Article(id=1156908303457543050, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1156908295593223005, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2402147, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1711382400000, receivedDateStr=2024-03-26, revisedDate=1728576000000, revisedDateStr=2024-10-11, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1753758033860, onlineDateStr=2025-07-29, pubDate=1736265600000, pubDateStr=2025-01-08, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753758033860, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-29, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753758033860, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753758033860, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1156908295593223005, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='438', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1753758031985, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1765425680602, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1205845960933049001, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1156908295593223005, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1205845960933049002, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1156908295593223005, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=54, endPage=66, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1156908304644531085, articleId=1156908303457543050, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=Analysis of Forest Cover Changes and Driving Forces in the Loess Plateau (Gansu Region) Based on Multisensor Remote Sensing Images, columnId=1156262729351549255, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Papers·Astronomy and Geosciences, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The Loess Plateau, as a natural ecological barrier in the western region of China, has made positive contributions to the sustainable development of the nation. The governance and restoration of the ecological environment on the Loess Plateau (Gansu region) plays a critical role in the implementation of China’s ecological civilization construction strategy. To monitor the changes in forest resources on the Loess Plateau (Gansu region) from 2008 to 2018, based on cloud platform, Landsat, PALSAR, and terrain data were integrated to explore the advantages of spectral index, backscatter, texture, and terrain features in obtaining forest resource information. The random forest feature selection algorithm was utilized to obtain the spatiotemporal distribution of forest cover in the study area for 10 years, and factor detection was conducted using geographic detectors. The results indicate that the random forest feature selection algorithm can effectively screen important feature information, with an overall accuracy of 91.88% and a Kappa coefficient of 0.91. The experimental scheme that integrates Landsat, PALSAR, and terrain data presents significantly higher accuracy compared to the forest classification results using a single data source. The overall accuracy of the four classification results is 86.65%, 88.23%, 90.15%, and 89.86% respectively. Over the past 10 years, the net increase in forest area in the study area is 0.60×104 km2. The areas with increased forests are primarily distributed in the central and eastern parts of Qingyang City, Pingliang City, Tianshui City, and the western region of Linxia Hui Autonomous Prefecture, while forest degradation primarily occurs in the southwestern part of Dingxi City and the central and eastern areas of Linxia Hui Autonomous Prefecture. In single-factor detection, land use type is the dominant factor in forest cover change, and the spatial distribution of suitable soil type and the auxiliary effect of rainfall provide favorable natural conditions for the survival rate of afforestation and the healthy growth of forests.

, correspAuthors=Quan-fu NIU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Bo LIU, Quan-fu NIU, Gang WANG, Ming-zhi LIU, Hao WANG, Jiao-jiao LEI), CN=ArticleExt(id=1156908383958819162, articleId=1156908303457543050, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=CN, title=联合多源遥感数据的黄土高原(甘肃区)森林覆盖变化及驱动力分析, columnId=1156262730077163858, journalTitle=科学技术与工程, columnName=论文·天文学、地球科学, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=黄土高原作为中国西部地区的自然生态屏障,为国家可持续发展做出了积极贡献。黄土高原(甘肃区)生态环境的治理与修复对中国生态文明建设战略的实施具有关键作用,为监测2008—2018年黄土高原(甘肃区)森林资源变化情况,基于云平台,联合Landsat、PALSAR及地形数据,探究光谱指数、后向散射、纹理及地形特征在森林资源信息获取方面的优势,运用随机森林特征优选算法获取研究区10年间森林覆盖时空分布并基于地理探测器进行因子探测。结果表明:随机森林特征优选算法可以有效筛选特征重要信息,总体精度可达91.88%,Kappa系数为0.91。联合Landsat、PALSAR及地形数据的实验方案精度明显高于使用单一数据源的森林分类结果,四期分类结果总体精度分别为86.65%、88.23%、90.15%、89.86%。10年间研究区森林面积净增加0.60×104 km2;森林增加的区域主要分布于庆阳市中东部、平凉市东部、天水市中部和临夏回族自治州西部地区,而森林退化主要出现在定西市西南部和临夏回族自治州中东部地区。单因子探测中土地利用类型是森林覆盖变化的主导因子,适宜性的土壤类型的空间分布和降雨量的辅助作用,为植树造林成活率和森林健康生长提供了良好的自然条件。, correspAuthors=牛全福, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 牛全福(1973—),男,汉族,甘肃天水人,博士,教授。研究方向:环境遥感。E-mail:
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刘博(1996—),男,汉族,甘肃天水人,硕士研究生。研究方向:环境遥感。E-mail:

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刘博(1996—),男,汉族,甘肃天水人,硕士研究生。研究方向:环境遥感。E-mail:

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Training sample statistics table

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
地物类别 ROI
2008年 2010年 2015年 2018年
森林 784 739 736 682
城镇用地 409 465 502 525
农田 586 540 513 496
水体 143 165 172 195
草地 256 189 210 173
未利用地 201 232 192 235
样本总计 2 379 2 330 2 325 2 306
), ArticleFig(id=1205914224941925102, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908303457543050, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

训练样本统计表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
地物类别 ROI
2008年 2010年 2015年 2018年
森林 784 739 736 682
城镇用地 409 465 502 525
农田 586 540 513 496
水体 143 165 172 195
草地 256 189 210 173
未利用地 201 232 192 235
样本总计 2 379 2 330 2 325 2 306
), ArticleFig(id=1205914225042588401, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908303457543050, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Calculation formula of the remote sensing feature index

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
数据源 指数名称 计算公式 说明 公式编号
Landsat
TM/OLI
归一化植被指数
(NDVI)
$\text { NDVI }=(\text { NIR }- \text { Red }) /(\text { NIR }+ \text { Red })$ NIR、Red分别为近红外和红光波段的反射率;NDVI取值在[-1, 1],值越高则植被覆盖越高,生态环境越好 (1)
增强植被指数
(EVI)
EVI=2.5 N I R - R e d N I R + A R e d - B B l u e + L NIR、Red、Blue分别为近红外、红光和蓝光波段的反射率;参数AB分别为6.0和7.5;L为土壤参数,值为1 (2)
归一化建筑指数
(NDBI)
$\mathrm{NDBI}=(\mathrm{SWIR} 1-\mathrm{NIR}) /(\mathrm{SWIR} 1+\mathrm{NIR})$ SWIR1、NIR分别为短波红外1和近红外波段的反射率;取值在[-1, 1],值越高则建筑物覆盖越密集 (3)
归一化水体指数
(NDWI)
$\text { NDWI }=(\text { Green }- \text { NIR }) /(\text { Green }+ \text { NIR })$ Green、NIR分别为绿光和近红外波段的反射率;NDWI取值在[-1, 1],可用于反映水体分布和水文环境 (4)
比值植被指数(RVI) $\mathrm{RVI}=\mathrm{NIR} / \text { Red }$ NIR、Red分别为近红外和红光波段的反射率;RVI取值范围为(0,∞),可反映不同的植被覆盖和生态情况 (5)
PALSAR/
PALSAR-2
后向散射系数
γ
γ=10lgDN2+CF γ为转换后的后向散射系数;DN为波段原始的振幅数据;CF为JAXA校正系数,取值一般为-83 (6)
差值(Difference) Difference=HH-HV HH、HV分别为水平极化波段和水平垂直极化波段;Difference、Ratio分别为两种极化数据的差值和比值 (7)
比值(Ratio) Ratio=HH/HV (8)
), ArticleFig(id=1205914225122280180, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908303457543050, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

遥感特征指数计算公式

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
数据源 指数名称 计算公式 说明 公式编号
Landsat
TM/OLI
归一化植被指数
(NDVI)
$\text { NDVI }=(\text { NIR }- \text { Red }) /(\text { NIR }+ \text { Red })$ NIR、Red分别为近红外和红光波段的反射率;NDVI取值在[-1, 1],值越高则植被覆盖越高,生态环境越好 (1)
增强植被指数
(EVI)
EVI=2.5 N I R - R e d N I R + A R e d - B B l u e + L NIR、Red、Blue分别为近红外、红光和蓝光波段的反射率;参数AB分别为6.0和7.5;L为土壤参数,值为1 (2)
归一化建筑指数
(NDBI)
$\mathrm{NDBI}=(\mathrm{SWIR} 1-\mathrm{NIR}) /(\mathrm{SWIR} 1+\mathrm{NIR})$ SWIR1、NIR分别为短波红外1和近红外波段的反射率;取值在[-1, 1],值越高则建筑物覆盖越密集 (3)
归一化水体指数
(NDWI)
$\text { NDWI }=(\text { Green }- \text { NIR }) /(\text { Green }+ \text { NIR })$ Green、NIR分别为绿光和近红外波段的反射率;NDWI取值在[-1, 1],可用于反映水体分布和水文环境 (4)
比值植被指数(RVI) $\mathrm{RVI}=\mathrm{NIR} / \text { Red }$ NIR、Red分别为近红外和红光波段的反射率;RVI取值范围为(0,∞),可反映不同的植被覆盖和生态情况 (5)
PALSAR/
PALSAR-2
后向散射系数
γ
γ=10lgDN2+CF γ为转换后的后向散射系数;DN为波段原始的振幅数据;CF为JAXA校正系数,取值一般为-83 (6)
差值(Difference) Difference=HH-HV HH、HV分别为水平极化波段和水平垂直极化波段;Difference、Ratio分别为两种极化数据的差值和比值 (7)
比值(Ratio) Ratio=HH/HV (8)
), ArticleFig(id=1205914225227137781, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908303457543050, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Combined scheme of classification features

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方案 特征类型 变量数量
方案一 Landsat(光谱波段+光谱指数) 11
方案二 Landsat(光谱波段+光谱指数)+地形特征 14
方案三 PALSAR(极化波段+后向散射特征+
纹理特征)
20
方案四 Landsat(光谱波段+光谱指数+
纹理特征)+地形特征
62
方案五 Landsat(光谱波段+光谱指数+纹理特征)+
PALSAR(极化波段+后向散射特征+
纹理特征)+地形特征
82
方案六 针对(方案五)进行特征优选 28
), ArticleFig(id=1205914225294246646, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908303457543050, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

分类特征组合方案

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方案 特征类型 变量数量
方案一 Landsat(光谱波段+光谱指数) 11
方案二 Landsat(光谱波段+光谱指数)+地形特征 14
方案三 PALSAR(极化波段+后向散射特征+
纹理特征)
20
方案四 Landsat(光谱波段+光谱指数+
纹理特征)+地形特征
62
方案五 Landsat(光谱波段+光谱指数+纹理特征)+
PALSAR(极化波段+后向散射特征+
纹理特征)+地形特征
82
方案六 针对(方案五)进行特征优选 28
), ArticleFig(id=1205914225403298553, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908303457543050, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

The accuracy of various classification feature combinations

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
分类方案 UA/% PA/% OA/% Kappa系数
方案一 79.33 80.15 81.32 0.79
方案二 83.25 82.35 83.10 0.82
方案三 75.36 78.25 78.52 0.76
方案四 84.19 83.75 85.58 0.84
方案五 87.54 86.39 86.21 0.88
方案六 91.35 90.28 91.88 0.91
), ArticleFig(id=1205914225482990332, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908303457543050, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

不同分类特征组合的精度

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
分类方案 UA/% PA/% OA/% Kappa系数
方案一 79.33 80.15 81.32 0.79
方案二 83.25 82.35 83.10 0.82
方案三 75.36 78.25 78.52 0.76
方案四 84.19 83.75 85.58 0.84
方案五 87.54 86.39 86.21 0.88
方案六 91.35 90.28 91.88 0.91
), ArticleFig(id=1205914225571070717, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908303457543050, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

The accuracy of forest/non-forest extraction in different periods from 2008 to 2018

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
分类
时期
类型 UA/% PA/% OA/% Kappa
系数
2008年 森林 86.13 84.45 86.65 0.86
非森林 88.24 86.96
2010年 森林 85.12 83.05 88.23 0.88
非森林 89.31 87.09
2015年 森林 88.59 90.53 90.15 0.92
非森林 90.55 92.69
2018年 森林 90.38 89.21 89.86 0.90
非森林 91.66 88.30
), ArticleFig(id=1205914225659151103, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908303457543050, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

2008—2018年不同时期森林/非森林提取精度

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
分类
时期
类型 UA/% PA/% OA/% Kappa
系数
2008年 森林 86.13 84.45 86.65 0.86
非森林 88.24 86.96
2010年 森林 85.12 83.05 88.23 0.88
非森林 89.31 87.09
2015年 森林 88.59 90.53 90.15 0.92
非森林 90.55 92.69
2018年 森林 90.38 89.21 89.86 0.90
非森林 91.66 88.30
), ArticleFig(id=1205914225759814402, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908303457543050, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

Area statistics of changes from 2008 to 2018

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
年份 变化状态 面积/km2 净增加/km2
2008—2010 稳定非森林 104 382.438 9.335
稳定森林 7 464.471
森林增加 1 375.213
森林退化 1 365.878
2010—2015 稳定非森林 99 325.438 3 937.405
稳定森林 10 024.766
森林增加 4 587.600
森林退化 650.195
2015—2018 稳定非森林 96 496.397 1 696.890
稳定森林 12 932.832
森林增加 3 427.831
森林退化 1 730.941
2008—2018 稳定非森林 9 7551.078 5 975.385
稳定森林 9 811.744
森林增加 6 600.281
森林退化 624.896
), ArticleFig(id=1205914225889837827, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908303457543050, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

2008—2018年变化情况面积统计表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
年份 变化状态 面积/km2 净增加/km2
2008—2010 稳定非森林 104 382.438 9.335
稳定森林 7 464.471
森林增加 1 375.213
森林退化 1 365.878
2010—2015 稳定非森林 99 325.438 3 937.405
稳定森林 10 024.766
森林增加 4 587.600
森林退化 650.195
2015—2018 稳定非森林 96 496.397 1 696.890
稳定森林 12 932.832
森林增加 3 427.831
森林退化 1 730.941
2008—2018 稳定非森林 9 7551.078 5 975.385
稳定森林 9 811.744
森林增加 6 600.281
森林退化 624.896
), ArticleFig(id=1205914225990501126, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908303457543050, language=EN, label=Table 7, caption=

Driver factors

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类型 因子 指标 数据源
自然因素 X1 高程 地理空间数据云(https://www.gscloud.cn/)
自然因素 X2 坡度 基于DEM数据运算获取
自然因素 X3 坡向 基于DEM数据运算获取
人类活动 X4 人口密度 国家地球系统科学数据中心(https://www.geodata.cn/)
气候因素 X5 年降雨量 国家气象科学数据中心(http://data.cma.cn/)
气候因素 X6 年均气温 国家气象科学数据中心(http://data.cma.cn/)
自然因素 X7 距河流距离 中国科学院资源环境科学数据中心(https://www.resdc.cn/)
自然因素 X8 距道路距离 Open Street Map(https://www.openstreetmap.org/)
自然因素 X9 土壤类型 中国科学院南京土壤研究所(http://soil.geodata.cn/)
人类活动 X10 土地利用类型 中国年度30 m土地覆被数据集(CLCD)(https://zenodo.org/)
), ArticleFig(id=1205914226082775817, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908303457543050, language=CN, label=表7, caption=

驱动因子

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类型 因子 指标 数据源
自然因素 X1 高程 地理空间数据云(https://www.gscloud.cn/)
自然因素 X2 坡度 基于DEM数据运算获取
自然因素 X3 坡向 基于DEM数据运算获取
人类活动 X4 人口密度 国家地球系统科学数据中心(https://www.geodata.cn/)
气候因素 X5 年降雨量 国家气象科学数据中心(http://data.cma.cn/)
气候因素 X6 年均气温 国家气象科学数据中心(http://data.cma.cn/)
自然因素 X7 距河流距离 中国科学院资源环境科学数据中心(https://www.resdc.cn/)
自然因素 X8 距道路距离 Open Street Map(https://www.openstreetmap.org/)
自然因素 X9 土壤类型 中国科学院南京土壤研究所(http://soil.geodata.cn/)
人类活动 X10 土地利用类型 中国年度30 m土地覆被数据集(CLCD)(https://zenodo.org/)
), ArticleFig(id=1205914226162467595, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908303457543050, language=EN, label=Table 8, caption=

The single-factor detection results

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
因子 2008年 2010年 2015年 2018年
q P 排序 q P 排序 q P 排序 q P 排序
X1 高程 0.125 0.00 5 0.215 0.00 4 0.218 0.00 5 0.231 0.00 4
X2 坡度 0.175 0.00 4 0.173 0.00 5 0.231 0.00 4 0.188 0.00 5
X3 坡向 0.088 0.00 6 0.114 0.00 6 0.147 0.00 6 0.126 0.00 6
X4 人口密度 0.033 0.00 8 0.064 0.00 8 0.082 0.00 8 0.051 0.00 8
X5 年降雨量 0.245 0.00 3 0.289 0.00 3 0.323 0.00 3 0.288 0.00 3
X6 年均气温 0.057 0.00 7 0.092 0.00 7 0.109 0.00 7 0.074 0.00 7
X7 距河流距离 0.012 0.00 9 0.031 0.00 9 0.044 0.00 9 0.029 0.00 9
X8 距道路距离 0.006 0.00 10 0.012 0.00 10 0.019 0.00 10 0.009 0.00 10
X9 土壤类型 0.336 0.00 2 0.316 0.00 2 0.397 0.00 2 0.377 0.00 2
X10 土地利用类型 0.628 0.00 1 0.646 0.00 1 0.621 0.00 1 0.635 0.00 1
), ArticleFig(id=1205914226237965069, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908303457543050, language=CN, label=表8, caption=

单因子探测结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
因子 2008年 2010年 2015年 2018年
q P 排序 q P 排序 q P 排序 q P 排序
X1 高程 0.125 0.00 5 0.215 0.00 4 0.218 0.00 5 0.231 0.00 4
X2 坡度 0.175 0.00 4 0.173 0.00 5 0.231 0.00 4 0.188 0.00 5
X3 坡向 0.088 0.00 6 0.114 0.00 6 0.147 0.00 6 0.126 0.00 6
X4 人口密度 0.033 0.00 8 0.064 0.00 8 0.082 0.00 8 0.051 0.00 8
X5 年降雨量 0.245 0.00 3 0.289 0.00 3 0.323 0.00 3 0.288 0.00 3
X6 年均气温 0.057 0.00 7 0.092 0.00 7 0.109 0.00 7 0.074 0.00 7
X7 距河流距离 0.012 0.00 9 0.031 0.00 9 0.044 0.00 9 0.029 0.00 9
X8 距道路距离 0.006 0.00 10 0.012 0.00 10 0.019 0.00 10 0.009 0.00 10
X9 土壤类型 0.336 0.00 2 0.316 0.00 2 0.397 0.00 2 0.377 0.00 2
X10 土地利用类型 0.628 0.00 1 0.646 0.00 1 0.621 0.00 1 0.635 0.00 1
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联合多源遥感数据的黄土高原(甘肃区)森林覆盖变化及驱动力分析
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刘博 1, 2 , 牛全福 1, 2, 3, * , 王刚 1, 2 , 刘明志 1, 2 , 王浩 1, 2 , 雷姣姣 1, 2
科学技术与工程 | 论文·天文学、地球科学 2025,25(1): 54-66
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科学技术与工程 | 论文·天文学、地球科学 2025, 25(1): 54-66
联合多源遥感数据的黄土高原(甘肃区)森林覆盖变化及驱动力分析
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刘博1, 2 , 牛全福1, 2, 3, * , 王刚1, 2, 刘明志1, 2, 王浩1, 2, 雷姣姣1, 2
作者信息
  • 1.兰州理工大学土木工程学院, 兰州 730050
  • 2.甘肃省应急测绘工程研究中心, 兰州 730050
  • 3.甘肃大禹九洲空间信息科技有限公司院士专家工作站, 兰州 730000
  • 刘博(1996—),男,汉族,甘肃天水人,硕士研究生。研究方向:环境遥感。E-mail:

通讯作者:

* 牛全福(1973—),男,汉族,甘肃天水人,博士,教授。研究方向:环境遥感。E-mail:
Analysis of Forest Cover Changes and Driving Forces in the Loess Plateau (Gansu Region) Based on Multisensor Remote Sensing Images
Bo LIU1, 2 , Quan-fu NIU1, 2, 3, * , Gang WANG1, 2, Ming-zhi LIU1, 2, Hao WANG1, 2, Jiao-jiao LEI1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1. School of Civil Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou 730050, China
  • 2. Emergency Mapping Engineering Research Center of Gansu Province, Lanzhou 730050, China
  • 3. Academician Expert Workstation of Gansu Dayu Jiuzhou Space Information Technology Co., Ltd., Lanzhou 730000, China
出版时间: 2025-01-08 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2402147
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黄土高原作为中国西部地区的自然生态屏障,为国家可持续发展做出了积极贡献。黄土高原(甘肃区)生态环境的治理与修复对中国生态文明建设战略的实施具有关键作用,为监测2008—2018年黄土高原(甘肃区)森林资源变化情况,基于云平台,联合Landsat、PALSAR及地形数据,探究光谱指数、后向散射、纹理及地形特征在森林资源信息获取方面的优势,运用随机森林特征优选算法获取研究区10年间森林覆盖时空分布并基于地理探测器进行因子探测。结果表明:随机森林特征优选算法可以有效筛选特征重要信息,总体精度可达91.88%,Kappa系数为0.91。联合Landsat、PALSAR及地形数据的实验方案精度明显高于使用单一数据源的森林分类结果,四期分类结果总体精度分别为86.65%、88.23%、90.15%、89.86%。10年间研究区森林面积净增加0.60×104 km2;森林增加的区域主要分布于庆阳市中东部、平凉市东部、天水市中部和临夏回族自治州西部地区,而森林退化主要出现在定西市西南部和临夏回族自治州中东部地区。单因子探测中土地利用类型是森林覆盖变化的主导因子,适宜性的土壤类型的空间分布和降雨量的辅助作用,为植树造林成活率和森林健康生长提供了良好的自然条件。
黄土高原(甘肃区)  /  特征优选  /  遥感监测  /  地理探测器

The Loess Plateau, as a natural ecological barrier in the western region of China, has made positive contributions to the sustainable development of the nation. The governance and restoration of the ecological environment on the Loess Plateau (Gansu region) plays a critical role in the implementation of China’s ecological civilization construction strategy. To monitor the changes in forest resources on the Loess Plateau (Gansu region) from 2008 to 2018, based on cloud platform, Landsat, PALSAR, and terrain data were integrated to explore the advantages of spectral index, backscatter, texture, and terrain features in obtaining forest resource information. The random forest feature selection algorithm was utilized to obtain the spatiotemporal distribution of forest cover in the study area for 10 years, and factor detection was conducted using geographic detectors. The results indicate that the random forest feature selection algorithm can effectively screen important feature information, with an overall accuracy of 91.88% and a Kappa coefficient of 0.91. The experimental scheme that integrates Landsat, PALSAR, and terrain data presents significantly higher accuracy compared to the forest classification results using a single data source. The overall accuracy of the four classification results is 86.65%, 88.23%, 90.15%, and 89.86% respectively. Over the past 10 years, the net increase in forest area in the study area is 0.60×104 km2. The areas with increased forests are primarily distributed in the central and eastern parts of Qingyang City, Pingliang City, Tianshui City, and the western region of Linxia Hui Autonomous Prefecture, while forest degradation primarily occurs in the southwestern part of Dingxi City and the central and eastern areas of Linxia Hui Autonomous Prefecture. In single-factor detection, land use type is the dominant factor in forest cover change, and the spatial distribution of suitable soil type and the auxiliary effect of rainfall provide favorable natural conditions for the survival rate of afforestation and the healthy growth of forests.

Loess Plateau (Gansu region)  /  feature selection  /  remote sensing monitoring  /  geographic detector
刘博, 牛全福, 王刚, 刘明志, 王浩, 雷姣姣. 联合多源遥感数据的黄土高原(甘肃区)森林覆盖变化及驱动力分析. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (1) : 54 -66 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2402147
Bo LIU, Quan-fu NIU, Gang WANG, Ming-zhi LIU, Hao WANG, Jiao-jiao LEI. Analysis of Forest Cover Changes and Driving Forces in the Loess Plateau (Gansu Region) Based on Multisensor Remote Sensing Images[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (1) : 54 -66 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2402147
森林作为地球可再生自然资源和陆地生态系统的重要组成部分,在维持气候与环境平衡[1]、降低自然灾害发生频次[2]、保护生物群落多样性[3]以及提升水源净化与涵养能力[4]等方面扮演着核心角色。黄土高原作为中国最为显著的生态恢复区之一,也是退耕还林(草)工程和“三北”防护林工程的核心区域[5],在生产、生活及生态层面发挥着关键性作用。近年来,为保护和修复黄土高原生态环境,植树造林等工程的开展取得了阶段性成效[6]。同时,分析植被覆盖度与地理因子的相关性,能够优化植被恢复政策,推动自然资源的协调发展[7]。黄土高原(甘肃区)作为整体构成中极为核心的组成部分,森林资源相对匮乏,森林覆盖率偏低,极大程度地制约了当地经济和社会的发展。森林资源保护是生态可持续发展的重要举措,准确地进行森林资源信息提取与制图,对于区域性生态修复评估和森林资源保护具有重大意义。
传统森林资源调查多以人工调查方式为主,为改变人工调查效率低、成本高、难以满足大范围普查和快速反馈的调查需求,利用遥感手段可解决其局限性,并提供森林参数的精确估算[8],更利于森林覆盖制图和林业调查。近年来,利用遥感技术进行森林覆盖监测的技术已较为成熟,多光谱[9]、高光谱[10]、高分辨率影像[11]及雷达数据[12]等广泛应用于森林资源制图研究。现阶段,尽管已有多种遥感卫星,如:Landsat、Sentinel、MODIS、Quick-Bird、SPOT、IKONOS、PALSAR、GF等,但因Landsat、PALSAR卫星数据获取的公开性和时空尺度的一致性,而被广泛用于大范围遥感监测[13]。在森林覆盖时空变化分析中,多以单一遥感数据源为主来获取森林覆盖变化信息[14],或进行植被覆盖度变化监测[15],针对特定区域的局部定量化精细分析相对较少。为解决单一遥感数据源的局限性,联合不同遥感数据源进行森林覆盖变化的分析成为热点,国内外学者对此开展了大量研究,Yang等[13]结合PALSAR-2及Landsat7/8进行森林分布制图,探讨了融合遥感数据在森林提取中的显著优势。Sothe等[16]通过PALSAR及Sentinel数据的结合,来实现连续大规模森林制图,为评估森林恢复、退化及生态系统变量指明了新路径。Bondur等[17]基于PALSAR和Landsat数据波段构建植被指数,联合两者主要优势对造林面积进行了更准确的估算。贾小凤等[18]验证了多光谱及雷达数据的融合在分类精度上的提升作用。周晖[19]通过融合雷达遥感数据和Landsat光学数据,实现了黄土高原2007—2017年森林资源分布制图,经与市场主流森林产品精度对比分析,表明融合数据在森林资源提取精度上的优越性。刘明志[20]利用Landsat数据的归一化植被指数(normalized difference vegetation index,NDVI)和B7波段对PALSAR数据在甘肃黄河流域的分类结果进行修正,得到了95.40%的森林/非森林分类总体精度和0.87的Kappa系数。
近年来,Google Earth Engine(GEE)云平台已存储了多时相Landsat、MODIS、PALSAR等多种公开地理数据,为农业、林业、土地利用分类及灾害防治等领域的广泛应用提供了便利[21]。在提取地物类别信息方面,相比于其他分类器,随机森林模型(random forest,RF)对异常值的低敏感性有助于减少过拟合现象的发生频率,更易于特征选择与优化[22]。杨子毅等[23]基于该算法的指标重要性评价构建了作物估产模型,为不同农业区作物单产的估测提供了重要参考。顾晶晶等[24]基于Landsat和数字高程模型(digital elevation model,DEM)数据对兰州市的地物进行分类,最优特征组合的精度达90.82%,Kappa系数为0.90。于明雪[25]基于Landsat数据并结合RF算法进行了甘肃省的土地利用分类,其总体精度和Kappa系数分别为86.77%和0.84。目前,基于GEE云平台融合多源数据并利用机器学习算法进行森林覆盖变化已开展了较为广泛的应用,但针对多时相数据源的融合及聚合算法的可行性仍有待评估,有必要展开深入研究。在因子探测方面,地理探测器在土地利用时空格局演变[22]及植被覆盖分析[26]等方面有大量应用。研究表明,针对变量间关系的模型建立,其相比传统的回归方法更加精确,且无需额外的线性假设[27]。现阶段针对特定区域进行局部定量化的森林覆盖信息提取相对较少,故而无法较为准确地评估不同因子对于森林资源分布信息的空间异质性影响。
综上,现依托GEE云平台,联合Landsat多光谱、PALSAR雷达遥感及地形数据,对黄土高原(甘肃区)2008—2018年森林资源变化情况进行监测。制定不同特征组合的实验方案,采用RF算法探究光谱指数、后向散射、纹理以及地形特征在森林资源信息获取方面的重要作用,并验证特征优选算法中最优特征组合的合理性。在此基础上,利用最优特征组合方案提取10年间研究区的森林覆盖信息,并分析时空分布的变化情况。最后,借助地理探测器量化高程、人口密度、年降雨量以及土地利用类型等10个因子对于森林覆盖变化的影响,为研究区森林资源的保护以及生态修复评估提供科学性依据。
黄土高原(甘肃区)地理位置为(102°36'17″E~108°43'4″E,34°4'58″N~37°37'10″N),位于黄土高原的最西端,东临陕西省,西至祁连山分支乌鞘岭,属中国干旱区和半干旱区的过渡地带,是典型的梁峁丘陵沟壑区,气候干旱,且植被稀疏。为确保研究区行政区划的完整性,以市级行政单位为划分依据来确定研究区[28],如图1所示。其总面积约为1.15×105 km2,地势西高东低,高程介于761~4 545 m,年均降雨量为280~730 mm,年均气温在6.3~10.8 ℃范围内。自生态修复工程实施以来,研究区的生态环境保护工作取得了阶段性的成果,深入了解该区域森林覆盖的时空分布,对于森林资源统计及生态修复评估具有重要作用。
主要以GEE云平台为基础,进行数据源的选取及预处理,该平台已在城市、湿地、大范围耕地及水体制图[29]中广泛应用。同时,在森林资源信息获取方面展现出独特的显著优势[15,17,19-20]
选取研究区3—9月生长季影像数据,采用中值合成算法(Median)得到融合数据。其中,2008年、2010年选用Landsat 5专题制图仪(thematic mapper,TM)数据,涵盖7个多光谱波段,2008年研究区影像数量为176景,2010年影像数量为148景;2015年、2018年选用Landsat 8陆地成像仪(operational land imager,OLI)数据,包含9个多光谱波段,2015年3—9月研究区影像数量197景,2018年影像数量182景。其中,Landsat 5 TM中B6波段和Landsat 8 OLI中B8波段空间分辨率分别为120 m和15 m,其余波段均为30 m,卫星重访间隔为16 d。基于GEE云平台调用经过辐射校正和大气校正的Landsat TM/OLI的Tier1数据产品(T1_L2),采用5%云量对研究区生长季光学影像予以筛选,并利用Fmask算法进行掩膜处理去除云层遮挡范围,最终采用Median中值合成函数得到研究区的多期影像数据。
所选用的PALSAR和PALSAR-2数据是日本宇宙航空研究开发机构(JAXA)开发的雷达系统,分别搭载于ALOS和ALOS-2卫星L波段的合成孔径雷达传感器,主要包含水平-水平极化(HH)和水平-垂直极化(HV)双极化信息,空间分辨率25 m。全球PALSAR年度合成数据集[30]是通过将观测数据拼接得到的全球范围雷达影像数据产品,且经过了几何校正和坡度矫正。在GEE云平台调用数据集产品,并将原始影像数字数值(digital number, DN)转换为后向散射系数γ
选用的DEM数据为GEE云平台提供的开放数据集USGS/SRTMGL1_003,该数据集的空间分辨率为30 m。选择高程(elevation)、坡度(slope)及坡向(aspect)作为3个独立的波段特征,参与特征集合模型的构建。
在森林定义层面,中国30 m空间分辨率的全球地表覆盖数据GlobeLand30中,将覆盖率大于10%的区域定义为森林,且对于树高无明确要求。因此,在森林定义上与其保持一致,其中包含原始森林、人工种植林及其树冠较为密集且成片的果园。基于谷歌历史影像绘制兴趣点(region of interest,ROI)作为训练样本,并遵循样本的全局性空间分布及典型的代表性原则。包括森林、城镇用地、农田、水体、草地和未利用地6大类,样本如表1所示。
1)光谱及指数特征
选取Landsat TM/OLI多光谱影像数据中6个原始波段作为独立光谱特征参与特征集构建,分别为蓝波段(blue)、绿波段(green)、红波段(red)、近红外波段(near Infrared)、短波红外波段1(shortwave infrared1)及短波红外波段2(shortwave infrared2);为了更凸显地物光谱特征信息,并综合考虑到Red、Green及NIR等6个波段在表达森林植被信息方面的重要作用。计算了归一化植被指数(normalized difference vegetation index,NDVI)、增强植被指数(enhanced vegetation index,EVI)、归一化建筑指数(normalized difference built-up index,NDBI)、归一化水体指数(normalized difference water index,NDWI)及比值植被指数(ratio vegetation index,RVI)等5个指数特征,计算公式如表2所示。
2)后向散射特征
选取PALSAR/PALSAR-2雷达数据中的HH和HV两个极化特征。通过实验发现,两个极化波段的差值和比值在森林提取方面具有显著优势,故而将其计算作为分类的两个特征。为了便于与Landsat光学影像数据进行数据融合及森林信息提取,采用最邻近采样法将PALSAR数据从原始的25 m空间分辨率重采样至30 m分辨率,以确保与Landsat数据空间分辨率的一致性,使两种数据能够更好地进行整合、对比和分析,计算公式如表2所示。
3)纹理特征
在研究区森林覆盖变化研究中,仅依靠光谱特征的分类效果并不理想。纹理特征作为一种视觉特征,可直接反映图像信息的同质性现象,不受颜色和亮度的制约,包含要素关键信息,且更易于表达与周围地类的联系及差别。选取Landsat TM/OLI的6个光谱波段和PALSAR/PALSAR-2的2个极化波段,基于GEE云平台采用灰度共生矩阵算法(gray-level co-occurrence matrix,GLCM)计算纹理特征,在平台上,可利用GLCM纹理特征的glcmTexture函数运算,实现纹理特征参数的快速提取,更易于模型数据的获取。包括均值(mean)、方差(variance)、同质性(homogeneity)、对比度(contrast)、相异性(dissimilarity)、熵(entropy)、角二阶矩(second moment)及相关性(correlation)等8个指标[31]
1)特征组合方案
基于多源数据派生出了7类特征,总计82个变量。包括6个多光谱数据原始波段、5个光谱指数及48个纹理特征;雷达数据2个原始波段、2个后向散射特征及16个纹理特征;以及SRTM数据派生出的3个地形特征。设计6个特征组合方案进行对比分析,分类特征组合如表3所示。
2)分类算法特征优选
运用RF模型进行研究区森林信息提取。该算法采用有放回的抽样方式建立相应的决策树,分类结果取决于多棵决策树的共同投票作用[32],其具有模型训练迅速、可并行运算、分类结果精度高以及避免过拟合等显著优势[33]。在处理高维度数据时,相比于决策树、支持向量机及最大似然法等传统算法,该模型凭借高效的训练速度与模型适应性,广泛应用于遥感图像分类领域[34]
在进行分类时,特征数量m和决策树数量n是兼顾模型效率与可靠性的综合指标,然而随意增加mn的维度并非会提升模型的精度[35]。为寻求最优特征组合,基于分类特征集合进行重要性指标排序,选取最优贡献率的分类特征进行特征组合,并评估模型精度。同时,采用基尼指数衡量子节点中样本的纯度,能够体现样本被错分的概率,且指数越小则样本更纯[36]。在随机森林算法中,袋外数据(out-of-bag,OOB)预测精度是评价模型优劣的重要指标,袋外预测精度越高则分类结果越好[37],利用二者综合优化算法模型与特征集合。
地理探测器作为一种探测空间变量分异性特征并揭示其驱动因素的统计学模型[38],通过分析单因子或交互因子对空间分异属性结果的解释程度,以此来评估变量驱动的显著作用。已在生态环境评价[39]、城镇化水平度量[40]及森林覆盖变化[41]等方面得到了广泛应用,故采用因子探测和交互探测来分析研究区森林覆盖变化的主要驱动因素。
(1)因子探测:主要用于探测单一因子的空间异质性作用,并分析该因子对空间分异性的解释力,用q表达,其计算公式为
q = 1 - h = 1 L N h σ h 2 N σ 2 = 1 - S S W S S T S S W = h = 1 L N h σ h 2 S S T = N σ 2
式(9)中:L为因变量Y和自变量因子X的分层(分类或分区);NhN为层h和全分区的样本单元数; σ h 2σ2分别为层h和全区的Y值的方差;SSW、SST分别为层内方差和及全分区总方差。q取值范围为[0,1],q越接近1表示自变量X对森林/非森林分类结果Y的解释力越强;反之则体现为越弱。
(2)交互探测:其作用是判断多因子间的交互式作用,评估各自变量因子X协同作用时对森林/非森林分类结果Y的增强、减弱或者相互独立的解释力。基于单因子探测的解释力q,计算双因子变量协同作用下的q,主要可分为非线性增强、相互独立、双因子增强、单因子非线性减弱及非线性减弱等5类关系。
为了对研究区的森林信息提取结果进行验证,基于ArcGIS10.7分层创建1 200个随机点,其中森林层300个,非森林层900个。将随机点与2008年、2010年、2015年及2018年的研究区植被生长季Google Earth历史影像对应进行目视解译,剔除异常和模糊样点,最终得到验证样本集如下:2008年森林261个,非森林860个;2010年森林293个,非森林886个;2015年森林276个,非森林865个;2018年森林285个,非森林878个。
精度评价是影像分类后必不可少的重要环节,最常用的精度验证的方法就是混淆矩阵[42]。选择总体分类精度(overall accuracy,OA)、用户精度(user’s accuracy,UA)、生产者精度(producer’s accuracy,PA)以及Kappa系数综合评价研究区的分类精度[14]
基于分类特征组合(方案六)中特征因子重要性评估结果,如图2所示。其中包含重要性排序前42的初始特征集,重要性累计为97.5%;为避免OOB预测精度过拟合现象,剔除重要性小于0.004的特征,重要性累计为2.5%。42个特征的重要性范围为0.42%~6.30%,其中,HV波段的Mean纹理特征位居第一,重要性贡献为6.30%;光谱指数NDVI、RVI、NDWI、EVI、NDBI均具有较高的贡献率,分别为5.29%、4.57%、4.18%、2.77%和2.18%;地形特征中Slope及Elevation的贡献率分别为4.58%及2.26%。从总体来看,光谱特征中Red、Near Infrared、Shortwave Infrared1及Shortwave Infrared2波段均具有较高的贡献率,这与该类波段能够直接反映植被信息的作用有直接关系,纹理特征同样发挥出关键作用。
为确定RF模型运算中最优的决策树数量n,将n在10~250的取值范围内以10为步长进行全域遍历,当n<50时,模型精度持续提高到0.973;当n从50增加至100的过程中,模型精度经历了先降低后增加的过程;当n取值100时,模型精度达到0.937 59的峰值,而后趋于平缓的波动状态,模型总体精度随n的提高并无较为明显的提升,为兼顾模型精度及运算效率,最终选择决策树数量n为100,如图3(a)所示。
根据参与研究区分类特征的重要性排序,由高到低对特征组合进行模型分类精度评估。从[图3(b)] 可知,随着特征数量的持续增加,OOB精度呈现出先增加后趋于平缓的变化趋势;当特征数量达到28时,OOB精度达到峰值0.968 87;故选择排序前28位的特征作为最优特征组合,其兼顾波段、指数、地形、后向散射及纹理特征的综合贡献率,可以作为森林/非森林信息提取的重要指标依据。
表4为不同分类特征组合的分类精度,可知方案六精度最高(总体精度为91.88%,Kappa系数为0.91),与特征优选前的分类方案精度相比,有明显的提升,且兼顾了7类特征的整体优势。相较于单独使用光学特征的方案一(总体精度为81.32%,Kappa系数为0.79)以及单独使用雷达特征的方案三(总体精度为78.52%,Kappa系数为0.76),联合多源遥感数据的方案五制图精度分别提高了6.24%和8.14%,这说明PALSAR数据特征的加入对于分类精度的提升有正向作用,而纹理特征的加入也使得方案四的分类精度优于方案二。
在6种分类方案中,单独使用雷达数据的方案三精度最低,主要原因是ALOS雷达数据全球尺度数据集存在季节性拼接和物候期的差异性,且不同区域植被获取时相存在不一致的情况。而光学数据中丰富的光谱信息和高质量数据的筛选,使得方案一的分类结果略高于仅使用雷达数据的方案三。综上,联合光学和雷达数据中的光谱特征及几何特征,并辅助地形特征可以改善单一数据源的局限性,在UA、PA及OA等方面,均表现出明显的优势性。
图4为2008年、2010年、2015年及2018年四期分类结果。整合后的多源数据包含了地类重要的几何及光谱要素信息,在克服单一数据源局限性的同时极大地展现出森林/非森林提取结果的精度优势。表5为不同时期RF模型的分类精度统计结果。
可以看出,2008年、2010年、2015年和2018年的总体分类精度均在86.65%以上,且Kappa系数分别为0.86、0.88、0.92和0.90,受限于研究区2008年和2010年数据源筛选层面影像数量的限制,使得总体精度和Kappa系数略低于2015年和2018年的精度指标。
图5所示,总体而言,10年间研究区的森林和非森林区域绝大多数处于稳定不变状态,且稳定森林持续增加,森林增加面积占比研究区总面积的5.76%,退化面积仅为0.55%,植树造林、生态修复工程及政策实施成效显著。森林增加区域主要分布在庆阳市中东部、平凉市东部、天水市中部和临夏回族自治州西部地区附近,而森林退化主要集中在定西市西南和临夏回族自治州中东部地区。
就各时期而言,在2008—2010年期间,研究区因退耕还林的推行及植树造林政策的实施,森林面积相对有所增加,但根据分类结果可知造林效果总体并不明显。森林增加占比1.20%略微高于森林退化1.19%,反而由于退耕还林不同阶段的交替、自然因素及过度放牧的影响导致人工林不适死亡[43],临夏回族自治州和定西市等地区森林退化相对较为严重,天水市东南部及庆阳市东部地区大部分森林较为稳定。2010—2015年期间森林增加面积占比较高,达4.00%;增加区域分布显著。临夏回族自治州、定西市、庆阳市、天水市和平凉市等地区均有较多的森林增加,此阶段树木成活率高,几乎不存在森林大面积退化的情况。在2015—2018年期间,森林增加面积与退化面积比例约为2∶1;森林保护和增加进入相对平稳的阶段,受极端气候的影响,临夏回族自治州、定西市、天水市等区域均存在因森林略微死亡而导致的退化现象。
为进一步量化森林覆盖面积变化情况。统计了不同时期的森林面积(表6)。从整体来看,研究区2008—2018年间,稳定森林和非森林面积总和为107 362.822 km2,占比研究区总面积的93.69%,森林增加面积为0.66×104 km2,退化面积为0.06×104 km2,森林净增加面积达0.60×104 km2。2008—2010年、2010—2015年、2015—2018年3个时期稳定森林面积逐渐增多,分别为0.75×104、1.00×104和1.29×104 km2;其中,2010—2015年森林面积增加最多,为0.46×104 km2,2008—2010年和2015—2018年两个时期的退化面积分别为0.14×104 km2和0.17×104 km2;研究区2008年以来森林面积持续增长,2010—2015年净增长面积达0.39×104 km2
为了更好地分析森林覆盖变化情况,参考国内外学者[15,20,41]在森林覆盖变化分析中最常使用的驱动因子及黄土高原(甘肃区)的实际情况,选取高程、人口密度、年降雨量、和土地利用类型等10个因子作为自变量,森林/非森林提取结果作为因变量,利用地理探测器揭示影响森林覆盖变化的主导因素,详细驱动因子如表7所示。
选用2008年、2010年、2015年及2018年各时期的因子以实现因变量(森林/非森林提取结果)与自变量(高程、人口密度、年降雨量、土地利用类型等10个因子)数据在时间尺度上的一致性。采用ArcGIS10.7重采样工具统一各因子空间尺度,并运用自然断点法进行重分类。经过多次实验发现采用2 km×2 km的格网可以兼顾模型运算效率以及可靠性指标,获取12 561个采样点。分别从4个时期选取各因子采样值进行因子探测和交互探测,得到各自变量对研究区森林覆盖变化的解释力程度。
从因子探测结果(表8)可知,所有探测因子的P均小于0.05,这表明所选的探测因子均可通过显著性检验,可作为驱动因子进行空间异质性分析。研究区森林覆盖动态变化受到自然因素和人为因素的共同作用,且不同驱动因子对于森林空间分布的解释力有着明显的差异。结果表明,研究区内土地利用类型(X10)、土壤类型(X9)及年降雨量(X5)是森林覆盖变化的主要驱动因子。
对研究区2008年、2010年、2015年及2018年森林/非森林提取结果与10个自变量进行交互式探测分析得到45种结果(图6)。其中,探测结果皆为双因子增强和非线性增强两类,说明交互式探测的作用效果要高于单因子的作用。图6的结果表明,研究区中,目标年份的土地利用类型(X10)与土壤类型(X9)、年降雨量(X5)是交互作用最强的组合。也就是说,土地利用类型中森林分布面积的变化,增加了适宜性土壤和年降雨量作为自变量对森林覆盖变化的解释力。土地利用类型与其他因子的交互作用也产生了较高的q,这表明森林覆盖的动态变化是多个因子相互作用的结果,并非只是单因子间简单的叠加或独立作用。
联合Landsat、PALSAR及地形数据,采用RF特征优选算法进行了2008—2018年黄土高原(甘肃区)森林覆盖信息提取及其时空变化分析。结果表明,针对地物分类最优方案的分类总体精度和Kappa系数分别为91.88%和0.91,较文献[25]分别提高了5.11%和0.07;较文献[24]分别提高了1.06%和0.01;这充分说明了本研究方案的精度优势。10年间研究区森林覆盖变化情况呈现总体上增加、个别区域退化的现象,这与前人研究中黄土高原森林资源变化监测[19]、植被覆盖度时空变化趋势相一致[7,13]。研究区作为“三北防护林”西北地区建设中重要的组成部分以及新一轮退耕还林(草)的核心地区,森林资源动态监测对于生态修复和工程实施成效评估具有重要作用。10年间,甘肃省政府积极组织开展各项生态建设和修复规划,各市域森林面积增加成效显著,同时,退耕还林、封山育林和天然林保护等国家工程的实施,为黄土高原(甘肃区)建立起良好的生态安全屏障,近年来森林面积的迅速增长成为可持续发展重要的推动力。但是由于退耕还林不同阶段交替导致人工林环境不适死亡、极端气候条件以及过度放牧的影响[43],使得定西市的渭源县、漳县及岷县一带由于多种原因综合影响,森林的分布出现了略微退化的情况。
光学数据和雷达数据的融合在森林覆盖变化信息提取中展示出显著的精度优势[14,18-21],其提取结果对于研究区生态修复和森林覆盖时空分布情况具有较好的分析和评估作用[16]。但受到PALSAR传感器在2011—2014年数据缺失的局限性,仅选择2008年、2010年、2015年及2018年4个年份进行了森林/非森林信息提取,无法做到对研究区逐年的森林情况进行变化监测。下一阶段,将继续探索更加全面、更高分辨率及更长时序的遥感数据源,尤其是高分辨率的雷达数据,进行或开展逐年间研究区的森林覆盖信息提取及变化分析,为制作长时序、高精度和高分辨率的森林覆盖数据集提供数据支撑。
在研究区森林覆盖信息提取和影像因素分析方面仍存在不足之处,如经济因子、人类活动因子以及政策性文件的量化[21],导致森林覆盖变化驱动因子的分析不够全面。下一阶段研究的主要工作重点,将通过探索不同数据源的显著优势,结合植被光谱信息、生长结构及物候特征等多要素,利用不同模型和算法进行对比分析,以建立年际森林数据集。同时,影响因素的多样化选择将更加易于准确地评估森林覆盖变化的主导性驱动作用,为下一阶段工程实施和合理规划提供理论支撑。
基于GEE云平台,联合Landsat多光谱、PALSAR雷达以及地形数据,对2008—2018年黄土高原(甘肃区)森林资源变化情况予以监测及驱动力分析。主要结论如下。
(1)随机森林特征优选算法不仅可以筛选出光谱指数、后向散射、纹理及地形特征中的高贡献率特征,而且可以兼顾模型效率与精度指标,总体精度可达91.88%,Kappa系数为0.91,分类结果优于常规的RF方法,对于森林覆盖信息提取与制图有着重要的应用价值。
(2)联合Landsat多光谱、PALSAR雷达以及地形数据,在森林覆盖变化信息提取中展现出卓越的精度优势,其分类精度明显优于使用单一数据源的分类结果,2008年、2010年、2015年及2018年的分类精度分别为86.65%、88.23%、90.15%、89.86%。此外,由于OLI影像数据具有更高的光谱分辨率,使得其分类精度明显略高于TM影像的分类结果。
(3)10年间,研究区森林总体上呈现增长趋势,净增加面积为0.60×104 km2。森林增加主要分布于庆阳市中东部、平凉市东部、天水市中部和临夏回族自治州西部地区,而森林退化主要出现在定西市西南部和临夏回族自治州中东部地区,自然林保护、退耕还林(草)以及植树造林工程的实施为黄土高原(甘肃区)生态修复带来了良好的成效。
(4)影响森林资源分布及变化特征的因子之间交互作用主要体现为相互增强或非线性增强的关系。从单因子探测及交互式探测结果来看,人类活动中土地利用类型是研究区10年间森林覆盖变化的主导因子,同时,适宜性的土壤类型的空间分布和降雨量的辅助作用,为植树造林成活率和森林健康生长提供了良好的自然条件。
  • 国家自然科学基金(42261069)
  • 兰州理工大学学生科技创新基金(kcjj2362)
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2025年第25卷第1期
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2402147
  • 接收时间:2024-03-26
  • 首发时间:2025-07-29
  • 出版时间:2025-01-08
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  • 收稿日期:2024-03-26
  • 修回日期:2024-10-11
基金
国家自然科学基金(42261069)
兰州理工大学学生科技创新基金(kcjj2362)
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    1.兰州理工大学土木工程学院, 兰州 730050
    2.甘肃省应急测绘工程研究中心, 兰州 730050
    3.甘肃大禹九洲空间信息科技有限公司院士专家工作站, 兰州 730000

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* 牛全福(1973—),男,汉族,甘肃天水人,博士,教授。研究方向:环境遥感。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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