Article(id=1156908299422622583, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1156908295593223005, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2401932, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1710691200000, receivedDateStr=2024-03-18, revisedDate=1728576000000, revisedDateStr=2024-10-11, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1753758032899, onlineDateStr=2025-07-29, pubDate=1736265600000, pubDateStr=2025-01-08, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753758032899, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-29, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753758032899, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753758032899, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1156908295593223005, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='438', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1753758031985, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1765425680602, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1205845960933049001, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1156908295593223005, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1205845960933049002, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1156908295593223005, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=201, endPage=209, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1156908300240511868, articleId=1156908299422622583, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=Finite Element Calculation of Geomagnetic Induced CurrentBased on a Three-dimensional Earth Conductivity Model, columnId=1156262733675876713, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Papers·Electrical Technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

A geomagnetic storm is a periodic natural disaster in which the changing geomagnetic field can induce an induced geoelectric field. A geomagnetic induced current (GIC) loop is formed between the transmission line and the earth conductor through the neutral points of grounding transformers. GIC seriously threatens the safe and stable operation of extra-high and ultra-high voltage AC transmission systems. There are many types of terrain and complex structures in our country, which makes the influence of geological landforms on induced geoelectric fields very significant. A finite element calculation method for GIC was proposed based on a three-dimensional earth conductivity model to address the difficulties in modeling and calculating GIC. Firstly, a three-dimensional earth conductivity model was established considering the anisotropy of geological structures. Meanwhile, a calculation model for electromagnetic field penetration depth under multi-layer geological conditions was given. Secondly, a mathematical model based on time-varying electromagnetic fields was established. Combined with the topology of the power grid, an equivalent calculation model for the power grid GIC was derived. Finally, taking the Shache-Turpan 750 kV transmission line in Xinjiang area as an example, a corresponding physical model was built in COMSOL Multiphysics finite element simulation software. The three-dimensional distribution of the induced ground electric field in the power grid was obtained through geometric modeling, boundary condition setting, grid division, and iterative solution. Furthermore, the GIC flowing through the neutral point of the 750 kV transformer was obtained. The research results indicatethat the overall level of GIC obtained by the 3D model is higher than that of the 2D model. Besides, the 3D model considers the geometric angle between the transmission line and different terrains, which can provide a more detailed distribution of induced geoelectric fields. The research results verify the effectiveness of the method proposed, which provides a reference basis for scientific planning of ultra-high and ultra-high voltage transmission corridors.

, correspAuthors=Qiao MA, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Cheng QIAN, Qiao MA, Lei YANG, Xiao-yan TAN, Guo-ping FU, Kai-long MIN, Chun-yu LU), CN=ArticleExt(id=1156908425104941143, articleId=1156908299422622583, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=CN, title=基于三维大地电导率模型的地磁感应电流有限元计算, columnId=1156262734506353627, journalTitle=科学技术与工程, columnName=论文·电工技术, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

地磁暴是一种周期性的自然灾害,变化的地磁场会诱发感应地电场,通过接地变压器中性点在输电线路与大地导体中形成地磁感应电流(geomagnetically induced current,GIC)回路,对超高压和特高压交流输电系统的安全稳定运行带来严重威胁。中国地形种类较多,结构比较复杂,地质地貌对感应地电场的影响非常大。针对GIC建模难、计算难的问题,提出了一种基于三维大地电导率模型的GIC有限元计算方法。首先,建立了考虑地质结构各向差异的三维大地电导率模型,并给出了多层地质条件下的电磁场透入深度计算模型。其次,建立了基于时变电磁场数学模型,结合电网拓扑结构,推导了电网GIC等效计算模型。最后,以新疆莎车—吐鲁番750 kV输电线路作为算例,在COMSOL Multiphysics有限元仿真软件中搭建了相应的物理模型,通过几何建模、边界条件设定、网格划分和迭代求解得到了电网感应地电场的三维分布,进而得到了流过750 kV变压器中性点的GIC。研究结果表明,三维模型得到的GIC整体水平高于二维模型,且三维模型考虑了输电线路与不同地形的几何夹角,能够给出更加详细的感应地电场分布,从而验证了所提方法的有效性,为科学规划超高压和特高压输走廊路提供了参考依据。

, correspAuthors=马乔, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 马乔(1991—),男,汉族,陕西咸阳人,博士,工程师。研究方向:复杂电磁场有限元计算。E-mail:
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钱程(1986—),男,汉族,新疆乌鲁木齐人,高级工程师。研究方向:超高压输电系统安全稳定运行。E-mail:

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钱程(1986—),男,汉族,新疆乌鲁木齐人,高级工程师。研究方向:超高压输电系统安全稳定运行。E-mail:

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钱程(1986—),男,汉族,新疆乌鲁木齐人,高级工程师。研究方向:超高压输电系统安全稳定运行。E-mail:

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School of Electric Engineering, Xi’an University of Technology, Xi’an 710048, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1205908998079967312, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908299422622583, companyId=1205908998067384398, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3.西安理工大学电气工程学院, 西安 710048)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1205909003603865727, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908299422622583, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=The schematic diagram of three-dimensional earth conductivity model, figureFileSmall=cRz2gx5T+AoZMzU4BqIKMg==, figureFileBig=yH8oc/dKqTI8A10zKByMTg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1205909003691946112, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908299422622583, language=CN, label=图1, caption=三维大地电导率模型示意图, figureFileSmall=cRz2gx5T+AoZMzU4BqIKMg==, figureFileBig=yH8oc/dKqTI8A10zKByMTg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1205909003889078401, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908299422622583, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=The equivalent model for GIC calculation in power grid, figureFileSmall=AcaDOCNqyJBJJUidIUpszQ==, figureFileBig=OxT9q6CLC90v+xzZGJzE3Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1205909003956187266, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908299422622583, language=CN, label=图2, caption=电网GIC计算等效模型

Ri,i+1为第ii+1个变电站之间输电线路的直流电阻;RT,i为第i个变电站变压器直流电阻,Ui,i+1为第ii+1个变电站之间的地面感应电势差;Ii,i+1为流过Ri,i+1的电流;IG,i为流过第i个变电站变压器的GIC;i ≥2

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The electromagnetic field penetration depth in various terrains

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
位置 莎车 阿克苏 库车 塔什店 吐鲁番
透入深度/km 2.25 19.82 28.25 2.52 24.46
), ArticleFig(id=1205909007869472914, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908299422622583, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

各地形电磁场透入深度

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
位置 莎车 阿克苏 库车 塔什店 吐鲁番
透入深度/km 2.25 19.82 28.25 2.52 24.46
), ArticleFig(id=1205909007936581779, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908299422622583, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

The parameters of Shache-Turpan 750 kV transmission line

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 线路长度/km 等效电阻/Ω
莎车—阿克苏 460 4.68
阿克苏—库车 255 3.36
库车—塔什店 300 3.84
塔什店—吐鲁番 335 4.32
), ArticleFig(id=1205909008024662164, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908299422622583, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

莎车—吐鲁番750 kV输电线路参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 线路长度/km 等效电阻/Ω
莎车—阿克苏 460 4.68
阿克苏—库车 255 3.36
库车—塔什店 300 3.84
塔什店—吐鲁番 335 4.32
), ArticleFig(id=1205909008087576725, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908299422622583, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

The potential difference between the head and end nodes of the branch

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
支路名称 电势差/V
二维模型 三维模型
莎车—阿克苏 628.93 703.27
阿克苏—库车 473.11 502.96
库车—塔什店 489.05 498.49
塔什店—吐鲁番 469.46 476.52
), ArticleFig(id=1205909008142102678, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908299422622583, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

支路首末端节点电势差

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
支路名称 电势差/V
二维模型 三维模型
莎车—阿克苏 628.93 703.27
阿克苏—库车 473.11 502.96
库车—塔什店 489.05 498.49
塔什店—吐鲁番 469.46 476.52
), ArticleFig(id=1205909008192434327, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908299422622583, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

The branch GIC

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
支路名称 感应电流/A
二维模型 三维模型 GIC差值
莎车—阿克苏 109.52 121.22 -11.70
阿克苏—库车 129.52 137.84 -8.32
库车—塔什店 120.34 123.83 -3.49
塔什店—吐鲁番 90.45 92.12 -1.67
均值 112.46 118.77 -6.31
), ArticleFig(id=1205909008246960280, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908299422622583, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

支路GIC

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
支路名称 感应电流/A
二维模型 三维模型 GIC差值
莎车—阿克苏 109.52 121.22 -11.70
阿克苏—库车 129.52 137.84 -8.32
库车—塔什店 120.34 123.83 -3.49
塔什店—吐鲁番 90.45 92.12 -1.67
均值 112.46 118.77 -6.31
), ArticleFig(id=1205909008301486233, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908299422622583, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

The transformer neutral point GIC

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变电站
名称
感应电流/A
二维模型 三维模型 GIC差值
莎车变 109.52 121.22 -11.7
阿克苏变 20.01 16.62 3.39
库车变 9.18 14.01 -4.83
塔什店变 29.89 31.71 -1.82
吐鲁番变 90.45 92.12 -1.67
均值 51.81 55.14 -3.33
), ArticleFig(id=1205909008360206490, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908299422622583, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

变压器中性点GIC

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变电站
名称
感应电流/A
二维模型 三维模型 GIC差值
莎车变 109.52 121.22 -11.7
阿克苏变 20.01 16.62 3.39
库车变 9.18 14.01 -4.83
塔什店变 29.89 31.71 -1.82
吐鲁番变 90.45 92.12 -1.67
均值 51.81 55.14 -3.33
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基于三维大地电导率模型的地磁感应电流有限元计算
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钱程 1 , 马乔 2, * , 杨磊 3 , 谭晓艳 1 , 付国萍 1 , 闵凯龙 1 , 卢春宇 1
科学技术与工程 | 论文·电工技术 2025,25(1): 201-209
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科学技术与工程 | 论文·电工技术 2025, 25(1): 201-209
基于三维大地电导率模型的地磁感应电流有限元计算
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钱程1 , 马乔2, * , 杨磊3, 谭晓艳1, 付国萍1, 闵凯龙1, 卢春宇1
作者信息
  • 1.国网新疆超高压分公司, 乌鲁木齐 830063
  • 2.中国重型机械研究院股份公司, 西安 710018
  • 3.西安理工大学电气工程学院, 西安 710048
  • 钱程(1986—),男,汉族,新疆乌鲁木齐人,高级工程师。研究方向:超高压输电系统安全稳定运行。E-mail:

通讯作者:

* 马乔(1991—),男,汉族,陕西咸阳人,博士,工程师。研究方向:复杂电磁场有限元计算。E-mail:
Finite Element Calculation of Geomagnetic Induced CurrentBased on a Three-dimensional Earth Conductivity Model
Cheng QIAN1 , Qiao MA2, * , Lei YANG3, Xiao-yan TAN1, Guo-ping FU1, Kai-long MIN1, Chun-yu LU1
Affiliations
  • 1. The Ultra High Voltage Branch Company of State Grid Xinjiang Electric Power Co., Ltd., Urumqi 830063, China
  • 2. China National Heavy Machinery Research Institute Co., Ltd., Xi’an 710018, China
  • 3. School of Electric Engineering, Xi’an University of Technology, Xi’an 710048, China
出版时间: 2025-01-08 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2401932
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地磁暴是一种周期性的自然灾害,变化的地磁场会诱发感应地电场,通过接地变压器中性点在输电线路与大地导体中形成地磁感应电流(geomagnetically induced current,GIC)回路,对超高压和特高压交流输电系统的安全稳定运行带来严重威胁。中国地形种类较多,结构比较复杂,地质地貌对感应地电场的影响非常大。针对GIC建模难、计算难的问题,提出了一种基于三维大地电导率模型的GIC有限元计算方法。首先,建立了考虑地质结构各向差异的三维大地电导率模型,并给出了多层地质条件下的电磁场透入深度计算模型。其次,建立了基于时变电磁场数学模型,结合电网拓扑结构,推导了电网GIC等效计算模型。最后,以新疆莎车—吐鲁番750 kV输电线路作为算例,在COMSOL Multiphysics有限元仿真软件中搭建了相应的物理模型,通过几何建模、边界条件设定、网格划分和迭代求解得到了电网感应地电场的三维分布,进而得到了流过750 kV变压器中性点的GIC。研究结果表明,三维模型得到的GIC整体水平高于二维模型,且三维模型考虑了输电线路与不同地形的几何夹角,能够给出更加详细的感应地电场分布,从而验证了所提方法的有效性,为科学规划超高压和特高压输走廊路提供了参考依据。

地磁暴  /  大地电导率  /  感应地电场  /  地磁感应电流  /  有限元分析

A geomagnetic storm is a periodic natural disaster in which the changing geomagnetic field can induce an induced geoelectric field. A geomagnetic induced current (GIC) loop is formed between the transmission line and the earth conductor through the neutral points of grounding transformers. GIC seriously threatens the safe and stable operation of extra-high and ultra-high voltage AC transmission systems. There are many types of terrain and complex structures in our country, which makes the influence of geological landforms on induced geoelectric fields very significant. A finite element calculation method for GIC was proposed based on a three-dimensional earth conductivity model to address the difficulties in modeling and calculating GIC. Firstly, a three-dimensional earth conductivity model was established considering the anisotropy of geological structures. Meanwhile, a calculation model for electromagnetic field penetration depth under multi-layer geological conditions was given. Secondly, a mathematical model based on time-varying electromagnetic fields was established. Combined with the topology of the power grid, an equivalent calculation model for the power grid GIC was derived. Finally, taking the Shache-Turpan 750 kV transmission line in Xinjiang area as an example, a corresponding physical model was built in COMSOL Multiphysics finite element simulation software. The three-dimensional distribution of the induced ground electric field in the power grid was obtained through geometric modeling, boundary condition setting, grid division, and iterative solution. Furthermore, the GIC flowing through the neutral point of the 750 kV transformer was obtained. The research results indicatethat the overall level of GIC obtained by the 3D model is higher than that of the 2D model. Besides, the 3D model considers the geometric angle between the transmission line and different terrains, which can provide a more detailed distribution of induced geoelectric fields. The research results verify the effectiveness of the method proposed, which provides a reference basis for scientific planning of ultra-high and ultra-high voltage transmission corridors.

geomagnetic storms  /  earth conductivity  /  induced geoelectric field  /  geomagnetic induced current  /  finite element analysis
钱程, 马乔, 杨磊, 谭晓艳, 付国萍, 闵凯龙, 卢春宇. 基于三维大地电导率模型的地磁感应电流有限元计算. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (1) : 201 -209 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2401932
Cheng QIAN, Qiao MA, Lei YANG, Xiao-yan TAN, Guo-ping FU, Kai-long MIN, Chun-yu LU. Finite Element Calculation of Geomagnetic Induced CurrentBased on a Three-dimensional Earth Conductivity Model[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (1) : 201 -209 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2401932
太阳耀斑的周期性爆发产生的带电粒子会喷射至太空中的各个方向,超高速移动的带电粒子流冲击地球会引起地磁场的剧烈变化,称为地磁暴[1]。地磁暴会引发低频感应地电场(induced geoelectric field,IGF),超高压交流输电系统中变压器中性点往往接地,两个接地点之间会存在电势差,导致超高压交流输电线路中流过具有准直流特性的地磁感应电流(geomagnetically induced current,GIC)。GIC对电网及油气管道等接地系统均匀带来较大影响[2],GIC过大时会使得工频变压器由线性工作区转移至非线性工作区,还会引起变压器铁芯温度增加[3]。变压器铁芯温升过高时可能导致变压器损毁,电网电压崩溃,属于典型的大电网“低概率、高风险”事件[4]。由于IGF的计算比较复杂,工程上往往将IGF等效为1 V/km,实际中的IGF数值与实际值之间存在较大的误差。此外,受地球自转方向的影响,地磁暴产生的IGF方向以纬度方向为主。近年来在“西电东送”的能源战略引领下,中国超高压网架结构与IGF的方向相同,这使得大电网遭受地磁暴影响的可能性以及危害程度也随之增加。在得到IGF的分布后,结合电网参数可以计算出线路中流过的GIC,GIC的计算结果能够为地磁暴对大电网安全稳定运行的影响提供有力依据。
由于地磁暴引起的地电场频率较低、穿透力较强,其在大地导体的透入深度较大,此时大地导体的结构对IGF的计算结果影响很大[5]。大地电导率建模是IGF计算中的重要环节,大地电导率模型从空间上可以划分为一维模型[6]、二维模型[7]和三维模型[8]。一维大地电导率模型假设大地深度相同时的电导率也相同,即大地导体是由若干个单层的导体区域组合而成。但是,该模型无法反应水平方向方向上大地电导率的差异。二维大地电导率模型可以看作是多个一维大地电导率模型的组合,该模型可以同时反映出水平和深度方向上大地电导率的差异。虽然二维电导率模型已经得到诸多应用[9-10],但是与实际的大地电导率构成相比较,仍然存在偏差,原因是对二维模型简单的拉伸无法表征三维模型的复杂程度。文献[11]基于华北地区的地质结构数据,建立了三维大地电导率模型,并得到了IGF在水平方向的分布规律。文献[12]以兰州地磁站台数据为基础,基于广义帕累托分布的超阈值模型模拟了地磁场的变化规律,并建立了包含海陆的三维大地电导率模型,并给出了IGF的分布。但文献[11-12]没有分析GIC的分布情况。
计算GIC另一个重要环节是三维电磁场模型的求解问题。国内外诸多学者对该问题做了深入研究,主要包括以下几种方法:平面波法[13-16]、复镜像法[17]和有限元法[18-20]。文献[14-15]基于平面波理论,分别提出了一种基于电磁测深的IGF计算方法和基于电磁探测数据研究了大别造山带的IGF分布,研究结果均表明IGF南北分量远大于东西分量。但是,均匀大地电导率的假设难以分析不同地质结构交界处的地电场变化情况。此外,文献[16]提出了一种基于克里金法来计算地表阻抗,得到了特高压输电线路中的GIC,但仍然是基于平面波理论,沿用了均匀电导率的假设。文献[17]基于复镜像法建立了地磁场数学模型,分析了新疆和甘肃电网GIC的分布。文献[18]基于有限元法分别分析了海岸效应对IGF分布的影响,文献[19]通过有限元法将多尺度磁暴IGF问题转化为非对称复数线性方程组,提高了计算效率,但文献[18-19]没有分析地形地貌与输电线路走向夹角对IGF的影响。
复杂地形等电导率数据获取难度较大,大多数研究均采用二维大地电导率模型,虽然个别文献建立了三维大地电导率模型,但并未结合输电线路走向以及地质地貌研究电网中GIC的分布。现综合考虑地形地貌变化引起的大地电导率突变以及超高压交流输电线路的走向,提出一种基于三维大地电导率模型的地磁感应电流有限元计算方法。构建包含纬度、经度和深度方向的三维大地电导率模型,并给出多地层条件下电磁场透入深度计算方法,为大地电导率三维建模提供依据。其次,建立时变电磁场的数学模型,并结合输电线路拓扑和基本电路原理,给出流过电网中的GIC计算方法。最后,以新疆地区莎车—阿克苏—库车—塔什店—吐鲁番750 kV输电线路作为验证算例,在COMSOL Multiphysics(CM)多物理场有限元仿真软件中搭建仿真模型,得到三维电磁场的空间分布,分析地质结构和输电线路走廊对感应地电场经度和纬度方向分量的影响,并对比三维与二维模型的计算结果。
在三维笛卡尔坐标系下建立三维大地电导率模型,xyz分别表示东向、北向和深度方向,如图1所示。z=0截面表示地表面,电导率差异用不同的颜色来表示。地质板块范围较大时,地质构造比较复杂,电导率的分布往往具有各向差异性。当z一定时,纬度方向和经度方向电导率在不同地质的交界面会出现突变;同理,当xy一定时,电导率在相应方向上也有突变,这种电导率的突变会影响IGF的分布情况。由于二维电导率模型无法同时反映出纬度方向和经度方向上电导率的差异,致使其计算结果的精度低于三维电导率模型。
在三维电导率建模时,需要确定模型的边界范围,即模型分别在纬度、经度以及深度方向上的最大范围。模型在纬度以及经度方向上的范围界定主要由研究对象覆盖范围决定,而深度方向的边界和电磁场的透入深度有关,需要进行定量分析。
由趋肤效应可知,时变电磁场在大地导体中传播时,电磁场强度在随着透入深度的增加而减小,并将电磁场强度衰减至地表值1/e时的距离称作透入深度。电磁场的透入深度与场源频率和电导率密切相关,计算公式为
d= 1 π f μ σ
式(1)中:d为电磁场透入深度;f为场源频率;μ为磁导率;σ为电导率。
大地导体在深度方向上存在多种地层结构,式(1)仅针对单一电导率模型,复杂电导率模型下电磁场的透入深度计算需要考虑每层地质下的电磁场强度的衰减程度[21],表达式为
χi= e - h i / d i
式(2)中:χi为第i层下边界电磁场强度与上边界电磁场强度比值;hi为第i层地质厚度;di为电磁场在第i层的透入深度。
当场源频率一定时,电磁场强度在第n个地层中首次衰减至地表值的1/e,有
i = 1 n χi 1 e i = 1 n - 1 χi
复杂电导率模型下的电磁场透入深度为
dz= i = 1 n dz,i
$d_{x, i}=\left\{\begin{array}{ll} h_{i}, & i=1,2, \cdots, n-1 \\ -\frac{h_{n}}{\ln \left(\prod_{i=1}^{n-1} \chi_{i}-\frac{1}{\mathrm{e}}\right)}, & i=n \end{array}\right.$
式中:dz,i为电磁场在第i层中的有效传播距离。
磁暴发生时,地球电离层中流过的低频带电粒子流会引发地磁场的变化,这种变化具有全球性和同时性。由Maxwell电磁感应原理可知,变化的磁场会引起感应电场。对正弦时变场,Maxwell电磁感应方程组的复数形式可以表示为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l} \nabla \times \boldsymbol{H}=\mathrm{j} \omega \boldsymbol{D}+\boldsymbol{J} \\ \nabla \times \boldsymbol{E}=-\mathrm{j} \omega \boldsymbol{B} \\ \nabla \cdot \boldsymbol{B}=0 \\ \nabla \cdot \boldsymbol{D}=\rho \end{array}\right.$
式(6)中:HEBD分别为磁场强度、电场强度、磁感应强度和电感应强度,这4个变量之间还满足以下关系。
D = ε E B = μ H J = σ E
式(7)中:ε为介电常数。
磁暴场为低频场,与传导电流相比,位移电流非常小,可以忽略不计,即式(6)中的jωD可以忽略。此外,由电磁学基本原理可知,EB可以分别用矢量磁势A和标量电势φ表示。
$\left\{\begin{array}{l} \boldsymbol{E}=-\nabla \varphi-\mathrm{j} \omega \boldsymbol{A} \\ \boldsymbol{B}=\nabla \times \boldsymbol{A} \end{array}\right.$
将式(8)代入式(6)可得
$\left\{\begin{array}{l} \frac{1}{\mu} \nabla \times \nabla \times \boldsymbol{A}+\sigma(\mathrm{j} \omega \boldsymbol{A}+\nabla \varphi)=\boldsymbol{J} \\ \nabla \cdot \sigma(\omega \boldsymbol{A}+\nabla \varphi)=0 \end{array}\right.$
当空间电流源J和电导率σ已知时,通过式(9)可以求得Aφ,然后将其代入式(8)可以得到EB
对不同电导率区域交界处,需要满足以下条件。
$\left\{\begin{array}{l} \frac{\boldsymbol{e}_{n}}{\mu}\left(\nabla \times \boldsymbol{A}_{1}-\nabla \times \boldsymbol{A}_{1}\right)=0 \\ \boldsymbol{e}_{n} \sigma_{1}\left(\mathrm{j} \omega \boldsymbol{A}_{1}+\nabla \varphi_{1}\right)-\boldsymbol{e}_{n} \sigma_{2}\left(\mathrm{j} \omega \boldsymbol{A}_{2}+\nabla \varphi_{2}\right)=0 \\ \boldsymbol{A}_{1}-\boldsymbol{A}_{2}=0 \\ \varphi_{1}-\varphi_{2}=0 \end{array}\right.$
式(10)中:en为区域1和区域2交界面处的法向单位矢量,方向由区域1指向区域2。
通常认为,地磁暴引起的IGF方向与地球自转方向一致,主要是以纬度方向为主,因此在计算IGF的时候往往忽略了经度方向的IGF,使得IGF在某些地形条件下的计算结果并不准确,进而导致流入电网GIC的计算结果误差较大。在计算GIC时考虑了IGF在经纬度上的分布和输电线路的走向,输电线路走向往往并非一条直线,与IGF的夹角也在不断变化,相邻两个中性点接地变压器AB之间的电势差可以用IGF的积分形式表示为
UA,B= A B  Edl
电网参数对GIC的计算结果影响非常大,实际电网结构非常复杂,难以用简单的数学模型来表示。磁暴电磁场频率非常低,IGF可以等效为直流电压源。电网等效模型包括输电线路、变压器和感应电势差,如图2所示。
根据电路基本理论KVL和KCL定律,分别有
IG,i-1RT,i-1+Ui,i+1=Ii-1,iRi-1,i+IG,iRT,i
Ii-1,i=IG,i+Ii,i+1
当变电站个数为N时,边界条件为
I G , 1 + I 1,2 = 0 I N - 1 , N - I G , N = 0
当已知IGF的空间分布后,根据式(11)~式(14)可以得到流过变压器中性点的地磁感应电流 I G , i
时变电磁场方程通常是非线性的,难以得到解析解,可以通过数值计算来求解。有限元法作为一种数值求解方法,基于变分原理将边值问题转化为变分问题,进而转化为普通的多元函数极值问题,具有物理概念清晰和应用性强的优点,被广泛应用于工程和数学问题。CM是一款典型的多物理场有限元仿真软件,采用偏微分方程组来描述物理现象,以高效的计算性能和杰出的多场双向直接耦合分析能力实现了高精度数值仿真。借助CM来反演IGF的分布,首先建立几何模型、设置物理参数,对几何模型网格划分,然后确定权函数和基函数,施加边界条件,计算得到IGF分布,结合电网拓扑给出GIC计算结果。
新疆地区以750 kV电网作为骨干网架,具有输电距离远和纬度高的特点,受到磁暴的影响较大,因此以新疆地区莎车—阿克苏—库车—塔什店—吐鲁番750 kV输电线路为研究对象。
图3给出了新疆地质板块构造,莎车—吐鲁番输电走廊主要位于南疆,南疆地区的地质结构相对简单,中部以塔里木盆地为主,西北和西南以南天山和昆仑山脉为界,东北与北山裂谷和南天山相邻。文献[22]归纳了中国地矿部在新疆的大地电磁勘测结果,建立了莎车—阿克苏—库车—塔什店—吐鲁番输电走廊的大地电导率二维模型,具体数值如图4所示。
以莎车—吐鲁番输电走廊的二维大地电导率勘测数据为基础,结合新疆地区地质板块构造,在CM中建立大地电导率几何三维模型,模型经度和纬度方向跨度分别为1 600 km和1 000 km,深度为100 km。如图5所示。场源形状选为薄片面电流模型,场源频率为0.02 Hz,场源方向为由西向东,即x轴方向。电磁场的透入深入计算结果如表1所示。由式(1)可知,电磁场的透入深度与电导率成反比,库车地形电阻率最大,即电导率最小,导致库车周边地形电磁场透入深度最大,约为28.25 km,说明所建模型深度满足要求;反之亦然,莎车和塔什店的透入深度较小,分别为2.25 km和2.52 km。莎车—吐鲁番750 kV输电线路参数如表2所示,各变电站变压器等效电阻约为1.3 Ω。
图6(a)图6(b)分别给出了IGF在水平方向和深度方向上的模值切面图。图6(a)给出了地表面处的感应电场强度,莎车和塔什店地形感应电场最弱,库车地形感应电场最强,最大值为2.21 V/km。同时,IGF在不同地形接邻处会出现突变,且突变程度与地形电导率的差值具有正相关性。莎车与阿克苏地形接邻处的电导率差值最大,为2.467 7 S/m,使得二者接邻处电场突变程度最大,电场变化幅度约为0.85 V/km,沿输电走廊影响范围约为100 km;阿克苏与库车电导率差值最小,为0.016 4 S/m,电场变化幅度约为0.41 V/km,沿输电走廊的影响范围约为10 km。图6(b)给出了沿经度方向的IGF切面图,可以看出,莎车与塔什店地形电磁场透入深度最小,电场幅值最大值均小于0.05 V/km;库车地形透入深度最大,电场幅值最大值约为1.35 V/km。
图7(a)图7(b)分别给出了IGF在地表处的经度和纬度方向的分量。太阳风暴喷射的带电粒子流在大气层中的流动方向与纬度方向一致,导致IGF的x分量远大于y分量,xy分量的均值分别为0.410 9 V/km和0.004 6 V/km,这也是工程上经常忽略掉y分量的原因。IGF的xy分量最大值分别约为1.01 V/km和0.37 V/km,y分量电场强度最大值约为x分量的36.63%。从图7(a)图7(b)可以得到,IGF的xy分量突变程度最为严重、影响范围最大的区域分别为阿克苏与库车接邻处和库车与塔什店接邻处。这是因为xy分量幅值与地形构造和电导率均密切相关,相邻地形接邻面与xy方向的夹角会对相应分量产生影响。阿克苏与库车接邻面与x轴的夹角最大,约为80°,导致此处的x分量突变程度最为严重;库车与塔什店接邻面与y轴夹角略小于塔什店与吐鲁番接邻面的夹角,但库车与塔什店的电导率差值为1.984 1 S/m,略高于塔什店与吐鲁番的电导率差值1.950 1 S/m,共同作用的结果是在库车与塔什店接邻处的y分量突变程度最为严重。从图7(c)可以得到进一步的验证, 沿输电走廊,在阿克苏与库车接邻处的电场强度x分量最大,约为1.14 V/km;库车与塔什店接邻处的电场强度y分量最大,约为0.55 V/km。
在地磁暴的传统观念中,IGF方向主要由场源方向决定,即经度方向的电场强度可以忽略,仅需考虑维度方向上的电场强度。图8给出了输电走廊电场强度经度与纬度分量比值Ex/Ey,均值约为0.07;但是,在部分地形接邻处,该比值最高达到0.62,足以表明经度方向的电场强度不能忽略。而且,由图7(b)的分析可知,经度方向的电场强度与大地电导率突变程度和地形接邻面与场源方向的夹角均有密切关系。从图8可以进一步说明,经度方向电场强度在某些地形条件下必须纳入考虑范围内。
图9给出了二维电导率模型的IGF分布,表3给出了莎车—吐鲁番750 kV输电线路各支路首末端节点电势差。由于三维模型考虑了沿输电线路方向以外的电场分布,并对地形因素的考虑更为全面,致使三维模型的支路首末端节点电势差计算结果高于二维模型。
在得到支路电势差后,结合2.2节的GIC等效计算模型,可以得到流过支路和变压器中性点的地磁感应电流,计算结果如表4表5所示。可以看出,由于二维模型的支路电势差较低,导致其支路GIC也较低。其中,影响较大的支路为莎车—阿克苏,三维模型比二维模型支路GIC计算结果高11.7 A。二维模型中只有莎车—阿克苏支路与阿克苏—库车支路GIC差值高于三维模型,从而导致二维模型中除了阿克苏变,其他变电站变压器中性点中流过的GIC均低于三维模型。从GIC的平均水平来看,对于支路和变电站变压器中性点GIC,三维模型分别比二维模型高出6.31 A和3.33 A。总的来说,由于三维模型考虑了沿输电线路方向以外的电导率突变带来的影响,考虑因素更为全面,使得GIC计算结果整体水平略高。
为了评估地磁暴对超高压输电系统带来的影响,提出了一种基于三维大地电导率模型的地磁感应电流有限元计算方法。综合考虑了地质地貌以及750 kV超高压输电走廊的走向,基于三维大地电导率模、时变电磁场模型和电网拓扑建立了GIC的等效计算模型,并在CM多物理场有限元仿真软件中搭建仿真模型,得到如下结论。
(1)IGF与输电走廊覆盖范围内相邻地质间的电导率突变程度密切相关,同时还与相邻地质接邻面与场源方向的夹角有关。夹角越大,IGF的x分量越大,夹角越小,IGF的y分量越小;当夹角接近时,电导率的突变程度起到主导作用,突变程度高处的IGF较高。
(2)与二维模型相比,三维模型得到的流过支路和变压器中性点的GIC均较高,原因是三维模型考虑了沿输电线路方向以外的大地电导率突变情况,使得感应地电场幅值更高。
(3)中国西北电网公司给出的750 kV变压器允许通过的直流电流最大安全值为3 A,研究的计算结果最小值为14.01 A,比标准限值高出3.67倍,结果表明地磁暴极易引起新疆地区750 kV超高压输电系统变压器直流偏磁。
  • 陕西省重点研发计划(2024GX-YBXM-255)
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2025年第25卷第1期
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2401932
  • 接收时间:2024-03-18
  • 首发时间:2025-07-29
  • 出版时间:2025-01-08
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  • 收稿日期:2024-03-18
  • 修回日期:2024-10-11
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陕西省重点研发计划(2024GX-YBXM-255)
作者信息
    1.国网新疆超高压分公司, 乌鲁木齐 830063
    2.中国重型机械研究院股份公司, 西安 710018
    3.西安理工大学电气工程学院, 西安 710048

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* 马乔(1991—),男,汉族,陕西咸阳人,博士,工程师。研究方向:复杂电磁场有限元计算。E-mail:
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