Article(id=1156908306469049095, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1156908295593223005, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2308478, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1698681600000, receivedDateStr=2023-10-31, revisedDate=1728316800000, revisedDateStr=2024-10-08, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1753758034579, onlineDateStr=2025-07-29, pubDate=1736265600000, pubDateStr=2025-01-08, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753758034579, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-29, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753758034579, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753758034579, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1156908295593223005, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='438', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1753758031985, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1765425680602, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1205845960933049001, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1156908295593223005, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1205845960933049002, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1156908295593223005, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=210, endPage=218, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1156908308608144144, articleId=1156908306469049095, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=Day-ahead and Real-time Energy Management of Island Wind Power Hydrogen Production System, columnId=1156262733675876713, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Papers·Electrical Technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to solve the influence of intermittent and fluctuating wind energy on the economy and reliability of the system, a day-ahead and real-time energy management strategy for islanded wind power hydrogen production system with energy storage battery was proposed. In the day-ahead energy management stage, the energy management strategy of alkaline electrolytic cell power classification was adopted, and the economic energy management model of isolated wind power hydrogen production system was established with the maximum daily profit of the system as the objective function. An improved grey wolf optimization algorithm was proposed to solve the system energy management model, optimize the system energy flow and improve the system economy. In the real-time energy management stage, in order to ensure that the system can maintain stable operation when unplanned power fluctuations occur, a real-time energy management strategy for island wind power hydrogen production system based on condition identification was designed, which can adjust the system operation status in time according to the real-time operating conditions of the system. The experimental results show that the day-ahead energy management based on the improved grey wolf optimization algorithm effectively increases the daily revenue of the system and improves the economy of the system. The real-time stage energy management based on condition identification can maintain the system power balance when the wind power fluctuates under the day-ahead plan, and realize the stable hydrogen production of the electrolytic cell throughout the day.

, correspAuthors=Yan DONG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Jie JING, Yan DONG, Fu-quan YANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1156908450434339746, articleId=1156908306469049095, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=CN, title=孤岛风电制氢系统日前及实时能量管理, columnId=1156262734506353627, journalTitle=科学技术与工程, columnName=论文·电工技术, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为解决风能间歇性和波动性对系统经济性、可靠性的影响,提出了一种含有储能电池的孤岛风电制氢系统日前及实时能量管理策略。在日前能量管理阶段,采用碱性电解槽功率分级能量管理策略,并以系统日收益最大为目标函数,建立孤岛风电制氢系统经济性能量管理模型,提出一种改进灰狼优化算法对系统能量管理模型进行求解,优化系统能量流动,提高系统经济性。在实时能量管理阶段,为保证系统在非计划功率波动时可以维持稳定运行,设计了一种基于工况识别的孤岛风电制氢系统实时能量管理策略,根据系统实时运行工况及时调整系统运行状态。实验结果表明:基于改进灰狼优化算法的日前阶段能量管理有效增加系统日收益,提高了系统的经济性。基于工况识别的实时阶段能量管理在日前计划下风功率波动时可以维持系统功率平衡,实现电解槽全天稳定制氢。

, correspAuthors=董砚, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 董砚(1973—),女,汉族,黑龙江绥化人,博士,教授。研究方向:新能源装备与智能控制。E-mail:
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荆捷(1998—),男,汉族,河南洛阳人,硕士研究生。研究方向:新能源装备与智能控制。E-mail:

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荆捷(1998—),男,汉族,河南洛阳人,硕士研究生。研究方向:新能源装备与智能控制。E-mail:

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荆捷(1998—),男,汉族,河南洛阳人,硕士研究生。研究方向:新能源装备与智能控制。E-mail:

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UaUbUc分别为风力发电机输出的三相交流电压;UDC为直流母线电压;IavalIbvalIcval分别为三相交错变流器每一相的电流;UElIEl分别为电解槽的电压和电流;UBat为储能电池的电压;K1~K14为功率变换器中的全控器件

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journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908306469049095, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Day-ahead energy management power optimization curve, figureFileSmall=ZsG+3nVgLjGodp5SzpFHGg==, figureFileBig=cQ5ezJ2WrB/4lEaCwVY2fw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1205909234525470784, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908306469049095, language=CN, label=图6, caption=日前阶段能量管理功率优化曲线, figureFileSmall=ZsG+3nVgLjGodp5SzpFHGg==, figureFileBig=cQ5ezJ2WrB/4lEaCwVY2fw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1205909234613551170, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908306469049095, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Charging and discharging power and state of charge curve of energy storage battery in day-ahead stage, figureFileSmall=851eVmLiZXQjT/ulSE93rQ==, figureFileBig=WU7sv0OYZh89bQH+6IYc4w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1205909234693242947, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908306469049095, language=CN, label=图7, caption=日前阶段储能电池充放电功率与荷电状态曲线, figureFileSmall=851eVmLiZXQjT/ulSE93rQ==, figureFileBig=WU7sv0OYZh89bQH+6IYc4w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1205909234777129030, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908306469049095, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=The comparison diagram of system economy before and after optimization in the day-ahead stage, figureFileSmall=13R3jRUADVo22BtR8qKVOw==, figureFileBig=IZmIHXH5Z8YyhMiGvAAfew==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1205909234844237897, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908306469049095, language=CN, label=图8, caption=日前阶段优化前与优化后的系统经济性对比图, figureFileSmall=13R3jRUADVo22BtR8qKVOw==, figureFileBig=IZmIHXH5Z8YyhMiGvAAfew==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1205909234915541068, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908306469049095, language=EN, label=Fig.9, caption=The final 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tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1205909235242696789, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908306469049095, language=EN, label=Fig.11, caption=The power curve of the system when the operating conditions are switched, figureFileSmall=+J14sBXFrA1NLvpdSrJZ5w==, figureFileBig=fngLMdegmY4K3sSeguUi0w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1205909235322388567, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908306469049095, language=CN, label=图11, caption=系统运行工况切换时的功率曲线, figureFileSmall=+J14sBXFrA1NLvpdSrJZ5w==, figureFileBig=fngLMdegmY4K3sSeguUi0w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1205909235397886039, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908306469049095, language=EN, label=Fig.12, caption=The state of charge of the energy storage battery during the switching of the system operating conditions, figureFileSmall=oKfMFk6sJBvki3f2Tf04Rw==, figureFileBig=6W8o+kY+l2p4IYcqsx2BOA==, 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language=EN, label=Fig.14, caption=The DC bus voltage when the system operating conditions are switched, figureFileSmall=jT3kEwB0tHS8MeZut28VRg==, figureFileBig=AdGjCoid5HCU+IYYigVVKA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1205909235746013286, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908306469049095, language=CN, label=图14, caption=系统运行工况切换时的直流母线电压, figureFileSmall=jT3kEwB0tHS8MeZut28VRg==, figureFileBig=AdGjCoid5HCU+IYYigVVKA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1205909235813122153, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908306469049095, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Electrolyzer power classification interval

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
电解槽功率分级区间 功率范围/kW
区间一 180~200
区间二 160~180
区间三 140~160
区间四 120~140
区间五 100~120
), ArticleFig(id=1205909235913785451, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908306469049095, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

电解槽功率分级区间

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
电解槽功率分级区间 功率范围/kW
区间一 180~200
区间二 160~180
区间三 140~160
区间四 120~140
区间五 100~120
), ArticleFig(id=1205909236006060141, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908306469049095, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Simulation parameter

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项目 参数名称 数值
风力发电机 额定风速/(m·s-1) 12
额定功率/kW 250
最小功率/kW 0
日投资成本/(元·d-1) 500
日运营成本/[元·(kW·h)-1] 0.07
使用年限/a 20
碱性电解槽 额定功率/kW 200
最小功率/kW 100
日投资成本/(元·d-1) 760
日运营成本[元·(kW·h)-1] 0.12
使用年限/a 10
储能电池 充电效率/% 97
放电效率/% 97
最大荷电状态 0.8
最小荷电状态 0.2
额定功率/kW 100
总容量/(kW·h) 300
日投资成本/(元·d-1) 100
日运营成本/[元·(kW·h)-1] 0.05
使用年限/a 10
直流母线 额定电压/V 800
其他 氢气价格 G H 2/(元·kg-1) 40
), ArticleFig(id=1205909236077363310, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908306469049095, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

仿真参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目 参数名称 数值
风力发电机 额定风速/(m·s-1) 12
额定功率/kW 250
最小功率/kW 0
日投资成本/(元·d-1) 500
日运营成本/[元·(kW·h)-1] 0.07
使用年限/a 20
碱性电解槽 额定功率/kW 200
最小功率/kW 100
日投资成本/(元·d-1) 760
日运营成本[元·(kW·h)-1] 0.12
使用年限/a 10
储能电池 充电效率/% 97
放电效率/% 97
最大荷电状态 0.8
最小荷电状态 0.2
额定功率/kW 100
总容量/(kW·h) 300
日投资成本/(元·d-1) 100
日运营成本/[元·(kW·h)-1] 0.05
使用年限/a 10
直流母线 额定电压/V 800
其他 氢气价格 G H 2/(元·kg-1) 40
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孤岛风电制氢系统日前及实时能量管理
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荆捷 , 董砚 * , 杨富荃
科学技术与工程 | 论文·电工技术 2025,25(1): 210-218
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科学技术与工程 | 论文·电工技术 2025, 25(1): 210-218
孤岛风电制氢系统日前及实时能量管理
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荆捷 , 董砚* , 杨富荃
作者信息
  • 河北工业大学电气工程学院, 天津 300131
  • 荆捷(1998—),男,汉族,河南洛阳人,硕士研究生。研究方向:新能源装备与智能控制。E-mail:

通讯作者:

* 董砚(1973—),女,汉族,黑龙江绥化人,博士,教授。研究方向:新能源装备与智能控制。E-mail:
Day-ahead and Real-time Energy Management of Island Wind Power Hydrogen Production System
Jie JING , Yan DONG* , Fu-quan YANG
Affiliations
  • School of Electrical Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300131, China
出版时间: 2025-01-08 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2308478
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为解决风能间歇性和波动性对系统经济性、可靠性的影响,提出了一种含有储能电池的孤岛风电制氢系统日前及实时能量管理策略。在日前能量管理阶段,采用碱性电解槽功率分级能量管理策略,并以系统日收益最大为目标函数,建立孤岛风电制氢系统经济性能量管理模型,提出一种改进灰狼优化算法对系统能量管理模型进行求解,优化系统能量流动,提高系统经济性。在实时能量管理阶段,为保证系统在非计划功率波动时可以维持稳定运行,设计了一种基于工况识别的孤岛风电制氢系统实时能量管理策略,根据系统实时运行工况及时调整系统运行状态。实验结果表明:基于改进灰狼优化算法的日前阶段能量管理有效增加系统日收益,提高了系统的经济性。基于工况识别的实时阶段能量管理在日前计划下风功率波动时可以维持系统功率平衡,实现电解槽全天稳定制氢。

风电制氢  /  电解槽  /  能量管理  /  灰狼算法

In order to solve the influence of intermittent and fluctuating wind energy on the economy and reliability of the system, a day-ahead and real-time energy management strategy for islanded wind power hydrogen production system with energy storage battery was proposed. In the day-ahead energy management stage, the energy management strategy of alkaline electrolytic cell power classification was adopted, and the economic energy management model of isolated wind power hydrogen production system was established with the maximum daily profit of the system as the objective function. An improved grey wolf optimization algorithm was proposed to solve the system energy management model, optimize the system energy flow and improve the system economy. In the real-time energy management stage, in order to ensure that the system can maintain stable operation when unplanned power fluctuations occur, a real-time energy management strategy for island wind power hydrogen production system based on condition identification was designed, which can adjust the system operation status in time according to the real-time operating conditions of the system. The experimental results show that the day-ahead energy management based on the improved grey wolf optimization algorithm effectively increases the daily revenue of the system and improves the economy of the system. The real-time stage energy management based on condition identification can maintain the system power balance when the wind power fluctuates under the day-ahead plan, and realize the stable hydrogen production of the electrolytic cell throughout the day.

hydrogen production from wind power  /  electrolyzer  /  energy management  /  grey wolf algorithm
荆捷, 董砚, 杨富荃. 孤岛风电制氢系统日前及实时能量管理. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (1) : 210 -218 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2308478
Jie JING, Yan DONG, Fu-quan YANG. Day-ahead and Real-time Energy Management of Island Wind Power Hydrogen Production System[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (1) : 210 -218 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2308478
随着全球能源需求的不断增长,传统能源的供应压力越来越大,同时全球气候变化和环境污染问题也日益严重,发展可再生能源已成为全球共识[1]。随着可再生能源制氢研究的不断深入,风力发电直接制氢成为可再生能源制氢发展的新模式。相比于并网发电制氢、大规模离网互补制氢,进行孤岛模式的单机就地制氢,可不再受制于上网电价、可再生能源比例、电网建设程度和规模的影响,解决风电限制上网的尴尬处境、多能互补高投资成本的困扰[2-4]
孤岛风电制氢系统依赖于自然风能,系统的稳定性和经济性易受风能变化的影响。针对孤岛风电直接制氢系统能量管理问题,文献[5]在孤岛系统中加入储能电池,通过储能电池与电解槽的相互配合,减弱风能波动对孤岛系统的影响。文献[6]在含有风力发电机、制氢电解槽和储能电池的孤岛制氢系统,提出了一种稳定直流母线电压的能量管理策略,能够实现全天稳定制氢。文献[7]针对孤岛风氢混合发电系统实时运行稳定性问题,设计了一种基于模糊状态机(fuzzy state machine,FSM)的实时阶段能量管理策略,使系统在多个运行场景下保持稳定运行。以上研究只针对系统稳定性角度,没有对其经济性进行研究。
对于风电制氢技术经济性研究,一些学者通过建立系统经济性能量管理模型,对系统模型进行求解优化,进一步提高系统经济性。文献[8]提出了一种以氢能为能源枢纽的多能量耦合的能量管理模型,以运营净收益最大为目标函数,使用矩阵耦合的方法实现系统的功率协调控制,并提高系统净收益。文献[9]以经济性最优为目标函数,考虑储能荷电状态状态,构建了日前能量管理经济性模型,提出了一种电氢耦合系统能量管理方法,有效提高了系统的经济性。近年来,元启发式优化算法在求解非线性问题中的应用日益广泛,利用此类算法求解系统非线性模型已成为一个重要的研究领域[10]。文献[11]以微电网的日收益最大化为目标函数,建立了经济性优化模型,利用鲸鱼优化算法进行求解,提高了系统日收益。但其目标函数只考虑了系统的运维成本,未考虑到系统的日投资成本。文献[12]利用灰狼优化算法优化风-氢-储微电网的经济运行问题,证明了灰狼优化算法在解决风电制氢经济性问题上的有效性,但存在收敛速度慢、易陷入局部最优的缺点。
在以上研究的基础上,现提出一种孤岛风电制氢系统日前及实时能量管理策略,旨在缓解风功率波动对系统稳定性和经济性的不利影响。在日前阶段能量管理中,将电解槽进行功率分级管理,考虑系统的日投资成本、日运维成本、日售氢收益,建立系统经济性能量管理模型,并利用改进灰狼优化算法进行求解。在实时阶段能量管理中,根据风力发电机和电解槽的功率以及储能电池的荷电状态,将系统划分为5种运行工况,对日前计划进行实时调整。通过日前与实时能量管理优化,以期能够在保证经济性最优的前提下,提高系统的稳定性。
孤岛风电制氢系统结构如图1所示,此系统主要由风力发电机、储能电池及碱性电解槽3个部分组成。
风力发电机、碱性电解槽和储能电池通过直流母线相连。孤岛风电制氢系统的拓扑结构图如图2所示。
风力发电机的输出功率为
PWG= 0 , V V i n P r a t e d V - V i n V r a t e d - V i n 3 , V i n V V r a t e d P r a t e d , V r a t e d V V o u t 0 ,   V V o u t
式(1)中:Prated为风力发电机的额定输出功率;V为风速;Vrated为额定风速;VinVout分别为风力发电机的切入风速和切出风速;PWG为风力发电机的输出功率。
碱性电解槽的输出电压与工作电流、工作温度和电极表面积有关[13]。输出电压方程表示为
$\begin{aligned} V_{\text {cell }}= & V_{\text {rev }}+\left(r_{1}+r_{2} T\right) \frac{I_{\text {cell }}}{A}+ \\ & \operatorname{slg}\left[\left(k_{1}+\frac{k_{2}}{T}+\frac{k_{3}}{T^{2}}\right) \frac{I_{\text {cell }}}{A}+1\right] \end{aligned}$
式(2)中:T为电解槽温度;Icell为碱性电解槽电流;A为电极面积;r1r2k1k2k3s为经验系数;Vrev为碱性电解槽的可逆电压。
碱性电解槽的输入直流电压UEl和运行功率PEl可表示为
UEl=NVcell
PEl=UElIcell
式中:N为电解小室数,取100。
碱性电解槽的制氢效率与电解槽的功率有关,制氢量与电解槽的工作电流有关[14]。分别由式(5)和式(6)表示为
ηEl= H L H V M H 2 , E l W E l
M H 2 , E l= μ E l I c e l l 2 F
式中:ηEl为碱性电解槽的制氢效率;HLHV为氢气的热量;WEl为电解槽消耗的电能;μEl为电流效率; M H 2 , E l为电解槽的制氢量;F为电磁法拉第常数。
储能电池选用磷酸铁锂电池,储能电池t时刻的剩余电量由式(7)所示。
SOC(t)= S O C ( t - 1 ) + η - P B a t ( t ) E B a t , P B a t ( t ) 0 S O C ( t - 1 ) + P B a t ( t ) η + E B a t , P B a t ( t ) 0
式(7)中:η-η+分别为充放电效率;PBat(t)为t时刻储能电池的充放电功率,PBat(t)>0为放电,PBat(t)<0为充电。
日前阶段能量管理主要关注系统的长期经济效益。并通过碱性电解槽功率分级控制策略,减少电解槽功率频繁波动,提高电解槽的制氢稳定性。
构建孤岛风电制氢系统优化模型,考虑整个系统的日运维成本、日投资成本和日售氢收益,以系统一天的收益最大化为目标函数。
fmax= C H 2-CR-CI
式(8)中: C H 2为系统一天的售氢收益;CR为系统的运维成本;CI为系统的每日等价投资成本。
C H 2= M H 2 G H 2
式(9)中: M H 2为系统一天的产氢量; G H 2为氢气价格。
C R = t = 1 T i X C R , i P i ( t ) X = { W G , B a t , E l }
式(10)中:CR,i为不同类别设备的单位运维成本;Pi(t)为不同类别设备在t时刻的功率。
C I = μ I i X C I , i s i μ I = 1 n b ( 1 + b ) L s ( 1 + b ) L s - 1 X = { W G , B a t , E l }
式(11)中:CI,i为不同类别设备的装配投资成本;si为不同设备的容量;μI为折旧回收率;b为折旧价格;Ls为系统设计使用年限;n为设备更换周期。
功率平衡约束为
PWG(t)=PEl(t)+PBat(t)
风力发电机出力约束为
PWG,minPWG(t)≤PWG,max
式(13)中:PWG,max为风力发电机输出的最大功率; PWG,min为风力发电机输出的最小功率。
碱性电解槽运行功率约束为
PEl,minPEl(t)≤PEl,max
式(14)中:PEl,min为电解槽的最小运行功率;PEl,max为电解槽的最大运行功率。
为保证储能电池能够在安全范围内进行周期循环,应对电池的充放电功率与荷电状态进行限制,因此储能电池约束为
PBat,minPBat(t)≤PBat,max
SOCmin≤SOC(t)≤SOCmax
SOC(0)=SOC(T)
式中:PBat,min为储能电池的最小充放电功率;PBat,max为储能电池的最大充放电功率;SOCmin和SOCmax分别为储能电池运行时允许的最小和最大荷电状态。式(17)为储能电池周期性运行限制,保证可以周期性运行。
为了提升电解制氢的效率,确保氢气的纯度,减少电解水制氢过程中功率的频繁波动以及增强碱性电解槽制氢的稳定性,在日前阶段能量管理中采用碱性电解槽功率分级控制策略。
将碱性电解槽的运行区间分为n级,功率分级表达式为
PEl,min+ 1 nm(PEl,max-PEl,min)≤PElPEl,min+ 1 n(m+1)(PEl,max-PEl,min)
式(18)中:m为0~n的整数。
电解槽运行功率表达式为
PEl= P E l , m i n ,       P W G P E l , m i n   P E l , m i n + m n ( P E l , m a x - P E l , m i n ) ,             P E l , m i n P W G P E l , m a x   P E l , m a x ,       P W G P E l , m a x
当风功率处于电解槽运行区间时,电解槽运行功率为分级运行区间的上限值,储能电池放电;当风功率大于电解槽的额定运行功率时,电解槽运行在额定运行功率,储能电池充电;当风功率小于电解槽最小运行功率时,电解槽运行在最小运行功率,储能电池放电。
灰狼算法(grey wolf algorithm, GWO)灵感来源于灰狼的狩猎行为和领导特征。这种算法具有控制参数较少、易于实现等优点[15]。在孤岛风电制氢系统中,通过这种算法,可以找到电解槽和储能电池的功率的最优解。传统灰狼优化算法求解孤岛风电制氢系统日前能量管理模型过程如下。
在给定的功率范围上下限内随机产生功率,产生功率的个数为算法的种群数,然后按照所产生功率的适应度的优劣将功率进行排序,目标函数值最优的功率记为Pα,次优的功率记为Pβ,第三优的功率记为Pδ,其他的被记为Pωi
模仿灰狼包围猎物过程,其他功率值Pωi(t)追踪最优功率Pα(t),寻优过程为
D= C P α ( t ) - P ω i ( t )
Pωi(t+1)=Pα(t)-AD
式中:D为每次迭代中其他功率值与最优功率值的差值(即猎物与灰狼的距离);Pωi(t+1)为一次迭代后的其他功率值;AC为协同系数。AC的计算方法为
A=2QR1-Q
C=2R2
式中:R1R2∈[0,1],为随机变量;Q的初始值为2,在迭代过程中按照Q=2-2t/N线性递减,N为最大迭代次数。
在算法寻优过程中,搜索空间较大,直接寻找到最优解是比较困难的。模仿灰狼群狩猎的过程,每一迭代的功率值都由优解Pα、次优解Pβ、第三优解Pδ以及随机扰动两部分组成,更新公式为
D α = C P α - P ω i D β = C P β - P ω i D δ = C P δ - P ω i
P 1 = P α - A 1 D α P 2 = P β - A 2 D β P 3 = P δ - A 3 D δ
Pωi(t+1)= P 1 + P 2 + P 3 3
式中:DαDβDδ分别为最优解、次优解、第三优解与其他解之间的差值;Pωi(t+1)为PαPβPδ共同决定的其他功率的值。
在每次迭代后,根据每个功率的适应度重新更新最优功率、次优功率和其他功率,适应度较好的前3个功率升级为PαPβPδ,其他功率降级为Pω。直到算法达到最大迭代次数结束,输出最优解Pα
由于传统灰狼优化算法在求解高维度模型时,全局搜索能力不足,易陷入局部最优等缺点。因此,对算法进行以下改进。
利用Sobol序列初始化种群,可以生成均匀分布的初始化功率,可以避免种群中出现过多相似的功率,防止算法在运行中陷入局部最优。假设初始解的取值范围为[Pmin,Pmax],由Sobol序列产生的随机数φn∈[0,1],则种群初始位置为
Pn=Pmin+φn(Pmax-Pmin)
由式(26)可以看出,功率寻优过程仅由PαPβPδ决定,但是忽略了3种解的不同特征,最优解Pα所占的比例没有得到更好的体现。引入动态权重来衡量不同优解的重要性,对式(26)进行改进,改进后的功率更新公式为
Pωi(t+1)= j = α , β , δ djPj
式(28)中:djPα,PβPδ基于适应度的权重系数,权重系数计算公式为
dj= f [ P j ( t ) ] f [ P α ( t ) ] + f [ P β ( t ) ] + f [ P δ ( t ) ]
式(29)中:f[Pj(t)]为PαPβPδ的适应度值。
莱维飞行是一种短步距搜索和长步距搜索结合的随机搜索策略,增加了空间随即搜索的多样性,这种符合莱维分布的搜索方法使莱维飞行具有良好的全局搜索能力。加入动态权重比例在改进的灰狼优化算法中,在每次的迭代步骤中根据一定概率引入莱维飞行操作,可以是灰狼优化算法跳出局部最优区域,可以在更大的范围内搜索最优解。其他功率Pωi的功率更新公式为
Pωi(t+1)= j = α , β , δ d j P j + I L e v y ( γ ) ,   A 0.5 j = α , β , δ d j P j ,                 A 0.5
$I \otimes \operatorname{Levy}(\gamma) \sim 0.01 \frac{\mu}{|\nu|^{1 / \gamma}}\left[P(t)-P_{\alpha}(t)\right]$
式中:I=0.01 μ ν | 1 / γ;$\otimes$表示点乘运算;γ=1.5;μν服从正态分布,表达式为
μ~N(0, σ μ 2)
ν~N(0, σ ν 2)
σμ= Γ ( 1 + γ ) s i n π γ / 2 ) 2 ( γ - 1 ) / 2 Γ [ ( 1 + γ ) / 2 ] γ 1 / γ
σν=1
式中:Γ()表示伽马函数。
贪婪选择策略可以保留每次迭代更新中适应度最好的功率。在求解中,通过式(30)产生的新群体用Pωi_new(t)表示,然后通过式(36)来判断是否保留更新后的功率值来完成一次迭代。如果更新后的功率可以使目标函数的值更优,则被保留使种群更加丰富;如果使目标函数的值更差,则被抛弃,进行下一次迭代。直到满足算法终止条件,然后输出最优解,使算法拥有更强的搜索能力。
Pωi(t+1)= P ( t ) ,   f [ P ω i _ n e w ( t ) ] f [ P ( t ) ] , r n e w Q P ω i _ n e w ( t ) ,  
式(36)中:f(P)为所求目标函数的值;rnew为[0,1]的随机数。
改进灰狼优化算法的孤岛风电制氢系统日前能量管理模型求解过程如下。
(1)输入系统参数和算法参数。
(2)使用Sobol序列初始化种群。
(3)计算目标函数,得到最优解Pα、优解Pβ和第三优解Pδ
(4)根据动态权重和莱维飞行更新其他功率Pωi的值。
(5)执行贪婪策略,保留满足最优目标函数的功率。
(6)更新AQC的值。
(7)计算目标函数值。更新最优解Pα、优解Pβ和第三优解Pδ
(8)迭代次数如果满足最大迭代次数则输出全局最优解Pα;如果不满足则返回步骤4。
改进后的GWO算法记为GL-GWO。
实时阶段能量管理更注重系统的实时运行状态和安全性。在日前能量管理计划的框架下,当系统中出现非计划的瞬时波动功率时,系统会根据不同的运行工况对日前计划中的风力发电机、电解槽和储能电池的功率进行调整,以确保系统中的功率实时平衡、直流母线电压稳定,并保持储能电池的荷电状态在安全范围内。孤岛风电制氢实时能量管理控制图如图3所示。
根据风机输出功率与电解槽功率的差值以及储能电池的荷电状态,将运行工况分为以下5种。
(1)工况1:风机输出功率和电解槽的功率满足PWG>PEl,max,且储能电池荷电状态满足SOC>SOCmax时,风机退出最大功率功率跟踪状态,并处于恒功率运行状态,储能电池处于停机状态。风机输出功率等于电解槽额定功率。
(2)工况2:风机输出功率和电解槽的功率满足PWG>PEl,max,且储能电池荷电状态满足SOC<SOCmax时,风机运行在最大功率跟踪状态,电解槽额定功率运行,储能电池充电。
(3)工况3:风机输出功率和电解槽的功率满足PWG<PEl,min,且储能电池荷电状态满足SOC<SOCmin时,风机运行在恒功率状态,电解槽停机,储能电池充电。风机功率输出功率等于储能电池的充电功率。
(4)工况4:风机输出功率和电解槽的功率满足PWG<PEl,min,且储能电池荷电状态满足SOC>SOCmin时,风机运行在最大功率跟踪状态,电解槽运行在最低运行功率,储能电池放电。电解槽运行功率等于风机功率输出功率与储能电池的输出功率之和。
(5)工况5:风机输出功率和电解槽的功率满足PEl,min<PWG<PEl,max时,风机运行在最大功率跟踪状态,储能电池停止工作,电解槽运行功率等于风机输出功率。
孤岛风电制氢系统在实际运行过程中,通过实时监测系统内风力发电机、电解槽的功率以及储能电池的荷电状态,获取系统的实时运行参数。根据不同的运行工况,将系统运行状态映射到相应的参考功率,以实时调整系统的运行状态。基于工况识别的实时能量管理策略流程图如图4所示。
风速数据来源于EirGrid Group,并且取冬季一个典型日数据进行实验,仿真间隔为15 min,按照96个时段来进行仿真。风速波形如图5所示。电解槽功率分级区间如表1所示。系统运行仿真参数如表2所示。
采用改进灰狼优化算法对模型进行求解,算法参数设置种群规模为30,最大迭代次数为300。日前阶段能量管理优化后的系统功率曲线如图6所示,通过观察可以发现,在风功率波动的情况下,电解槽按照功率分级策略稳定运行,在不同功率区间以功率上限值进行制氢,有效提高系统的制氢量。
储能电池荷电状态如图7所示,在00:00—04:00,电解槽运行功率大于风机输出功率,储能电池处于放电状态,对应荷电状态呈下降趋势;在04:00—06:00,风机输出功率大于电解槽额定运行功率,储能电池充电,荷电状态呈上升趋势;在06:00—19:00,风机输出功率小于电解槽运行功率,储能电池放电,荷电状态呈下降趋势;在19:00—24:00,风机输出功率大于电解槽额定运行功率,且在22:00之后风机达到额定功率输出,储能电池充电,荷电状态呈上升趋势。
日前阶段能量管理优化前和优化后的日运行成本、日售氢收益、日收益如图8所示。日投资成本都为1 310元;优化前日运维成本为774.56元,优化后日运维成本为759.81;优化前日售氢收益2 745.44元,优化后日售氢收益为2 924.91元;优化前日收益为660.88元,优化后日收益为855.10元。日前阶段能量管理模型优化后的系统运行成本降低了1.9%,售氢收益增加了6.54%,总体日收益提高了29.39%。
为了验证GL-GWO算法的有效性,将GL-GWO、GWO和粒子群算法(particle swarm optimization,PSO)在本文模型上进行对比实验分析。粒子群算法的种群规模与最大迭代次数与灰狼算法一致,其余参数为粒子群算法标准参数。优化结果如图9所示。GL-GWO的收敛速度要比GWO和PSO快,算法具有更好的优化效果,避免了算法陷入局部最优,提高了算法的搜索能力。
为表明所提算法在孤岛风电制氢系统日前阶段能量管理上的普适优越性,对实验运行20次并求平均值。运行结果如图10所示。
在运行结果中,GL-GWO的日运营成本比GWO和PSO分别低1.49%和2.86%;日售氢收益比GWO和PSO分别高2.39%和4.02%;日收益比GWO和PSO分别高10.3%和18.81%。通过对比可以看出,所提出的GL-GWO算法更加适合孤岛风电制氢系统日前能量管理模型求解,使系统具有更好的经济性。
在系统实时阶段能量管理的仿真中,设置系统初始风速为12 m/s,在t=2 s时升为13 m/s,在t=4 s时降为8 m/s,在t=6 s时升高到10 m/s,在t=8 s时降为6.5 m/s。系统实时功率曲线如图11所示,在0~2.8 s系统工作在工况2;在2.8~4 s系统运行在工况1;4~6 s和8~10 s系统运行在工况4;6~8 s系统工作在工况5。当风功率变化时,系统在不同运行工况都可以维持系统功率实时平衡。在工况切换时也可以快速响应。
储能电池荷电状态如图12所示,在0~2.8 s储能电池充电,荷电状态呈上升趋势荷电状态;在2.8 s时,储能电池荷电状态达到最大值,2.8~4 s储能电池停止工作。4~6 s和8~10 s储能电池放电,荷电状态呈下降趋势;6~8 s风机输出功率等于电解槽功率,储能电池停止工作。工况变化时储能电池可以维持在安全范围运行。
不同工况下的碱性制氢电解槽的制氢速率如图13所示,可以看出在不同工况下,电解槽都可以维持稳定制氢。
系统直流母线电压如图14所示。在系统运行在不同工况和不同工况之间切换时,仍然可以维持系统直流母线电压稳定。
针对风能间歇性和波动性对孤岛风电制氢系统经济性和稳定性的影响,提出了含有储能电池的孤岛风电制氢系统日前及实时能量管理策略。经过仿真验证,得出以下结论。
(1)日前阶段能量管理,通过电解槽功率分级能量管理策略,减小了电解槽制氢的功率波动。通过构建基于系统日收益最大化的能量管理模型,利用改进灰狼优化算法进行求解。优化后的系统的日收益比优化前提高了29.39%,即日前阶段能量管理可以有效提高系统的经济性。
(2)将改进后的灰狼优化算法与其他算法对比。改进后的算法提高了优化效果,提高了收敛速度,避免算法陷入局部最优,对解决孤岛风电制氢系统日前能量管理问题具有现实意义。
(3)通过对系统在不同运行工况下的仿真实验,验证了所提出的基于工况识别的实时能量管理策略的优越性。该策略能够实时感知系统的运行状态,并根据实际情况进行精确的工况切换。同时,在不同运行工况下,该策略也能够有效保障系统的稳定性和安全性,使系统能够持续、高效地运行。
  • 河北省重点研发计划(21314303D)
  • 河北省科技重大专项(23284502Z)
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2308478
  • 接收时间:2023-10-31
  • 首发时间:2025-07-29
  • 出版时间:2025-01-08
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  • 收稿日期:2023-10-31
  • 修回日期:2024-10-08
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河北省重点研发计划(21314303D)
河北省科技重大专项(23284502Z)
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    河北工业大学电气工程学院, 天津 300131

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* 董砚(1973—),女,汉族,黑龙江绥化人,博士,教授。研究方向:新能源装备与智能控制。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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