Article(id=1156908299783328501, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1156908295593223005, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403642, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1715788800000, receivedDateStr=2024-05-16, revisedDate=1734883200000, revisedDateStr=2024-12-23, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1753758032985, onlineDateStr=2025-07-29, pubDate=1736265600000, pubDateStr=2025-01-08, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753758032985, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-29, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753758032985, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753758032985, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1156908295593223005, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='438', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1753758031985, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1765425680602, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1205845960933049001, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1156908295593223005, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1205845960933049002, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1156908295593223005, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=17, endPage=29, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1156908300844487420, articleId=1156908299783328501, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=Review of Sigma-Delta Modulators for Digital Class D Power Amplifiers, columnId=1156262731956212064, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Surveies·Automation and Computational Technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In recent years, digital class D power amplifiers have attracted widespread attention in the audio electronics field due to their high efficiency and seamless integration with digital audio sources. As one of the crucial digital signal processing modules in digital class D amplifiers, the Sigma-Delta modulator plays a pivotal role for digital audio signal processing. The noise-shaping characteristic of the Sigma-Delta modulator can reduce the implementation cost of the power amplifier system while maintaining or even improving the output signal-to-noise ratio of the system, and can suppress the noise introduced by some signal transmission paths. Firstly, the working principle and mainstream architecture of digital D-class power amplifiers were summarized. Then, based on the basic principle of Sigma-Delta modulators, the design schemes of Sigma-Delta modulators used in digital D-class power amplifiers in recent years were discussed, with a focus on the architecture design and noise transfer function design of Sigma-Delta modulators. Finally, the research and development of Sigma-Delta modulators for digital D-class power amplifiers were summarized.

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数字D类功放因其高效率和便于与数字音源接口的特点,近年来在音频电子领域引起了广泛关注。Sigma-Delta调制器作为数字D类功放中关键的数字信号处理模块之一,其噪声整形特性能够在降低功放系统实现代价的同时,保持甚至提高系统的输出信噪比,并可抑制部分信号传输路径引入的噪声,在数字音频信号处理过程中具有重要作用。首先总结了数字D类功放的工作原理和主流架构,然后结合Sigma-Delta调制器的基本原理,探讨了近年来用于数字D类功放的Sigma-Delta调制器的设计方案,其中着重对Sigma-Delta调制器的架构设计与噪声传递函数的设计进行综述,最后对数字D类功放的Sigma-Delta调制器研究发展进行总结。

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于泽琦(1984—),男,回族,河南郑州人,博士,副教授。研究方向:数字D类音频功放的建模、信号调制、误差校正与优化设计。E-mail:

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于泽琦(1984—),男,回族,河南郑州人,博士,副教授。研究方向:数字D类音频功放的建模、信号调制、误差校正与优化设计。E-mail:

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于泽琦(1984—),男,回族,河南郑州人,博士,副教授。研究方向:数字D类音频功放的建模、信号调制、误差校正与优化设计。E-mail:

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X(z) 、Y(z)分别为输入信号和输出信号的Z变换函数; E(z)为量化噪声函数; L0(z)和L1(z)分别为环路滤波器输出信号对X(z)和Y(z)的传递函数

, figureFileSmall=5cxN9shYkW29SBQTdblBDQ==, figureFileBig=gbFBEtfpzrJLYYVDqFJUgQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1205909357653455231, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908299783328501, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Schematic diagram of a system structure for suppressing the distortion of digital class D power amplifiers[45], figureFileSmall=Lowr/073y3uc9xt0HzdvrA==, figureFileBig=rgwJUX4r/mqB6GluCevYUQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1205909357703786880, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908299783328501, language=CN, label=图4, caption=一种用于抑制数字D类功放失真的系统结构示意图[45], figureFileSmall=Lowr/073y3uc9xt0HzdvrA==, figureFileBig=rgwJUX4r/mqB6GluCevYUQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1205909357758312833, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908299783328501, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Schematic diagram of a system architecture designed to optimize the performance of a digital class D amplifier[46], figureFileSmall=+rNatzEBcFc0RHIaCqET4Q==, figureFileBig=VfnfOCNtmKtc4OqKraIgBw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1205909357829616002, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908299783328501, language=CN, label=图5, caption=一种旨在优化数字D类功放性能的系统结构示意图[46], figureFileSmall=+rNatzEBcFc0RHIaCqET4Q==, figureFileBig=VfnfOCNtmKtc4OqKraIgBw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1205909357892530563, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908299783328501, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Architecture diagram of a Sigma-Delta modulator with multi-stage noise shaping[47], figureFileSmall=Vs1FkUSMZUmMZ0acVOqplQ==, figureFileBig=gGMFHytRvoW+/XlTNvSgMA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1205909357968028036, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908299783328501, language=CN, label=图6, caption=一种具有多级噪声整形的Sigma-Delta调制器架构图[47]

I为积分器,积分器的系统函数为z-1/(1-z-1);Hd1Hd2分别为第一级和第二级后的DCL;g1g2分别为该架构下各级负反馈通路的系数

, figureFileSmall=Vs1FkUSMZUmMZ0acVOqplQ==, figureFileBig=gGMFHytRvoW+/XlTNvSgMA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1205909359100490117, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908299783328501, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Schematic diagram of a 2-2MASH structure composed of cascaded CIFF and CIFB structures[48], figureFileSmall=xSA59mBXwN/oFLRy4i3OBQ==, figureFileBig=8nrv3gCuEGdgTMgxNyKiBw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1205909359184376198, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908299783328501, language=CN, label=图7, caption=一种由CIFF结构和CIFB结构级联组成的2-2MASH结构示意图[48]

I1~I4分别为积分器,积分器的系统函数均为z-1/(1-z-1);a1~a4b1c1d1d2以及g1g2分别为该架构下不同的级间系数;H1H2分别为第一级和第二级后的数字滤波器

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数字D类功放的Sigma-Delta调制器研究综述
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于泽琦 1 , 许增辉 2 , 钱波 2
科学技术与工程 | 综述·自动化技术、计算机技术 2025,25(1): 17-29
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科学技术与工程 | 综述·自动化技术、计算机技术 2025, 25(1): 17-29
数字D类功放的Sigma-Delta调制器研究综述
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于泽琦1 , 许增辉2, 钱波2
作者信息
  • 1.郑州轻工业大学电子信息学院, 郑州 450001
  • 2.郑州轻工业大学计算机科学与技术学院, 郑州 450001
  • 于泽琦(1984—),男,回族,河南郑州人,博士,副教授。研究方向:数字D类音频功放的建模、信号调制、误差校正与优化设计。E-mail:

Review of Sigma-Delta Modulators for Digital Class D Power Amplifiers
Ze-qi YU1 , Zeng-hui XU2, Bo QIAN2
Affiliations
  • 1. School of Electronics and Information, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou 450001, China
  • 2. School of Computer Science and Technology, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou 450001, China
出版时间: 2025-01-08 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403642
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数字D类功放因其高效率和便于与数字音源接口的特点,近年来在音频电子领域引起了广泛关注。Sigma-Delta调制器作为数字D类功放中关键的数字信号处理模块之一,其噪声整形特性能够在降低功放系统实现代价的同时,保持甚至提高系统的输出信噪比,并可抑制部分信号传输路径引入的噪声,在数字音频信号处理过程中具有重要作用。首先总结了数字D类功放的工作原理和主流架构,然后结合Sigma-Delta调制器的基本原理,探讨了近年来用于数字D类功放的Sigma-Delta调制器的设计方案,其中着重对Sigma-Delta调制器的架构设计与噪声传递函数的设计进行综述,最后对数字D类功放的Sigma-Delta调制器研究发展进行总结。

数字D类功放  /  Sigma-Delta调制器  /  噪声传递函数  /  噪声整形

In recent years, digital class D power amplifiers have attracted widespread attention in the audio electronics field due to their high efficiency and seamless integration with digital audio sources. As one of the crucial digital signal processing modules in digital class D amplifiers, the Sigma-Delta modulator plays a pivotal role for digital audio signal processing. The noise-shaping characteristic of the Sigma-Delta modulator can reduce the implementation cost of the power amplifier system while maintaining or even improving the output signal-to-noise ratio of the system, and can suppress the noise introduced by some signal transmission paths. Firstly, the working principle and mainstream architecture of digital D-class power amplifiers were summarized. Then, based on the basic principle of Sigma-Delta modulators, the design schemes of Sigma-Delta modulators used in digital D-class power amplifiers in recent years were discussed, with a focus on the architecture design and noise transfer function design of Sigma-Delta modulators. Finally, the research and development of Sigma-Delta modulators for digital D-class power amplifiers were summarized.

digital class D amplifier  /  Sigma-Delta modulator  /  noise transfer function  /  noise shaping
于泽琦, 许增辉, 钱波. 数字D类功放的Sigma-Delta调制器研究综述. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (1) : 17 -29 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403642
Ze-qi YU, Zeng-hui XU, Bo QIAN. Review of Sigma-Delta Modulators for Digital Class D Power Amplifiers[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (1) : 17 -29 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403642
D类功放凭借其独特的开关模式,与传统线性功放相比具有更高的效率和更低的能耗[1-3]。由于功耗低的系统对散热要求较松,因此D类功放适合紧凑设计以减小系统体积[4-5]。随着数字集成电路和数字存储技术的发展,便于与数字音源接口的数字D类功放被广泛应用于各种便携式音频设备中,数字D类功放也逐渐成为音频电子领域的研究热点。
数字D类功放通常由数字信号调制模块、功率级和低通滤波器组成,其中数字信号调制模块主要是将数字音频信号调制为连续的脉冲信号以驱动功率级来实现高效率的信号放大[6-8]。如果数字信号调制模块为了保证输出信号的保真度,直接以高脉冲分辨率进行输出,往往需要系统的主时钟频率很高,从而难以硬件实现[9-10]。因此,数字D类功放一般采用插值滤波器[11]和Sigma-Delta调制器来将输入信号的位数降低,进而降低系统的主时钟频率。同时Sigma-Delta调制器具有噪声整形特性,能够对信号频带内的噪声进行整形抑制,进而有效提高系统的输出信噪比(signal-to-noise ratio, SNR)[12-14]。虽然Sigma-Delta调制器能使数字D类功放保持高效率、低成本、高信号保真度的工作,但由于Sigma-Delta调制器是一个非线性的模块,因此要求数字D类功放中Sigma-Delta调制器的设计需要进行多变量优化以保证系统的稳定性[15-16],这也使得其吸引了越来越多的学者进行研究。
现首先介绍数字D类功放的工作原理和主流架构,阐述Sigma-Delta调制器在数字D类功放中的应用;然后,对Sigma-Delta调制器的基本原理和结构进行简要描述;接着,详细综述近年来用于数字D类功放的Sigma-Delta调制器设计方案,其中,着重讨论Sigma-Delta调制器的架构拓扑和噪声传递函数的优化设计方法;最后对数字D类功放中Sigma-Delta调制器研究的发展进行总结与展望。
数字D类功放首先基于数字信号调制技术将输入的数字音频信号转换为连续的脉冲信号,该脉冲信号控制功率级工作在开关状态以实现信号功率放大,然后放大后的脉冲信号通过模拟低通滤波器滤除高频分量,还原成放大后的音频信号以驱动扬声器进行发声[17]。由于开关状态下功放的功率级损耗很少,因此,功放具有很高的电源效率[18-19]。常见的数字D类功放有脉冲密度调制(pulse density modulation, PDM)型[20-21]和均匀采样脉冲宽度调制(uniform-sampling pulse width modulation, UPWM)型[22-23],两种数字D类功放的结构简图如图1所示,它们都需要采用插值滤波器和Sigma-Delta调制器来优化输出性能。
PDM型数字D类功放主要利用1位Sigma-Delta调制器将输入的数字音频信号转化为连续的脉冲信号。由于采用1位Sigma-Delta调制器直接输出脉冲信号,功放输出脉冲信号的脉冲重复频率会随着输入信号幅值变化而变化。为了让系统得到较高的信号保真度和稳定性,需要让信号在输入到1位Sigma-Delta调制器前经过高倍过采样处理。而UPWM型数字D类功放主要利用UPWM技术将输入的数字音频信号转化为连续的脉冲信号,其输出脉冲信号的脉冲重复频率不变。为了降低功放系统的主时钟频率以便于硬件实现,UPWM型数字D类功放通常需要多倍插值滤波器和多位Sigma-Delta调制器在基本保持信号基带信息不变的情况下,大幅降低输入信号的位数,从而使UPWM发生器在进行脉冲信号生成时降低对脉冲分辨率的要求。
UPWM型数字D类功放由于输出脉冲信号的脉冲重复频率固定,可使功率级的大功率晶体管的开关频率固定从而工作在较佳的状态,其相比PDM型数字D类功放,通常拥有更高的电源效率。然而PDM型数字D类功放由于输出脉冲信号的脉冲重复频率可变,从而带有一定的扩频特性,在电磁兼容方面通常优于UPWM型数字D类功放。
在数字D类功放中使用Sigma-Delta调制器,可以实现低复杂度来实现功放的高信号保真度。在高保真UPWM型数字D类功放中,功放输入信号的位数往往需要达到20位以上。假设功放输入音频信号的位数为24位,根据人耳可听取频率范围为20~20 000 Hz,取输入信号的采样频率为fs=48 000 Hz,则当该输入信号直接输入UPWM发生器时,其主时钟频率可达到fs×224=805 GHz,硬件难以实现。Sigma-Delta调制器在UPWM型数字D类功放内可用于降低输入信号的位数,设插值滤波器所实现的过采样率M=8,Sigma-Delta调制器的输出信号为6位,则此时UPWM发生器的主时钟频率为Mfs×26=24.576 MHz,使数字D类功放更易于硬件实现。由于Sigma-Delta调制器对输入信号的位数降低,本质上是一种信号再量化过程,量化噪声可近似为白噪声,在量化噪声功率一定的情况下,输入信号的采样频率越高,量化噪声功率就会被分布在更宽的频带范围内,从而使信号基带内的噪声能量得到降低。此外,Sigma-Delta调制器的噪声整形特性会利用反馈使噪声功率不再平坦分布于整个过采样频带范围内,基带内的量化噪声被尽可能地推到了信号频带以外,进一步使信号频带内的噪声得到压缩。设输入基带信号的最大频率为f0,通过利用过采样技术将输入信号的采样频率提高到Mfs,Sigma-Delta调整器的工作原理示意图如图2所示。同时,Sigma-Delta调制器具有噪声整形特性,在数字D类功放中通过构建数字Sigma-Delta调制器及其后级的数字闭环模块,能够保持甚至提高系统的输出SNR。
Sigma-Delta调制器一般分为连续时间型Sigma-Delta调制器[24-25]和离散时间型Sigma-Delta调制器[26-27]两种。在文献[25]中,采用UMC 55 nm CMOS工艺设计了一个3阶1位量化的连续时间型Sigma-Delta调制器,该调制器在信号带宽为24 kHz、采样频率为8 MHz、电源电压为1.2 V的情况下,其信噪失真比达到了98.2 dB,功耗仅为140.2 μW。在文献[27]中,在SMIC 130 nm工艺下设计了一个4阶1位离散时间型Sigma-Delta调制器,该调制器在输入幅值为1.5 V、1 kHz带宽下,其信噪失真比可达到119.4 dB,整体功耗为1.68 mW。相较于离散时间型Sigma-Delta调制器,连续时间型Sigma-Delta调制器通常拥有更低的功耗。然而,伴随着超大规模集成电路(very large-scale integration, VLSI)技术的发展,高能效高精度的离散时间型Sigma-Delta调整器变得切实可行[28]。由于在同等设计参数下,离散时间型Sigma-Delta调制器的精度通常高于连续时间型Sigma-Delta调制器,因此,D类功放通常使用离散时间型Sigma-Delta调制器对输入的音频信号进行处理。离散时间型Sigma-Delta调制器一般主要由环路滤波器、量化器以及反馈数模转换器(digital-to-analog converter, DAC)[29]组成。环路滤波器是Sigma-Delta调制器的重要组成部分,是保证调制器充分发挥噪声整形效果的关键。环路滤波器[30]主要由一个或多个积分器组成,积分器的个数也代表调制器的阶数。量化器的主要作用是生成相应位数的数字码流[31],其决定了Sigma-Delta调制器输出信号的位数。在采用全数字系统对离散时间型Sigma-Delta调制器实现时,输入信号通常为数字信号,因此,此时不再需要反馈DAC。全数字电路实现的离散时间型Sigma-Delta调制器称为数字Sigma-Delta调制器。数字Sigma-Delta调制器在Z变换域下的基本结构示意图如图3所示。
根据图3可得
Y(z)= L 0 ( z ) 1 - L 1 ( z )X(z)+ 1 1 - L 1 ( z )E(z)=HSTF(z)X(z)+HNTF(z)E(z)
式(1)中:HSTF(z)和HNTF(z)分别为信号传递函数(signal transfer function, STF)和噪声传递函数(noise transfer function, NTF)。为了尽可能地确保输出信号保真度和减少基带内噪声能量,故在基带内HSTF(z)应趋于1,HNTF(z)应趋于0,其HNTF(z)应具有类似高通滤波器传递函数的特征。
有关数字D类功放中Sigma-Delta调制器的设计大多数仍是利用Richard Schreier开发的Sigma-Delta Toolbox[32]进行设计,然而采用Sigma-Delta Toolbox所设计出的Sigma-Delta调制器往往并不是最优的。对于在具体的数字D类功放中,Sigma-Delta调制器其架构通常存在各种级间参数,不同的参数和架构所构成的Sigma-Delta调制器的性能也各不相同。例如,在文献[33]所述的一种数字与模拟相结合的PWM型D类功放中,该D类功放在主环路上采用了一个数字Sigma-Delta调制器将输入信号的位数由24位降低为7位,在其反馈回路上还采用了一个连续时间型Sigma-Delta调制器用于将功率级的模拟输出转换为数字信号以进行数据匹配。该设计通过采用混合信号反馈回路不仅提升了D类功放的性能,同时降低了对模数转换器(analog-to-digital converter, ADC)[34]的要求,从而适于低功耗应用。
在数字Sigma-Delta调制器的设计中,积分器所构成的环路滤波器拓扑架构往往对Sigma-Delta调制器的设计起着至关重要的作用,同时,环路滤波器的拓扑架构也反映了Sigma-Delta调制器的NTF。通常,当Sigma-Delta调制器采用单比特量化(1位量化器)时,为提高输出信号的SNR和动态范围(dynamic range, DR)[35],需要采用高阶的Sigma-Delta调制器。由于高阶Sigma-Delta调制器的输出SNR在随着输入信号幅度的增加而近似线性增长到一定值后,Sigma-Delta调制器的输出SNR会陡然下降,此时调制器出现不稳定状态[36]。即当调制器的过采样率(over-sampling ratio, OSR)、量化器位数一定时,增加Sigma-Delta调制器的阶数通常是通过牺牲其稳定性为代价的。因此,Sigma-Delta调制器的设计主要是保证系统稳定的前提下,根据设计目标找到满足设计要求的最佳调制器架构或NTF。
目前,Sigma-Delta调制器通常采用单环结构或多级噪声整形(multi-stage noise-shaping, MASH)结构[37]。其中高阶单环结构一般采用高阶内插式架构,常见的架构主要为积分器级联前馈(cascade integrators with feedforward, CIFF)架构[38]、积分器级联反馈(cascade integrators with feedback, CIFB)架构[39]、谐振器级联前馈(cascade of resonator with feedforward, CRFF)架构[40]、谐振器级联反馈(cascade of resonator with feedback, CRFB)架构[41],这些架构通过利用不同级间系数可优化配置系统NTF的零极点进而促使调制器具有更好的噪声整形效果。而MASH结构通常为两个及两个以上的一阶或二阶Sigma-Delta调制器进行级联,按照不同的级联方式和内部参数可实现各级间量化噪声的抵消,从而实现高阶的噪声整形效果。在相同阶数下,高阶单环结构相比于MASH结构往往能实现更高的输出性能,但需要考虑调制器的稳定性问题。MASH结构使调制器的设计更加灵活,然而需要精确的内部参数以防止噪声泄露,进而保证噪声整形效果。在文献[37]中,设计了一个级间运放共享的2-2 MASH结构Sigma-Delta调制器,通过对经典结构的开关电容积分器进行改进,实现了MASH结构下两级调制器之间的运放共享,显著降低了MASH结构调制器的功耗。当电源电压为3.3 V、信号带宽为20 kHz、采样频率为10.24 MHz时,该调制器的信噪失真比可达111.7 dB,整体功耗为16.84 MW。除此之外,在文献[42]中,提到了一种Sturdy-MASH(SMASH)架构。SMASH架构是在MASH架构的基础上去除了各级量化器后的数字抵消滤波器,直接将各级的输出信号传递到第一级进行处理,并构造噪声耦合多位量化器以减少各级间量化噪声的泄露。同时,在该文献中还提到与传统的SMASH架构调制器相比,采用噪声耦合多位量化器的SMASH架构调制器在信号-量化噪声比(signal-to-quantization noise ratio, SQNR)方面实现了高达30 dB的改进。这些改进使得该Sigma-Delta调制器特别适用于需要高分辨率和精确测量的传感器系统,如光学传感器[43]。曹仕林等[44]在基于SMASH架构的基础上提出了一种新型的两级级联结构,该结构使一个二阶Sigma-Delta调制器与额外的1位量化器级联得到一种新型级联结构的二阶Sigma-Delta调制器。仿真结果表明,该调制器在OSR为256、输入信号带宽为20 kHz时,输出信噪比高达114.1 dB,相较于传统二阶Sigma-Delta调制器,其实现了更高的精度。
McKenzie等[45]提出了一种用于抑制数字D类功放失真的反馈型架构,其结构示意图如图4所示。由于数字D类功放的功率级工作在开关模式,功率级的非理想因素会使其输出产生非线性失真,因此,该架构利用反馈路径对功率级误差进行处理与数字化。由于该架构把功率级误差,而不是功率级的输出信号,反馈到Sigma-Delta调制器的环路滤波器内进行噪声整形,因此,其反馈路径中使用低精度的ADC即可满足功放的高信号保真度要求,这有助于降低系统成本。在该架构中,功率级误差与量化噪声被一并反馈到Sigma-Delta调制器环路滤波器内进行失真校正,从而大幅减少了功放功率级引入的失真。McKenzie等为了测试该反馈型架构的性能,基于FPGA实现了一个基于该架构的功放系统原型机。对该原型机采用8 Ω的负载和10 V的供电电源进行测试并通过音频分析仪分析可得,当Sigma-Delta调制器时钟频率为12.5 MHz,输入信号为-8 dBFS、1 kHz的正弦信号时,系统的总谐波失真相较于无反馈架构降低了10 dB,其中dBFS表示信号的功率相对于最大可能功率的比率,通常用于衡量音频信号的强度和动态范围。
Kuo等[46]提出了一种旨在优化数字D类功放性能的1位Sigma-Delta调制器,其结构示意图如图5所示。该Sigma-Delta调制器采用CRFB架构,其中1位量化器由载波为锯齿波的脉冲宽度调制(pulse width modulation, PWM)量化器构成,相比于普通的1位量化器,该1位量化器的锯齿波振幅的提高可降低系统输出的脉冲重复频率,进而可在较低OSR的情况下大幅减少信号基带内的量化噪声能量和在调制过程中产生的非线性失真。然而,高的锯齿载波振幅通常会使Sigma-Delta调制器易于不稳定,为此该文献还提出了一种极点移动方法以提高Sigma-Delta调制器的稳定性。构建的单环6阶1位调制器输出SNR高达120.27 dB,动态范围为120 dB,相比传统PDM方式,系统输出的脉冲重复频率降低了36.4%。
Jing等[47]提出了一种高精度离散时间型MASH 2-2架构的Sigma-Delta调制器,其架构示意图如图6所示。该架构由两级相同的CIFF结构的环路滤波器和数字对消逻辑(digital cancellation logics, DCL)组成,其中每级环路滤波器均主要由两个积分器、一个16位量化器和一个负反馈通路构成。每级环路滤波器采用的16位量化器,增强了系统的DR。该系统通过在传统二阶CIFF结构的基础上引入了一个积分器反馈支路,可利用反馈权重因子gi实现对NTF零点的优化,进而改善基带内量化噪声整形的效果。此外,每级环路滤波器的负反馈支路上采用了数据加权平均(data weighted averaging, DWA)技术以动态匹配负反馈支路上的DAC,改善了Sigma-Delta调制器的线性度。利用SIMSIDES对该调制器进行仿真可得,当输入信号频率为250 kHz,幅度为-1.5 dBFS时,系统的输出SNR高达142 dB,与传统MASH 2-2架构的Sigma-Delta调制器[37]相比,提升了约14 dB。
Yu等[48]提出了一种18位4阶的2-2 MASH架构Sigma-Delta调制器,其结构示意图如图7所示。该架构由两个二阶Sigma-Delta调制器级联组成,其中第一级为CIFF结构,第二级为CIFB结构。通过将CIFF结构与CIFB结构级联,该架构下如果系数a1=b1,则第一个积分器I1输入信号的直流分量被反馈的量化器输出信号所抵消,使第一个积分器I1输出信号的直流分量为0,因此产生谐波失真的可能性较小。此外,该Sigma-Delta调制器在电路设计时采用了斩波技术来降低运算放大器的失调和闪烁噪声。该架构的Sigma-Delta调制器满足了高精度和低畸变的要求,适用于隔离放大器。Yu等采用0.18 μm CMOS工艺对该调制器进行芯片实现,调制器芯片有效面积为0.90 mm2,在3.3 V电源下,功耗为29.70 mW。当调制器的输入信号为10 kHz、-3 dBFS的正弦信号时,调制器信噪失真比可达到108.71 dB,有效位数可达到17.77位。
王阁藩等[49]提出了一种新型二阶单环1位Sigma-Delta调制器的架构,其架构示意图如图8所示。该架构通过增加两个前馈支路,并调整核心积分器与信号加算模块的逻辑关系,在确保输出信号高保真度的同时实现了只对量化噪声进行二阶整形的处理。在该架构中,积分器只对量化噪声进行整形,降低了Sigma-Delta调制器对所使用的积分器非线性的敏感度,提高了系统稳定性,同时,积分器的性能不会直接对输入信号产生影响。该架构相较于对大幅度输入信号和量化噪声同时处理的传统架构,降低了实际电路的设计复杂度。为了确保实现对量化噪声的标准二阶噪声整形,积分器的系统函数应为:H(z)=z-1/(1-z-1)-1。在输入信号频率1 kHz、采样频率1 024 kHz的条件下,利用MATLAB对该架构Sigma-Delta调制器进行仿真测试时,调制器输出SNR为106.6 dB、有效位数为17.41 bit、动态范围为104.76 dB。该架构下Sigma-Delta调制器性能优,设计简单,为MASH结构调制器的架构设计提供了新思路。
在Sigma-Delta调制器的设计中,其NTF的设计至关重要。根据Sigma-Delta调制器NTF的高通滤波特性,假设NTF分子、分母的多项式系数分别为a(n)和b(n),n=1, 2, 3, …,则L阶噪声传递函数HNTF(z)的一般形式可表示为
HNTF(z)= 1 + l = 1 L - 1 a ( n ) z - l 1 + l = 1 L - 1 b ( n ) z - l
为了确保Sigma-Delta调制器可电路实现,则需要满足约束条件:HNTF(∞)=1。对于噪声传递函数的设计,其目的是在保证系统稳定的前提下,实现对基带内量化噪声能量的抑制以提高Sigma-Delta调制器的输出SNR[50]。由于Sigma-Delta调制器内部存在非线性元件量化器,且对系统的稳定性分析较为复杂,因此目前并没有统一的稳定性判据。通常采用经验性准则[51-52],将NTF的幅频响应的带外最大稳定增益限制在某一特定值下作为其稳定性判定条件,即
H N T F ( z ) = m a x 0 ω π H N T F ( e j ω )γ
式(3)中:z=ejω,ω为数字角频率,j为虚数单位; H N T F ( z ) HNTF(z)的无穷范数,代表NTF幅频响应在所有频率上的最大增益。在文献[32]中提到Lee通过大量的仿真测试给出了一位高阶Sigma-Delta调制器NTF稳定的一般判据γ=1.5。一般情况下,大多数Sigma-Delta调制器NTF的设计中均是在以上约束条件和稳定性判据条件下进行的。高阶Sigma-Delta调制器NTF的设计方法主要可分为采用高通滤波器为原型对NTF进行设计和采用优化方法设计NTF两种。
近年来,Kidambi等[53-56]提出了一系列有关优化设计NTF的方法。Kidambi等[53]通过在基于模拟高通滤波器设计NTF的基础上,首先提出了一种结合加权函数获取期望阻带特性的NTF设计方法。该方法主要通过将基带内量化噪声分布与人耳听觉感知相结合,利用加权函数对Sigma-Delta调制器NTF进行优化处理。其中,F加权和A加权是常见的音频领域中的加权函数,这些加权函数考虑了人耳在不同频率下对噪声敏感性的差异,通过对NTF进行F加权或A加权优化处理,使NTF基带内量化噪声能量对人耳听觉的影响最小化,可以更好地满足人耳对系统输出音频的感知。然而,加权函数的选择和对NTF的具体优化过程需要根据不同的应用场景和需求进行精密调整。Kidambi等基于该方法分别利用F加权和A加权设计了一系列OSR为32的不同阶数的NTF,与使用传统方法设计的NTF相比,这些NTF在阻带内提供了更高的衰减,且由这些NTF设计的Sigma-Delta调制器具有更高的SQNR。
然后,Kidambi等[54]提出了一种基于Least-pth范数的NTF优化设计方法。该方法通过将Sigma-Delta调制器NTF的设计与Least-pth范数相结合构造了一个反映NTF基带内噪声能量的目标函数。该目标函数用来表征NTF基带内的噪声能量,其中Least-pth范数决定了NTF基带内量化噪声能量最小化的方式。通过选择目标函数中不同的Least-pth范数可以设计满足不同基带特性的NTF,例如,将Least-pth范数p=2时,NTF基带内的噪声能量以最小二乘法方式最小化;p趋向无穷时,则使NTF基带内最大的噪声能量最小化。Kidambi等基于该方法设计了一系列OSR为32的不同阶数的NTF,与传统方法设计的NTF相比,其阻带内的噪声能量均比较小,且由这些NTF设计的Sigma-Delta调制器SQNR均略胜一筹。
随着Papoulis、Halpern、least-squares以及Gegenbauer等多项式被用于模拟高通滤波器的设计,Kidambi等又提出了基于以上多项式的NTF优化设计方法[55-56]。与传统方法相比,使用该方法设计的Sigma-Delta调制器具有更大的稳定输入幅度和较高的输出SNR。该方法首先设计了一个归一化的模拟高通滤波器。当采用Papoulis、Halpern、least-squares等多项式作为设计模拟高通滤波器的特征函数时,可得L阶归一化模拟高通滤波器的幅度平方函数为
$|H(\mathrm{j} \Omega)|^{2}=\frac{1}{1+\hat{\Phi}_{L}\left(\Omega^{2}\right) \Omega^{4 M-2 L} \prod_{i=1}^{M}\\ \left[\left(\Omega_{i}^{2}-1\right)-\left(\Omega^{2}-\Omega_{i}^{2}\right)\right]^{2}}$
式(4)中: Φ L(Ω2)=Ω2LΦL(12);ΦL(Ω)为模拟滤波器的特征函数;Ω为模拟角频率;Ωi为零点位置,i=1, 2, …, M。一般情况下,高通滤波器阻带内的能量可近似视为NTF基带内的噪声能量,通过优化设置多项式参数可以实现对NTF基带内量化噪声能量的最小化。模拟高通滤波器阻带内的能量可表示为
Emin= 0 Ω a  W2(Ω) Ω 2 L - 4 M ) Φ L ( Ω 2 ) i = 1 M Ω 2 - Ω i 2 Ω i 2 - 1 2dΩ
式(5)中:W(Ω)为加权函数,当不采用加权时W(Ω)=1;Ωa为高通滤波器的阻带边缘角频率,Ωi均小于Ωa,同时,该模拟高通滤波器的通带边缘角频率为1 rad/s。通过把具有期望阻带特征的模拟高通滤波器设计问题,转换为对模拟滤波器阻带能量求最小值的问题,从而获得具有期望阻带特征的归一化模拟高通滤波器的幅度平方函数。根据Ω=-js,可将所获得的幅度平方函数转换为
H j Ω ) 2 = H ( s ) H ( - s ) s = j Ω= N ( s ) N ( - s ) D ( s ) D ( - s )
式(6)中:N(s)和D(s)分别为传递函数H(s)的分子和分母多项式。通过选取合适的N(s)和D(s),可得到在Ω=1 rad/s处具有3 dB通带边缘的模拟高通滤波器传递函数HNP(s)。设Ωc为滤波器的期望截止频率,通过利用ss(Ωca)的变换可将HNP(s)转换为具有期望截止频率的模拟高通滤波器传递函数HNHP(s),其相应的数字高通滤波器传递函数HHP(z)可通过对HNHP(s)进行双线性变换求得。
而对于选用Gegenbauer多项式作为模拟高通滤波器幅度平方函数的特征函数时,其特征函数表示为 Φ L 2(Ω,μ),其中μ为Gegenbauer多项式参数。当通过引入一对零点±Ωz对模拟高通滤波器的阻带特征进行零点优化时,L阶基于Gegenbauer多项式的归一化模拟高通滤波器的幅度平方函数为
$|H(\mathrm{j} \Omega)|^{2}=\frac{\left(\Omega_{\mathrm{z}}^{2}-1\right)^{2} \epsilon^{2} \Phi_{L}^{2}(\Omega, \mu)}{\left(\Omega^{2}-\Omega_{\mathrm{z}}^{2}\right)^{2}+\left(\Omega_{\mathrm{z}}^{2}-1\right)^{2} \epsilon^{2} \Phi_{L}^{2}(\Omega, \mu)}$
式(7)中:$\epsilon$为通带波纹参数。
同样可以通过把模拟高通滤波器的求解问题转换为对模拟滤波器阻带能量求最小值的问题,进而得到由Gegenbauer多项式所设计的数字高通滤波器的传递函数。对于给定的Sigma-Delta调制器的阶数L、过采样率OSR和NTF带外最大稳定增益γ,为了得到满足稳定性条件的NTF,有
$E_{\mathrm{nff}}=\left[\left|\frac{H_{\mathrm{HP}}(z)}{p_{0}}\right|-\gamma\right]^{2}$
最小化得到HHP(z),其中p0HHP(z)分子多项式系数的第一项。然后利用数字高通滤波器设计NTF的方法便可得到期望的噪声传递函数Hntf(z)为
$H_{\mathrm{ntf}}(z)=\frac{H_{\mathrm{HP}}}{p_{0}}=\frac{\sum_{l=0}^{L-1} p(n) z^{-l}}{p(0)\left[1+\sum_{l=1}^{L-1} q(n) z^{-l}\right]}$
b(n)=q(n),a(n)=p(n)/p(0),p(0)=p0,n=1,2,…,L-1,最终可得到一般形式下的NTF。
Kidambi等[55-56]基于该方法利用上述不同的多项式设计了一系列OSR为32的不同阶数的NTF。基于Papoulis、Halpern和least-squares等多项式设计的NTF,其幅频响应曲线在通频带内均表现为单调性,没有纹波。基于least-squares多项式设计的NTF,其幅频响应曲线在通频带内具有最大限度的平坦特征,而基于Papoulis和Halpern多项式设计的NTF,该NTF是通过牺牲通频带内幅频响应曲线的平坦度以获得更高的阻带特性。基于Gegenbauer多项式设计的NTF,其幅频响应曲线在通频带内表现为非单调性,具有一个可设定的纹波,在通频带内,幅频响应曲线具有小纹波的NTF会比单调的NTF具有更高的阻带衰减特性。
此外,Arockia等[57]也提出了一种通过采用改进的Jacobi多项式作为特征函数设计模拟高通滤波器,进而设计NTF的方法。由于正交Jacobi多项式具有奇偶混合项,不适合作为模拟滤波器传递函数的特征多项式,所以该方法将两个正交的Jacobi多项式通过求和得到改进的Jacobi多项式,该特征多项式只含偶数项,便于模拟滤波器的实现。由于改进的Jacobi特征多项式具有表征滤波器阻带衰减的参数,因此,可通过将NTF阻带内的衰减问题转化为优化参数并求解的问题,进而实现了对NTF阻带衰减的控制。基于该方法设计了一个OSR为32的5阶Sigma-Delta调制器,其输出SQNR为69.9 dB,与采用传统方法设计的Sigma-Delta调制器相比,提高了5.15 dB。
这种由滤波器为原型设计NTF的方法是目前设计NTF的主流方法,适应度广,但依赖于设定的Sigma-Delta调制器参数和稳定性约束条件。该类方法虽然设计过程涉及多项式选择、零点优化和参数寻优等步骤,但较为适合工程实践应用。目前,在音频处理、无线通信等领域中,设计Sigma-Delta调制器的NTF大多是基于该类方法。例如,在文献[58]中提到一种采用椭圆滤波器来设计1位带通Sigma-Delta调制器NTF的方法。带通Sigma-Delta调制器一般用于射频领域,具有选择性滤波、抗干扰能力强、动态范围高等特点,在射频前端、通信系统和雷达信号处理等领域中发挥着重要作用。除了以上采用滤波器为原型对NTF进行设计外,还有部分学者结合高阶多位Sigma-Delta调制器系统中所存在的不同问题提出高阶稳定的Sigma-Delta调制器NTF的优化设计方法。
Yang等[59]提出了一种基于扩展的经验性准则和噪声整形闭环分析(closed-loop analysis of noise shaping, Clans)方案[32]的NTF优化设计方法。Clans方案给出了高阶多位Sigma-Delta调制器稳定的最大输入电平umax与‖h1之间的关系式为
u m a x = N l e v - h Q h Q = h 1 - 1 , h 1 = 1 h ( n )
式(10)中:hQ(n)为NTF的冲激响应;‖h1h(n)的1范数;Nlev为多位Sigma-Delta调制器的量化等级;hQ为量化误差的最大积累量,应小于或等于量化等级数。Clans方案主要是对NTF的极点进行优化,通常是将具有最大hQ的NTF作为优化目标,并需要满足式(10)。然而,该方案下所设计的NTF并不是很稳定,且当hQ取最大值时所设计的NTF也并不总是最优的。因此,在Yang等[59]所提出的优化设计方法中,首先在NTF设计时,采用了扩展的经验性准则,即
$\left\{\begin{array}{l} h_{Q}=1.23 N_{\mathrm{lev}}+9.62 u_{\max }-1.06 u_{\max } N_{\mathrm{lev}}- \\ \quad 6.25 u_{\max }^{2}-2.53 \\ u_{\max } \in[0.3,0.9] \\ \| \text { NTF } \|_{\infty}=\frac{3}{4} h_{Q} \end{array}\right.$
式(11)中:‖NTF‖表示NTF的无穷范数。然后将‖NTF‖设置为Clans方案极点优化的目标值,进而由Clans方案对NTF进行优化设计。Yang等[59]基于该方法设计了一个量化等级数为4、具有CRFB结构的4阶Sigma-Delta调制器,与使用传统方法设计的Sigma-Delta调制器相比,该Sigma-Delta调制器,在8倍OSR的情况下,输出SNR实现了约7 dB的提升。
此外,由于Sigma-Delta调制器本质上是一个非线性系统,因此,通常对Sigma-Delta调制器采用拟线性分析方法推导其NTF,以便对Sigma-Delta调整器进行分析和综合。尽管拟线性化方法是对目前Sigma-Delta调制器NTF推导的常用方法,但也存在不适用于该方法的Sigma-Delta调制器架构。针对该问题,文献[61]提出了一种适用于所有Sigma-Delta调制器架构的NTF推导方法,该方法基于输出噪声频谱构建纯幅度传递函数模型架构以生成稳定的线性时不变NTF逼近模型。虽然该方法的适用性较强,但只给出了针对1位Sigma-Delta调制器的应用实例。从以上对Sigma-Delta调制器NTF的设计方法中可以看到,NTF的设计通常是Sigma-Delta调制器的设计核心,设计目标不仅繁多且相互制约,其设计往往要涉及多目标多参数的优化。
随着科学技术的发展,大数据和人工智能的结合使计算机处理数据的能力得到了极大飞跃,部分学者开始将高阶多位Sigma-Delta调制器的设计与人工智能优化算法相结合起来。在文献[62]中,提到了人工智能在Sigma-Delta调制器设计中所起到的作用,其主要通过Sigma-Delta调制器的架构选择、环路滤波器的设计、系统级建模与仿真3个方面进行了阐述。此外,该文献还介绍了目前常用于Sigma-Delta调制器的3种设计工具:基于MATLAB的综合工具箱Delta-Sigma Toolbox、用于建模仿真的工具箱SIMSIDES和基于web的设计网站www.sigma-delta.de。
José等[63-64]提出了一种基于人工神经网络(artificial neural networks, ANNs)优化设计Sigma-Delta调制器的方法。该方法主要将ANNs与SIMSIDES仿真相结合来探索Sigma-Delta调制器的最佳设计方案,通过将SIMSIDES实现Sigma-Delta调制器行为仿真时的性能指标和设计变量作为ANNs的数据集以训练和测试ANNs,其中80%的数据用于训练,其余用于测试。神经网络一旦建立,利用大量数据训练便可实现对数据集内的Sigma-Delta调制器进行建模及性能预测。此外,通过对Sigma-Delta调制器的数据集进行扩充,并迭代优化训练ANNs,可提高ANNs对数据集中Sigma-Delta调制器最优设计的识别能力,进而迅速输出最佳设计方案,如Sigma-Delta调制器的架构参数、放大器直流增益、带宽、输出摆幅等。José等[63-64]基于该方法设计了一些OSR为128的Sigma-Delta调制器,与采用MATLAB所提供的三种优化算法设计的调制器相比,该方法设计的Sigma-Delta调制器在SNR和功耗方面更优。
Tan等[65]提出了一种基于遗传算法(genetic algorithm, GA)[66-67]的Sigma-Delta调制器架构参数优化设计方法。GA是一种基于生物进化原理的智能优化算法,其主要思想是通过群体中个体的自主搜索,并将所得信息分享给种群内其他成员,通过不断迭代从而得到区域内的最优解。该方法首先随机生成一个初始群体,其中每个个体代表一个Sigma-Delta调制器的架构参数组合。然后,利用SNR指标来评估每个个体的性能状况,根据性能评估结果,选择具有较好性能的个体作为“父代”。随后,将挑选出的“父代”通过交叉和变异创造新的个体,并加入到种群中重复上述过程,最终迭代出满足条件的最佳个体。通过使用GA进行Sigma-Delta调制器的优化配置,可以有效地提高Sigma-Delta调制器的性能。该方法与广泛应用的Delta-Sigma Toolbox相比,虽然二者采用了相同的设计规则,但GA在寻找参数时朝着适应度高的方向进行搜索,降低了参数搜索的复杂度。在相同复杂度的情况下,GA能更迅速的找到符合NTF的Sigma-Delta调制器架构设计参数。通过该方法分别设计了一个4阶,过采样率为8的Sigma-Delta调制器,与传统方法相比,该方法所设计的Sigma-Delta调制器的输出SNR提高了约5 dB。
在文献[68]中,提出了一种基于ANNs的Sigma-Delta调制器稳定性预测方法,该方法主要通过ANNs来预测Sigma-Delta调制器的稳定性,克服了传统方法难以预测非线性系统稳定性的局限。该方法首先利用GA生成了大量的用于ANNs的训练数据,包括不同输入幅度下Sigma-Delta调制器SQNR的仿真结果。当SQNR低于某阈值时,相应的数据会被分类为不稳定的数据集。然后,该方法使用贝叶斯优化算法[69]来确定ANNs的最佳超参数,如每层的节点数、隐藏层数和丢弃率。最后,该方法通过将训练好的ANNs集成到GA中,在GA的每一步使用ANNs预测GA新生成数据集的稳定性,并只对预测为稳定的数据集进行仿真,进而节省了设计时间。该方法为Sigma-Delta调制器的稳定性预测和优化提供了一种高效的新途径。Kaesser等分别利用该方法与未采用GA的ANNs方法对一些Sigma-Delta调制器的稳定性进行预测,由仿真结果可知,该方法较未采用GA的ANNs方法所得到Sigma-Delta调制器的平均最大稳定振幅降低了-2.9 dBFS。
Lu等[70]提出了一种基于双层贝叶斯优化算法实现Sigma-Delta调制器自动高层次拓扑综合的方法。该方法将Sigma-Delta调制器的拓扑搜索和参数调整建模为一个双层优化问题,上层优化负责寻找最优拓扑架构,下层优化负责在该拓扑下调整参数。在拓扑寻优和参数调整层面分别构建了基于高斯过程的性能模型,以减少设计空间探索中的冗余取样和电路仿真需求。此外,通过建立了一个数据库来存储已生成的Sigma-Delta调制器模型及其性能结果,以支持快速查询和避免重复优化操作,提高设计空间搜索效率。该方法在复杂、自动化需求高的系统设计中具有广泛的应用前景,并且能够适应不同的仿真环境和Sigma-Delta调制器架构需求。采用40 nm工艺对基于该方法设计的4阶Sigma-Delta调制器进行实现,当输入峰峰值电压为0.75 V时,该Sigma-Delta调制器的信噪失真比为98 dB,功耗为450.8 μW,动态范围为99.2 dB。
探讨了近年来用于数字D类功放中Sigma-Delta调制器的设计方案,其中着重对Sigma-Delta调制器的架构设计、NTF设计、基于人工智能算法辅助优化设计3个方面进行论述。通过对近年来在数字D类功放中Sigma-Delta调制器的应用、设计、优化等文献资料的总结分析,发现目前主流的数字D类功放中通常采用多位数字Sigma-Delta调制器。对于数字D类功放的多位数字Sigma-Delta调制器,其输入信号的过采样率和量化器位数往往较低,而阶数较高,因此,需要考虑稳定性问题。高阶数字Sigma-Delta调制器的主流架构主要为内插式或MASH结构,选取不同的架构取决于具体应用要求、性能要求以及设计复杂度等。基于上述内容,提出以下对数字D类功放中Sigma-Delta调制器今后研究发展的展望。
(1)在数字Sigma-Delta调制器的设计中,其NTF的设计是其重点也是其难点,目前,NTF的设计主要还是以滤波器为原型进行设计或通过优化NTF的零极点进行设计。同时,研究学者们往往更关注于如何提高Sigma-Delta调制器引入的噪声在基带内的噪声整形效果,而调制器输出信号带外频谱情况以及NTF过渡带的范围和形状特征并不关心,从而导致Sigma-Delta调制器输出信号的带外频谱中噪声能量很大,且基带外频谱能量攀升很快。在数字D类功放中,上述情况会加重Sigma-Delta调制器后级的滤波负担,影响系统性能和实现复杂度。因此,对Sigma-Delta调制器NTF的设计应进行更细致的系统分析,考虑多参数优化,并探索自适应Sigma-Delta调制器NTF的设计方法,以适应不同场景的需求。
(2)由于Sigma-Delta调制器在高阶情况下存在稳定性问题和多位量化器量化等级的优化选取等问题。因此,对高阶多位的Sigma-Delta调制器建立准确的控制函数模型,提出严格的稳定性判据以及研究新型Sigma-Delta调制器拓扑架构是确保系统充分发挥优势特点,提高系统稳定和性能的关键。
  • 国家自然科学基金(61601411)
  • 河南省科技攻关项目(222102210039)
  • 河南省科技攻关项目(222102210103)
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2025年第25卷第1期
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403642
  • 接收时间:2024-05-16
  • 首发时间:2025-07-29
  • 出版时间:2025-01-08
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  • 收稿日期:2024-05-16
  • 修回日期:2024-12-23
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国家自然科学基金(61601411)
河南省科技攻关项目(222102210039)
河南省科技攻关项目(222102210103)
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    1.郑州轻工业大学电子信息学院, 郑州 450001
    2.郑州轻工业大学计算机科学与技术学院, 郑州 450001
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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