器学习方法,其应用广泛、效果良好,常用于分类任务。针对小样本、非线性的问题有优秀的泛化与学习能力,能克服局部最小值,其解释结果具有良好的推广性。原始的SVM致力于寻求可将特征空间上二元数据间隔最大化的超平面,后续通过选取核函数K(xi,xj)将二维向量映射至高维特征空间中寻找最优的超平面,从而解决线性不可分的问题[15-17]
设有训练集数据X= { (x1, y1),( x2, y2),…, (xm, ym) },则其在高维空间的线性回归函数为
f(x)=ωφ(x)+b
式(3)中:x为输入的训练样本;i=1,2,…,m,m为样本个数;φ(x)为低维空间的非线性映射;ω为权值向量,决定超平面方向;b为偏置参数,决定超平面与原点距离。
使用非线性函数将输入数据映射至高维空间后,SVM解决线性不可分问题的目标函数为
$\min \frac{1}{2}\|\boldsymbol{\omega}\|^{2}+C \sum_{i=1}^{m} \xi_{i}$
$\text { s.t }\left\{\begin{array}{l} \boldsymbol{\omega}^{\mathrm{T}} \boldsymbol{x}_{i}+b \geqslant 1-\xi_{i} \\ \xi_{i} \geqslant 0 \end{array}\right.$
式中:ξi为松弛变量;C为惩罚因子,二者是为了求解回归函数参数ωb而引入的新变量和系数。C的大小对SVM分类器误差有较大的影响,一般而言当C越小,模型对特征数据的调整越小,容易欠拟合;当C过大时,模型越不能容忍出现误差,其预测的结果越容易出现过拟合的现象。通常利用拉格朗日函数将该问题转化为对偶问题继续求解,其对偶问题的目标函数L(a)为
L(a)= m a x α i = 1 m αi- 1 2 i = 1 m j = 1 m [αiyiK(xi,xj)yiαj]
s.t i = 1 m α i y i = 0 0 α i C
式中:α为拉格朗日乘子;K(xi,xj)为核函数,选取径向基核函数(RBF)即高斯核函数,其对应的映射函数将样本空间映射至无限维空间,其函数表达式为
$K\left(\boldsymbol{x}_{i}, \boldsymbol{x}_{j}\right)=\exp \left(-\frac{\left\|\boldsymbol{x}_{i}-\boldsymbol{x}_{j}\right\|^{2}}{2 \sigma^{2}}\right), \sigma>0$
式(8)中:σ为核函数的超参数。核参数σ决定了数据映射到新的特征空间后的分布,是影响支持向量机模型复杂程度的一个重要参数。当σ越小时,模型越简单,对预测集的泛化程度越高;反之,模型越复杂且泛化程度越低。
在支持向量机模型中,只有找到最优的参数组合才能得到最为理想的预测结果。鲸鱼优化算法能够跳出局部最优而实现全局最优,可用其优化支持向量机参数以提高预测结果的准确性。
鲸鱼优化算法(whale optimization algorithm,WOA)是模仿自然界中鲸鱼捕食行为的新型群体智能优化算法。鲸鱼捕食行为的目的是捕获猎物,一群鲸鱼在共同寻找猎物时,一定会存在某条鲸鱼先发现猎物的情况,这时候其他鲸鱼一定会向这条发现猎物的鲸鱼游来争抢猎物。该算法整个过程包含包围猎物、气泡网攻击、搜索猎物3个阶段[18]
将上述捕食过程应用到WOA求解问题的过程中,即一个解就可以用一个鲸鱼个体表示,若干个解就可以用若干个鲸鱼个体表示。使用WOA搜索问题求解的过程就可以看作是若干个鲸鱼个体不断更新个体位置,直至搜索到满意的解为止。
选取张家峁井田内共计28组做过抽水实验的样本数据作为训练集和验证集,利用训练得出的WOA优化的SVM富水性判别模型来预测井田内249个勘探钻孔的风化基岩的富水性,并按照预测结果进行富水性分区,具体计算流程如图4所示。主要步骤如下。
步骤1 数据归一化处理和数据集的分割。将28组数据中的22组划分为训练集,剩余6组划分验证集。
步骤2 核函数的选择。选取径向基核函数K(xi,yi)。
步骤3 WOA寻优。设置初始参数,种群规模M取50,最大迭代次数T取100。
步骤4 采用WOA算法对SVM模型中的惩罚函数C和径向基核函数的σ参数进行全局寻优,最终获得最优解。
据《煤矿防治水细则》中含水层富水性划分标准:按照钻孔单位涌水量q的大小,将含水层富水性分为以下4级。
(1)弱富水性:q≤0.1 L/(s·m)。
(2)中等富水性:0.1 L/(s·m)<q≤1.0 L/(s·m)。
(3)强富水性:1.0 L/(s·m)<q≤5.0 L/(s·m)。
(4)极强富水性:q>5.0 L/(s·m)。
对井田内风化基岩抽水实验数据分析发现,井田内A9号钻孔的单位涌水量最大,其单位涌水量达到了2.854 5 L/(s·m),属强富水性,区内未见富水性极强的抽水试验钻孔,收集到的样本数据以弱富水性为主。基于此,认为将井田内的风化基岩富水性级别按照表4分别划分为极弱、弱、中等和强富水性更为合理。
统计了风化基岩含水层岩性组合指数(X1)、风化程度(X2)、风化基岩厚度(X3)、岩芯采取率(X4)和埋深(X5)5个评价指标。部分训练样本指标及实测富水性分级数据如表5所示。预测集的数据来自张家峁井田249个具有完整风化基岩性组合指数、风化指数、风化基岩厚度、岩芯采取率和埋深数据的勘探钻孔。
实验利用Python语言下Sklearn工具构建WOA优化SVM模型对样本集进行训练。同时选取粒子群优化(particle swarm optimization,PSO)和混沌博弈优化(chaos game optimization,CGO)作为对比训练模型;考虑到分类模型的特性以及可利用的测试样本数量较少,选取模型的适应度以及达到最优适应度的迭代次数作为风化基岩评判模型的性能评估指标。
从模型验证集的结果来看,WOA优化支持向量机的惩罚系数C取值为17.22且径向基核函数的核参数σ达到1.32时,预测效果最好,其所预测富水性适应度达到0.83。如表6所示,在6组验证样本中,有5组样本的预测结果和实际富水性级别一致。对比模型中PSO优化支持向量机的惩罚系数C取值为25.4且核参数σ达到1.23时,预测结果的适应度也达到0.83;CGO的优化支持向量机的惩罚系数C取值为7.65,且核参数σ达到0.82时,预测结果的适应度达到最优只有0.67。如图5所示,模型达到最优适应度的迭代次数对比图中,WOA算法在第5次迭代就达到了最优,而与之对比的PSO算法需要到第14步才能达到最优。所以就模型的效率而言WOA更具优势。
从整体结果看,由样本训练所得WOA-SVM判别分析模型的准确率较高,相较于其他模型更加快速高效,模型可用于对未做抽水试验的探煤钻孔进行富水性预测。
根据模型预测结果绘制了风化基岩含水层富水性分区图。由图6富水性分区图可以看出,张家峁煤矿风化基岩含水层整体富水性较弱,且空间分布不均。在井田中部和乌兰不拉沟沿线的局部地区存在强富水性区域,但其分布范围较小,中西部和东南部有部分中等富水性区域,东北部及西南部区域几乎全为弱和极弱富水性。从整体来看,井田内的河流沟谷地带地势较低,基岩埋深浅、风化程度高且所受补给强,局部会存在强富水性区域。
井田内共有32组做过风化基岩段抽水实验的钻孔,利用剩余的4组钻孔数据以及井下实测涌水情况进行评价结果验证。如图6所示,按照表3的风化基岩富水性分区原则,风检3和HB08号钻孔的单位涌水量均为0.0 005 L/(s·m),其中风检3号钻孔周边风化基岩厚度15 m左右,地表黄土沟壑发育,排泄条件相对较好,探放水资料也表明该区风化基岩含水体富水性差,HB08号钻孔周边风化基岩厚度20 m左右,其渗透系数也只有0.001 5 m/d,将这两个钻孔划分到极弱富水区是合适的;根据矿方2022年所做的西南部水文地质探查成果,认为西南部补勘区风化基岩含水层富水性较弱,均小于0.1 L/(s·m),属弱富水含水层,且西部相比勘探区东部富水性相对较弱。分区图上西南部补勘区域的东侧划分有小块富水性中等区域的可能原因是该区域部分地段存在煤层风氧化带。验证钻孔XN4的单位涌水量为0.036 6 L/(s·m),将其划为弱富水性,分区结果是符合勘探成果的;X6号钻孔的单位涌水量虽然略大于0.01,但其渗透系数的值较小只有0.093 4 m/d,故将其划分为极弱富水性是合理的;此外,根据矿方近年来的涌水量台账反映,井田内4-2煤南部集中巷,4211工作面、4212等工作面的运输顺槽留巷段等处存在水源为风化基岩含水层的涌水情况,但其涌水量一般都不到10 m3/h。该区域附近的HB03号钻孔的抽水试验结果也反映该区域富水性较弱。
综上,可以认为所研究的风化基岩富水性综合分区结果符合实际情况,并且为抽水实验数据较少矿井的含水层富水性评价和分区提供了一种新思路。研究区地表多为平缓的黄土地貌,区内地层倾角小于2°,构造情况较为简单。所提出的WOA-SVM风化基岩判别模型对风化基岩分布广泛,总体受构造影响较小的典型陕北侏罗系煤田的风化基岩富水性判别有较高的准确性。当构造条件和地形地貌趋于复杂时,则需要进一步考虑构造和地形对含水层富水性的影响。
在讨论风化基岩的富水性的问题时,不仅在模型方面做了优化,也从实际的角度进行了论证分析。提出的基于鲸鱼算法优化支持向量机(WOA-SVM)的风化基岩富水性判别模型,提高了勘探钻孔地质信息的利用率,利用优化算法进一步增强了判别模型的评估性能;在理论上,查阅了近5年的文献发现,目前利用机器学习对含水层富水性研究方面的内容较少,该研究是将机器学习技术应用到地质学领域的一个新尝试。以张家峁井田为研究对象,以井田内28组风化基岩抽水试验钻孔和249组勘探钻孔数据为基础,将机器学习的方法引入风化基岩富水性评价研究中,得到以下结论。
(1)针对风化基岩含水层,提出了在选取岩性组合指数、风化程度、风化基岩厚度、岩芯采取率和埋深作为评价指标的基础上,利用基于鲸鱼优化的支持向量机模型(WOA-SVM)预测其富水性并进行富水性分区的方法。
(2)利用井田内的4组钻孔单位涌水量数据以及井下实测涌水情况对风化基岩含水层富水性分区结果进行了验证。结合张家峁煤矿的实际情况,认为所提出的方法能对风化基岩含水层富水性空间分布不均的特性做出较为准确的预测,预测结果与实际相符。预测分区结果表明在井田中部和乌兰不拉沟沿线的局部地区存在强富水性区域,但其分布范围较小,中西部和东南部有部分中等富水性区域,东北部及西南部区域几乎全为弱和极弱富水性。
  • 国家自然科学基金(42177174)
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2401495
  • 接收时间:2024-03-05
  • 首发时间:2025-07-29
  • 出版时间:2025-01-08
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  • 收稿日期:2024-03-05
  • 修回日期:2024-10-09
基金
国家自然科学基金(42177174)
作者信息
    1.西安科技大学地质与环境学院, 西安 710054
    2.陕煤集团神木张家峁矿业有限公司, 榆林 719316

通讯作者:

* 吴家镁(1998—),男,汉族,陕西安康人,硕士研究生。研究方向:矿井水害防治。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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