Article(id=1156908304661304064, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1156908295593223005, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2402186, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1711468800000, receivedDateStr=2024-03-27, revisedDate=1728921600000, revisedDateStr=2024-10-15, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1753758034148, onlineDateStr=2025-07-29, pubDate=1736265600000, pubDateStr=2025-01-08, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753758034148, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-29, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753758034148, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753758034148, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1156908295593223005, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='438', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1753758031985, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1765425680602, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1205845960933049001, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1156908295593223005, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1205845960933049002, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1156908295593223005, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=219, endPage=226, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1156908306276111110, articleId=1156908304661304064, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=Distribution Network Loss Reduction Technology Based on Network Reconstruction, columnId=1156262733675876713, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Papers·Electrical Technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

With the transition from traditional centralized power systems to distributed energy systems, harmonics are produced due to the penetration of renewable energy, resulting in additional losses. Distribution network loss accounts for more than half of the total system loss and is the focus of network loss reduction. A network reconstruction method based on improved binary particle swarm optimization algorithm was proposed to reduce distribution network loss. Firstly, considering the influence of harmonic wave on network loss and the harmonic effect of the line under high frequency current, the line impedance was modified. Then, the total loss of the network was calculated using the corrected impedance, and a probabilistic reverse learning approach suitable for binary algorithms was creatively proposed, integrating the theory of the good point set to obtain uniform and diverse initial particles. Finally, taking the modified 33 node power system as an example, the optimization objective was to minimize the total loss and obtain the optimal topology structure of the distribution network. The experimental results show that the distribution network reconstruction considering harmonic factors has played a good role in reducing the loss of distribution network.

, correspAuthors=Zhong-dong YIN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Jing HE, Feng-ran LI, Wei-kang GU, Hao-dong PANG, Ya-huai YANG, Ze-zhou WANG, Zhong-dong YIN), CN=ArticleExt(id=1156908399641318033, articleId=1156908304661304064, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=CN, title=基于网络重构的配电网降损技术, columnId=1156262734506353627, journalTitle=科学技术与工程, columnName=论文·电工技术, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

随着传统集中式电源向分布式能源系统的转型,高比例新能源的渗透使大量谐波注入电网,产生附加损耗。配电网损耗占系统总损耗的一半以上,是网络降损的重点。提出了一种基于改进二进制粒子群优化算法的网络重构方法降低配网损耗。首先针对谐波对网损的影响,结合线路在高频电流下的谐波效应修正线路阻抗。其次,用修正后的阻抗计算网络总损耗,创造性地提出适合二进制算法的概率反向学习思想,融合佳点集理论获得均匀多样的初始粒子。最后,以修改的33节点电力系统作为算例,以总损耗最小为优化目标进行计算,获得配电网最优拓扑结构。实验结果表明,考虑谐波因素的配电网重构起到了很好的降损效果。

, correspAuthors=尹忠东, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 尹忠东(1968—),男,汉族,湖北武汉人,博士后,教授。研究方向:电能质量评估。E-mail:
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何静(2000—),女,汉族,江苏南通人,硕士研究生。研究方向:配电网降损技术。E-mail:

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何静(2000—),女,汉族,江苏南通人,硕士研究生。研究方向:配电网降损技术。E-mail:

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何静(2000—),女,汉族,江苏南通人,硕士研究生。研究方向:配电网降损技术。E-mail:

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Parameters of DG

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
接入点编号 DG类型 参数
5 双馈型风机/PQ P=100 kW,cosφ=0.9
8 光伏电池/PI P=300 kW,I=10 A
26 燃料电池/PV P=100 kW,U=12.66 kV
31 异步风力发电机/PQ P=200 kW,s=0.033
), ArticleFig(id=1205909242616283342, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908304661304064, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

DG参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
接入点编号 DG类型 参数
5 双馈型风机/PQ P=100 kW,cosφ=0.9
8 光伏电池/PI P=300 kW,I=10 A
26 燃料电池/PV P=100 kW,U=12.66 kV
31 异步风力发电机/PQ P=200 kW,s=0.033
), ArticleFig(id=1205909242695975119, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908304661304064, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Simulative results

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 重构前 重构后(本文算法)
打开支路编号 8-21,9-15,12-22,
18-33,25-29
7-8,9-10,14-15,
28-29,32-33
网损/kW 134.587 1 90.795 4
最低节点电压/p.u. 0.952 6 0.954 11
网损降低率/% 32.54
), ArticleFig(id=1205909242754695376, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908304661304064, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

仿真结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 重构前 重构后(本文算法)
打开支路编号 8-21,9-15,12-22,
18-33,25-29
7-8,9-10,14-15,
28-29,32-33
网损/kW 134.587 1 90.795 4
最低节点电压/p.u. 0.952 6 0.954 11
网损降低率/% 32.54
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基于网络重构的配电网降损技术
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何静 1 , 李凤然 1 , 谷伟康 1 , 庞浩东 1 , 杨雅淮 1 , 汪泽州 2 , 尹忠东 1, *
科学技术与工程 | 论文·电工技术 2025,25(1): 219-226
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科学技术与工程 | 论文·电工技术 2025, 25(1): 219-226
基于网络重构的配电网降损技术
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何静1 , 李凤然1, 谷伟康1, 庞浩东1, 杨雅淮1, 汪泽州2, 尹忠东1, *
作者信息
  • 1.华北电力大学电气与电子工程学院, 北京 102206
  • 2.国网浙江省电力有限公司海盐县供电公司, 嘉兴 314300
  • 何静(2000—),女,汉族,江苏南通人,硕士研究生。研究方向:配电网降损技术。E-mail:

通讯作者:

* 尹忠东(1968—),男,汉族,湖北武汉人,博士后,教授。研究方向:电能质量评估。E-mail:
Distribution Network Loss Reduction Technology Based on Network Reconstruction
Jing HE1 , Feng-ran LI1, Wei-kang GU1, Hao-dong PANG1, Ya-huai YANG1, Ze-zhou WANG2, Zhong-dong YIN1, *
Affiliations
  • 1. School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China
  • 2. Haiyan County Power Supply Company, State Grid Zhejiang Electric Power Co., Ltd., Jiaxing 314300, China
出版时间: 2025-01-08 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2402186
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随着传统集中式电源向分布式能源系统的转型,高比例新能源的渗透使大量谐波注入电网,产生附加损耗。配电网损耗占系统总损耗的一半以上,是网络降损的重点。提出了一种基于改进二进制粒子群优化算法的网络重构方法降低配网损耗。首先针对谐波对网损的影响,结合线路在高频电流下的谐波效应修正线路阻抗。其次,用修正后的阻抗计算网络总损耗,创造性地提出适合二进制算法的概率反向学习思想,融合佳点集理论获得均匀多样的初始粒子。最后,以修改的33节点电力系统作为算例,以总损耗最小为优化目标进行计算,获得配电网最优拓扑结构。实验结果表明,考虑谐波因素的配电网重构起到了很好的降损效果。

网络重构  /  谐波网损  /  佳点集  /  概率反向学习

With the transition from traditional centralized power systems to distributed energy systems, harmonics are produced due to the penetration of renewable energy, resulting in additional losses. Distribution network loss accounts for more than half of the total system loss and is the focus of network loss reduction. A network reconstruction method based on improved binary particle swarm optimization algorithm was proposed to reduce distribution network loss. Firstly, considering the influence of harmonic wave on network loss and the harmonic effect of the line under high frequency current, the line impedance was modified. Then, the total loss of the network was calculated using the corrected impedance, and a probabilistic reverse learning approach suitable for binary algorithms was creatively proposed, integrating the theory of the good point set to obtain uniform and diverse initial particles. Finally, taking the modified 33 node power system as an example, the optimization objective was to minimize the total loss and obtain the optimal topology structure of the distribution network. The experimental results show that the distribution network reconstruction considering harmonic factors has played a good role in reducing the loss of distribution network.

network reconstruction  /  network harmonic loss  /  the good point set  /  probabilistic reverse learning
何静, 李凤然, 谷伟康, 庞浩东, 杨雅淮, 汪泽州, 尹忠东. 基于网络重构的配电网降损技术. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (1) : 219 -226 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2402186
Jing HE, Feng-ran LI, Wei-kang GU, Hao-dong PANG, Ya-huai YANG, Ze-zhou WANG, Zhong-dong YIN. Distribution Network Loss Reduction Technology Based on Network Reconstruction[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (1) : 219 -226 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2402186
随着中国能源结构的转型,未来可再生能源将逐渐取代化石能源成为被大众青睐的发展热点。早在2016年11月,中国已将电力行业的绿色低碳发展列为重中之重,目的是要促进可再生能源消纳,加强电力需求侧管理。配电网作为电力系统对用户直接供电的部分,其建设与改造是智能电网发展的重点。同时,新能源渗透率的增加对配电网的潮流分布产生了显著影响[1],对配网控制与运行带来很大考验。此外,智能终端装置规模化接入产生的谐波污染导致了配电网损耗的波动性进一步加大。
配电网以电源点为中心,馈线呈辐射状向外延伸,馈线上装有分段开关和联络开关。在实际运行中,分段开关和联络开关协调配合,确保配网对用户可靠供电。由此产生了配电网重构技术,也即通过控制开关的开闭改变网络拓扑,重构辐射状配电网络。网络重构不仅可以使网络运行在更稳定的状态,也能降低损耗、均衡负荷,是提高系统安全性和经济性的重要手段。
目前,国内外关于配电网重构的研究较多,重构过程中的每次迭代都需要进行一次潮流计算。已有的研究主要基于传统潮流计算方法,对构成拓扑的方式进行优化,形成了支路交换法[2-3]、开关交换法[4]和人工智能法[5-7]几种主要类型。传统潮流计算中通常将变压器和线路认为是恒定阻抗值,忽略线路及变压器等值损耗随潮流变化的波动情况。然而,在配网多主体接入的背景下,高比例分布式新能源、储能的接入使得配电网中谐波含量增加,影响了系统潮流,从而造成线路损耗增加[8]。在一般情况下,线损实测值略高于理论线损[9]。针对谐波潮流[10]和损耗计算,目前已有一定的研究基础。
文献[11]针对地区供电网特点确定供电元件的数学模型,利用序分量法进行谐波潮流的计算;文献[12]用功率方程关联基波和谐波潮流,将二者分立求解;文献[13]明确了基波电压对谐波影响相对较大,建立了源荷谐波耦合模型;文献[14]提出了基于海森矩阵计算仿射谐波潮流。对于谐波环境下的损耗计算,文献[15]简单提到了线损与谐波有关,但没有对谐波损耗进行定性或定量分析;文献[16]分别测量了变压器铁心模型在正弦激励和基波叠加谐波激励下的损耗特性,但不适用于大规模网损的计算。
综上,现有关于配电网络节能降损的研究大部分集中在配电网工频条件运行的前提下,对于含谐波的损耗分析,仅针对谐波潮流的求解和大量使用量测数据[17]进行拟合,并未出现将谐波损耗考虑进配电网总运行损耗来进行网络重构的研究。
因此,首先在传统线损计算方法的基础上,分析谐波对配电网阻抗产生的影响,修正谐波情况下的导体电阻,建立考虑谐波的配网总损耗计算模型;其次,结合配网重构问题的特点,针对二进制粒子群算法迭代次数过多的问题,提出融合佳点集和概率反向学习理论的种群初始化方法;最后,以网络总损耗最小为优化目标,用改进的二进制粒子群算法求解网络最优结构,结合IEEE-33节点算例验证方法的合理性。
以配电网网损最小为目标函数,表达式为
minf= k = 1 N b Rk(P k 2+ Q k 2)/ U k 2
式(1)中:Nb为配电网支路总数;Rk为支路k的阻值;PkQk分别为流经支路k的有、无功功率;Uk为支路k上层节点电压。
配电网存在大量谐波的情况下,为了获得准确的网损计算结果,需要采用能够体现谐波影响的损耗计算方法。工程上可以使用电流总谐波畸变率ITHD表征电力系统的谐波水平,定义为总谐波电流有效值与基波电流有效值的比值[18],ITHD的计算公式为
ITHD= h = 2 M I h 2 I 1
式(2)中:I1为基波电流有效值;Ih为线路中第h次谐波电流有效值;M为谐波总次数。
若认为在工频和谐波工况下线路的阻抗是恒定不变的,则在新能源渗透作用下含有谐波的线路损耗计算公式由式(1)改写为
$\begin{aligned} Q_{\mathrm{wR}} & =t I_{\Sigma}^{2} R=t\left(I_{1}^{2}+\sum_{h=2}^{M} I_{h}^{2}\right) R \\ & =t I_{1}^{2} R\left(1+\frac{\sum_{h=2}^{M} I_{h}^{2}}{I_{1}^{2}}\right) \\ & =t I_{1}^{2} R\left(1+I_{\mathrm{THD}}^{2}\right) \end{aligned}$
式(3)中:IΣ为总电流,包含了电流基波与谐波分量。
式(3)第二项表示由电流谐波分量在网络中造成的附加损耗,损耗值的大小与 I T H D 2 I 1 2的乘积成正比,因此谐波含量越高,附加损耗增加越快。
在实际运行中,电流频率越高,导体的集肤效应越明显。由于谐波电流的频率是基波频率的整数倍,集肤效应会更加显著,输电线路的阻抗值会随着电流谐波频率的增加而增加,从而造成网损计算结果偏差较大。
为准确表示输电线路谐波电阻,国内外专家对谐波工况下导体电阻的修正进行了许多研究[19-21],Wakileh[22]提出,当高频电流在导体内部传输时,导体中的电流会趋向导体表面,表现为交流电阻上升而内电感下降。考虑集肤效应后导体阻抗Z的表达式可以写为
Z(h)= h(R+jX)
式(4)中:h次谐波下的导体等值阻抗表示为 h倍的基波阻抗,也即Rh= hR1,这种表示法对导体的电导率、磁导率等物理因素进行了大量简化,适用于对精度要求不高的场合,计算时与实际工况有较大的误差,存在很大的优化空间。
日本《裸线载流量计算方法》(JCS 0374—2003)(以下简称JCS0374算法)[23]规定,导线流过谐波电流时,其集肤效应系数计算公式为
k1=0.996 09+0.018 578x-0.030 263x2+0.020 735x3
其中铝线、铝绞线等单一介质实心绞合线的x可由式(6)得出,即
x=0.01 8 π f R D C
式(6)中:f为流过导体谐波电流的频率;RDC为绞线的直流电阻。
则导线流过h次谐波电流时,其谐波总阻抗可以表示为
Rh=(1+k1)R1
日本JCS0374算法是基于经验、数据等拟合得到的公式,能够更准确地反映实际情况,在多个领域的工程实践中都得到了广泛应用,具有极高的实用价值。
采用日本JCS0374算法修正含谐波环境下的网络阻抗,结合式(1)得到优化目标函数为
minF= k = 1 N b Rh(P k 2+ Q k 2)/ U k 2
(1)潮流平衡约束。
P i - P L i = U i i = 1 N U j ( G i j c o s θ i j + B i j s i n θ i j ) Q i - Q L i = U i i = 1 N U j ( G i j s i n θ i j - B i j c o s θ i j )
式(9)中: GijBijθij分别为节点S(vid)、S(vid)之间的电导、电纳和相角差;PiQi分别为节点S(vid)处注入的有功和无功功率;PLiQLi分别为节点S(vid)的有功和无功负荷。
(2)节点电压约束。
UminUi(t)≤Umax
式(10)中:UmaxUmin分别为节点i电压允许的最大值与最小值。
(3)支路功率约束。
SbSbmax
支路b实际流过的视在功率Sb不能超过支路b允许的最大传输功率Sbmax
(4)供电约束和网络拓扑约束。
配电网一般为闭环设计、开环运行,这就要求配电网重构后无环网运行且无孤岛。
粒子群优化(particle swarm optimization,PSO)是一种基于群体智能的优化技术,源于模拟鸟群捕食,一边搜索一边传递最优解的信息。基于此,Kennedy博士和Eberhart博士提出适合离散问题的二进制粒子群优化(binary particle swarm optimization, BPSO)算法,应用于配电网重构问题,就是用二进制编码方式表示开关状态,0表示对应位置开关断开,1表示对应位置开关闭合;粒子速度的每一维表示该位置开关取0或1的概率。因此,网络中开关的数量即为粒子的维数,每一个粒子可以表示一种拓扑状态。速度、位置更新公式如下。
v i d k + 1=ω v i d k+c1ε( p i d k- x i d k)+c2μ( p g d k- x i d k)
xid= 1 , r a n d ( ) S ( v i d ) 0 ,
式中:d为节点编号;rand()为0~1的随机数;ω为惯性权重;c1c2为学习因子;με为0~1的随机数;S(vid)为Sigmoid激励函数,S(vid)=1/(1+e-x)。
为了提升粒子群算法的整体搜索性能,对控制参数进行以下改进。
(1)惯性权重ω。引入自适应惯性权重ω(t),根据当前该粒子适应度值与群体适应度平均值进行惯性权自适应调整,公式为
ω ( t ) = ω m i n + ( F - f m i n ) ( ω m a x - ω m i n ) f a v g - f m i n , F f a v g ω ( t ) = ω m i n + ( ω m a x - ω m i n ) i t e r - t i t e r ,   F f a v g
式(14)中:F为当前粒子的适应度值;favg为历史平均适应度值;iter为最大迭代次数。
(2)学习因子c1c2。学习因子c1c2主要决定了粒子受自身最优位置和全局最优位置影响的程度。令搜索开始阶段主要信任自身最优位置,搜索尾声阶段更多地参考全局最优位置,表现为c1随着迭代次数增加而增加,c2随迭代次数增加而减小,表达式为
c1=1.5+ e x p 10 ( t - 1 ) i t e r - 1 - 1 e 10 - 1
c2=2.5- e x p 10 ( t - 1 ) i t e r - 1 - 1 e 10 - 1
传统PSO算法随机生成一组解作为初始粒子,在初始种群的基础上逐步搜索全局最优解。因此PSO算法的收敛速度与粒子初始种群的分布密切相关,随机生成的初始粒子容易出现早熟收敛的问题,局部搜索能力不佳。如果生成的初始粒子恰好落在最优解附近,则很快能收敛到最优解;如果初始粒子均距离最优解较远,则有可能陷入局部最优。为此,将佳点集理论融合反向学习机制,应用于粒子的初始化和更新过程中,提高粒子分布的均匀性和多样性,从而改善初始粒子质量,提高优化算法的全局收敛性。
佳点集理论最初由华罗庚等[24]提出,其对高维计算具有很强的优越性。基本定义为:设GsX∈[LB,UB]维欧氏空间中的单位立方体,点r=(r1,r2,…,rs)为空间中的一点,若rGs,形为pn(k)={({ r 1 ( n )k},…,{ r i ( n )k)},…,{ r s ( n )k})|1≤kn}的偏差φ(n)满足φ(n)=C(r,ε)n-1+ε,其中C(r,ε)是只与rε(ε>0)有关的常数,则称pn(k)为佳点集,r为佳点。
采用佳点集理论和随机生成法产生的二维和三维初始种群如图1所示。显然在取点个数相同的情况下,佳点集法比随机法取点更均匀。因此,将佳点集理论应用于BPSO算法的求解空间,能够使初始粒子均匀分布在解空间,更具有遍历性,从而更好地在全局范围内进行寻优。
反向学习 (opposition-based learning, OBL)策略是由Tizhooshs[25]提出的一种群体智能优化算法的变异机制,其通过产生现有解的反向解来跳出局部最优、扩大寻优范围。在此基础上,计算反向解的适应度值,和现有解的适应度做比较,选出较优的解向量进入下一次迭代。
反向解的定义为:若在X∈[LB,UB]维坐标系内有一点X∈[LB,UB],则反向解计算公式为
X =LB+UB-X
式(17)中:X为当前解; X 为反向解。
由式(17)不难看出,当前解确定后,所生成的反向解与当前解距离为一定值。为了使解空间的粒子更为丰富,Long等[26]提出随机反向学习 (random opposition-based learning, ROBL) 策略,如图2所示,随机反向解的定义表达式为
X r a n d=LB+UB-r6X
式(18)中: X r a n d为随机反向解;r6为0~1的随机数。
随机反向解相较于当前解的反向解具有一定的变异性,可以有效增强解的多样性。但在二进制粒子群算法中,解的每一维分量只能为0或1,借鉴随机反向学习的思想,提出适合二进制算法的概率反向学习理论,表达式为
xir= x i , 0 γ 0.5 x 1 + x 2 - x i , 0.5 γ 1
式(19)中:x1为解的第i维分量的最小值;x2为解的第i维分量的最大值;γ为0~1的随机数,代表粒子第i维取值发生反向的概率。在此约束下,粒子每一维的取值都有一定概率取反向解,进一步提高了种群多样性。
融合佳点集和概率反向学习理论的种群初始化过程如下。
步骤1 佳点集法生成规模为M的均匀二进制初始种群X={X1,X2,…,XM},其中粒子Xi={ x 1 1, x 2 1,…, x N 1}。
步骤2 计算概率反向种群XR={ X 1, X 2,…, X M},其中 X i={ x 1 r 1, x 2 r 1,…, x N r 1}且满足式(19)。
步骤3 基于适应度函数计算种群X和反向种群XR的适应度值。
步骤4 判断粒子是否满足约束条件,若不满足,则对该粒子返回步骤1重新取点。若满足,则进入步骤5。
步骤5 从{XXR}中选取M个适应度最优的粒子组成进入粒子群迭代运算的初始种群。
经过初始种群优化后的粒子群算法流程图如图3所示。
采用IEEE-33节点配电系统模型,用MATLAB软件进行仿真分析。IEEE-33节点配电网系统共有33个节点(包括一个电源点)和37条支路,其中有32个常闭开关和5个联络开关,基准电压为12.66 kV,网络负荷为3 715+j2 300 kVA,功率基准值为100 MVA。在标准33节点系统中接入4种不同类型的分布式电源DG,其中双馈型风机处理为PQ节点,光伏电池作为PI节点,燃料电池处理为PV节点。系统的拓扑结构如图4所示,其参数如表1所示。
《电能质量公用电网谐波》(GB/T 14549—1993)中规定,标称电压为10 kV的系统的奇次谐波含有率为3.2%, 偶次谐波含有率为1.6%。分别在电流谐波含有率为1%、2%、3%、4%、5%的情况下,以配电网总损耗为优化目标,对修改后的33节点配电网络进行优化重构。在仿真分析时将风机作为PQ节点处理。对于PV节点,采用无功分摊原理[27]确定无功初值,在此基础上进行前推回代潮流计算。粒子初始种群规模M=30,最大迭代次数iter=100。
图5表示了不同电能质量环境下,传统恒电阻模型和考虑谐波效应对线路电阻产生的影响两种情况下配网重构的结果。由图5可知,两种情况下的重构均对配电网损耗起到了改善作用,但传统线损计算中忽略谐波的影响会导致重构前后网损计算值略低。在考虑谐波因素的网络重构中,谐波电流为主要变化因素,因此在0、1%、2%、3%、4%和5%共5种水平的谐波含有率下分别进行计算,以表征不同电流谐波含有率对网络总损耗以及重构结果的影响。随着电流谐波含有率的提高,恒电阻模型重构前后的网络总损耗计算值与本文方法损耗计算值的偏差逐渐增大,说明谐波污染问题逐渐严重时,配网损耗受到谐波损耗的比例逐渐增大,谐波损耗逐渐成为不可忽略的一部分。因此,当配网中谐波含量较高时,考虑谐波效应的网损计算方法更加具有现实意义,在此基础上可以更好地对网络进行节能降损。
5种谐波含有率情况下获得的重构拓扑一致,如表2所示。以3%电流谐波含有率为例,重构后系统总损耗从134.587 1 kW降低至90.795 4 kW,比重构前减少了32.54%。由上述结果可知,考虑谐波因素后,系统总损耗计算值均有不同程度增加。当谐波电流含量达到3%时,由于谐波因素造成的系统网损有显著提升,且谐波电流含量越高,网损提高的速度越快。当谐波电流含有率大于3%时,网损降低率由32.54%降低到32%以下,说明此时仅靠网络重构的方法降低网损的效果有限,需要配合其他谐波治理措施。
图6展示了标准33节点配电网和修改后的网络重构前后的节点电压,可以看出,DG的接入显著提高了配电网络的电压水平,平抑了电压波动;重构后的系统节点电压不仅满足电压约束条件,且比重构前电压更为均衡,对节点12~18处的电压质量有明显改善。因此重构策略可以进一步提高配电网的安全性、降低网络总损耗,有利于提升电网供电质量。
为了验证本文算法的计算速度和精度,将该算法与传统BPSO算法进行比较。在初始条件完全一致的情况下,分别用两种算法连续进行50次网络拓扑重构,并记录两种算法收敛于最优解分别所需要的迭代次数,计算结果如图7所示。
图7不难看出,本文算法收敛于最优解所用的迭代次数明显少于传统BPSO算法,在求解速度上有较大提高。此外,在50次搜索过程中,BPSO算法有6次陷入局部最优,而本文算法得出的结果仅有两次未达到全局最优解,说明所提出的种群初始化方法和各参数的改进可以有效规避算法在搜索后期陷入局部最优的问题,提高传统BPSO算法的全局收敛性,具有更高的准确性。
建立了考虑谐波因素的配电网优化重构模型,得到以下结论。
(1)针对现有网损计算方法的不足,提出了一种计及谐波损耗的配电网网损计算方法。该方法充分考虑了谐波电流流经线路产生的集肤效应等对系统损耗的影响,可以更加准确地反映配网网损情况,比采用传统阻抗模型更为合理和准确。
(2)提出了适合二进制粒子群算法的概率反向学习理论,融合佳点集算法优化二进制粒子群迭代的初始种群,比随机初始种群取点更均匀、更多样、寻优效率更高,优化后粒子群算法的全局寻优能力更强。
(3)以修改的IEEE单馈线33节点作为算例,获得配电网最优拓扑结构,计算证明了算法的有效性。
仿真结果表明,考虑谐波因素的重构策略合理地减小了配电网有功损耗和电压偏移,提高了配电网运行的可靠性与安全性,从而提高了网络运行的经济效益,为提高配电网电能质量提供了一定的理论依据。
  • 国家电网有限公司科技项目(5400-202319202A-1-1-ZN)
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2402186
  • 接收时间:2024-03-27
  • 首发时间:2025-07-29
  • 出版时间:2025-01-08
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  • 收稿日期:2024-03-27
  • 修回日期:2024-10-15
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国家电网有限公司科技项目(5400-202319202A-1-1-ZN)
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    1.华北电力大学电气与电子工程学院, 北京 102206
    2.国网浙江省电力有限公司海盐县供电公司, 嘉兴 314300

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* 尹忠东(1968—),男,汉族,湖北武汉人,博士后,教授。研究方向:电能质量评估。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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