Article(id=1156908300345369469, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1156908295593223005, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2308390, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1698336000000, receivedDateStr=2023-10-27, revisedDate=1721318400000, revisedDateStr=2024-07-19, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1753758033119, onlineDateStr=2025-07-29, pubDate=1736265600000, pubDateStr=2025-01-08, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753758033119, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-29, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753758033119, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753758033119, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1156908295593223005, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='438', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1753758031985, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1765425680602, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1205845960933049001, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1156908295593223005, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1205845960933049002, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1156908295593223005, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=165, endPage=175, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1156908301121315712, articleId=1156908300345369469, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=3D Modeling to Calculate the Hazard Range of High Pressure Buried Natural Gas Pipeline Leakage in Mountainous Area, columnId=1156262729003422020, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Papers·Petroleum and Natural Gas Industry, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

As China’s mountainous regions host more and more gas pipelines, incidents involving natural gas leaks that cause harm to the environment or injure people are growing increasingly common. To investigate the diffusion behavior and vertical hazard distance of leakage gas in mountainous regions, a three-dimensional model of pipeline-soil-air was created with CFD software. The impacts of various obstructions, soil types, burial depths, leak hole shapes, and leak directions on the propagation of natural gas pipeline leaks and hazard distances were studied separately. The results show that in proportion to the direction angle between the buoyant force and the leakage hole, the vertical hazard distance and the rate of gas diffusion to the ground decrease. Diffusion rates and hazard ranges are larger for square and triangle leaking holes compared to circular ones. As soil porosity and granularity increase, the rate at which escaping gases diffuse into the soil increases steadily. The time it takes for the gas leak to release will vary depending on the burial depth, and as soil burial depth increases, so will the vertical hazard distance. Obstructions will alter the diffusion path of the leaking gas and accelerate the vertical hazard distance. Culverts will allow the gas to accumulate in the ditch to form an area of high concentration.

, correspAuthors=Kai ZHANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Li-qiong CHEN, Kui ZHAO, Duo XU, Kai ZHANG, Guo-guang MA, Wen-wen ZHAN), CN=ArticleExt(id=1156908447255061436, articleId=1156908300345369469, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=CN, title=山区高压埋地天然气管道泄漏扩散的三维模型及危害边界, columnId=1156262729603207500, journalTitle=科学技术与工程, columnName=论文·石油、天然气工业, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=随着中国山区输气管道规模的不断增加,天然气泄漏导致的环境破坏和人员伤亡等事故日益频繁。为了研究高压埋地天然气管道泄漏后在山区环境中的扩散行为及垂向危害距离,基于计算流体力学建立了管道-土体-空气的三维模型,分别研究了不同泄漏方向、泄漏孔形状、土壤类型、土壤埋深、障碍物类型对天然气管道泄漏扩散及危害距离的影响。结果表明:随着泄漏方向与浮力方向夹角的变大,气体泄漏后扩散到地面的速率及垂向危害距离相应变小;三角形和正方形的泄漏孔扩散和危害范围均大于圆形;泄漏气体在土壤中的扩散速度随着土壤颗粒度和孔隙度的增加而不断增加;不同的土壤埋深将影响泄漏气体到达地面的时间,同一时间的垂向危害距离随土壤埋深的增大而缩小;障碍物将改变泄漏气体的扩散路径并加快垂向危害距离的增长,而暗沟将使天然气在沟内积聚形成高浓度区。, correspAuthors=张开, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 张开(1997—),男,汉族,辽宁朝阳人,博士研究生。研究方向:油气储运设施安全技术。E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=8j09smof0h1cvD4i9/juvw==, magXml=1I9q6BCRYZO+dRbra5vWBQ==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=81pOXaWyO52Ubmmzgr5ljg==, pdfFileSize=13602266, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=5w1ss8NtXB7tx85D1kH/vw==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=2dZFGh3PTWBQUwIz+WXntw==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

陈利琼(1976—),女,汉族,四川遂宁人,博士后,教授。研究方向:油气储运设施安全技术。E-mail:

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陈利琼(1976—),女,汉族,四川遂宁人,博士后,教授。研究方向:油气储运设施安全技术。E-mail:

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陈利琼(1976—),女,汉族,四川遂宁人,博士后,教授。研究方向:油气储运设施安全技术。E-mail:

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Journal of Natural Gas Science & Engineering, 2015, 27(1): 82-89., articleTitle=Experimental study of methane diffusion in soil for an underground gas pipe leak, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1205914223037707058, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908300345369469, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1205914223046095666, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908300345369469, companyId=1205914223037707058, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1. 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figureFileBig=4YDbbQalgW5LK/+lCfF5sQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1205914227676607366, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908300345369469, language=CN, label=图5, caption=泄漏不同时刻下天然气泄漏扩散云图, figureFileSmall=pz11zDjuV0PncQXe3L694g==, figureFileBig=4YDbbQalgW5LK/+lCfF5sQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1205914227747910534, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908300345369469, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Cloud chart of natural gas diffusion with different leakage hole orientations, figureFileSmall=HdM5s3O8D+265OMQZZ79Ig==, figureFileBig=XQngd1iciBt1mSjETC/Hlw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1205914228549022600, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908300345369469, language=CN, label=图6, caption=不同泄漏孔方向的扩散云图, figureFileSmall=HdM5s3O8D+265OMQZZ79Ig==, figureFileBig=XQngd1iciBt1mSjETC/Hlw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1205914228972647305, 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ArticleFig(id=1205914230012834722, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908300345369469, language=CN, label=图13, caption=不同敷设深度下爆炸上下限危害距离示意图, figureFileSmall=T2oCGni6uhzrsShxJ3vhhw==, figureFileBig=0K7nIVHHTOJ9hTqQd1yxBQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1205914230079943586, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908300345369469, language=EN, label=Fig.14, caption=Diffusion cloud map of different obstacles after 60 s of leakage, figureFileSmall=k9rQH/QVLpVPZcdhNan8vA==, figureFileBig=jF+/pv4aXhLTEcbBQwQNqQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1205914230159635364, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908300345369469, language=CN, label=图14, caption=泄漏60 s后不同障碍物的扩散云图, figureFileSmall=k9rQH/QVLpVPZcdhNan8vA==, figureFileBig=jF+/pv4aXhLTEcbBQwQNqQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1205914230226744230, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908300345369469, language=EN, label=Fig.15, caption=Schematic diagram of the distance between the upper and lower limits of explosion hazards under the influence of different obstacles, figureFileSmall=fV4ue3f6GcJskXpjN02oWA==, figureFileBig=lDPFH/avRAeHIPU2cz7SvA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1205914230306436007, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908300345369469, language=CN, label=图15, caption=不同障碍物影响下爆炸上下限危害距离示意图, figureFileSmall=fV4ue3f6GcJskXpjN02oWA==, figureFileBig=lDPFH/avRAeHIPU2cz7SvA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1205914230377739177, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908300345369469, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Setting of boundary conditions

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
边界类型 边界名称 边界类型
出口边界 管道出口和空气层 Pressure outlet
土壤四周边界 Symmetry
土壤上边界 Interface
土壤下边界 Outflow
入口边界 管道入口 Pressureinlet
壁面边界 管道边界 Wall
), ArticleFig(id=1205914230465819563, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908300345369469, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

边界条件定义

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边界类型 边界名称 边界类型
出口边界 管道出口和空气层 Pressure outlet
土壤四周边界 Symmetry
土壤上边界 Interface
土壤下边界 Outflow
入口边界 管道入口 Pressureinlet
壁面边界 管道边界 Wall
), ArticleFig(id=1205914230553899949, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908300345369469, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Setting of simulation parameters

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变量类型 输入数据
常量 变量
泄漏方向/(°) 0 90、180
泄漏孔形状 圆形 正方形、三角形
敷设深度/m 1.6 1.2、1.4、1.8、2
土壤类别 砂土a 砂土b、砂土c、壤土、黏土
障碍物类型 无障碍物 暗沟、障碍物
), ArticleFig(id=1205914230688117679, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908300345369469, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

埋地管道气体泄漏扩散模拟工况参数表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量类型 输入数据
常量 变量
泄漏方向/(°) 0 90、180
泄漏孔形状 圆形 正方形、三角形
敷设深度/m 1.6 1.2、1.4、1.8、2
土壤类别 砂土a 砂土b、砂土c、壤土、黏土
障碍物类型 无障碍物 暗沟、障碍物
), ArticleFig(id=1205914230772003761, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908300345369469, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Setting of leakage hole shape

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
圆形 正方形 正三角形
半径R=0.05 m
边长L=0.088 6 m
边长L=0.134 7 m
), ArticleFig(id=1205914230872667059, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908300345369469, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

埋地管道泄漏孔形状参数表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
圆形 正方形 正三角形
半径R=0.05 m
边长L=0.088 6 m
边长L=0.134 7 m
), ArticleFig(id=1205914230943970228, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908300345369469, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Setting the soil resistance factors

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类别 Dp γ 1 α C2
砂土a 0.30 0.25 6×1010 5.60×105
砂土b 0.30 0.45 5.53×109 7.04×104
砂土c 0.50 0.25 2.16×1010 3.36×105
壤土 0.05 0.40 3.38×1011 6.56×105
黏土 0.01 0.30 2.72×1013 9.07×106
), ArticleFig(id=1205914231011079092, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908300345369469, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

不同性质土壤的阻力系数表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类别 Dp γ 1 α C2
砂土a 0.30 0.25 6×1010 5.60×105
砂土b 0.30 0.45 5.53×109 7.04×104
砂土c 0.50 0.25 2.16×1010 3.36×105
壤土 0.05 0.40 3.38×1011 6.56×105
黏土 0.01 0.30 2.72×1013 9.07×106
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山区高压埋地天然气管道泄漏扩散的三维模型及危害边界
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陈利琼 1 , 赵奎 1 , 许铎 1 , 张开 1, * , 马国光 1 , 詹文文 2
科学技术与工程 | 论文·石油、天然气工业 2025,25(1): 165-175
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科学技术与工程 | 论文·石油、天然气工业 2025, 25(1): 165-175
山区高压埋地天然气管道泄漏扩散的三维模型及危害边界
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陈利琼1 , 赵奎1, 许铎1, 张开1, * , 马国光1, 詹文文2
作者信息
  • 1.西南石油大学石油与天然气工程学院, 成都 610500
  • 2.中国石油宝鸡钢管研究院, 宝鸡 721008
  • 陈利琼(1976—),女,汉族,四川遂宁人,博士后,教授。研究方向:油气储运设施安全技术。E-mail:

通讯作者:

* 张开(1997—),男,汉族,辽宁朝阳人,博士研究生。研究方向:油气储运设施安全技术。E-mail:
3D Modeling to Calculate the Hazard Range of High Pressure Buried Natural Gas Pipeline Leakage in Mountainous Area
Li-qiong CHEN1 , Kui ZHAO1, Duo XU1, Kai ZHANG1, * , Guo-guang MA1, Wen-wen ZHAN2
Affiliations
  • 1. College of Petroleum and Natural Gas Engineering, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu 610500, China
  • 2. China Petroleum Baoji Steel Pipe Research Institute, Baoji 721008, China
出版时间: 2025-01-08 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2308390
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随着中国山区输气管道规模的不断增加,天然气泄漏导致的环境破坏和人员伤亡等事故日益频繁。为了研究高压埋地天然气管道泄漏后在山区环境中的扩散行为及垂向危害距离,基于计算流体力学建立了管道-土体-空气的三维模型,分别研究了不同泄漏方向、泄漏孔形状、土壤类型、土壤埋深、障碍物类型对天然气管道泄漏扩散及危害距离的影响。结果表明:随着泄漏方向与浮力方向夹角的变大,气体泄漏后扩散到地面的速率及垂向危害距离相应变小;三角形和正方形的泄漏孔扩散和危害范围均大于圆形;泄漏气体在土壤中的扩散速度随着土壤颗粒度和孔隙度的增加而不断增加;不同的土壤埋深将影响泄漏气体到达地面的时间,同一时间的垂向危害距离随土壤埋深的增大而缩小;障碍物将改变泄漏气体的扩散路径并加快垂向危害距离的增长,而暗沟将使天然气在沟内积聚形成高浓度区。
山区天然气管道  /  埋地管道泄漏  /  扩散规律  /  危害范围  /  运输安全

As China’s mountainous regions host more and more gas pipelines, incidents involving natural gas leaks that cause harm to the environment or injure people are growing increasingly common. To investigate the diffusion behavior and vertical hazard distance of leakage gas in mountainous regions, a three-dimensional model of pipeline-soil-air was created with CFD software. The impacts of various obstructions, soil types, burial depths, leak hole shapes, and leak directions on the propagation of natural gas pipeline leaks and hazard distances were studied separately. The results show that in proportion to the direction angle between the buoyant force and the leakage hole, the vertical hazard distance and the rate of gas diffusion to the ground decrease. Diffusion rates and hazard ranges are larger for square and triangle leaking holes compared to circular ones. As soil porosity and granularity increase, the rate at which escaping gases diffuse into the soil increases steadily. The time it takes for the gas leak to release will vary depending on the burial depth, and as soil burial depth increases, so will the vertical hazard distance. Obstructions will alter the diffusion path of the leaking gas and accelerate the vertical hazard distance. Culverts will allow the gas to accumulate in the ditch to form an area of high concentration.

natural gas pipeline in mountains  /  buried pipe leakage  /  the law of leakage diffusion  /  hazard distance  /  transportation safety
陈利琼, 赵奎, 许铎, 张开, 马国光, 詹文文. 山区高压埋地天然气管道泄漏扩散的三维模型及危害边界. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (1) : 165 -175 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2308390
Li-qiong CHEN, Kui ZHAO, Duo XU, Kai ZHANG, Guo-guang MA, Wen-wen ZHAN. 3D Modeling to Calculate the Hazard Range of High Pressure Buried Natural Gas Pipeline Leakage in Mountainous Area[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (1) : 165 -175 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2308390
作为产业高质量发展的重要支撑,天然气管道在中国经济社会发展绿色化、低碳化的进程中实现了跨越式发展[1-2]。中国天然气资源的主要赋存地区和能源消费地域存在明显差别,使得70%以上的天然气管网干线位于山区[3]。山区地理环境复杂,且山区管道大多采用埋地敷设,一旦发生泄漏,将会对自然环境、社会生活及公共安全造成极大威胁[4-6]。因此,对山区埋地管道的泄漏扩散特性及危害范围进行研究具有重要意义。
早期研究多采用基于理想气体、绝热流动等假设的一维模型。例如,Olorunmaiye等[7]将长输天然气管道破裂后的流动视为一维非稳态等温流动,用特征值法估算天然气泄漏量。Montiel等[8]在稳态和一维流动假设下,提出了一个预测气体泄漏量的模型。Kostowski等[9]在等温和绝热流动的假设下,提出了一种用来估算瓦斯涌出速率的一维模型。
为了减小一维模型的计算误差,研究者们通过计算机仿真技术建立更接近真实气体的二维和三维模型,深入研究了管道泄漏和扩散行为[10-11]。Ebrahimi-Moghadam等[12]针对城市中压天然气管道建立了二维和三维模型,采用有限体积法,得到了较高的求解精度。Bezaapour等[13]考虑了土壤各向异性及各层土壤基质含水量等因素,分析了对中压埋地天然气管道泄漏气体扩散规律的影响。常欢等[14]利用Fluent模拟了低压埋地天然气管道的泄漏过程,分析了土壤性质等对天然气在土壤中的扩散及分布规律。
相比城市和平原管道,山区管道在属性和敷设环境方面均存在明显差异[15]。首先,山区管道的大口径、高压力的特点将导致泄漏后气体的扩散速率更高[16-17]。其次,在敷设环境方面,山区管道穿越多个地区,导致同一管道在不同区域的土壤性质存在显著差异[18]。此外,山区存在大量野生动植物和自然灾害,加剧了管道的腐蚀和损伤[19]。山区地貌造成不同阻碍,影响泄漏气体的扩散[20]
为了分析山区高压埋地输气管道的泄漏扩散过程及危害范围,现基于计算流体力学模拟真实的山区高压埋地管道,建立管道-土体-空气的三维仿真模型。研究管道泄漏孔的方向、形状以及土壤性质、管道埋深和障碍物等外部环境特征对山区管道泄漏扩散及危害范围的影响。同时,从泄漏扩散云图垂向危害距离等方面研究泄漏气体在土壤中扩散的规律和危害范围。
为保证计算结果的准确性和可靠性,在建立模型时不仅考虑了3个方向的土壤阻力的影响,还考虑了气体从土壤中溢出后在空气中的扩散行为。建立了尺寸为6 m×6 m×5 m的管道-土体-空气三维几何模型。如图1所示,该模型以平行于地面且垂直于管道轴向的方向为x轴,垂直方向为y轴,管道轴向为z轴,且高度方向以地面为界,分为上部高度2 m的空气层和下部深度3 m的土壤层,管道位于土壤层的中间位置。
为了简化模型和计算,提出以下假设[21]
(1)土壤采用多孔介质模型代替,气体泄漏之前孔隙中全为空气,且多孔介质设置为各向同性。
(2)泄漏孔常量为圆形,泄漏过程连续且对周围管壁无影响。
(3)泄漏天然气与土壤温度恒定,且不与外界发生化学反应。
(4)短时间内将气体泄漏速率视为恒定,不随时间发生变化。
(5)进行求解时将气体组分设置为95%CH4和5%C2H6,忽略自然风速。
基于模型假设,山区高压埋地管道泄漏数学模型包括质量守恒方程、动量守恒方程、输运方程和湍流模型。
(1)质量守恒方程[22]
φ ρ t+ x i(ρui)=0
式(1)中:ρ为天然气密度,kg/m-3;t为时间,s;x为位移,m;u为速度,m/s。
(2)动量守恒方程[23]
ρ u i u j x j=- p x i+μ 2 u i x j x j+ ( - ρ u '   i u '   j ¯ ) x j+ρSF
式(2)中:j为坐标轴3个方向xyz;uj为该方向上的分速度,m/s;μ为黏度; u ' ¯为某段时间内的平均脉冲速度,m/s;p为静压力,Pa;SF为动量守恒方程的源项,其中用于SF计算的方程如式(3)所示。
SF=- μ α u i + C 2 ρ 2 u u i
式(3)中: 1 α为黏性阻力系数,m-2;C2为惯性阻力系数,m-1; 1 αC2分别由式(4)和式(5)进行确定。
1 α= 150 D p 2 ( 1 - γ ) 2 γ 3
C2= 3.5 D p 1 - γ γ 3
式中:Dp为土壤颗粒直径,mm;γ为土壤孔隙度。
(3)输运方程[24]
$\frac{\partial}{\partial}(\rho \omega)+\frac{\partial}{\partial x_{j}}\left(\rho u_{j} \omega\right)=\frac{\partial}{\partial x_{j}}\left(\rho D \frac{\partial \omega}{\partial x_{j}}\right)$
式(6)中:ω为组分的质量分数,%;D为扩散系数,m2/s。
(4)湍流模型[25]
高压输气管道燃气泄漏口的流动状态为湍流流动,应选择湍流模型进行仿真。采用k-ε标准方程模型进行模拟计算。k-ε标准方程模型由k湍动能方程和ε湍耗散率方程组成。
( ρ k ) t= x μ + μ i σ k k x i+Gk+Gb-ρεYM
$\begin{aligned} \rho \frac{\partial \varepsilon}{\partial t}= & \frac{\partial}{\partial x_{i}}\left[\left(\mu+\frac{\mu_{i}}{\mu_{k}}\right) \frac{\partial \varepsilon}{\partial x_{i}}\right]+ \\ & A_{1} \frac{\varepsilon}{k}\left(G_{k}+A_{3} G_{b}\right)-A_{2} \rho \frac{\varepsilon^{2}}{k} \end{aligned}$
式中:μ为流体黏性;μi为湍流黏性,μi=ρCμk2;σk为湍流Prandtl数;Gb为浮力产生湍流动能项;Gk为平均速度梯度产生湍流动能项;YM为可压缩湍流波动扩张引起的耗散项;A1A2A3为经验常数,分别取1.44、1.92、1。
根据1.2节中对模型的简化假设,边界条件设定主要有3个方面:出口边界条件、入口边界条件和壁面边界条件,它们的设置情况如表1所示。
对于输气管道泄漏扩散选择瞬态求解器进行求解,选用压力基求解器对控制方程离散化处理,时间步长0.05 s,时间步数3 600步,并按每20个时间步长记录一次数据,研究泄漏180 s内的扩散情况。
以中国西南山区中贵(中卫—贵阳)联络线干线管道为例,将管道直径设为1 016 mm。埋地管道泄漏一般不是由第三方破坏引起的,而是由腐蚀引起的小孔泄漏,因此设泄漏孔径为100 mm,并以泄漏方向为0°,泄漏孔形状为圆形,敷设深度为1.6 m,土壤类别为砂土a,无障碍物作为常量参数下的默认工况进行模拟分析。
此外,由于山地环境中存在的大量野生动植物及频繁发生的地质灾害使得管道的腐蚀性更具随机性和不可预测性,另一方面,由于山区管道距离跨度大,在自然风化、沙化等作用以及地震、滑坡等自然灾害会使得铺在管沟上的土壤类型及铺设厚度发生改变,且敷设环境周边常会存在如巨石、暗沟等会对泄漏气体的扩散造成影响。因此,采用控制变量法研究了管道自身因素(泄漏孔形状及泄漏方向)和外部环境中变量(土壤类型、埋设深度、障碍物类型)对泄漏气体扩散规律和范围的影响。变量参数设置如表2所示。
在研究泄漏孔形状对泄漏天然气扩散行为及危害范围的影响时,为模拟的可操作性,设计了3种简化的规则孔型,3种孔型的孔面积相等,各孔型的设计参数及形状如表3所示。
此外,土壤被认为是一种以黏性阻力、惯性阻力和孔隙度为主要特征的多孔介质。不同性质的土壤对泄露气体扩散行为的影响特别大,泄漏气体在不同的土壤环境下的扩散速度大不相同。根据山区土壤颗粒度和孔隙度的不同将土壤类型分为5类,并通过式(4)和式(5)计算得到它们各自的阻力属性如表4所示。
采用结构化几何网络对计算模型进行离散化,采用疏密结合方式,将泄漏孔口周围网格进行加密,其他区域网格不加密。
为保证计算结果的准确性,划分了4种质量均在0.7以上的网格,数量分别为68×104、48×104、28×104、10×104,对4种网格采用相同的工况进行模拟,记录泄漏孔正上方的中点至地面的直线上不同深度处泄漏30 s时气体的浓度,4种网格计算的浓度变化曲线如图2所示。通过分析得到网格为28×104、10×104的计算结果偏差较大,而网格数68×104与48×104计算的气体浓度平均误差在3%以内,考虑计算的精度和效率,最终采用网格数量为485 516个,最小网格质量为6.867 14×10-1,网格划分结果如图3所示。
Yan等[26]在2015年进行了埋地管道气体泄漏浓度检测实验。根据Yan等的实验方法,重建了3 m×5 m×5 m的长方体模型,管道埋深0.9 m,管径200 mm,泄漏直径5 mm。气体组分为2.5%的甲烷和97.5%的空气,体积流量为12 L/min,土质为砂土,土壤孔隙度均值为0.134。传感器及监测点设置位置分别为A点(-1.5,0,0.8)和B点(-1,1,0.5)。数值模拟与实验结果对比结果如图4所示。从两监测点的甲烷浓度变化趋势来看,数值模型的模拟结果与试验一致,均呈现B点前期浓度增长较快而A点后期增长较快的规律,符合一般规律。将数值模拟结果与实验结果的监测数据进行比较,两者吻合较好,最大误差为8.9%,平均误差小于5.1%,建立的模型可用于气体在土壤中的扩散预测。
在默认工况下进行了埋地天然气管道泄漏扩散过程的全过程分析,通过甲烷的浓度分布云图分析了甲烷的泄漏扩散特性。同时,为找出影响山区埋地管道泄漏扩散规律和范围最主要的因素,采用控制变量法进行单因素分析。且由于天然气密度小于空气密度,向上扩散速度大于向下扩散速度,且模型顶部和周围的空气范围是人类生存和建设的主要区域,因此,将对埋地管道发生泄漏的危害范围的研究放在垂向距离上。根据火灾爆炸甲烷浓度范围,以5%和15%为甲烷观测浓度边界,记录不同工况下甲烷爆炸下限和爆炸上限的垂直高度随时间的变化以分析不同工况下泄漏气体的垂向危害距离。
表2中的常量进行参数设置,计算并记录管道泄漏180 s内天然气的扩散情况。设置了垂直于地面,平行于x轴和z轴且过泄漏孔中心处的相互垂直的截面ab,其泄漏后的气体扩散云图如图5所示。泄漏发生2 s时,可称之为泄漏初始阶段,由于初始速度较快且土壤对气体减速效果不明显,孔口附近形成了一个近似圆形的高浓度甲烷集中区(浓度范围在0.95~0.86)。当泄漏发生4 s时,气体即将扩散到地面附近,因为空气层中的阻力远小于土壤层,导致此时气体在竖直方向上的速度变大,使得图5(b)中气体扩散区域形状的顶部变长。泄漏20 s后,甲烷已部分进入空气层,此时横向和纵向扩散范围继续增大,气体浓度在空气层和土壤层的边界处出现折痕,由于纵轴向上扩散速度大于横轴区域,使得气体扩散形状变为半椭圆形。泄漏80 s后,地面附近的甲烷浓度已处于气体爆炸浓度区间内,若存在火源将造成极大伤亡损失。泄漏发生120 s,地表附近成为高浓度区域,土壤内的扩散范围变化相对空气较小,此时气体在空气中主要向上方扩散。泄漏发生180 s,中高浓度区面积占总扩散面积已接近90%。从整个泄漏扩散过程可以看出,受土壤阻力的影响,泄漏在土壤中浓度分布近似于呈圆形,当天然气溢出地面后,浓度分布图开始由圆形向放射状过渡。
在常量参数的基础上分别将泄漏孔方向设为90°和180°进行模拟,方向的改变导致了泄漏孔位置的改变,对于该90°和180°的泄露方向下的泄漏孔中心坐标分别约为:(2.5,0.9,-3)(3,0.38,-3),得到的不同泄漏方向下的扩散云图如图6所示。可以看出,气体泄漏后先沿着泄漏孔方向射流,形成高浓度区,随着大量气体溢出,气体在浮力作用下缓慢向地面扩散。由于向下泄漏的出口速度与浮力方向相反,因此向下泄漏在大气中天然气扩散范围最小,侧壁泄漏次之,向上泄漏范围最大。
图7中可以看出侧壁泄漏和向下泄漏发生事故后,气体爆炸下限分别在13 s和30 s左右到达地面,爆炸上限在65 s和95 s进入大气,同一时刻远远低于向上泄漏的危害距离。向下泄漏的出口位置距离地面最远并且与气体喷射速度方向相反,爆炸上下限到达地面的时间最长。
通常管道腐蚀所导致泄漏孔是不规则的,为了模拟可操作性,在进行数值模拟时进行简化处理,采用规则的孔型代替。在保证孔径大小一致的情况下,采用表3中不同形状的泄漏孔进行模拟计算,得到不同泄漏孔形状扩散云图如图8所示。可以看出,正方向泄漏形成的浓度区间横向范围较大,与圆形孔径形成的椭圆形不同,整体形状更似梯形。泄漏孔形状对土壤内的高浓度区影响不大,而土壤外三角形孔径形成的中低浓度区向左上方偏移。相同时刻下正方形和三角形泄漏孔形成的扩散范围大致相同,均大于圆形孔径。
图9可以看出,不同泄漏孔形状发生泄漏事故后,气体爆炸下限几乎同时到达地面,三角形和正方形爆炸上限略早10 s左右进入大气。在相同泄漏时间下,三角形孔径的垂向危害距离略大于正方形的垂向危害距离,而圆形孔径最小。
忽略了土体变形的影响,对表4中定义的5种典型的类型的土壤对扩散行为的影响进行研究。从图10可以看出,当土壤颗粒直径一定,孔隙度越大,甲烷扩散的速度和范围越大,当土壤孔隙度一定, 土壤颗粒直径越大,甲烷扩散的范围也越大,其中孔隙度的影响最大。相比于砂土和壤土,气体在黏土中的扩散速度最慢,造成影响范围最小。从图11可以看出砂土发生泄漏事故后,气体爆炸下限在2~4 s迅速到达地面,爆炸上限在4~18 s进入大气,而壤土爆炸下限在9 s到达地面,51 s左右爆炸上限进入大气,其中黏土对气体的阻力效应最明显,其垂向危害距离最小。
管道的敷设深度将直接影响泄漏气体扩散到空气中所需要的时间和距离。将土壤深度分别设为1.2、1.4、1.8和2 m进行模拟,埋地输气管道泄漏60 s后,不同土壤敷设深度下扩散云图如图12所示。可以看出,随着埋深的增加,相同时刻土壤内高浓度区域减小,土壤外中低浓度区也减小。同一时刻,埋深越大,气体所受的土壤阻力距离越长,气体扩散范围越小。如图13所示,敷设深度1.2 m和1.4 m发生泄漏事故后,气体爆炸下限在1~3 s迅速到达地面,爆炸上限在3~10 s进入大气,而敷设深度1.8 m和2 m发生泄漏事故后,气体爆炸下限分别在6 s和15 s到达地面,爆炸上限分别在45 s和100 s左右进入大气。可见敷设深度对气体扩散范围影响较为明显,在满足敷设要求和经济要求的前提下,适当增加管道覆土深度有助于缓解险情。
气体在扩散过程中常常会遇到障碍物的影响,城市和平原地区的管道在泄漏发生时常常会碰到水泥或沥青等平行于地面的障碍物的干扰,而对于山区高压长输埋地管道常常碰到的障碍物则是高山和峡谷中的巨石或者暗沟等未知的因素。在以中贵线为代表的山区长输埋地管道中,当泄漏发生时,气体可能会遇到高山峻岭。这些障碍物将导致气体扩散的路径受阻,使得其在地形起伏处可能会产生向上扩散的趋势。当管道周围存在狭长且陡峭的峡谷时,将对泄漏气体扩散的速度和方向产生显著影响。泄漏的气体可能会受到峡谷壁面的限制,导致其在峡谷内产生集中扩散的趋势。这种情况下,气体的扩散行为将显著不同于城市平原地区,需要更为复杂的模型和策略来进行预测和防范。
为探究山区中障碍物对管道泄露扩散过程的影响,对不同障碍物情景下泄漏气体的泄漏扩散行为进行研究,埋地输气管道泄漏60 s后,不同障碍物下扩散云图如图14所示。可以看出,当管道周围存在墙壁时,气体在土壤内的泄漏初期,气体将沿着障碍物的表面向上扩散,当大量气体扩散至表面时,土壤外气体将向非障碍物一侧偏移。当管道周围存在沟渠时,泄漏发生后,大量气体将进入沟渠,并形成高浓度区,地表附近浓度降低。从图15可以看出,无论管道周围是否有障碍物,气体爆炸下限都在4 s左右迅速到达地面,爆炸上限分别在9 s和15 s进入大气,可见障碍物对爆炸下限在土壤内的危害距离影响不大,而进入大气后,存在墙壁等障碍物在大气中的爆炸下限危害距离增长较快。
分析了山区高压埋地管道泄漏扩散过程,并以管道自身条件和外界环境特征作为影响因素,从泄漏扩散云图、垂向危害距离两个方面探究山地高压埋地管道的扩散规律和轴向范围,主要结论如下。
(1)埋地管道泄漏受土壤阻力的影响,其泄漏不呈现放射状,在土壤中浓度分布近似呈圆形,当天然气溢出地面后,浓度分布由圆形向放射状过渡。泄漏气体在地面附近的轴向和径向上呈对称分布,且泄漏孔中点处气体浓度最高。相对于爆炸上限,土壤和空气中甲烷爆炸下限边界增加速率更快,并且随着泄漏时间推移,爆炸浓度边界增长速率降低。
(2)管道的泄漏方向对管道的泄漏扩散行为影响较大,由于出口速度与浮力方向相反,导致了向下泄漏在大气中天然气扩散危害范围最小,侧壁泄漏次之,向上泄漏范围最大。泄漏孔形状的不同会对浓度区间横向范围及形状造成影响,正方形泄漏孔造成的扩散整体形状更似梯形,而土壤外三角形孔径形成的中低浓度区向左上方偏移。
(3)土壤颗粒直径、土壤孔隙度越大及管道敷设深度越浅,埋地天然气管道泄漏扩散范围及其垂向危害距离越大。另外,随着管道埋深的增加,相同时刻土壤内外的甲烷浓度均有减小,泄漏气体的垂向危害距离也相应减小。障碍物的存在会对泄漏气体的扩散方向造成偏移,当管道周围存在墙壁时,气体在土壤内的泄漏初期,气体将沿着障碍物的表面向上扩散,当大量气体扩散至表面时,土壤外气体将向非障碍物一侧偏移。当管道周围存在沟渠时,泄漏发生后,大量气体将进入沟渠,并形成高浓度区,地表附近浓度降低。
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2025年第25卷第1期
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2308390
  • 接收时间:2023-10-27
  • 首发时间:2025-07-29
  • 出版时间:2025-01-08
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  • 收稿日期:2023-10-27
  • 修回日期:2024-07-19
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    1.西南石油大学石油与天然气工程学院, 成都 610500
    2.中国石油宝鸡钢管研究院, 宝鸡 721008

通讯作者:

* 张开(1997—),男,汉族,辽宁朝阳人,博士研究生。研究方向:油气储运设施安全技术。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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