Article(id=1156908309044351763, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1156908295593223005, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2402081, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1711209600000, receivedDateStr=2024-03-24, revisedDate=1728576000000, revisedDateStr=2024-10-11, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1753758035192, onlineDateStr=2025-07-29, pubDate=1736265600000, pubDateStr=2025-01-08, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753758035192, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-29, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753758035192, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753758035192, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1156908295593223005, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='438', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1753758031985, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1765425680602, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1205845960933049001, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1156908295593223005, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1205845960933049002, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1156908295593223005, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=245, endPage=251, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1156908310755627801, articleId=1156908309044351763, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=Real-time Shape Reconstruction of Flexible Multi-segment Continuum Robot Based for Bronchial Intervention, columnId=1156262729162810294, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Papers·Automation and Computational Technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Continuum robots have been widely used in natural cavity intervention therapy, but the current flexible continuum robots have poor positioning accuracy and lack of accurate navigation means. In response, a multi-segment continuum robot shape reconstruction method based on electromagnetic positioning information was proposed, aimed at achieving accurate end navigation and positioning. An efficient two-stage active structure shape reconstruction method based on third-order Bessel curve was proposed. The solution of Bessel curve was optimized to nonlinear least squares problem, which was solved quickly and accurately by particle swarm algorithm with linear decreasing weights. The proposed method can accurately fit the shape of the two-segment continuum and has good real-time performance. The results show that within the bending angle process, the average root-mean-square error of shape reconstruction is 0.48 mm, which is 0.8% of the length of the continuum bending segment. The accuracy and reliability of the proposed shape reconstruction method for intracavitary interventions using micro-continuum robots are demonstrated through detailed modeling and validation results.

, correspAuthors=Gui-bin BIAN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Ming-yang ZHANG, Gui-bin BIAN, Zhen LI, Qiang YE), CN=ArticleExt(id=1156908418737983577, articleId=1156908309044351763, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=CN, title=支气管介入的多段柔性连续体机器人实时形状重建, columnId=1156262729783567290, journalTitle=科学技术与工程, columnName=论文·自动化技术、计算机技术, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=连续体机器人在经人体自然腔道介入治疗中有着非常广泛的应用,但当前介入柔性连续体机器人远端定位精度差,缺乏精准导航手段。因此提出基于电磁定位信息的多段连续体机器人形状重建方法。通过形状重建实现末端精准导航和定位。提出了一种基于三阶贝塞尔曲线的高效的两段主动结构形状重建方法。将贝塞尔曲线求解优化为非线性最小二乘问题,通过线性递减权重的粒子群算法快速准确求解。所提出的方法可以较为精确地拟合双段连续体形状,并具有较好的实时性。结果表明,在弯曲角度过程中,形状重建的平均均方根误差为0.48 mm,为连续体弯曲段长度的0.8%。通过详细的建模和验证结果证明了所提出的用于腔内介入的微型连续机器人形状重建方法的准确性和可靠性。, correspAuthors=边桂彬, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 边桂彬(1984—),男,汉族,河南新乡人,博士,研究员。研究方向:手术机器人。E-mail:
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张名洋(1997—),男,蒙古族,内蒙古通辽人,硕士研究生。研究方向:机器人感知。E-mail:

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张名洋(1997—),男,蒙古族,内蒙古通辽人,硕士研究生。研究方向:机器人感知。E-mail:

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P0~P6为控制点;V为控制点处的方向向量;G为两个控制点之间的距离

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Shape reconstruction error analysis

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2 0.34
3 0.56
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形状重建误差分析

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支气管介入的多段柔性连续体机器人实时形状重建
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张名洋 1 , 边桂彬 1, 2, * , 李桢 2 , 叶强 2
科学技术与工程 | 论文·自动化技术、计算机技术 2025,25(1): 245-251
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科学技术与工程 | 论文·自动化技术、计算机技术 2025, 25(1): 245-251
支气管介入的多段柔性连续体机器人实时形状重建
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张名洋1 , 边桂彬1, 2, * , 李桢2, 叶强2
作者信息
  • 1.北京信息科技大学自动化学院, 北京 100192
  • 2.中国科学院自动化研究所, 北京 100190
  • 张名洋(1997—),男,蒙古族,内蒙古通辽人,硕士研究生。研究方向:机器人感知。E-mail:

通讯作者:

* 边桂彬(1984—),男,汉族,河南新乡人,博士,研究员。研究方向:手术机器人。E-mail:
Real-time Shape Reconstruction of Flexible Multi-segment Continuum Robot Based for Bronchial Intervention
Ming-yang ZHANG1 , Gui-bin BIAN1, 2, * , Zhen LI2, Qiang YE2
Affiliations
  • 1. School of Automation, Beijing Information Science and Technology University, Beijing 100192, China
  • 2. Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
出版时间: 2025-01-08 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2402081
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连续体机器人在经人体自然腔道介入治疗中有着非常广泛的应用,但当前介入柔性连续体机器人远端定位精度差,缺乏精准导航手段。因此提出基于电磁定位信息的多段连续体机器人形状重建方法。通过形状重建实现末端精准导航和定位。提出了一种基于三阶贝塞尔曲线的高效的两段主动结构形状重建方法。将贝塞尔曲线求解优化为非线性最小二乘问题,通过线性递减权重的粒子群算法快速准确求解。所提出的方法可以较为精确地拟合双段连续体形状,并具有较好的实时性。结果表明,在弯曲角度过程中,形状重建的平均均方根误差为0.48 mm,为连续体弯曲段长度的0.8%。通过详细的建模和验证结果证明了所提出的用于腔内介入的微型连续机器人形状重建方法的准确性和可靠性。
连续体机器人  /  形状重建  /  贝塞尔曲线  /  粒子群算法

Continuum robots have been widely used in natural cavity intervention therapy, but the current flexible continuum robots have poor positioning accuracy and lack of accurate navigation means. In response, a multi-segment continuum robot shape reconstruction method based on electromagnetic positioning information was proposed, aimed at achieving accurate end navigation and positioning. An efficient two-stage active structure shape reconstruction method based on third-order Bessel curve was proposed. The solution of Bessel curve was optimized to nonlinear least squares problem, which was solved quickly and accurately by particle swarm algorithm with linear decreasing weights. The proposed method can accurately fit the shape of the two-segment continuum and has good real-time performance. The results show that within the bending angle process, the average root-mean-square error of shape reconstruction is 0.48 mm, which is 0.8% of the length of the continuum bending segment. The accuracy and reliability of the proposed shape reconstruction method for intracavitary interventions using micro-continuum robots are demonstrated through detailed modeling and validation results.

continuum robot  /  shape reconstruction  /  Bessel curve  /  particle swarm algorithm
张名洋, 边桂彬, 李桢, 叶强. 支气管介入的多段柔性连续体机器人实时形状重建. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (1) : 245 -251 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2402081
Ming-yang ZHANG, Gui-bin BIAN, Zhen LI, Qiang YE. Real-time Shape Reconstruction of Flexible Multi-segment Continuum Robot Based for Bronchial Intervention[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (1) : 245 -251 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2402081
肺癌是中国死亡率最高的癌症。通过计算机断层(computed tomography, CT)影像学诊断是筛查早期肺癌的重要手段,但诊断结果依赖医生经验且准确率有限[1]。利用支气管镜进行肺部结节活检已成为提高肺癌早期诊断准确率和治疗成效的重要手段[2]。但传统的支气管镜技术面临诸多限制,主要有操作灵活性不足、无法深入肺部细小气管进行有效采样,缺乏有效导航手段以及较高的假阴性率等问题。为了克服这些挑战,新型柔性连续体机器人支气管镜应运而生,其在支气管介入领域的应用为医生和患者带来了极大的便利。以其独特的微创手术能力和在狭窄空间操作的灵活性,为精确到达并操作于肺部深处提供了创新解决方案。新型支气管镜机器人通常外径在4 mm以下并具有2 mm以上的工作通道。重建连续体机器人在支气管内的形状对实现精准导航定位具有十分重要的意义[3]。然而,由于工作环境的特殊性和尺寸限制,许多传统的形状重建方法在此场景下难以发挥作用。
对连续体机器人进行形状感知已经有许多的方法,主要是基于视觉或各种传感器,包括光纤光栅传感器(fiber bragg gratings, FBG)、电磁传感器和聚偏氟乙烯(polyvinylidene fluoride, PVDF)。通过传感器数据使用不同算法拟合连续体机器人形状。Zou等[4]提出了一种使用单目相机对柔性机器人进行形状估计的深度神经网络;Dai等[5]提出了一种利用双目相机的立体视觉形状重建的神经网络。在支气管介入环境中,连续体机器人的图像形状信息通常来自X射线、CT或磁共振成像(magnetic resonance imaging, MRI)。尽管这些方法可以获得连续体机器人的图像,但会消耗过多的时间并对医生和患者有电离辐射的风险。
FBG传感器具有体积小、不受环境干扰的优点而被许多人选择[6-7],通过光纤的应力应变测量形状。Chitalia等[8]将光纤安装在微加工镍钛管内来开发一种小尺寸单方向感知的形状传感器。Roodsari等[9]研究了FBG传感器在使用小直径超弹性基板时的性能,并评估了传感器在单弯曲和多弯曲变形中的性能。王彦等[10]基于聚二甲基硅氧烷材料封装的FBG柔性传感器检测物体形状,研究了传感器数量与布局对不同形状物体重构精度的影响。Sefati等[11]将镍钛材料作为基底,使用3根光纤测量三维曲率。Roesthuis等[12]同样使用3根光纤用于感知曲率,并根据Frenet-Serret曲线重建形状。因为肺部介入的连续体机器人中间要保留活检器械的中空通道,光纤因为本身材质限制,无法在远离轴心的位置承受大挠度的拉伸[13]。Gao等[14]设计了一种非对称式连续体机器人,通过减少活动空间将光纤作为驱动丝实现大挠度弯曲。Xu等[15]同样通过优化布局实现光纤对大挠度的感知。目前基于FBG的重建方法依赖于常曲率模型,在没有外部载荷的情况下可以取得较好的结果,但在支气管介入环境中,机器人会与组织产生作用,不再满足恒曲率条件。多芯光纤在腔道内形状感知上取得了较好的结果。Meng等[16]提出了一种使用3个多芯光纤外芯的表观曲率矢量方法的,实现了三维形状感知。吕佳豪等[17]提出了一种基于曲率与角度校正的多芯光纤三维形状重构方法。但多芯光纤和专用解调仪的制作技术限制了其使用。PVDF由于材料的压电特性而被制作为传感器[18]。Shapiro等[19]使用PVDF制作了可在平面检测180°弯曲的曲率传感器。Gariya等[20]开发了一种带有内置柔性传感元件的软执行器,其传感元件为在PVDF聚合物中嵌入的碳纳米纤维形成的网状结构,用于精确的形状感测。目前该方法只应用于平面形状的重建,在三维空间中应用较少。并且会使机器人设计过于复杂。电磁传感器尺寸较小并且在人体腔道内具有较高的定位精度。能够满足更细小的腔道并集成在机器人上。Song等[21]在连续体末端安装永磁体,通过磁传感器阵列进行跟踪,并完成形状重建。
综上所述,对支气管内受外部载荷不满足常曲率弯曲的连续体机器人进行形状重建是一个具有挑战的任务。现提出一种电磁传感器的支气管介入小尺寸连续体机器人实时形状重建方法。根据连续体支气管镜的结构设计一种用于形状重建与导航的工具。提出基于双段三阶贝塞尔插值的形状重建方法并优化为非线性最小二乘问题。利用基于粒子群算法的求解方法实现快速精确计算曲线参数。通过具有代表性的姿态实验和应用场景模型实验验证方法有效性。
传统的支气管镜由于尺寸和弯曲角度限制,难以到达肺上叶和远端支气管进行取样。为解决到达性不足的问题,在之前的研究中设计了双段连续体取样机器人样机[22]。可以到达支气管中更多的位置。样机的末端操作手为两段连续体结构,可实现空间任意角度弯曲,外径D0为3.5 mm,并具有内径D1为2.6 mm的工作通道。
根据样机结构基于电磁传感器设计封装了用于形状重建工具。如图1所示,其外径为2 mm,包括3个电磁定位传感器、内窥摄像头和热塑性聚氨酯保护管。保护管可以保证器械在连续体工作通道中进行弯曲,电磁传感器位于连续体连接段不进行弯曲防止损坏。热塑性聚氨酯保护管壁厚为0.5 mm,保证了在弯曲的连续体插入和抽出时力的传递,传感器以及将线缆在热塑性聚氨酯管的通道中,延伸到后部送出。
在操作过程中,首先将感知工具放入连续体的内部工作通道。通过内窥镜图像与形状位置信息引导连续体末端到达支气管内病灶位置后锁定机器人。撤出感知工具。而后放入细胞刷、活检钳等采样器械进行采样,完成检查。
贝塞尔插值是一种常用于建模平滑连续曲线的参数方程曲线,在二维三维空间中都具有较为广泛的应用。使用贝塞尔插值可以最直接有效地利用电磁传感器获得的数据,对弯曲的连续体形状具有较好的拟合效果。其通用表达式为
B(t)= i = 0 n bi,n(t)Pi
式(1)中:
bi,n= n iti(1-t)n-i
通常来讲,贝塞尔插值的阶数越多,获得的曲线越精确。为了平衡准确度与解算速度的关系,使用三阶贝塞尔曲线对连续体形状进行重建。由于约束条件有限,使用单个三阶贝塞尔曲线重建双段连续体在弯曲角度大时会产生较大误差。所以将两个三阶贝塞尔曲线连接到一起对双段连续体进行建模。
图2所示,以P0为开始点,P3为结束点,P1P2为控制点拟合第一段连续体。以P3为起始点,P6为结束点,P4P5为控制点拟合第二段连续体,曲线表达式分别为
B1(t)=P0(1-t)3+3P1t(1-t)2+3P2t2(1-t)+P3t3
B2(t)=P3(1-t)3+3P4t(1-t)2+3P5t2(1-t)+P6t3
由于电磁定位传感器的位置在节盘处且由于结构限制不会发生旋转,可以通过直接读取五自由度电磁传感器数据进行处理后得到[P0,P3,P6]和[V0, V3,V6]。未知数据为P1P2P4P5。各个点之间具有如下关系。
P 1 = P 0 + G 01 V 0 P 2 = P 3 - G 23 V 3
P 4 = P 3 + G 34 V 3 P 5 = P 6 - G 56 V 6
可以看出,未知变量为长度参数G。定义Sb为第一段贝塞尔曲线的总长度,S1为第一段连续体的长度,则具有以下约束条件。
S1-Sb1=0
式(7)中:
Sb1= 0 1  B'1(t)dt
为了减少复杂的积分运算,根据式(7)的约束,将单段连续体分为1 000段,定义S1ci为第i段曲线的长度,S1i为第i段连续体的长度,S1ci可以被估计为
S1ci= B 1 i -B1(i-1)=B1 i n-B1 i - 1 n
约束条件可变为以G01作为变量的函数,即
求解后即可获得第一段贝塞尔曲线的参数方程。其中曲线上任意一点可表示为
( x i , y i , z i ) T=B1 i n
同理,可根据上述方法获得第二条贝塞尔曲线的方程B2,根据两条贝塞尔曲线的拼接完成对主动段两段连续体的形状重建。
通常对贝塞尔曲线求解使用LM算法,但LM算法中需要计算复杂的雅可比矩阵和求导运算,在曲线分段数较多时实时性差。粒子群算法(particle swarm optimization, PSO)作为一种启发式算法,其原理为首先生成一组随机的解,在不断的迭代中通过适应度函数满足阈值或到达迭代次数后获得最优解[23]。在精度相同时,通过参数设置可以获得更快的求解速度。
在已知贝塞尔曲线起点终点的坐标与姿态时,以连续体长度作为贝塞尔曲线长度的约束,适应度函数设置为
f= i = 1 n ( S 1 i - S 1 c i ) 2
定义每个粒子Sj=(G01,G23), j是设置的总粒子数。最大值为单段连续体长度,最小值为0。个体极值Spbest和全局极值Sgbest在通过式(12)和式(13)每次迭代中进行更新。
vj+1=wvj+c1rand1(Spbest-Lj)+c2rand2(Sgbest-Lj)
Sj+1=Sj+vj+1
式中:vj为当前的速度参数;vj+1为下一个循环中的速度参数;rand1和rand2为0~1的随机数;c1c2为学习因子;w为惯性因子,当其值较大时,全局优化能力强,局部优化能力弱。当其值较小时,全局搜索能力较弱,局部搜索能力较强;根据式(15),利用线性权重递减策略,可以调整全局和局部搜索能力,从而提高算法的性能。
w=(wini-wend)(N-n)/N+wend
式(15)中:N为设置的最大迭代次数;n为当前迭代次数;wini为初始权重值;wend为迭代到最大次数时的权重。整体流程如图3所示。
基于实验室的支气管连续体机器人样机对方法进行验证。如图4所示,由连续体机械臂、操纵杆、控制箱、驱动模块、相机、形状传感工具和电磁定位装置组成。3个电磁传感器组成了形状重建工具。末端连续体具有可驱动两级弯曲的主动段和柔性被动段组成。主动段具有两级弯曲结构,由6根镍钛丝间隔60°分布进行驱动,每3根控制一段弯曲。被动段为柔性管。可实现深入肺部支气管,应对复杂的支气管多级树状结构。双段连续体可实现360°范围大于等于180°的弯曲。
通过在双段连续体上方放置相机采集连续体水平弯曲时的图像数据。将形状重建传感器放入机器人的中间工作通道,记录电磁传感器位置与姿态用于形状重建实验。
在此基础上,对以下内容进行了实验验证。
(1)对自由状态下连续体形状进行拟合,分析形状重建方法实时性和重建精度。
(2)模拟介入采样过程,在支气管模型内(受约束条件下)对连续体进行形状重建。
在自由状态下,将形状传感器放入连续体机器人的中间工作通道。通过操纵杆控制使连续体逐渐弯曲。通过上方相机记录连续体在磁场发射器坐标系Y-Z平面上的姿态。并记录电磁传感器数据。根据 TCP 协议,使用 QT 对电磁传感器数据进行读取和计算,并将每个曲线段划分为1 000个点的数组。设置PSO粒子数为15,迭代次数20次。在配备2.3 GHz 处理器的计算机上,如图5所示,贝塞尔曲线平均计算时间40.41 ms。
在机器人实际运动时,平均从操纵杆发出控制指令到末端运动完毕时间约为90 ms。该方法计算时间可以满足对运动中的连续体实时重建。如图6所示,在MATLAB中对相机采集的连续体实际形状图片进行处理并提取中心线形状曲线。
通过相机采集连续体向右侧逐渐弯曲的图像信息如图7所示。进行坐标系转换对齐后与重建数据在同一坐标系下进行比较。实际形状与重建结果如图8所示。可以看出,通过两段三阶贝塞尔曲线可以基本拟合连续体机器人的形状。
通过欧氏距离对不同弯曲情况下重建数据进行分析。结果如表1所示,4种情况下的均方根误差分别为0.19、0.34、0.56、0.84 mm。平均均方根误差为0.48 mm,为连续体长度的0.8%,具有较好的精度。
分析误差产生的原因主要有以下几个方面:①电磁传感器本身存在的定位误差;②相机采集数据的误差。虽然对相机进行了水平和垂直方向的校准,但仍可能存在轻微的不在同一平面的情况;③图像处理及配准的误差。在MATLAB中对图像二值化提取中心线处理后,对两条曲线的配准对误差情况影响较大。
在支气管介入过程中,连续体机器人不可避免地会与人体组织发生接触,产生相互作用。为验证在受外力作用时拟合的形状。在支气管模型实验中,使用连续体机器人分别对支气管左右选取上、中、下段进行模拟介入实验。其中上段是整个支气管环境中最难到达的部分,与外界接触最多。
通过图9可以看出,拟合形状与模型中的形状基本一致。所提方法在真实的受约束环境中的有效性得到了验证。为后续在复杂人体内部环境中进行精确操作提供了重要的技术基础。
设计了一种用于连续体机器人支气管镜的形状重建传感器,提出并验证了一种基于电磁定位的支气管介入连续体机器人实时形状重建方法。该方法不依赖曲率信息,可重建不满足恒曲率模型的连续体形状。在自由状态和模型实验中进行验证表明该方法的有效性,重建平均误差为实际连续体机器人长度的0.8%,在满足实时性要求的情况下准确的重建了双段连续体机器人的实际形状。然而,在实际应用中,仅有形状信息是不够的。因此,作为未来研究的基础,在将来的工作中,将结合形状信息对连续体机器人于组织接触的作用力和基于形状的控制算法进行研究,以提高实际可用性。
  • 北京市杰出青年科学基金(JQ21016)
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2025年第25卷第1期
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2402081
  • 接收时间:2024-03-24
  • 首发时间:2025-07-29
  • 出版时间:2025-01-08
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  • 收稿日期:2024-03-24
  • 修回日期:2024-10-11
基金
北京市杰出青年科学基金(JQ21016)
作者信息
    1.北京信息科技大学自动化学院, 北京 100192
    2.中国科学院自动化研究所, 北京 100190

通讯作者:

* 边桂彬(1984—),男,汉族,河南新乡人,博士,研究员。研究方向:手术机器人。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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