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In order to study the solution properties of polyacrylamide at high temperatures at the molecular-atomic scale, the molecular models of partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide(HPAM) and AM/AANa/AMPSNa copolymer [P(AM/AANa/AMPSNa)] have been established through a combination of experimental methods and molecular dynamics simulations. The solution properties of the two polymers at elevated temperatures were systematically investigated in terms of polymer chain rigidity and flexibility, hydrogen bonding, hydration layer, interaction energy and the effect of salt cation, and the micro-mechanism of temperature resistance of P(AM/AANa/AMPSNa) was explained. The results show that the introduction of side chains containing methyl and sulfonated groups into the molecular chain of P(AM/AANa/AMPSNa) could increase the rigidity of the molecular chain, more hydrogen bonds are formed between sulfonated groups and water and has longer lifetime. At the same time, the strong polar sulfonic acid group makes the hydration layer denser, which results in the weaker static shielding effect of the cations on the P(AM/AANa/AMPSNa). Under different temperature conditions, P(AM/AANa/AMPSNa) has stronger intermolecular non-bonding interactions, stronger water retention effect of the molecular chain at the microscopic level, and higher viscosity at the macroscopic level.

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为了在分子原子尺度研究在高温环境中聚丙烯酰胺溶液性能,通过实验方法与分子动力学模拟相结合,建立部分水解聚丙烯酰胺(partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide, HPAM)和丙烯酰胺-丙烯酸钠-2-丙烯酰胺基-2-甲基丙磺酸钠(AM/AANa/AMPSNa)共聚物[acrylamide/sodium acrylate/2-acrylamide-2-methylpropanesulfonate sodium copolymer, P(AM/AANa/AMPSNa)]分子模型。从聚合物分子链刚柔性、氢键、水化层、相互作用能以及盐阳离子影响等方面,系统研究了两种聚合物在高温下的溶液性质,并阐释P(AM/AANa/AMPSNa)耐温作用微观机理。研究结果表明,在P(AM/AANa/AMPSNa)分子链上引入含甲基和磺化基团的侧链后,分子链刚性增加,同时磺酸基团与水形成更多的氢键且寿命更长;同时,强极性的磺酸基团使其水化层更加致密,阻碍了高温下阳离子对P(AM/AANa/AMPSNa)的静电屏蔽作用;不同温度条件下P(AM/AANa/AMPSNa)分子间非键相互作用更强,微观上分子链具有更强保水作用,宏观上具有更高黏度。

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胡晓娜(1986—),女,汉族,山西河津人,博士,高级工程师。研究方向:油田化学助剂合成及应用。E-mail:

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胡晓娜(1986—),女,汉族,山西河津人,博士,高级工程师。研究方向:油田化学助剂合成及应用。E-mail:

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胡晓娜(1986—),女,汉族,山西河津人,博士,高级工程师。研究方向:油田化学助剂合成及应用。E-mail:

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Journal of Petroleum Exploration & Production Technology, 2013, 3(3): 203-206., articleTitle=Viscosity of partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide under shearing and heat, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1205909046373187996, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908306838147849, awardId=420055-3, language=CN, fundingSource=中石化科研创新项目(420055-3), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1205909040601825631, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908306838147849, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1205909040610214240, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908306838147849, companyId=1205909040601825631, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=SINOPEC (Beijing)Research Institute of Chemical Industry Co., Ltd., Beijing 100013, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1205909040618602849, 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figureFileBig=tZKpaCqH5GwYFpA7HS4cmw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1205909045010039193, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908306838147849, language=CN, label=图8, caption=不同温度下两种聚合物中负电基团与Na+间的RDF, figureFileSmall=gNs479n+ApbriZNsRrY04w==, figureFileBig=tZKpaCqH5GwYFpA7HS4cmw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1205909045060370842, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908306838147849, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Electrostatic and van der Waals interactions between two polymer molecules at different temperatures

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
体系 静电相互
作用/(kJ·mol-1)
范德华相互
作用/(kJ·mol-1)
HPAM(303 K) -731.54±16 -565.03±7
HPAM(353 K) -620.59±16 -518.12±7
HPAM(372 K) -582.31±14 -488.24±6
P(AM/AANa/AMPSNa)
(303 K)
-1 120.01±20 -649.47±16
P(AM/AANa/AMPSNa)
(353 K)
-1 075.20±19 -650.47±16
P(AM/AANa/AMPSNa)
(372 K)
-986.17±19 -595.41±14
), ArticleFig(id=1205909045131674011, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908306838147849, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

不同温度下两种聚合物分子间的静电相互作用与范德华相互作用

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
体系 静电相互
作用/(kJ·mol-1)
范德华相互
作用/(kJ·mol-1)
HPAM(303 K) -731.54±16 -565.03±7
HPAM(353 K) -620.59±16 -518.12±7
HPAM(372 K) -582.31±14 -488.24±6
P(AM/AANa/AMPSNa)
(303 K)
-1 120.01±20 -649.47±16
P(AM/AANa/AMPSNa)
(353 K)
-1 075.20±19 -650.47±16
P(AM/AANa/AMPSNa)
(372 K)
-986.17±19 -595.41±14
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基于分子模拟的丙烯酰胺/丙烯酸钠/2-丙烯酰胺基-2-甲基丙磺酸钠共聚物耐温机理
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胡晓娜 , 伊卓 , 刘希 , 张瑞琪 , 李雅婧 , 杨金彪
科学技术与工程 | 论文·石油、天然气工业 2025,25(1): 157-164
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科学技术与工程 | 论文·石油、天然气工业 2025, 25(1): 157-164
基于分子模拟的丙烯酰胺/丙烯酸钠/2-丙烯酰胺基-2-甲基丙磺酸钠共聚物耐温机理
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胡晓娜 , 伊卓, 刘希, 张瑞琪, 李雅婧, 杨金彪
作者信息
  • 中石化(北京)化工研究院有限公司, 北京 100013
  • 胡晓娜(1986—),女,汉族,山西河津人,博士,高级工程师。研究方向:油田化学助剂合成及应用。E-mail:

Mechanism of Temperature Resistance of AM/AANa/AMPSNa Copolymer Based on Molecular Simulation
Xiao-na HU , Zhuo YI, Xi LIU, Rui-qi ZHANG, Ya-jing LI, Jin-biao YANG
Affiliations
  • SINOPEC (Beijing)Research Institute of Chemical Industry Co., Ltd., Beijing 100013, China
出版时间: 2025-01-08 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2400380
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为了在分子原子尺度研究在高温环境中聚丙烯酰胺溶液性能,通过实验方法与分子动力学模拟相结合,建立部分水解聚丙烯酰胺(partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide, HPAM)和丙烯酰胺-丙烯酸钠-2-丙烯酰胺基-2-甲基丙磺酸钠(AM/AANa/AMPSNa)共聚物[acrylamide/sodium acrylate/2-acrylamide-2-methylpropanesulfonate sodium copolymer, P(AM/AANa/AMPSNa)]分子模型。从聚合物分子链刚柔性、氢键、水化层、相互作用能以及盐阳离子影响等方面,系统研究了两种聚合物在高温下的溶液性质,并阐释P(AM/AANa/AMPSNa)耐温作用微观机理。研究结果表明,在P(AM/AANa/AMPSNa)分子链上引入含甲基和磺化基团的侧链后,分子链刚性增加,同时磺酸基团与水形成更多的氢键且寿命更长;同时,强极性的磺酸基团使其水化层更加致密,阻碍了高温下阳离子对P(AM/AANa/AMPSNa)的静电屏蔽作用;不同温度条件下P(AM/AANa/AMPSNa)分子间非键相互作用更强,微观上分子链具有更强保水作用,宏观上具有更高黏度。

聚合物  /  溶液  /  动力学  /  分子模拟  /  微尺度

In order to study the solution properties of polyacrylamide at high temperatures at the molecular-atomic scale, the molecular models of partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide(HPAM) and AM/AANa/AMPSNa copolymer [P(AM/AANa/AMPSNa)] have been established through a combination of experimental methods and molecular dynamics simulations. The solution properties of the two polymers at elevated temperatures were systematically investigated in terms of polymer chain rigidity and flexibility, hydrogen bonding, hydration layer, interaction energy and the effect of salt cation, and the micro-mechanism of temperature resistance of P(AM/AANa/AMPSNa) was explained. The results show that the introduction of side chains containing methyl and sulfonated groups into the molecular chain of P(AM/AANa/AMPSNa) could increase the rigidity of the molecular chain, more hydrogen bonds are formed between sulfonated groups and water and has longer lifetime. At the same time, the strong polar sulfonic acid group makes the hydration layer denser, which results in the weaker static shielding effect of the cations on the P(AM/AANa/AMPSNa). Under different temperature conditions, P(AM/AANa/AMPSNa) has stronger intermolecular non-bonding interactions, stronger water retention effect of the molecular chain at the microscopic level, and higher viscosity at the macroscopic level.

polymers  /  solution  /  kinetics  /  molecular simulation  /  microscale
胡晓娜, 伊卓, 刘希, 张瑞琪, 李雅婧, 杨金彪. 基于分子模拟的丙烯酰胺/丙烯酸钠/2-丙烯酰胺基-2-甲基丙磺酸钠共聚物耐温机理. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (1) : 157 -164 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2400380
Xiao-na HU, Zhuo YI, Xi LIU, Rui-qi ZHANG, Ya-jing LI, Jin-biao YANG. Mechanism of Temperature Resistance of AM/AANa/AMPSNa Copolymer Based on Molecular Simulation[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (1) : 157 -164 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2400380
中国高含水老油田年产油量均占全国的70%以上,但整体已进入高含水期或特高含水期,需进一步大幅度提高采收率[1-6]。聚合物驱油技术是一种非常成熟的提高原油采收率技术,在中国胜利油田、大庆油田已有许多较大规模的应用[7]。传统部分水解聚丙烯酰胺(partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide, HPAM)在高温高盐油藏应用,尤其是在油藏温度大于85 ℃,地层水矿化度为大于30 000 mg/L,钙镁离子浓度大于800 mg/L时,增黏能力大幅减弱,甚至聚合物溶液黏度急剧降低,很难满足这一类油藏的驱油要求,这极大地限制了其应用[8-9]。因此,需要对常规聚丙烯酰胺分子进行改性,以提高其增黏能力、耐高温和抗剪切能力,从而满足高温油藏的驱油要求,以进一步提高原油采收率。目前,研究者已广泛开展了针对丙烯酰胺聚合物改性以及溶液性能的研究[10-13]。韩培慧[14]开发了适合大庆油田二类油层驱油用抗盐聚合物,该聚合物的抗盐性、耐热稳定性、黏弹性和注入能力等性能优于同分子质量的HPAM。赖南君等[15]制备了3种不同支化程度的树枝状聚合物,发现支化程度较高的HPDA3.0有着较高的流体力学半径和分子质量,可通过增加支化程度提高抗剪切性能和流变性能。近年来,随着分子模拟技术的发展,提供了可以从分子水平研究聚合物液相行为的方法,该技术越来越多地用于研究聚合物分子的性质[16-20]。石阳等[21]采用分子动力学研究了3种不同类型的功能单体改性部分水解聚丙烯酰胺在高温下的分子链舒展程度、体系小分子扩散状态以及与水形成的氢键强度。Wang等[22]通过实验方法与模拟计算相结合的方法研究了不同磺酸基修饰的HPAM溶液的黏度性质,发现了不同支链长度对HPAM溶液黏度及耐盐性有一定影响。虽然分子动力学模拟在丙烯酰胺类聚合物溶液性能研究中已取得一定的研究成果,但在聚合物分子链侧基对链的刚柔性以及高温下盐阳离子对聚合物溶液性能的影响研究较少。
针对项目组已开发的丙烯酰胺-丙烯酸钠-2-丙烯酰胺基-2-甲基丙磺酸钠(AM/AANa/AMPSNa)共聚物[acrylamide/sodium acrylate/2-acrylamide-2-methylpropanesulfonate sodium copolymer, P(AM/AANa/AMPSNa)],并与HPAM进行对比,采用实验和分子动力学模拟相结合的方法探究不同温度下聚合物分子链刚柔性、氢键、水化层、相互作用以及盐阳离子等因素对溶液性能的影响,更全面地从分子原子水平上对其耐温机理进行解释,从而为今后更深入地设计改性聚丙烯酰胺分子奠定基础。
丙烯酰胺(纯度≥98%),2-丙烯酰胺基-2-甲基丙磺酸钠溶液(AMPSNa),50%水溶液,购自西格玛奥德里奇(上海)贸易有限公司;复合引发体系,实验室自制;其他药品均为分析纯,购自国药集团化学试剂有限公司。
黏度仪,美国Brookfield DV-Ⅲ型;电热鼓风干燥箱,上海一恒科学仪器有限公司。
采用HPAM和P(AM/AANa/AMPSNa)两种聚合物分子结构。HPAM分子由6个重复单元组成,每个重复单元含有4个酰胺基和1个羧基,带1个单位的负电荷,整个分子结构含有6个单位的负电荷;P(AM/AANa/AMPSNa)分子由2个重复单元组成,每个重复单元含有10个酰胺基、3个羧基和1个磺酸基,带4个单位的负电荷,整个分子结构包含8个单位的负电荷。
模拟体系尺寸设置为10 nm×10 nm×10 nm,高温下,聚合物链段的运动加剧,相邻链段间容易相互缠绕,因此在该模型中的盒子中心添加了3条聚合物链段,用于考察它们在高温下的行为。同时,为了清楚地显示聚合物链,隐藏了水分子,只显示了聚合物链和添加的盐离子。采用的矿化度条件为NaCl:7 000 mg/L,对应的数量为70个。
通过Packmol软件建立上述体系,构建中使聚合物链位于模拟体系中央,模拟体系的尺寸远远大于采用聚合物链段伸展的最大长度,避免了由于周期性边界条件导致的临近盒子中聚合物链间的镜像作用,保证了模拟结果的合理性。
采用Gromacs 4.5.5软件包进行所有的分子动力学模拟计算,体系中分子力场采用CHARMM (chemistry at HARvard macromolecular mechanics)力场,采用VMD软件模拟结果的可视化。积分算法采用跳蛙算法,时间步长为1 fs,模拟系综采用NPT 系综。采用Nose-Hoover方法进行控温,Parrinello-Rahman方法用于控压,模拟在XYZ这3个方向均采用周期边界条件,截断半径设置为10 Å(1 Å=10-10 m),所有体系的模拟时间为10 ns。黏度采用横向电流自相关(transverse current autocorrelation, TCA)方法计算。
氢键数目的测定:根据氢键的几何结构判断是否形成氢键并统计数目。判断标准为氢原子和氧原子之间特定的距离与夹角。具体的,两个水分子氧原子之间的距离不大于3.5 Å,同时氢键供体中的OH与氢键受体上的O之间的夹角小于30°即可。
氢键寿命的计算:根据氢键的几何标准对模拟轨迹进行分析,跟踪一段时间内氢原子、供体和受体原子之间的距离和角度,对比每一时刻与初始时刻的氢键,统计断裂氢键的数目,将断裂氢键的数目超过初始时刻形成氢键数目的一半所需要的时间定义为氢键的寿命。
(1)HPAM的制备。在反应釜中加入定量单体AM和去离子水,充分溶解后采用NaOH水溶液调节溶液的pH至6。充分混合后,通氮除氧30 min,然后加入复合引发剂体系(占单体质量比的0.02%),在一定温度下反应至达到最高聚合温度后结束,取出胶状物,造粒后按照水解度20%~22%加入一定量的碱液,置于60~70 ℃高温下水解,然后经干燥、破碎、筛分得到HPAM,结构如图1(a)所示。得到的HPAM相对分子质量为2 600×104,水解度为20.3%。
(2)P(AM/AANa/AMPSNa)制备。在反应釜中加入定量AM、AMPSNa和去离子水,充分溶解后采用NaOH水溶液调节溶液的pH至6[10]。充分混合后,通氮除氧30 min,然后加入计量的复合引发剂体系(占单体质量比的0.02%),在一定温度下反应至达到最高聚合温度后结束,取出胶状物,造粒后按照水解度20%~22%加入一定量的碱液,置于60~70 ℃高温下水解,然后经干燥、破碎、筛分得到P(AM/AANa/AMPSNa)共聚物,结构如图1(b)所示。得到的P(AM/AANa/AMPSNa)相对分子质量为2 300×104,水解度为20.3%。
配制浓度为1 800 mg/L,且含有NaCl浓度为7 000 mg/L的聚合物溶液,测定在303、333、353、368、372 K下的溶液黏度。
当聚丙烯酰胺注入地层时,受油藏高温环境的影响,黏度会大幅降低。对于温度的影响,主要考察了涵盖不同油藏温度下溶液黏度变化。通过对比两种聚合物溶液黏度的变化,揭示温度对其黏度的影响变化规律。图2为两种聚合物在不同温度黏度变化的实验值和模拟值。由图2可知,随着温度升高,两种聚合物溶液的黏度均呈现出近似线性的下降趋势,但P(AM/AANa/AMPSNa)耐温性明显优于HPAM。模拟计算与实验测试的黏度变化趋势保持一致。丙烯酰胺类聚合物溶液的黏度主要取决于溶液中聚合物的流体力学体积和溶液体系中缠结点的多少[10]。温度升高对黏度的影响,主要有两方面因素:一是温度升高,聚合物分子热运动加剧,分子链间的缠结点减少,流动阻力降低;二是温度升高,水分子热运动加剧,聚合物分子链的流体力学半径减小。与HPAM相比,P(AM/AANa/AMPSNa)分子结构引入了带有甲基和磺酸基团的侧链,具有较大的空间位阻,分子链刚性强,在高温下流体力学体积大;同时磺酸基的亲水性强,可与水形成更多的氢键,在3种结构单元相互协同作用下,耐温性能有了显著提升。
聚合物间的缠接是影响聚合物黏度的一个重要因素,通过缠接形成空间网状结构可提高溶液黏度。因此,溶液的黏度与聚合物间的缠结点数目成正比,缠结点的数目又与聚合物的伸展长度有关[23]。聚丙烯酰胺溶液的黏度与其链段的伸展程度密切相关。链段卷曲不利于链段间形成网状增黏结构,体系黏度将下降;而如果能够较好地保持长的伸展结构时,将获得更好的体系黏度。通过模拟聚合物在不同温度下的平衡构型可以对聚合物的伸展程度进行表征,以研究聚丙烯酰胺的耐温性能。
首先对于给定的聚合物模型体系,当体系温度达到指定温度、体系总能量达到稳定(在某一数值附近略有波动)时,可以认为体系达到平衡,平衡后的动力学过程可以用于分析体系的热力学动力学性能。图3给出了聚合物在3个典型温度(303、353、372 K)下的分子平衡构型图。可以看出,随着温度的升高,两种聚合物均发生了一定程度的收缩。这是因为温度升高,分子链振动加剧,同时,分子链上的官能团和水的结合会减弱,导致同一条链之间的相互作用会加强,导致链发生收缩。同时可以看出,HPAM分子在溶液中发生了严重的蜷缩,这种蜷缩构型导致了溶液体系内部水分子流动阻力的减小,对应了宏观黏度的丧失;而P(AM/AANa/AMPSNa)因为磺酸基团较大的空间位阻,仍然保持了较好的舒展状态,从而使溶液体系的黏度得到很好的保持。
聚合物分子回转半径(Rg)可以定量表征温度增加对聚合物分子链段伸展性的影响[17]。回转半径与特性黏数有三次方的正性关系,回转半径越大则特性黏数越大,体系黏度越高。图4为不同温度下两种聚合物平均末端距和回转半径的变化曲线。可以看出,随着温度的上升,两种聚合物分子的伸展性逐渐变差,根据聚合物伸展性能与特性黏数间的关系,表明溶液黏度随着温度升高而下降。对比普通HPAM,在相同的温度下,P(AM/AANa/AMPSNa)分子表现出更为优异的耐温性能。
聚合物的伸展性能与聚合物分子结构有关,其中聚合物分子链的刚柔性影响了聚合物的有效长度,柔性链容易通过链段运动取向,使网状结构密度下降,流动单元减小,流动阻力下降明显,而刚性的整个分子取向困难,内摩擦阻力大,流动过程中取向作用小,剪切速率增大时黏度变化小。因此对两种聚合物链的刚柔性进行了对比研究。如图5所示,以聚合物链中心的碳原子到末端碳原子间的角度θ的变化来衡量聚合物两端相对于中心的收缩伸展程度,该数值可以表征链段的柔性。以368 K为例,可以看出P(AM/AANa/AMPSNa)分子的平均值大约在120°,大于HPAM分子的平均值,说明分子链段呈现出更加伸展的状态;同时,其波动幅度明显小于HPAM分子的摆动幅度,且其分子的摆动角θ的最低值已达到30°,对应了构象研究中的蜷缩构象,其平均值和变化幅度共同说明了P(AM/AANa/AMPSNa)的刚性更强。
HPAM和P(AM/AANa/AMPSNa)的主链C—C单键可以绕轴相对自由的旋转,即从主链上来说内旋转程度是一致的,但P(AM/AANa/AMPSNa)的主链上引入了含有甲基和磺化基团的侧链,使其分子链段的刚性强于HPAM,使其在高温时能够较好地保持了聚合物链段的有效长度,同时也具有了较好的耐剪切性能,使其溶液的黏弹性能明显优于HPAM溶液。
聚合物分子链中负电性原子如羧基中的氧原子、氨基中的氮原子、磺酸根中的氧原子以及水的氧原子,与水分子中的氢原子可以形成氢键。氢键键能介于共价键和范德华作用能之间,聚合物与水分子间相互作用的影响不容忽视。氢键可以表征负电基团束缚水的能力,氢键数目多、寿命长则说明负电基团与周围水分子形成了较为稳定的氢键网络结构,有利于水化层的稳定存在,其形成水力学体积的空间位阻效应显著,利于保持溶液体系的黏度。
在368 K下,分析两种聚合物与水分子间形成氢键数目,如图6(a)所示,可以看出P(AM/AANa/AMPSNa)形成氢键的能力明显高于HPAM,大量氢键的形成说明其束缚水的数目较多;同时,氢键寿命[图6(b)]计算结果也表明:P(AM/AANa/AMPSNa)的氢键寿命更长。随着温度上升,水分子的运动性能加强,逃逸束缚的能力增加使其与负电基团形成的氢键寿命缩短,P(AM/AANa/AMPSNa)束缚水的数目更多,束缚能力更强,其形成水力学体积的空间位阻效应显著,能够有效保持溶液黏度。
聚合物中亲水基团中心原子通过氢键可以将水分子束缚在附近,形成一层排列规整、有序而紧密的水化层。选用径向分布函数(radial distribution function,RDF)来分析极性基团与水分子之间的相互作用,g(r)表示在距离某个分子中心距离为rr+dr的区域内找到另一个分子的概率密度与理想气体中相同距离的概率密度的比值。
图7为不同温度两种聚合物的负电基团中氧原子与水分子的径向分布函数,可知,负电基团与水分子的径向分布函数的第一峰在0.32 nm处,形成致密水化层。由于P(AM/AANa/AMPSNa)中磺酸基团的引入,负电基团原子电荷增加,其分子链水化层中第一水化层更加致密。随着温度的升高,第一峰的峰值均逐渐下降,但位置没有变化,表明温度变化虽然没有引起聚合物分子链周围水化层位置的变化,但对水化层内水分子的密度造成了影响,降低水在聚合物分子周围的吸附强度。
随着溶液温度升高,体系内所有原子的动能升高,聚合物周围水分子的运动状态也加剧,温度较低时水分子在聚合物周围形成的水化层较为稳定,温度升高后由于负电基团与水分子之间的束缚作用与水分子动能之间的平衡被打破,因此高温时,有部分水分子挣脱负电基团的束缚进入体相中,导致负电基团的水化层中水分子数量减少,其空间位阻下降,抑制分子链段团聚的能力下降。对比两种聚合物中负电基团与水的径向分布函数,结果表明:相同的温度下与HPAM相比,P(AM/AANa/AMPSNa)的水化层比HPAM更为致密,能够更多地与体相中的水分子接触,因此能够保持更大的水力学体积,提高了其溶液黏度。
盐阳离子通过吸附在聚合物链的负电基团上,能够在一定程度上屏蔽聚合物链之间的静电排斥,进而影响聚合物的伸展性能。通过两种聚合物中负电基团与Na+间的RDF曲线,研究了不同温度下溶液中盐离子的静电屏蔽效应的影响,如图8所示。结果表明在不同温度下,P(AM/AANa/AMPSNa)的负电基团与Na+间的RDF峰值总是小于HPAM的RDF峰值,说明阳离子对P(AM/AANa/AMPSNa)的静电屏蔽效应相对较弱。当温度从303 K升到368 K时,两种聚合物体系第一峰峰值都有略微的上升。这是因为随着温度升高,盐离子运动能力提高,加强了阳离子与聚合物链段中极性基团间的碰撞,同时分子链水化层密度降低,更容易靠近带电基团,加强了静电屏蔽效应,导致分子链更加蜷缩。而P(AM/AANa/AMPSNa)体系中第一峰峰值变化较小,原因可能是P(AM/AANa/AMPSNa)水化层密度相对较大,不利于盐离子进入,静电屏蔽效应相对较弱。
计算不同温度下两种聚合物的静电相互作用和范德华相互作用,从能量角度分析温度对不同聚合物溶液性质的影响,如表1所示。结果表明在不同温度下,两种聚合物间的静电相互作用都略大于范德华相互作用;随着温度的上升,两种聚合物间的非键相互作用能皆发生了不同程度的下降。可能的机理如下:当温度升高后,分子的热运动加剧,导致分子间距变大,而静电作用和范德华作用均与距离成反比,当高温下分子间距变大后静电作用和范德华作用强度减小。相比HPAM,P(AM/AANa/AMPSNa)具有磺酸基团,导致其静电作用强,在高温下不易分开,从而使分子间保持了较小的距离,产生更大的范德华作用,因而具有更好的耐温性能。
(1)常规实验测试与模拟计算结果表明,温度增加均会导致聚合物溶液黏度的大幅下降,模拟计算与实验测试的黏度变化趋势保持一致,但P(AM/AANa/AMPSNa)耐温性明显提高。
(2)P(AM/AANa/AMPSNa)主链上带有甲基和磺酸的大侧基团,提高了分子链刚性和耐剪切性,在高温时能够较好地保持聚合物链段的有效长度,保持较大的水力学体积,宏观上具有更高黏度。
(3)与HPAM相比,P(AM/AANa/AMPSNa)与水形成的氢键数量多,寿命长,水化层密度大,弱化了盐离子在不同温度下对分子链的静电屏蔽作用,同时分子间具有较大非键相互作用能,便其耐温抗盐性能良好。
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2400380
  • 接收时间:2024-01-12
  • 首发时间:2025-07-29
  • 出版时间:2025-01-08
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  • 收稿日期:2024-01-12
  • 修回日期:2024-09-29
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中石化科研创新项目(420055-3)
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    中石化(北京)化工研究院有限公司, 北京 100013
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
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Genus
种数
Number of
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占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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