Article(id=1156908299879801722, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1156908295593223005, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2308222, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1697990400000, receivedDateStr=2023-10-23, revisedDate=1721318400000, revisedDateStr=2024-07-19, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1753758033008, onlineDateStr=2025-07-29, pubDate=1736265600000, pubDateStr=2025-01-08, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753758033008, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-29, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753758033008, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753758033008, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1156908295593223005, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='438', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1753758031985, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1765425680602, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1205845960933049001, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1156908295593223005, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1205845960933049002, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1156908295593223005, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=329, endPage=338, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1156908300655747966, articleId=1156908299879801722, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=Microscopic Simulation of Chloride Ion Transport Behavior in Recycled Concrete under Dry-Wet Cycles, columnId=1156262729917780302, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Papers·Architectural Science, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Based on Monte Carlo method, Python and Abaqus interface were used for secondary development, and an interfacial transition zone was generated to distinguish between natural coarse aggregates and new and old interfacial transition zone(ITZ) and recycled aggregate concrete (RAC) 2D meso-five phase model of new and old mortar. An improved moisture-chloride ion coupling model under dry-wet cycles was proposed, and the computational results of this model were compared and validated against physical experiments, with good agreement. This model was then applied to analyze the effects of dry-wet cycle periods, ITZ permeability, water-cement ratio, and natural aggregate volume fraction on chloride ion transport properties. The numerical results show that as the number of dry-wet cycles increases, the diffusion depth and concentration of chloride ions in RAC also increases. When the ratio of ITZ diffusion coefficient to the new mortar diffusion coefficient increases, the chloride ion concentration in the diffusion region increases significantly, especially at the front end of the diffusion zone. In addition, there is a positive correlation between RAC materials with different water-cement ratios and chloride ion transport capacity, with little variation in chloride ion transport performance within the high water-cement ratio range. Finally, the volume fraction of recycled aggregates has a significant impact on the chloride ion permeability of RAC, indicating that the ITZ and new and old mortar have an important influence on the transport of chloride ions.

, correspAuthors=Cheng ZHAO, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Xi-xuan BAI, Ding-yang LU, Cheng ZHAO, Qiao WANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1156908401272906401, articleId=1156908299879801722, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=CN, title=干湿循环下再生混凝土氯离子传输行为的细观模拟, columnId=1156262730517565784, journalTitle=科学技术与工程, columnName=论文·建筑科学, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

基于蒙特卡洛法,利用Python与Abaqus接口进行二次开发,生成区分天然粗骨料,新、旧界面过渡区(interfacial transition zone,ITZ)和新、旧砂浆的再生混凝土(recycled aggregate concrete,RAC)二维细观五相模型。提出改进的干湿循环下水分-氯离子耦合模型,并将该模型的计算结果与物理试验进行对比验证,结果吻合较好。将该模型应用于分析干湿循环周期、ITZ渗透率、水胶比和天然骨料体积分数对氯离子传输性能的影响规律。结果表明,在干湿循环次数增加的情况下,RAC中氯离子的扩散深度和浓度也会随之增加。当ITZ扩散系数与新砂浆扩散系数的比值增大时,氯离子的扩散区域中氯离子浓度增加明显,尤其是在扩散区的前端位置氯离子浓度增加最为显著。此外,不同水灰比的RAC材料与氯离子的传输能力之间存在正相关关系,高水灰比范围内氯离子传输性能变化较小。最后,再生骨料体积分数对RAC的抗氯离子渗透性能产生显著影响,这说明ITZ和新旧砂浆对氯离子的传输具有重要影响。

, correspAuthors=赵程, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 赵程(1991—),男,汉族,湖北荆州人,博士,讲师。研究方向:混凝土结构耐久性,大体积混凝土温度控制,水泥基材料固碳与固废循环利用。E-mail:
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白希选(1986—),男,汉族,河南濮阳人,博士,副教授。研究方向:再生混凝土。E-mail:

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白希选(1986—),男,汉族,河南濮阳人,博士,副教授。研究方向:再生混凝土。E-mail:

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白希选(1986—),男,汉族,河南濮阳人,博士,副教授。研究方向:再生混凝土。E-mail:

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ArticleFig(id=1205908627735511557, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908299879801722, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Chloride ion concentration distribution in recycled concrete with different volume fractions of recycled aggregates under dry-wet cycling action, figureFileSmall=vdero5dEQ1Ip6/CRUSs1xw==, figureFileBig=WBNpSnYsHFDsiniupifDtQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1205908627802620422, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908299879801722, language=CN, label=图8, caption=干湿循环作用下不同再生骨料体积分数的再生混凝土中氯离子浓度分布, figureFileSmall=vdero5dEQ1Ip6/CRUSs1xw==, figureFileBig=WBNpSnYsHFDsiniupifDtQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1205908627869729287, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908299879801722, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Coupled model calculation parameters

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 参数值 含义
tref[27] 28 d 参考养护时间
Tref[27] 273.15 K 参考温度
W/B 0.4 水灰比
N 14 干湿循环次数
Cs 0.5 边界氯化钠溶液浓度
Dp 1.07×10-10 m2/s 氯化钠在孔隙溶液中的扩散系数
m 0.2 时间衰减指数
θm[28] 0.95 湿润过程边界水饱和度
θd[28] 0.7 干燥过程边界水饱和度
θ0 0.7 RAC初始饱和度
Cf0 0 RAC初始氯离子浓度
), ArticleFig(id=1205908627949421064, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908299879801722, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

耦合模型计算参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 参数值 含义
tref[27] 28 d 参考养护时间
Tref[27] 273.15 K 参考温度
W/B 0.4 水灰比
N 14 干湿循环次数
Cs 0.5 边界氯化钠溶液浓度
Dp 1.07×10-10 m2/s 氯化钠在孔隙溶液中的扩散系数
m 0.2 时间衰减指数
θm[28] 0.95 湿润过程边界水饱和度
θd[28] 0.7 干燥过程边界水饱和度
θ0 0.7 RAC初始饱和度
Cf0 0 RAC初始氯离子浓度
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干湿循环下再生混凝土氯离子传输行为的细观模拟
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白希选 1 , 陆定洋 1 , 赵程 1, * , 王桥 2
科学技术与工程 | 论文·建筑科学 2025,25(1): 329-338
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科学技术与工程 | 论文·建筑科学 2025, 25(1): 329-338
干湿循环下再生混凝土氯离子传输行为的细观模拟
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白希选1 , 陆定洋1, 赵程1, * , 王桥2
作者信息
  • 1.武汉工程大学土木工程与建筑学院, 武汉 430074
  • 2.武汉大学水利水电学院, 武汉 430072
  • 白希选(1986—),男,汉族,河南濮阳人,博士,副教授。研究方向:再生混凝土。E-mail:

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* 赵程(1991—),男,汉族,湖北荆州人,博士,讲师。研究方向:混凝土结构耐久性,大体积混凝土温度控制,水泥基材料固碳与固废循环利用。E-mail:
Microscopic Simulation of Chloride Ion Transport Behavior in Recycled Concrete under Dry-Wet Cycles
Xi-xuan BAI1 , Ding-yang LU1, Cheng ZHAO1, * , Qiao WANG2
Affiliations
  • 1. School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
  • 2. School of Water Resources and Hydropower Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
出版时间: 2025-01-08 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2308222
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基于蒙特卡洛法,利用Python与Abaqus接口进行二次开发,生成区分天然粗骨料,新、旧界面过渡区(interfacial transition zone,ITZ)和新、旧砂浆的再生混凝土(recycled aggregate concrete,RAC)二维细观五相模型。提出改进的干湿循环下水分-氯离子耦合模型,并将该模型的计算结果与物理试验进行对比验证,结果吻合较好。将该模型应用于分析干湿循环周期、ITZ渗透率、水胶比和天然骨料体积分数对氯离子传输性能的影响规律。结果表明,在干湿循环次数增加的情况下,RAC中氯离子的扩散深度和浓度也会随之增加。当ITZ扩散系数与新砂浆扩散系数的比值增大时,氯离子的扩散区域中氯离子浓度增加明显,尤其是在扩散区的前端位置氯离子浓度增加最为显著。此外,不同水灰比的RAC材料与氯离子的传输能力之间存在正相关关系,高水灰比范围内氯离子传输性能变化较小。最后,再生骨料体积分数对RAC的抗氯离子渗透性能产生显著影响,这说明ITZ和新旧砂浆对氯离子的传输具有重要影响。

再生混凝土  /  细观数值模型  /  干湿循环  /  水分  /  氯离子  /  传输过程

Based on Monte Carlo method, Python and Abaqus interface were used for secondary development, and an interfacial transition zone was generated to distinguish between natural coarse aggregates and new and old interfacial transition zone(ITZ) and recycled aggregate concrete (RAC) 2D meso-five phase model of new and old mortar. An improved moisture-chloride ion coupling model under dry-wet cycles was proposed, and the computational results of this model were compared and validated against physical experiments, with good agreement. This model was then applied to analyze the effects of dry-wet cycle periods, ITZ permeability, water-cement ratio, and natural aggregate volume fraction on chloride ion transport properties. The numerical results show that as the number of dry-wet cycles increases, the diffusion depth and concentration of chloride ions in RAC also increases. When the ratio of ITZ diffusion coefficient to the new mortar diffusion coefficient increases, the chloride ion concentration in the diffusion region increases significantly, especially at the front end of the diffusion zone. In addition, there is a positive correlation between RAC materials with different water-cement ratios and chloride ion transport capacity, with little variation in chloride ion transport performance within the high water-cement ratio range. Finally, the volume fraction of recycled aggregates has a significant impact on the chloride ion permeability of RAC, indicating that the ITZ and new and old mortar have an important influence on the transport of chloride ions.

RAC  /  microscopic numerical model  /  dry-wet cycles  /  moisture  /  chloride ion  /  transmission process
白希选, 陆定洋, 赵程, 王桥. 干湿循环下再生混凝土氯离子传输行为的细观模拟. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (1) : 329 -338 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2308222
Xi-xuan BAI, Ding-yang LU, Cheng ZHAO, Qiao WANG. Microscopic Simulation of Chloride Ion Transport Behavior in Recycled Concrete under Dry-Wet Cycles[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (1) : 329 -338 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2308222
再生混凝土是一种环保建筑材料,其制备过程中使用了再生骨料,即从废弃混凝土中回收的碎石或砂石,以替代部分或全部传统的天然骨料,这种材料的使用有助于减少建筑废弃物的排放,降低资源消耗,对环境友好,因此在可持续建筑领域受到广泛关注[1-2],然而,再生混凝土在实际使用中也面临一些问题,其中之一是氯离子侵蚀问题。氯离子是混凝土结构材料中的一种常见侵蚀物质,当氯离子渗入混凝土中,它们可以引发钢筋锈蚀,从而损害混凝土的耐久性和结构强度[3]。再生混凝土中由于再生骨料的使用,存在一些细观尺度的特性,如界面过渡区(interfacial transition zone,ITZ)、旧砂浆区的形成和再生骨料与新骨料之间的不均匀性,这些特性会对氯离子的扩散和侵蚀产生重要影响[2]
目前,已有大量学者开展了再生混凝土氯离子传输性能方面的研究,Mahmood等[4]研究了海洋环境下氯离子扩散系数D和再生混凝土表面氯离子浓度C对氯离子侵入再生混凝土的影响。王祥等[5]和Hu等[6]在研究中考虑氯离子在再生混凝土中的运输,但是均忽视了水分在再生混凝土湿润和干燥阶段的差异。Ying等[7] 和胡志等[8]建立了再生混凝土五相细观模型,研究了骨料级配、替代率、界面过渡区厚度等细观参数对氯离子扩散的影响。Xiao等[9]提出了再生粗骨料(recycled aggregate concrete,RCA)对RAC氯离子扩散的影响模型,该模型通过有限元方法研究骨料形状、边界条件,以及细观参数对氯离子传输的影响。然而,在当前研究中,再生粗骨料常被假设为理想化的圆形骨料,与实际中的RAC细观多边形骨料差异较大,且研究中常常偏重于单一因素的影响,对干湿条件与再生骨料各相之间的作用缺乏全面研究。
鉴于此,为模拟再生粗骨料的实际形状以及真实的干湿循环条件,现建立再生混凝土多相细观数值模型,研究干湿循环作用下再生粗骨料混凝土中氯离子传输机制。基于蒙特卡洛法,结合骨料富勒级配曲线,首先生成具有更高投放率的再生骨料混凝土五相模型(新、旧砂浆;新、旧ITZ;天然骨料)。然后,将水-氯离子耦合模型引入再生骨料混凝土的五相模型中进行细观尺度分析,并结合试验数据验证所提出的数值模型的可靠性。最后,探讨干湿循环周期、ITZ与新砂浆扩散系数比值、水灰比、体积分数对干湿循环下RAC氯离子传输性能的影响,可在一定程度上为实际工程中混凝土耐久性的设计提供指导。
再生混凝土是复杂的多孔材料,具有不均匀性,细观层面上由新、砂浆基质,天然骨料,再生骨料和新、旧ITZ组成的五相复合材料。利用Python语言建立再生骨料混凝土五相细观模型,满足实际骨料形状以及骨料粒径级配曲线的要求。相较于目前常见的RAC五相细观模型[10],所提模型基于Cramer法则优化了骨料碰撞判定,增加了再生粗骨料取代率功能,提高了再生骨料投放率,可以在短时间内生成更高体积分数的再生混凝土模型。细观模型生成的具体步骤如下。
步骤1 生成RAC和骨料外框。利用Python语言建立100 mm × 100 mm二维RAC试块截面,截面面积用A表示,方便后续设置骨料体积分数和取代率中调用。基于蒙特卡洛法,随机生成一级配圆形骨料(粒径范围5~20 mm),在圆形骨料圆周上随机选取若干个点作为内接多边形顶点。设置命令流存储顶点坐标,方便后续步骤调用。此步骤可模拟实际的多边形骨料顶点,通过式(1)控制点与点之间的距离,保证骨料圆心在截面内部。
$L_{\min }=2 R \sin \left[\frac{\pi}{2(n-1)}\right]$
式(1)中:R为多边形骨料之间的平均距离;n为骨料晶格点数。
步骤2 生成所需各粒径骨料体积分数。利用Walavan公式[10]将富勒的三维级配曲线转换为二维级配曲线以满足富勒级配曲线要求,对于某一粒径区间骨料,生成k个骨料,每个骨料的n个顶点记录为A1,A2,…,An,则骨料体积分数表达式为
Af= j = 1 k Si/A= j = 1 k 1 / A x 1 y 1 1 x 2 y 2 1   x i y i 1
式中:Si为第i个骨料面积(i=1,2,…,n);A为RAC截面面积;xiyi为存储的骨料顶点坐标。
步骤3 判断骨料之间不重叠。将骨料从大到小的顺序投入矩形RAC框架中,基于第一步生成的圆形骨料通过圆心距离大于相邻圆半径之和即Lij>Ri+Rj进行初步判定,再检查多边形任一顶点是否贯穿另一多边形,用Cramer法则求出交点坐标进行二次判定,程序里面保留不相交的骨料模型,此步骤可以提高骨料投放率。
步骤4 设置循环语句,随机选取骨料拓展为再生骨料,为了优化运算效率,根据储存的骨料信息采用向内拓展生成新、旧ITZ和旧砂浆区域,以满足设置的取代率要求时,循环结束。生成的RAC五相结构示意图如图1所示。
水分是氯离子在多孔材料中扩散的主要驱动力,扩展的达西定律通常用于描述多空材料中的毛细吸水过程,该过程通常不考虑水的气相。结合水分质量守恒定律和Fick第二定律得水在多孔介质中的一维运输过程表示为
θ t= t D ( θ ) θ x
式(3)中:θ为相对含水量;xt分别为渗透深度和时间;D(θ)为水力扩散系数,m2/s;干燥和湿润过程中,水力扩散系数差异较大,针对湿润和干燥阶段,D(θ)应分别给出[11-13]
干燥阶段:
D(θ)=Dd δ + 1 - δ 1 + 1 - θ 1 - θ c n 1 e U R 0 1 T r e f - 1 T
湿润阶段:
D(θ)=Dmen2θ e U R 0 1 T r e f - 1 T
式中:DdDm分别为混凝土完全干燥和完全湿润下的水力扩散系数;δ为在极低相对适度下水力扩散系数与Dm的比值;θc为扩散系数等于Dm/2时的混凝土水饱和度;U为分子活化能,J/mol;R0为气体常数,R0=8.314 J/mol;T为温度,K;Tref为参考温度。
在非饱和混凝土中,氯离子的传输是一个复杂的过程,可分为4个部分:离子的扩散传输、对流传输、离子之间的相互作用和离子的化学活性[14]。在没有电场的非饱和混凝土中,氯离子的转移主要考虑了浓度梯度引起的扩散和水分传输引起的对流。此外,氯离子在传输过程中会与水化产物发生固化作用,部分氯离子会附着在混凝土表层形成物理吸附,另外一部分氯离子与水化产物反应发生化学结合。由于浓度扩散只能发生在孔隙液体中,孔隙中的水饱和度在非饱和混凝土的氯离子传输模型中起着重要作用[15]。考虑到水饱和度对氯离子迁移的影响,假设非饱和混凝土中的氯离子扩散系数与水饱和度呈指数关系,氯离子的扩散通量Jd可表示为
Jd=-DClθr C x
式(6)中:DCl为饱和混凝土中修正的氯离子扩散系数,m2/s,针对不同相,分别给出对应的氯离子扩散系数,见第4节;r为水饱和度的影响指数;θr为扩散物质占据的体积比例;C为孔隙溶液中的氯离子浓度,kg/m3。氯离子通过水分传输的对流通量Jc可以表示为
Jc=-DCl θ xC
氯离子进入非饱和混凝土的控制方程由对流和扩散效应相组合,根据质量守恒可以表示为
JCl=Jdiff+Jconv
式(8)中:Jdiff为扩散通量,由浓度梯度引起的氯离子扩散部分;Jconv为对流通量,由于流体流动(如水流或空气流动)引起的氯离子迁移。因此,氯离子进入非饱和混凝土的质量平衡,由对流和扩散的组合控制,可以表示为
C t= x D C l θ r C x+ x D ( θ ) θ x C
氯离子在非饱和混凝土中的扩散速率受到许多参数的严重影响,如孔隙率、环境因素(温度和相对湿度)和使用条件(荷载工况和应力状态)。对于承受荷载和碳化作用的非饱和混凝土,扩散系数DCl可以使用以下多因素方法进行估算[16]
DCl=Df(t)f(T)f(RH)f(d)f(C)f(R)
式(10)中:D为氯离子的参考扩散系数,其余项分别表示D对混凝土龄期、温度、内部相对湿度、混凝土劣化、静电相互作用和氯离子结合能力的依赖性。由于氯离子在杀警区和ITZ区之间扩散系数差异很大[10],故RAC各相扩散系数应分别设置,具现有研究,旧砂浆旧黏结砂浆氯离子扩散系数是新砂浆的0.2~5倍[17],ITZ氯离子扩散系数和砂浆氯离子扩散系数比在1.3~16.2倍的范围内变化[18]。天然骨料与其他4相相比较为致密,渗透系数小,因此在数值分析中假设天然骨料相的氯离子扩散系数为0。根据Zheng等[19]提出的新砂浆离子扩散系数Dcp计算公式,表达式为
Dcp= 2 φ p 2.75 D p φ p 2.75 ( 3 - φ p ) + n ( 1 - φ p ) 2.75
式(1)中:Dp为氯离子在孔隙溶液中的扩散系数,Dp=1.07×10-10 m2/s;n为无量纲常数,取14.44[19];φp为水泥砂浆孔隙率。
φp= W / B - 0.17 α W / B + 0.32
式(12)中:W/B为水灰比;α为水泥水化程度,与RAC中水化反应物C3S、C2S、C2A、C4AF含量有关。
α=∑αi(t) ω i ω i
式(13)中:αi(t)为水化反应物的水化程度;ωi为水化反应物i的质量。通过回归分析得到简化公式为
α=0.716 t 1 0.090   1 e - 0.103 t 1 0.071   9 W / B
式(14)中:t1为水泥固化时间。
随着水泥水化时间的推移,RAC孔隙率逐渐降低,从而限制氯离子的扩散,故RAC龄期对混凝土的扩散系数的影响[20]可表示为
f(t)= t r e f t m
式(15)中:tref为参考龄期,为28 d;m为时间衰减指数。
温度对RAC中氯离子扩散系数的影响可以用用Arrhenius定律描述为
f(T)= e U R 1 T r e f - 1 T
混凝土中内部相对湿度对氯离子扩散的影响[21]可以表示为
f(RH)= 1 + ( 1 - R H ) 4 ( 1 - R H c ) 4 - 1
式(17)中:RHc为扩散系数在其最大值和最小值之间下降一半时的临界湿度,RHc=75%。混凝土的内部相对湿度(RH)也是空间和时间的函数。要将θ转换为RH,转换方法[22]如下。
RH= h - [ h 2 - 4 ( 1 - C E ) ] 2 k t ( 1 - C E )
h=2+ V m W 20 θ - 1CE
式中:W20为当混凝土在20 ℃饱和时,水含量相对于水泥浆的质量分数;CE为能量参数;kt为常数;Vm为每单位质量水泥浆中水分子的单层质量,在此次模拟中,W20=0.274,CE=18.478,kt=0.701 3,Vm=0.061 4。
RAC成型后,由于温度、收缩和蠕变等外部因素的影响,内部会出现初始缺陷。在养护和长期使用过程中可能会出现微裂缝。导致氯离子在RAC中的传输加速,因此必须考虑初始缺陷对氯离子在RAC中传输的影响。混凝土的开裂效应与混凝土的水灰比(W/B)密切相关[23],可表示为
f(d)= 1 3 1   000 W B 2 - 1   050 W B + 287 ,       W / B 0.5 4.0 ,     W / B 0.5
溶液中离子引起的静电场的限制[24],可表示为
f(C)=1-kiCγ
式(21)中:kiγ为两个常数,ki= 8.333,γ = 0.5。
部分氯离子与水化产物反应生成弗里德尔盐,或者在传输过程中吸附在水化硅酸钙表面或封闭在C—S—H层之间[24-25]。因此,氯离子的结合能力[26]可表示为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l} f(R)=\frac{1}{1+R} \\ R=\left\{\begin{array}{ll} \frac{\alpha_{1}}{\left(1+\beta_{1} C\right)^{2}}, & C \leqslant 1.7333 \mathrm{~kg} / \mathrm{m}^{3} \\ \alpha_{2} \beta_{2} C^{\beta_{2}-1}, & C>1.7333 \mathrm{~kg} / \mathrm{m}^{3} \end{array}\right. \end{array}\right.$
式(22)中:R为评估混凝土氯离子结合能力;α1β1α2β2为等温吸附曲线参数,取α1= 3、β1= 0.9、α2 = 5.7、β2= 0.53。
相同厚度的情况下,不同再生骨料周围的界面过渡区厚度具有很大的离散性。如果界面过渡区取值过小,对计算机的能力要求过高(网格划分困难),故细观模拟时界面过渡区的尺寸一般比电镜扫描得到的尺寸大一些,通常取为50~500 μm[26],界限面过渡区取100 μm,旧砂浆厚度取300 μm。Dp为试验中测得的氯化钠在孔隙溶液中的扩散系数。整理得模拟中主要计算参数如表1所示。
由于干燥和湿润条件交替进行,且干燥和湿润过程中氯离子的扩散不会停止,故在模拟过程中采用瞬态求解,每一个干燥过程的氯离子浓度初始值和饱和度等继承上一个湿润阶段的终值。模拟包含14个干湿循环过程,对应物理试验中14 d的干湿循环作用。由于混凝土表面的饱和度可以很快与环境达到平衡,故不考虑边界干湿变化的时间[29],因此采用式(23)~式(25)表示各干湿循环过程中初始值以及边界条件。
(1)初始阶段(t = 0)。
θ ( x , t = 0 ) = θ d , 0 , C f ( x , t = 0 ) = C f d , 0 θ b ( x = 0 , t ) = θ 0 , C f b ( x = 0 , t ) = C s
(2)第i个湿润阶段(it <i + 0.25)。
θ m , i ( x , t ) = θ d , i - 1 , C f m , i ( x , t ) = C f d , i - 1 θ b ( x = 0 , t ) = θ m , C f b ( x = 0 , t ) = C s
(3)干燥阶段(i+0.25≤ t <i+1)。
θ d , i ( x , t ) = θ m , i ,   C f d , i ( x , t ) = C f m , i θ b ( x = 0 , t ) = θ d , C f b ( x = 0 , t ) = C s
式中:i与时间对应;t为时间,d;θm,iθd,i分别为t时刻对应的第i个湿润、干燥阶段RAC内部水饱和度初始值; C f m , i C f d , i分别为t时刻对应的第i个湿润、干燥阶段RAC内部氯离子浓度初始值;θb C f b分别为t时刻边界水饱和度以及边界氯离子浓度。模拟中新、旧ITZ扩散系数以及旧砂浆扩散系数分别取为新砂浆的2.5倍、10倍。天然骨料相不可渗透,渗透系数为0 m2/s[10]
通过模拟鲍玖文等[29]的干湿循环作用下氯离子侵蚀试验,对所提出的数值模型进行可靠性与合理性验证。试验中选用0%、30%、50%、100% 4种再生骨料取代率试块,截面尺寸为100 mm×100 mm,水灰比统一取为0.4,室温条件下养护24 h拆模,并置于(20±2)℃、相对湿度≥ 95%的养护室中养护28 d。氯盐侵蚀试验通过在试验箱内采用质量分数为5%的NaCl溶液。干湿循环制度以湿润6 h和干燥18 h为一个循环周期,即干湿比为3∶1。干湿循环作用14 d后对试件侵蚀面进行磨粉取样,根据规范[27]进行自由氯离子含量测定。最后将试验数据与模拟数据进行了比较。
如第2节所示,生成了4种取代率的模型(0%、30%、50%、100%),RAC骨料体积分数取为60%,新旧ITZ厚度取100 μm,旧砂浆厚度取300 μm。使用COMSOL Multiphysics 软件将RAC模型划分为自由三角形网格,如图2所示,最高可达到12.18万个网格单元。
由于鲍玖文等[29]对侵蚀面进行磨粉取样,先以每1 mm厚度切片研磨至10 mm,再以2 mm为厚度切片研磨至40 mm,然后测定氯离子含量。然而,骨料在再生混凝土中的随机分布会导致相同侵蚀深度下氯离子浓度略有差异,故参照试磨深度计算了模型沿侵蚀边界处3个随机位置的氯离子浓度分布(Line-1、Line-2、Line-3)。4种取代率模型分别表示为R0(0%)、R30(30%)、R50(50%)、R100(100%)。干湿循环作用下氯离子扩散过程数值分析模拟结果与试验数据对比如图3所示。可以明显看出,模型计算结果与试验所得的结果吻合较好,证明了所提出模型的可靠性。此外,通过将图3中4个不同取代率RAC的比较,可以明显看出,RCA取代率不但促进了氯离子扩散,还增加了混凝土表面对流区氯离子浓度(从0.5增加到了0.65)。
主要研究干湿循环次数、界面过渡区(ITZ)扩散系数、水灰比、骨料体积分数等因素的影响。这些因素可能对再生混凝土中氯离子扩散产生一定的影响。
不同干湿循环周期下,循环周期数N对水分及氯离子在RAC中侵入的深度及各位置处的浓度有重要影响,由于干燥过程水分传输方向改变并以一定速度通过RAC与大气接触而向外界蒸发,导致边界处氯离子析出,聚集在RAC表层,从而使氯离子浓度升高产生峰值现象。
为了更好地了解不同干湿循环周期下RAC中氯离子扩散的过程,针对水灰比0.4,RCA取代率为50%,进行6个循环次数(N=7、14、21、28、35、42)的RAC试样进行了一系列数值模拟,其余参数见表1图4表示不同干湿循环周期下不同取代率的再生混凝土中氯离子浓度分布。当干湿循环周期增加时,氯离子扩散深度以及边界处氯离子浓度显著升高。沿侵蚀截面的散点图如图5所示,对流作用引起RAC表层4 mm左右的氯离子浓度出现峰值现象,而在深度10 mm左右氯离子浓度趋于稳定;而在再生混凝土内部主要发生扩散作用,同时随着干湿循环周期的增大,氯离子峰值浓度和最大扩散深度也进一步增大。这主要是由于材料表面随着水分传输的变化,孔隙溶液中的氯离子也会不断迁移,干燥次数越长,混凝土表层水分含量越小,而氯离子的扩散往往滞后于水分传输,故水分蒸发,氯离子聚集在再生混凝土表层,导致表层氯离子峰值增大,而湿润过程中,位于表层的高浓度氯离子进一步侵蚀,导致处于扩散区的氯离子浓度也相应提高。
由于再生混凝土具有复杂的非均质性,氯离子在不同相中的传输能力也各有差异。相关研究表明,ITZ扩散系数与水灰比、制备工艺以及养护条件等因素相关[10]。ITZ由于壁效应[30],水泥水化反应不充分,会造成高孔隙率的同时影响氯离子扩散系数,从而导致RAC相对于普通混凝土耐久性更差。干湿循环会导致氯离子在再生混凝土中的扩散过程发生变化。在干燥期间,氯离子扩散速率可能会加快,因为孔隙率的增大使得氯离子更容易通过。而在湿润期间,水分的填充作用可能会减缓氯离子的扩散速率。因此,针对不同的ITZ中氯离子扩散系数,研究干湿循环下氯离子浓度的分布,对再生混凝土耐久性的评估非常重要。
根据现有研究,旧砂浆的渗透率可取为新砂浆的2.5倍,ITZ扩散系数(DITZ)是新砂浆(Dcp)的1.3~16.2倍的范围内变化[18]。天然骨料较为致密,渗透系数非常小,假设天然骨料渗透系数为0 m2/s,采用相同干湿循环次数的5类DITZ/Dcp,分别为1、2、8、12和16。骨料体积分数50%,取代率50%,相关参数见3.2节,干湿循环14次。取模型四处截线观察氯离子浓度变化。
图6为干湿循环作用下不同ITZ相对扩散系数的再生混凝土中氯离子浓度-深度曲线。由图可知,随着DITZ/Dcp的增加,混凝土中氯离子的浓度和侵蚀深度明显增加,距离边界12.5 mm处浓度增加最明显,故DITZ增大可以促进氯离子的扩散,而随着干湿循环次数的增加,侵蚀深度也进一步增大。当DITZ/Dcp每增大一倍时,距边界12.5 mm处氯离子浓度增加值,但增速递减。
水灰比是再生混凝土性能的一个重要参数,对再生混凝土中氯离子的扩散有显著影响。水灰比越大,水泥基质和ITZ中孔隙率也越大,水分通过较多的连通孔进入再生混凝土内部,同理氯离子可以通过孔隙渗透进入再生混凝土内部,使得再生混凝土内水的饱和度上升,氯离子含量增加,进一步导致再生混凝土劣化。根据Liu等[31]的模拟中选用的三类水灰比(0.25、0.4、0.55)分析RAC中不同水灰比对氯离子传输的影响,其余参数选用见3.2节。取3处截线(Line-1、Line-2、Line-3)计算的氯离子浓度如图7所示。
图7可以明显看出,具有相同干湿循环周期的RAC中,扩散区在相同深度位置,氯离子含量随着水灰比的增加而增大,而位于对流区的氯离子含量变化不明显,这是由于对流区内骨料体积分数较扩散区小,相对较高孔隙率的ITZ对氯离子传输的影响小,此时水灰比主要影响新砂浆基质中的孔隙率[32]。在扩散区前端(5~15 mm)处,具有低水灰比的再生混凝土中氯离子浓度变化最明显,即随着水灰比增加,相同深度下RAC中氯离子含量的差异较小。造成此类现象的原因是当水灰比增加到0.4以上时,RAC都具有相对较高的毛细孔隙度以及孔隙连通性,因此,RAC中氯离子的扩散不会受到很大的影响。
RAC中骨料体积分数对氯离子传输有重要影响,骨料体积分数是指混凝土中骨料(如砂、石子等)的体积与总体积之比,体积分数的变化会直接影响到RAC性能。在干湿循环条件下,ITZ和旧砂浆区为氯离子的传输提供了更多通道,本节参考金[10]的模拟方案,通过6类骨料体积分数V(0%、10%、20%、30%、40%、50%)全取代模型(再生骨料取代率100%)研究骨料体积分数对干湿循环下氯离子传输的影响,其余参数见3.2节。再生粗骨料体积分数对RAC中氯离子传输的影响如图8所示。
可以看出,再生粗骨料体积分数的增加会加快氯离子的渗透,导致氯离子扩散深度显著增高,扩散深度依次增加4.5%、8.0%、11.0%、17.5%、22.4%。这是由于再生骨料外附着着渗透性很强的ITZ区域和旧砂浆。虽然骨料体积分数的增加会减少RAC中水泥砂浆含量,从而降低RAC孔隙度,较低的孔隙度会减少氯离子渗透的通道,但是,更高的骨料体积分数会增大新旧ITZ和旧砂浆的面积,而ITZ和旧砂浆区存在微观裂缝,随着骨料体积分数的增加,这些裂缝提供了在干湿循环下更多的氯离子传输途径,进一步造成氯离子的腐蚀。
利用Cramer法则对交点坐标进行二次判定,向内扩建建模,从而提升了RAC细观随机凸多边形生成速度、增大了投放率。将RAC模型数模结果与试验结果对比,均与试验结果吻合较好,证明该RAC数值模型能有效预测干湿循环下RAC中氯离子的传输行为。通过模拟得出结论如下。
(1)干湿循环次数的增加,会提高氯离子对流区峰值点,42次循环内峰值位于扩散边界4 mm处,扩散深度也同样增加。
(2)相同干湿循环次数下,扩散区前端氯离子浓度随着RAC中DITZ/Dcp比值的增大而增加,对流区由于骨料含量较低导致该现象不明显。混凝土中氯离子的浓度和侵蚀深度明显增加,距离边界12.5 mm处影响最明显。
(3)氯离子含量随着水灰比的增加而增大,当水灰比从0.4增大到0.5时,ITZ对氯离子传输的影响小,在扩散区前端(5~15 mm)处低水灰比RAC氯离子浓度变化最明显。
(4)再生粗骨料体积分数的增加会加快氯离子的渗透,进一步致使氯离子扩散深度显著增高。体积分数从0%到50%,依次增大10%。扩散深度依次增加4.5%、8.0%、11.0%、17.5%、22.4%。
  • 湖北省教育厅科学研究计划(Q20221514)
  • 武汉重点研发计划(2022022202015022)
  • 武汉重点研发计划(2023020402010593)
  • 武汉市知识创新专项曙光计划(2023020201020436)
  • 武汉工程大学研究生教育创新基金(CX2022204)
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2308222
  • 接收时间:2023-10-23
  • 首发时间:2025-07-29
  • 出版时间:2025-01-08
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  • 收稿日期:2023-10-23
  • 修回日期:2024-07-19
基金
湖北省教育厅科学研究计划(Q20221514)
武汉重点研发计划(2022022202015022)
武汉重点研发计划(2023020402010593)
武汉市知识创新专项曙光计划(2023020201020436)
武汉工程大学研究生教育创新基金(CX2022204)
作者信息
    1.武汉工程大学土木工程与建筑学院, 武汉 430074
    2.武汉大学水利水电学院, 武汉 430072

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* 赵程(1991—),男,汉族,湖北荆州人,博士,讲师。研究方向:混凝土结构耐久性,大体积混凝土温度控制,水泥基材料固碳与固废循环利用。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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