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Article(id=1156908298621510515, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1156908295593223005, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2401365, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1709136000000, receivedDateStr=2024-02-29, revisedDate=1728489600000, revisedDateStr=2024-10-10, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1753758032707, onlineDateStr=2025-07-29, pubDate=1736265600000, pubDateStr=2025-01-08, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753758032707, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-29, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753758032707, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753758032707, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1156908295593223005, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='438', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1753758031985, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1765425680602, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1205845960933049001, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1156908295593223005, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1205845960933049002, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1156908295593223005, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=146, endPage=156, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1156908299426816888, articleId=1156908298621510515, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=Conductivity of Acid Erosion Fractures in Carbonate Reservoirs in Sichuan and Chongqing, columnId=1156262729003422020, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Papers·Petroleum and Natural Gas Industry, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to clarify the reservoir applicability of different acid systems, understand the influence of reservoir acid rock etching morphology on fracture conductivity, and give the optimal slug combination method for different horizons, acid erosion fracture conductivity experiments were carried out in the carbonate reservoirs of Sichuan and Chongqing, the results show that the conductivity of slug combinations between different acid systems to the dolomite of the Maokou Formation after acid etching is higher than that of the limestone. The morphology of acid-etched fractures after acid-etching is different between different single-acid systems, in which steering acid has extremely deep grooves after etching, and the grooves of authigenic acid are the shallowest. For Maokou Formation, when the alternation between gelling acid and fracturing fluid and the alternation between gelling acid and authigenic acid is tertiary, the conductivity is the highest, and the conductivity reaches 4.53 μm2·cm at 60 MPa after tertiary alternation between gelling acid and authigenic acid. The conductivity of Qixia Formation and Dengying Formation is the highest when secondary alternation of fracturing fluid and gelling acid was selected, and the conductivity of Qixia Formation and Dengying formation are 6.72 μm2·cm and 7.47 μm2·cm at 60 MPa, respectively. In the Sichuan Chongqing exploration area, on-site application and in-depth investigation were conducted to verify the acid corrosion fracture conductivity of the acid solution. The results show that the acid corrosion effect is good after the acid solution entered the well, and the gas testing effect after the transformation is 208×104 m3/d, achieving the expected increase in production. It provides theoretical and experimental guidance for acid fracturing technology of carbonate reservoirs in Sichuan and Chongqing.

, correspAuthors=Cun-chuan ZHENG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Xiang-fu GAI, Qing-guo WANG, Gong-shuai GUAN, Yong-zhuo SHAN, Xu-yang LI, Bing WANG, Cun-chuan ZHENG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1156908444637815603, articleId=1156908298621510515, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=CN, title=川渝碳酸盐岩储层酸蚀裂缝导流能力, columnId=1156262729603207500, journalTitle=科学技术与工程, columnName=论文·石油、天然气工业, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为明确不同酸液体系的储层适用性,了解储层酸岩刻蚀形态对裂缝导流能力的影响,给出不同层位的最佳段塞组合方式。通过在川渝碳酸盐岩储层开展酸蚀裂缝导流能力实验,结果显示,不同酸液体系之间段塞组合对茅口组白云岩酸蚀后的导流能力比灰岩高;不同单一酸液体系酸蚀裂缝后形态不同,其中转向酸刻蚀后有极深的沟槽,自生酸沟槽最浅;对于茅口组,胶凝酸与压裂液和胶凝酸与自生酸的交替级数为三级交替时,其导流能力最高,且胶凝酸与自生酸三级交替后60 MPa下导流能力可达4.53 μm2·cm;栖霞组和灯影组选择压裂液与胶凝酸的二级交替时其导流能力最高,60 MPa下导流能力分别为6.72 μm2·cm和7.47 μm2·cm。在川渝探区,通过对酸液的酸蚀裂缝导流能力进行了现场应用和深入的考察验证,结果表明酸液入井后酸蚀效果良好,改造后现场产气量可达208×104m3/d,增产效果达到预期,为川渝碳酸盐岩储层的酸压工艺提供了理论和试验指导。

, correspAuthors=郑存川, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 郑存川(1987—),男,汉族,四川成都人,博士,副教授。研究方向:油田化学。E-mail:。
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盖祥福(1986—),男,汉族,黑龙江大庆人,工程师。研究方向:油气田增产增注。E-mail:。

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盖祥福(1986—),男,汉族,黑龙江大庆人,工程师。研究方向:油气田增产增注。E-mail:。

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盖祥福(1986—),男,汉族,黑龙江大庆人,工程师。研究方向:油气田增产增注。E-mail:。

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School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu 610500, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1205909133837009620, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908298621510515, companyId=1205909133824426706, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.西南石油大学化学化工学院, 成都 610500)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1205909137846764318, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908298621510515, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Gelled acid and conductivity of dolomite and limestone in Maokou Formation, figureFileSmall=TdZd06sHa3hwvFjSvt8ieQ==, figureFileBig=oaUAitKCeeFmoU0MJTD0Cg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1205909137922261792, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908298621510515, language=CN, label=图1, caption=胶凝酸与茅口组白云岩、灰岩导流能力, figureFileSmall=TdZd06sHa3hwvFjSvt8ieQ==, figureFileBig=oaUAitKCeeFmoU0MJTD0Cg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1205909138031313698, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908298621510515, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Fracturing fluid + gelling acid (2-stage alternation) and (3-stage alternation) and the conductivity of dolomite and limestone of Maokou Formation, figureFileSmall=LFbWRIF/gkQxnTMbTSlysg==, figureFileBig=Csj0MMM69FSsLiwC3cdQig==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1205909138136171300, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908298621510515, language=CN, label=图2, caption=压裂液+胶凝酸(2级交替)和(3级交替)与茅口组白云岩、灰岩导流能力, figureFileSmall=LFbWRIF/gkQxnTMbTSlysg==, figureFileBig=Csj0MMM69FSsLiwC3cdQig==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1205909138228445990, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908298621510515, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Gelled acid+authigenic acid (2-stage alternation) and (3-stage alternation) and the conductivity of dolomite and limestone in Maokou Formation, figureFileSmall=N5b85uriZYXz4rS/r2Ymhg==, figureFileBig=7qMT4jAAVDb16N/0nfTO0g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1205909138308137768, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908298621510515, language=CN, label=图3, caption=胶凝酸+自生酸(2级交替)和(3级交替)与茅口组白云岩、灰岩导流能力, figureFileSmall=N5b85uriZYXz4rS/r2Ymhg==, figureFileBig=7qMT4jAAVDb16N/0nfTO0g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1205909138387829546, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908298621510515, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Effect of different acid solution types on surface morphology of acid etched fractures in Maokou Formation, figureFileSmall=2FB2Ft4Tk1uUqs1ezc3P6g==, figureFileBig=aKpfZgMxVXqHnfmwqBgP9Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1205909138450744108, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908298621510515, language=CN, label=图4, caption=不同酸液类型对茅口组酸蚀裂缝表面形貌影响, figureFileSmall=2FB2Ft4Tk1uUqs1ezc3P6g==, figureFileBig=aKpfZgMxVXqHnfmwqBgP9Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1205909138526241582, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908298621510515, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Conductivity of acid etched fractures in different acid systems, figureFileSmall=EPilkjC6wOdCWzqcmP8m9A==, figureFileBig=IxJeEbr9v4dkzCF2VRWXnw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1205909138593350448, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908298621510515, language=CN, label=图5, caption=不同酸液体系的酸蚀裂缝导流能力, figureFileSmall=EPilkjC6wOdCWzqcmP8m9A==, figureFileBig=IxJeEbr9v4dkzCF2VRWXnw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1205909138681430834, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908298621510515, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Surface morphology of acid etched fractures under different slug combinations of fracturing fluid and gelling acid, figureFileSmall=vubRR0SmC4wCdFWXo68Www==, figureFileBig=52QLA4N6nHRgNiafKGmwKg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1205909138756928308, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908298621510515, language=CN, label=图6, caption=压裂液与胶凝酸不同段塞组合下的酸蚀裂缝表面形貌, figureFileSmall=vubRR0SmC4wCdFWXo68Www==, figureFileBig=52QLA4N6nHRgNiafKGmwKg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1205909138857591606, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908298621510515, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=The ability to conduct flow at different stages of gelling acid and fracturing fluid, figureFileSmall=I8iYYstsyanDB45cfcCIQQ==, figureFileBig=qKWSaFSXxMj8p49ZwZrZhA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1205909140031996729, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908298621510515, language=CN, label=图7, caption=压裂液与胶凝酸不同级数下的导流能力, figureFileSmall=I8iYYstsyanDB45cfcCIQQ==, figureFileBig=qKWSaFSXxMj8p49ZwZrZhA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1205909140111688506, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908298621510515, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Surface morphology of acid etched fracture under different slug combinations of gelled acid and authigenic acid, figureFileSmall=a47tVbcfCxyX8dymL2pRBw==, figureFileBig=wx0OD9vGRTYEvVbtCDeHlA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1205909140170408763, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908298621510515, language=CN, label=图8, caption=胶凝酸与自生酸不同段塞组合下的酸蚀裂缝表面形貌, figureFileSmall=a47tVbcfCxyX8dymL2pRBw==, figureFileBig=wx0OD9vGRTYEvVbtCDeHlA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1205909140237517629, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908298621510515, language=EN, label=Fig.9, caption=Conductivity of gelled acid and authigenic acid in different alternating stages, 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川渝碳酸盐岩储层酸蚀裂缝导流能力
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盖祥福 1 , 王庆国 1 , 管公帅 1 , 单永卓 1 , 李旭阳 1 , 王冰 1 , 郑存川 2, *
科学技术与工程 | 论文·石油、天然气工业 2025,25(1): 146-156
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科学技术与工程 | 论文·石油、天然气工业 2025, 25(1): 146-156
川渝碳酸盐岩储层酸蚀裂缝导流能力
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盖祥福1 , 王庆国1, 管公帅1, 单永卓1, 李旭阳1, 王冰1, 郑存川2, *
作者信息
  • 1.大庆油田有限责任公司采油工程研究院, 大庆 163453
  • 2.西南石油大学化学化工学院, 成都 610500

    • 盖祥福(1986—),男,汉族,黑龙江大庆人,工程师。研究方向:油气田增产增注。E-mail:。

通讯作者:

* 郑存川(1987—),男,汉族,四川成都人,博士,副教授。研究方向:油田化学。E-mail:。
Conductivity of Acid Erosion Fractures in Carbonate Reservoirs in Sichuan and Chongqing
Xiang-fu GAI1 , Qing-guo WANG1, Gong-shuai GUAN1, Yong-zhuo SHAN1, Xu-yang LI1, Bing WANG1, Cun-chuan ZHENG2, *
Affiliations
  • 1. Daqing Oilfield Co., Ltd., Oil Production Engineering Research Institute, Daqing 163453, China
  • 2. School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu 610500, China
出版时间: 2025-01-08 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2401365
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摘要
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为明确不同酸液体系的储层适用性,了解储层酸岩刻蚀形态对裂缝导流能力的影响,给出不同层位的最佳段塞组合方式。通过在川渝碳酸盐岩储层开展酸蚀裂缝导流能力实验,结果显示,不同酸液体系之间段塞组合对茅口组白云岩酸蚀后的导流能力比灰岩高;不同单一酸液体系酸蚀裂缝后形态不同,其中转向酸刻蚀后有极深的沟槽,自生酸沟槽最浅;对于茅口组,胶凝酸与压裂液和胶凝酸与自生酸的交替级数为三级交替时,其导流能力最高,且胶凝酸与自生酸三级交替后60 MPa下导流能力可达4.53 μm2·cm;栖霞组和灯影组选择压裂液与胶凝酸的二级交替时其导流能力最高,60 MPa下导流能力分别为6.72 μm2·cm和7.47 μm2·cm。在川渝探区,通过对酸液的酸蚀裂缝导流能力进行了现场应用和深入的考察验证,结果表明酸液入井后酸蚀效果良好,改造后现场产气量可达208×104m3/d,增产效果达到预期,为川渝碳酸盐岩储层的酸压工艺提供了理论和试验指导。

高温储层  /  碳酸盐岩  /  导流能力  /  刻蚀形态  /  酸压工艺

In order to clarify the reservoir applicability of different acid systems, understand the influence of reservoir acid rock etching morphology on fracture conductivity, and give the optimal slug combination method for different horizons, acid erosion fracture conductivity experiments were carried out in the carbonate reservoirs of Sichuan and Chongqing, the results show that the conductivity of slug combinations between different acid systems to the dolomite of the Maokou Formation after acid etching is higher than that of the limestone. The morphology of acid-etched fractures after acid-etching is different between different single-acid systems, in which steering acid has extremely deep grooves after etching, and the grooves of authigenic acid are the shallowest. For Maokou Formation, when the alternation between gelling acid and fracturing fluid and the alternation between gelling acid and authigenic acid is tertiary, the conductivity is the highest, and the conductivity reaches 4.53 μm2·cm at 60 MPa after tertiary alternation between gelling acid and authigenic acid. The conductivity of Qixia Formation and Dengying Formation is the highest when secondary alternation of fracturing fluid and gelling acid was selected, and the conductivity of Qixia Formation and Dengying formation are 6.72 μm2·cm and 7.47 μm2·cm at 60 MPa, respectively. In the Sichuan Chongqing exploration area, on-site application and in-depth investigation were conducted to verify the acid corrosion fracture conductivity of the acid solution. The results show that the acid corrosion effect is good after the acid solution entered the well, and the gas testing effect after the transformation is 208×104 m3/d, achieving the expected increase in production. It provides theoretical and experimental guidance for acid fracturing technology of carbonate reservoirs in Sichuan and Chongqing.

high-temperature reservoirs  /  carbonate rocks  /  hydraulic conductivity  /  etching morphology  /  acid pressing process
盖祥福, 王庆国, 管公帅, 单永卓, 李旭阳, 王冰, 郑存川. 川渝碳酸盐岩储层酸蚀裂缝导流能力. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (1) : 146 -156 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2401365
Xiang-fu GAI, Qing-guo WANG, Gong-shuai GUAN, Yong-zhuo SHAN, Xu-yang LI, Bing WANG, Cun-chuan ZHENG. Conductivity of Acid Erosion Fractures in Carbonate Reservoirs in Sichuan and Chongqing[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (1) : 146 -156 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2401365
正文
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碳酸盐岩油气田是全球油气最重要的组成部分,中国的碳酸盐岩储层普遍特征是深度较大、温度较高,并且具有显著的储层非均质性[1-2]。在碳酸盐岩储层改造过程中,影响酸压工艺效果的最重要因素是酸蚀裂缝表面上的非均匀刻蚀形态[3]。形成的主要原因是矿物成分的不均匀分布、岩石渗透率的各向异性及酸液体系间的性质差异。杨兆中等[4]分析了酸液类型、酸液用量、注入级数以及闭合压力对酸蚀导流能力与导流能力衰减率的影响规律;李宪文等[5]开展不同酸液体系、不同注酸方式、不同裂缝开度及不同缝面形态对酸压裂缝导流能力的影响研究;陈伟华等[6]采用“前置自生酸、加重酸酸压、多级交替注入、闭合酸”的酸压改造工艺,优选配套管柱及酸液体系,有效增加施工井底压力及酸液作用距离;刘建坤等[7]对前置液造缝阶段裂缝参数变化规律、造缝液体类型及交替注酸阶段交替注入参数进行了模拟优化;周少伟等[8]测试不同闭合压力下酸液类型、接触时间及注入流速对导流能力的影响;赵立强等[9]研究了酸压工艺、酸液浓度、裂缝性质、酸液类型对酸岩刻蚀形态及酸蚀裂缝导流能力的影响;杜辉等[10]开展不同闭合压力、不同粒径及组合、不同铺砂浓度的支撑剂对导流能力的影响实验,分析泥页岩储层支撑剂嵌入影响导流能力的变化规律;杨春城等[11]分析不同支撑剂质量比例、粒径、铺砂浓度、流体类型、岩性等对导流能力的影响。
中国相关研究主要集中在不同酸液种类、不同注酸排量、接触时间和岩石性质等对导流能力的影响[12-17]。而关于碳酸盐岩储层表面形貌特征的生成机理、影响因素及其与导流能力之间的复杂关系,目前的研究报道尚显不足。因此,现针对川渝探区碳酸盐岩储层埋藏深、温度高、薄层白云岩与灰岩交互发育等特点,以“缓速释放H+深穿透沟通、强差异化刻蚀提高裂缝导流能力”为研发思路,运用酸刻蚀仪、三维激光扫描仪和裂缝导流能力测试仪,系统地研究不同酸液类型、不同段塞交替组合以及各异层位对酸岩刻蚀形态和裂缝导流能力的作用,通过对不同种类酸液以及不同交替级数刻蚀后的岩板表面形貌生成的机理进行分析研究,以便更深入地了解其对储层岩石刻蚀后导流能力的变化情况,最终为川渝碳酸盐岩储层茅口组的酸压工艺提供理论和现场试验指导,并在目标储层酸压实施改造取得成功。
1 实验部分
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1.1 主要试剂与仪器
实验所用酸液类型共4种,分别为胶凝酸、交联酸、自生酸和转向酸,酸液添加剂均来自油田现场;岩板长度178 mm,宽度38 mm,厚度20 mm(两边是圆形的);实验用岩板来自川渝地区茅口组、栖霞组和灯影组3个层位。
酸刻蚀仪,三维激光扫描仪,酸蚀裂缝导流仪均购自江苏博锐思科研仪器有限公司。
1.2 酸蚀裂缝导流能力测试方法
参考《压裂支撑剂导流能力测试方法》(SY/T 6302—2019)。
1.2.1 酸蚀裂缝导流能力试验方法
步骤1 对加工好的岩样放进标准盐水中抽真空并饱和标准盐水,确保岩样饱和,使岩样更接近于地下真实情况。
步骤2 使用三维激光扫描仪扫描整个岩样壁面,采集裂缝表面酸蚀前的三维形貌特征信息。
步骤3 将岩样装入导流室中,设置模拟缝宽至1 mm。
步骤4 根据采油院提供的不同类型酸液配方和酸液添加剂,配制酸液。
胶凝酸配方:20%HCl+0.8%胶凝剂+3%缓蚀剂+1%缓蚀增效剂+1%铁离子稳定剂+1%助排剂+1%黏土防膨剂。
自生酸配方:10%主酸+90%基液(1%稠化剂+0.6%交联剂+自来水)。
转向酸配方:20%HCl+3%缓蚀剂+6%转向剂配制溶液+1.2%多功能添加剂。
交联酸配方:0.8%稠化剂(20%盐酸)+0.04%调理剂+3%缓蚀剂+0.8%混合液+1.2%多功能添加剂。
步骤5 将导流室放入刻蚀设备恒温箱中,正确连接管线。泵注清水清洗管线,并注意检查各个连接口是否出现漏液现象。随后将温度设定为130 ℃,进行恒温加热。
步骤6 达到设定温度后,按照顺序泵注压裂液或酸液,并施加一定的压力,模拟实际工况中的压力差。
步骤7 按照规定的排量注液,并密切观察酸液在裂缝中的渗透情况。注液完成后,逐渐将压力降低,用清水清洗岩样夹持器后,用pH试纸检测出口端,直至检测结果呈中性。
步骤8 拆卸导流室,取出岩样,清水冲洗完成后,关闭耐酸柱塞泵,导出数据。
步骤9 使用三维激光扫描仪扫描整个岩样壁面,采集裂缝表面酸蚀后的三维形貌特征信息。
步骤10 在酸岩刻蚀完成后,通过冲洗导流室及管线,排出试验设备中的空气,没有可见气泡后至少再冲洗1 min,直到无流量条件下,压力传感器可以归零;使用短期导流能力测试标准开始试验。
步骤11 拆卸导流室,取出岩样,将所有实验器材及场地清洗干净,酸刻蚀实验结束。
1.2.2 导流能力数据计算
kWf=5.555μQ/ΔP
式(1)中:kWf为导流能力,μm2·cm,其中k为地层渗透率,Wf为支撑缝宽;μ为实验温度下流体黏度,cP;Q为测试排量,cm3/min;ΔP为压力差值(上游压力与下游压力之差),kPa。
2 结果与讨论
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酸压酸蚀裂缝的导流能力受到多个因素的影响,包括岩石被酸液溶解的程度、裂缝壁面的刻蚀不均匀程度以及酸液的性能。酸蚀过程中必须维持适当的酸蚀量以及刻蚀不均匀程度,同时考虑到地层压力的影响,以确保酸蚀裂缝的导流能力达到理想状态。因此,选择使用不同酸液体系进行了酸蚀裂缝导流能力的测试[18],以及在不同段塞组合下的交替级数优化,并且测试了不同层位下的酸蚀裂缝导流能力,为气田现场酸压工艺技术提供一定的理论支撑[19]。
2.1 不同酸液与茅口组白云岩、灰岩导流能力
不同酸液和不同岩性其导流能力具有差异性。因此,选用胶凝酸体系、胶凝酸和自生酸不同级数交替、压裂液和胶凝酸不同级数交替3种酸液体系,分别与茅口组白云岩、灰岩在130 ℃下进行酸蚀裂缝能力实验,导流能力实验结果如图1~图3所示。
由图1~图3可知,胶凝酸、胶凝酸+自生酸(2级和3级交替)、压裂液+胶凝酸(2级和3级交替)5种不同的段塞方式对茅口组白云岩、灰岩的刻蚀导流结果均是一致的,白云岩的导流能力均大于灰岩的导流能力。原因是在酸液刻蚀过程中,在裂缝表面形成弯曲沟槽和点蚀形态更好的支撑了油流通道。因此,5种不同的酸液段塞方式对茅口组的白云岩裂缝刻蚀更加均匀,从而导流能力更强。
2.2 不同酸液与茅口组酸蚀裂缝导流能力
不同种类的酸液对同一储层的导流能力具有差异性。因此,选用胶凝酸、自生酸、转向酸和交联酸4个不同酸液体系分别与茅口组在130 ℃温度下进行酸蚀裂缝导流能力实验。不同类型酸液对酸蚀裂缝表面形貌和导流能力实验结果如图4和图5所示。
由图4可知,胶凝酸、自生酸、转向酸和交联酸4种酸液对岩板表明酸蚀后的表面形貌刻蚀深度存在显著差异,其中转向酸刻蚀岩板后为极深沟槽,胶凝酸与交联酸刻蚀岩板后为深沟槽,自生酸刻蚀岩板后为极浅沟槽,原因是转向酸在开始刻蚀时还没达到转向点,转向酸体系起始还是以小分子的状态存在,而自生酸本身生酸较慢,且由压裂液携带进入地层,体系表观黏度较大,因此,自生酸对岩板的刻蚀沟槽能力是最弱的,岩板表面形貌形成极浅沟槽;由图5可知,4种酸液的导流能力随闭合压力的增加逐渐减小,且胶凝酸相对于其他3种酸液其导流能力略高,与酸蚀后形成的沟槽形态是相关的,酸蚀沟槽越深其导流能力也是相对更高的,胶凝酸体系在闭合压力60 MPa下的导流能力1.26 μm2·cm。
2.3 不同交替级数酸蚀裂缝导流能力
不同交替级数下酸蚀裂缝导流能力实验结果如图6~图9所示。不同酸液之间的段塞和不同交替级数下其导流能力具有差异性。因此,选用胶凝酸与压裂液、自生酸分别在不同交替级数下进行酸蚀裂缝导流能力实验。
由图6和图7可知,压裂液与胶凝酸(3级交替)刻蚀后的岩板表面沟槽相对最深,压裂液与胶凝酸在不同级数下导流能力随着闭合压力的增加,导流能力随之减小,其中压裂液+胶凝酸+压裂液+胶凝酸+压裂液+胶凝酸(3级交替)比压裂液+胶凝酸+压裂液+胶凝酸(2级交替)、压裂液+胶凝酸+压裂液+胶凝酸+压裂液+胶凝酸+压裂液+胶凝酸(4级交替)整体的导流能力都要高,且压裂液与胶凝酸(3级交替)在闭合压力60 MPa下的导流能力可达3.88 μm2·cm。造成这种差异性的原因是由于胶凝酸在压裂液中形成多次的黏性指进作用,更好地对裂缝壁面进行非均匀刻蚀, 且由于胶凝酸的酸岩反应速率较低,能够延伸在岩石表面的反应距离,更好地实现对裂缝的深穿透;当采用4级交替注入时,倾向于均匀刻蚀,原因可能是高闭合压力导致闭合时支撑处的岩石破裂,岩屑堵塞了裂缝间的流动通道,导致导流能力下降。因此,表明了压裂液和胶凝酸的最佳交替级数为3级。
由图8和图9可知,胶凝酸与自生酸(3级交替)刻蚀后的岩板表面沟槽相对最深,胶凝酸与自生酸在不同级数下导流能力随着闭合压力的增加,导流能力随之减小,其中胶凝酸+自生酸+胶凝酸+自生酸+胶凝酸+自生酸(3级交替)比胶凝酸+自生酸、胶凝酸+自生酸+胶凝酸+自生酸(2级交替)整体的导流能力都要高,且胶凝酸与自生酸(3级交替)在闭合压力60 MPa下的导流能力可达4.53 μm2·cm。随着胶凝酸和自生酸的交替级数的增加,自生酸的生酸量不断增加,酸岩反应时间更长,岩石溶蚀反应增强,且由于自生酸本身黏度小,酸液流动范围更大,酸液刻蚀作用距离大,与岩石壁面接触反应的表面积更大,溶蚀反应更强,因此,导致刻蚀后形成的直沟槽和点蚀数目更多,进一步有效支撑裂缝,在高闭合压力下,依旧有良好的导流能力。
2.4 胶凝酸与栖霞组、灯影组酸蚀裂缝导流能力
不同酸液之间段塞和不同交替级数下,其对不同储层的导流能力也是不同的。因此,选用胶凝酸体系分别与栖霞组、灯影组进行酸蚀裂缝导流能力实验,测定不同闭合压力下的导流能力。胶凝酸体系与栖霞组、灯影组的酸蚀裂缝导流能力实验结果如图10~图13所示。
如图10和图11所示,对于栖霞组,不同酸液段塞组合其刻蚀形态及导流能力不同,其中压裂液+胶凝酸(2级交替)刻蚀后岩板表面形貌沟槽最深,压裂液与胶凝酸段塞组合交替注入后导流能力比胶凝酸与自生酸段塞组合交替注入的高,且胶凝酸+自生酸的导流能力最低;因此,栖霞组段塞组合交替次数选择压裂液+胶凝酸(2级交替)其酸蚀裂缝导流能力最高,在闭合压力为60 MPa下其导流能力6.72 μm2·cm。导致出现这种差异性的原因是由于压裂液和胶凝酸交替时,压裂液本身黏度较大,会首先进入地层压裂储层,而后随着胶凝酸的进入,会使得地层刻蚀不均匀性增强,从而酸岩刻蚀后的沟槽更深,导流能力更高;而自生酸本身黏度较小,且生酸量较少,导致进入地层后刻蚀的比较均匀,刻蚀后的壁面沟槽相对较浅,导流能力较低。因此,压裂液与胶凝酸多级交替后的导流能力比自生酸的高。
由图12和图13可知,对于灯影组,压裂液+胶凝酸(2级交替)刻蚀后的岩板表面沟槽最深,压裂液与胶凝酸段塞组合交替注入后导流能力比胶凝酸与自生酸段塞组合交替的高,且胶凝酸+自生酸的导流能力最低;因此,灯影组段塞组合交替次数选择压裂液+胶凝酸(2级交替)其酸蚀裂缝导流能力最高,在闭合压力为60 MPa下,导流能力为7.47 μm2·cm。原因是压裂液和胶凝酸段塞组合后,可以形成“高在前,低在后”的黏性指进运动,壁面刻蚀的不均匀性增强,形成更多的非均匀刻蚀裂缝沟槽,能更好地支撑裂缝,进而获得更高的导流能力。
3 现场应用
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通过对比不同酸液体系与茅口组岩石的刻蚀导流能力,发现压裂液与胶凝酸3级交替注入具有较高的导流能力。运用该研究结果指导了位于川渝探区潼深8井茅二段的酸压施工。该井以泥晶灰岩为主,完钻井深4 367.97 m,储层温度118 ℃,平均孔隙度4.3%,下部发育较大规模裂缝,可以沟通远端气源,有利气井高产。根据室内酸液体系导流能力分析,采用胶凝酸与酸性压裂液3级交替注入+闭合酸化的酸压方案。设计酸压总规模1 060 m3,酸液含量20%,主体胶凝酸施工排量4.0~5.5 m3/min,施工曲线如图14所示。
从图14可以看出,降破酸阶段和第1级酸性压裂液阶段压力波动明显,共有两次明显的压降,有明显沟通缝洞体特征。降破酸阶段降幅16 MPa,该井降破酸阶段压力降幅明显,有效解除了近井储层污染,为酸液沟通远端提供了高渗流通道,压后不同返排阶段返排液pH为6,充分发生酸岩反应,实现了对储层基质的非均匀刻蚀。最后测试产气量为208×1 0 4  m3/d,为该类储层改造奠定基础。
4 结论
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(1)酸蚀裂缝导流能力实验结果表明,不同酸液段塞组合方式对茅口组不同岩性的刻蚀导流不同,白云岩较灰岩的导流能力更高,不同酸液体系其酸蚀裂缝导流能力具有显著差异性,其中胶凝酸的酸蚀裂缝导流能力最高;由于茅口组白云岩酸岩溶蚀率低,欲提高其裂缝壁面溶蚀能力,可采用胶凝酸体系对其进行酸压改造。
(2)通过测试不同酸液段塞组合方式下的酸蚀裂缝导流能力得出,酸液段塞组合交替后的导流能力较单一酸液高,对于茅口组灰岩,其溶蚀率高,欲提高其裂缝壁面溶蚀能力,可采用不同酸液段塞组合的方式进行注入,胶凝酸与自生酸段塞组合的最优级数为3级,压裂液与胶凝酸段塞组合的最优级数为3级,且胶凝酸与自生酸(3级交替)的段塞组合后导流能力比压裂液与胶凝酸段塞组合的高;对于栖霞组和灯影组,欲提高其裂缝溶蚀能力,可采用压裂液与胶凝酸的段塞组合方式,最优注入级数为2级时,其导流能力最高。
(3)胶凝酸室内测试表明缓速性能较好,有效延长了酸蚀作用距离,刻蚀岩板表面形成了非均匀刻蚀形貌特征,高闭合压力下,酸蚀裂缝导流能力较强,有利于保持高导流状态。现场应用表明,“多级交替注入+闭合酸化”酸压工艺,能够实现多级交替造长缝和非均匀长刻蚀的目的,且现场产气量可达208×1 0 4  m3/d,表明这次多级交替酸压改造取得成功。
基金
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  • 四川省重点研发项目(2021YFG0112)
  • 油气田应用化学四川省重点实验室开放基金(YQKF202217)
文献
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2025年第25卷第1期
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2401365
  • 接收时间：2024-02-29
  • 首发时间：2025-07-29
  • 出版时间：2025-01-08
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  • 收稿日期：2024-02-29
  • 修回日期：2024-10-10
基金
四川省重点研发项目(2021YFG0112)
油气田应用化学四川省重点实验室开放基金(YQKF202217)
作者信息
    1.大庆油田有限责任公司采油工程研究院, 大庆 163453
    2.西南石油大学化学化工学院, 成都 610500

通讯作者:

* 郑存川(1987—),男,汉族,四川成都人,博士,副教授。研究方向:油田化学。E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family		 属数
Number of
genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)		 属
Genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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