Article(id=1156908297187058536, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1156908295593223005, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2308905, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1699804800000, receivedDateStr=2023-11-13, revisedDate=1726934400000, revisedDateStr=2024-09-22, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1753758032365, onlineDateStr=2025-07-29, pubDate=1736265600000, pubDateStr=2025-01-08, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753758032365, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-29, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753758032365, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753758032365, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1156908295593223005, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='438', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1753758031985, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1765425680602, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1205845960933049001, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1156908295593223005, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1205845960933049002, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1156908295593223005, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=416, endPage=429, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1156908298189497200, articleId=1156908297187058536, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=Analysis on the Change Characteristics and Driving Factors of Eco-environment Status in Taihu Lake Basin in Recent 20 Years, columnId=1156262729993277777, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Papers·Environmental and Safe Science, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The quantitative monitoring and evaluation of the terrestrial ecological environment status helps to understand the changes in ecosystems and their driving factors, and is of great significance for the government to guide regional ecological environment management, achieve ecological protection and socio-economic coordinated development. Based on long-term multi-source satellite remote sensing data, a land ecological environment status index (LESI) evaluation model was constructed by coupling five indicators including greenness, heat, humidity, dryness, and air pollution using covariance principal component analysis. Four strategies, including Augmented Dickey Fuller (ADF) test, Biplot biplot, correlation analysis, and cross validation, were used to demonstrate the good stationarity, rationality, comprehensive representativeness, and regional adaptability of the model. On this basis, the spatio-temporal characteristics and evolution patterns of the land eco-environment status (LES) in the the Taihu Lake Basin from 2001 to 2021 were assessed, the driving factors of LES changes were discussed, and the contributions of climate change and human activities were quantified. The results show that the eco-environment quality of the the Taihu Lake Basin is declining first and then stable. The average annual LESI decreases significantly from 0.639 in 2001 to 0.523 in 2009 (-18.2%), and then tends to be stable. The spatial-temporal variation of LESI in Taihu Lake Basin is obviously different. The area where the ecological environment quality remains stable or improved (68.8%) is significantly larger than the area where the ecological environment quality is declining (31.2%), of which Hangzhou and Huzhou have the best eco-environment quality and remain stable. Shanghai and Suzhou are relatively poor and have significant fluctuations. The contributions of temperature, precipitation and night light to LESI are 0.03, 0.19 and 0.78, respectively, indicating that the eco-environment changes in the the Taihu Lake basin in recent 21 years are mainly dominated by human activities, while only some forest mountain areas and wetland areas are affected by climate change. The LESI model established in the study can effectively monitor and quantitatively evaluate changes in the eco-environment, providing scientific support for the government to formulate ecological environment protection policies and promote high-quality development.

, correspAuthors=Xiao-chun LUO, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Xin HANG, Shi-hua ZHU, Xin-yi LI, Liang-xiao SUN, Xiao-chun LUO, Ya-chun LI, Yue ZHANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1156908431136350538, articleId=1156908297187058536, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=CN, title=太湖流域近二十年生态环境状况变化特征及驱动因素分析, columnId=1156262730140078420, journalTitle=科学技术与工程, columnName=论文·环境科学、安全科学, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

陆地生态环境状况的量化监测和评估有助于理解生态系统的变化及其驱动因素,对政府指导区域生态环境管理,实现生态保护和社会经济协同发展具有重要意义。基于长时序多源卫星遥感数据,利用协方差主成分分析法耦合绿度、热度、湿度、干度和空气污染度5个指标,构建了陆地生态环境状况指数评价模型(land eco-environment status index,LESI),采用augmented Dickey-Fuller(ADF)检验、Biplot双标图、相关分析和交叉验证等4种策略证明了该模型具有良好的平稳性、合理性、综合代表性和区域适应性;在此基础上评估了2001—2021年太湖流域生态环境状况(land eco-environment status, LES)时空特征和演变规律,探讨了LES变化的驱动因素,量化了气候变化和人类活动的贡献,结果表明:太湖流域生态环境质量呈先下降后平稳的态势,年均LESI从2001年的0.639显著下降至2009年的0.523(-18.2%),随后趋于稳定;太湖流域LESI时空变化差异明显,生态环境质量保持稳定或改善的区域(68.8%)明显大于下降的区域(31.2%),其中杭州和湖州生态环境质量最好,且保持稳定,上海和苏州相对偏差,且波动较大;气温、降水和夜间灯光对LESI的贡献度分别为0.03、0.19和0.78,表明近20年太湖流域的生态环境变化主要受人类活动主导,而只有部分森林山区和湿地区域受气候变化影响。所建立的LESI模型可以有效地监测和定量评估生态环境状况的变化,为政府制定生态环境保护政策、促进高质量发展提供科学支撑。

, correspAuthors=罗晓春, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 罗晓春(1970—),男,汉族,江苏南通人,研究员级高级工程师。研究方向:应用气象。E-mail:
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杭鑫(1990—),男,汉族,江苏泰州人,硕士,副研究员。研究方向:生态气象与卫星遥感。E-mail:

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杭鑫(1990—),男,汉族,江苏泰州人,硕士,副研究员。研究方向:生态气象与卫星遥感。E-mail:

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Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 2020, 31(1): 219-229., articleTitle=Ecological quality assessment and the impact of urbanization based on RSEI model for Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1205909328729534793, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908297187058536, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=40, issue=4, pageStart=1154, pageEnd=1165, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[43], rfOrder=57, authorNames=李婷婷, 马超, journalName=生态学杂志, refType=null, unstructuredReference=李婷婷, 马超. 基于RSEI模型的贺兰山长时序生态质量评价及影响因素分析[J]. 生态学杂志, 2021, 40(4): 1154-1165., articleTitle=基于RSEI模型的贺兰山长时序生态质量评价及影响因素分析, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1205909328792449354, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908297187058536, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=40, issue=4, pageStart=1154, pageEnd=1165, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[43], rfOrder=58, authorNames=Li Tingting, Ma Chao, journalName=Chinese Journal of Ecology, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Li Tingting, Ma Chao. Ecological quality evaluation and influencing factors analysis of Helan Mountain based on RSEI[J]. Chinese Journal of Ecology, 2021, 40(4): 1154-1165., articleTitle=Ecological quality evaluation and influencing factors analysis of Helan Mountain based on RSEI, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1205909328846975307, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908297187058536, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=814, issue=null, pageStart=152595, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[44], rfOrder=59, authorNames=Zheng Z, Wu Z, Chen Y, journalName=Science of the Total Environment, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Zheng Z, Wu Z, Chen Y, et al. Instability of remote sensing based ecological index (RSEI) and its improvement for time series analysis[J]. 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tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908297187058536, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Contribution rate of PC1 in the Taihu Lake Basin during 2001 and 2021, figureFileSmall=XalWs7zYJoenQLFOhdSYLQ==, figureFileBig=JMj58zkvkx+sKf+LDVOqag==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1205909320772940019, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908297187058536, language=CN, label=图2, caption=2001—2021年太湖流域PC1的贡献率, figureFileSmall=XalWs7zYJoenQLFOhdSYLQ==, figureFileBig=JMj58zkvkx+sKf+LDVOqag==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1205909320827465972, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908297187058536, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=CPCA Biplots of LESI with 4-year intervals from 2001 to 2021, figureFileSmall=TrzXNs1229JmmEBk/OzZ5A==, figureFileBig=wR+wEzWJPwxMp/kshGS2GA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1205909320886186229, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908297187058536, language=CN, label=图3, caption=2001—2021年间隔4年的LESI CPCA双标图, figureFileSmall=TrzXNs1229JmmEBk/OzZ5A==, figureFileBig=wR+wEzWJPwxMp/kshGS2GA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1205909320936517878, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908297187058536, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Correlation coefficient of the LESI and five subindicators used for model suitability testing, figureFileSmall=M7UuSvLpPAUazq/PxB19rA==, figureFileBig=TKm270/mBi5Z4LYtEc6h6A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1205909320999432439, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908297187058536, language=CN, label=图4, caption=LESI的和5个分指标的相关性分析, figureFileSmall=M7UuSvLpPAUazq/PxB19rA==, figureFileBig=TKm270/mBi5Z4LYtEc6h6A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1205909321083318520, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908297187058536, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Cross-validation results for the RSEI and the LESI using the converted EI data, figureFileSmall=CxtwR37NbCRtCM7tUbkmbw==, figureFileBig=mpYB4B5cc0aHPZONd1oiHg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1205909321137844473, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908297187058536, language=CN, label=图5, caption=EI与RSEI和LESI交叉验证结果, figureFileSmall=CxtwR37NbCRtCM7tUbkmbw==, figureFileBig=mpYB4B5cc0aHPZONd1oiHg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1205909321196564730, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908297187058536, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Spatial variation of LESI in Taihu Lake Basin during 2001 and 2021, figureFileSmall=L3dsPl5Td2N9WklMTvFKog==, figureFileBig=ByL+/yOu61HCwJhHZ8NvSA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1205909321251090683, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908297187058536, language=CN, label=图6, caption=2001—2021年间隔4年的太湖流域LESI空间变化图, figureFileSmall=L3dsPl5Td2N9WklMTvFKog==, figureFileBig=ByL+/yOu61HCwJhHZ8NvSA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1205909321318199548, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908297187058536, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Area statistics of different LESI quality levels in Taihu Lake Basin and the LESI annual average value during 2001 and 2021, figureFileSmall=ifKXdlupTwPT+RoJd5OurQ==, figureFileBig=VHHHNhZa/3s87PkutIGGgw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1205909321444028669, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908297187058536, language=CN, label=图7, caption=2001—2021年太湖流域LESI不同等级面积统计和逐年均值, figureFileSmall=ifKXdlupTwPT+RoJd5OurQ==, figureFileBig=VHHHNhZa/3s87PkutIGGgw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1205909321498554622, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908297187058536, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=LESI changes of the 8 major cities in Taihu Lake Basin from 2001 to 2021, figureFileSmall=kFf+9byOfaldYemlwMNjCw==, figureFileBig=XMhwjNsaM0cdGtM2c1f28g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1205909321553080575, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908297187058536, language=CN, label=图8, caption=2001—2021年太湖流域8个主要城市LESI变化情况, figureFileSmall=kFf+9byOfaldYemlwMNjCw==, figureFileBig=XMhwjNsaM0cdGtM2c1f28g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1205909321620189440, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908297187058536, language=EN, label=Fig.9, caption=Spatiotemporal variation trends of the LESI at the 0.05 significance level, figureFileSmall=JNB0eMkBQWWAFtDeR6bokA==, figureFileBig=Vkhj0LdH4AqmTP6BEBRcDw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1205909321683104001, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908297187058536, language=CN, label=图9, caption=LESI在0.05显著性水平上的时空变化趋势, figureFileSmall=JNB0eMkBQWWAFtDeR6bokA==, figureFileBig=Vkhj0LdH4AqmTP6BEBRcDw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1205909321762795778, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908297187058536, language=EN, label=Fig.10, caption=Spatial distribution of correlation coefficient values between TEMP, PRCP, NTL, and the LESI,together with the corresponding regions that passed the significance test (P < 0.05), figureFileSmall=eW+NdKUYy/HtZO68MHyHSQ==, figureFileBig=IthbcqCZPbPNaW87W9iW/w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1205909321838293251, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908297187058536, language=CN, label=图10, caption=TEMP、PRCP、NTL和LESI之间的相关系数值的空间分布和通过显著性检验的区域(P<0.05), figureFileSmall=eW+NdKUYy/HtZO68MHyHSQ==, figureFileBig=IthbcqCZPbPNaW87W9iW/w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1205909321897013508, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908297187058536, language=EN, label=Fig.11, caption=Contribution degree of TEMP,PRCP, and NTL to the LESI, figureFileSmall=BiNkp9IhLQ/PdqIdSx4yRg==, figureFileBig=Yibi9fPyrzaEUQBLgpkejw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1205909321955733765, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908297187058536, language=CN, label=图11, caption=TEMP、PRCP和NTL对LESI的贡献度, figureFileSmall=BiNkp9IhLQ/PdqIdSx4yRg==, figureFileBig=Yibi9fPyrzaEUQBLgpkejw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1205909322022842630, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908297187058536, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

List of data sources

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
数据名 空间/时间分辨率 时间粒度 数据来源
MOD09A1 V6 500 m/8 d 2001—2022年 EOS/MODIS
MOD11A2 V6 1 km/8 d 2001—2022年 EOS/MODIS
MCD19A2 V6 1 km/8 d 2001—2022年 EOS/MODIS
夜间灯光(NTL) 500 m,1 km/a 2001—2022年 DMSP/OLS, NPP-VIIRS
气温(TEMP) 2001—2021年 江苏、浙江和上海市气象局
降水(PRCP) 2001—2021年 江苏、浙江和上海市气象局
EI指数 县域/a 2015—2021年 江苏省生态环境厅
), ArticleFig(id=1205909322085757191, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908297187058536, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

数据源清单

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
数据名 空间/时间分辨率 时间粒度 数据来源
MOD09A1 V6 500 m/8 d 2001—2022年 EOS/MODIS
MOD11A2 V6 1 km/8 d 2001—2022年 EOS/MODIS
MCD19A2 V6 1 km/8 d 2001—2022年 EOS/MODIS
夜间灯光(NTL) 500 m,1 km/a 2001—2022年 DMSP/OLS, NPP-VIIRS
气温(TEMP) 2001—2021年 江苏、浙江和上海市气象局
降水(PRCP) 2001—2021年 江苏、浙江和上海市气象局
EI指数 县域/a 2015—2021年 江苏省生态环境厅
), ArticleFig(id=1205909322157060360, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908297187058536, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Detailed calculation methods for 5 indicators

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标 计算方法 参考文献
NDVI(绿度) NDVI=(ρNir-ρRed)/(ρNir-ρRed) [29]
WET(湿度) WET=0.114 7ρRed+0.248 9ρNir+0.240 8ρBlue+
0.313 2ρGreen-0.312 2ρSwir1-0.641 6ρSwir2-0.508 7ρSwir3
[30]
LST(热度) LST=0.02DN-273.15 [31]
NDBSI(干度) NDBSI=(IBI+SI)/2 [9]
IBI= 2 ρ S w i r 1 ρ S w i r 1 + ρ N i r - ρ N i r ρ N i r + ρ R e d + ρ G r e e n ρ G r e e n + ρ S w i r 1 2 ρ S w i r 1 ρ S w i r 1 + ρ N i r + ρ N i r ρ N i r + ρ R e d + ρ G r e e n ρ G r e e n + ρ S w i r 1 [32]
SI= ( ρ S w i r 1 + ρ R e d ) - ( ρ N i r 1 + ρ B l u e ) ( ρ S w i r 1 + ρ R e d ) + ( ρ N i r 1 + ρ B l u e ) [33]
AOD(空气污染度) 多角度大气校正(multi-angle implementation of atmospheric correction,MAIAC) [34]
), ArticleFig(id=1205909322219974921, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908297187058536, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

5个指标的详细计算方法

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标 计算方法 参考文献
NDVI(绿度) NDVI=(ρNir-ρRed)/(ρNir-ρRed) [29]
WET(湿度) WET=0.114 7ρRed+0.248 9ρNir+0.240 8ρBlue+
0.313 2ρGreen-0.312 2ρSwir1-0.641 6ρSwir2-0.508 7ρSwir3
[30]
LST(热度) LST=0.02DN-273.15 [31]
NDBSI(干度) NDBSI=(IBI+SI)/2 [9]
IBI= 2 ρ S w i r 1 ρ S w i r 1 + ρ N i r - ρ N i r ρ N i r + ρ R e d + ρ G r e e n ρ G r e e n + ρ S w i r 1 2 ρ S w i r 1 ρ S w i r 1 + ρ N i r + ρ N i r ρ N i r + ρ R e d + ρ G r e e n ρ G r e e n + ρ S w i r 1 [32]
SI= ( ρ S w i r 1 + ρ R e d ) - ( ρ N i r 1 + ρ B l u e ) ( ρ S w i r 1 + ρ R e d ) + ( ρ N i r 1 + ρ B l u e ) [33]
AOD(空气污染度) 多角度大气校正(multi-angle implementation of atmospheric correction,MAIAC) [34]
), ArticleFig(id=1205909323373408522, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908297187058536, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

ADF test results of PC1 contribution rate time series

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目 t P
ADF检验结果 -3.894 326 0.008 3
1%水平 -3.808 546
5%水平 -3.020 686
10%水平 -2.650 413
), ArticleFig(id=1205909323465683211, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908297187058536, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

PC1贡献率时间序列ADF检验结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目 t P
ADF检验结果 -3.894 326 0.008 3
1%水平 -3.808 546
5%水平 -3.020 686
10%水平 -2.650 413
), ArticleFig(id=1205909323520209164, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908297187058536, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Statistical significance levels for the variation trends of the LESI from 2001 to 2021

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
βLESI Z LESI变化趋势
≥0.05 ≥1.96 显著改善
≥0.05 -1.96~1.96 轻微改善
-0.05~0.05 -1.96~1.96 保持稳定
<0.05 -1.96~1.96 轻微下降
<0.05 <1.96 显著下降
), ArticleFig(id=1205909323574735117, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908297187058536, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

2001—2021年LESI变化趋势的统计显著性水平

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
βLESI Z LESI变化趋势
≥0.05 ≥1.96 显著改善
≥0.05 -1.96~1.96 轻微改善
-0.05~0.05 -1.96~1.96 保持稳定
<0.05 -1.96~1.96 轻微下降
<0.05 <1.96 显著下降
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太湖流域近二十年生态环境状况变化特征及驱动因素分析
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杭鑫 1 , 朱士华 1 , 李心怡 2 , 孙良宵 1 , 罗晓春 3, * , 李亚春 1 , 张悦 4
科学技术与工程 | 论文·环境科学、安全科学 2025,25(1): 416-429
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科学技术与工程 | 论文·环境科学、安全科学 2025, 25(1): 416-429
太湖流域近二十年生态环境状况变化特征及驱动因素分析
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杭鑫1 , 朱士华1, 李心怡2, 孙良宵1, 罗晓春3, * , 李亚春1, 张悦4
作者信息
  • 1.江苏省气候中心, 南京 210019
  • 2.南京气象科技创新研究院, 南京 210019
  • 3.江苏省气象服务中心, 南京 210019
  • 4.江苏省环境监测中心, 南京 210019
  • 杭鑫(1990—),男,汉族,江苏泰州人,硕士,副研究员。研究方向:生态气象与卫星遥感。E-mail:

通讯作者:

* 罗晓春(1970—),男,汉族,江苏南通人,研究员级高级工程师。研究方向:应用气象。E-mail:
Analysis on the Change Characteristics and Driving Factors of Eco-environment Status in Taihu Lake Basin in Recent 20 Years
Xin HANG1 , Shi-hua ZHU1, Xin-yi LI2, Liang-xiao SUN1, Xiao-chun LUO3, * , Ya-chun LI1, Yue ZHANG4
Affiliations
  • 1. Jiangsu Climate Center, Nanjing 210019, China
  • 2. Nanjing Joint Institute for Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing 210019, China
  • 3. Jiangsu Meteorological Service Center, Nanjing 210019, China
  • 4. Jiangsu Environmental Monitoring Center, Nanjing 210019, China
出版时间: 2025-01-08 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2308905
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陆地生态环境状况的量化监测和评估有助于理解生态系统的变化及其驱动因素,对政府指导区域生态环境管理,实现生态保护和社会经济协同发展具有重要意义。基于长时序多源卫星遥感数据,利用协方差主成分分析法耦合绿度、热度、湿度、干度和空气污染度5个指标,构建了陆地生态环境状况指数评价模型(land eco-environment status index,LESI),采用augmented Dickey-Fuller(ADF)检验、Biplot双标图、相关分析和交叉验证等4种策略证明了该模型具有良好的平稳性、合理性、综合代表性和区域适应性;在此基础上评估了2001—2021年太湖流域生态环境状况(land eco-environment status, LES)时空特征和演变规律,探讨了LES变化的驱动因素,量化了气候变化和人类活动的贡献,结果表明:太湖流域生态环境质量呈先下降后平稳的态势,年均LESI从2001年的0.639显著下降至2009年的0.523(-18.2%),随后趋于稳定;太湖流域LESI时空变化差异明显,生态环境质量保持稳定或改善的区域(68.8%)明显大于下降的区域(31.2%),其中杭州和湖州生态环境质量最好,且保持稳定,上海和苏州相对偏差,且波动较大;气温、降水和夜间灯光对LESI的贡献度分别为0.03、0.19和0.78,表明近20年太湖流域的生态环境变化主要受人类活动主导,而只有部分森林山区和湿地区域受气候变化影响。所建立的LESI模型可以有效地监测和定量评估生态环境状况的变化,为政府制定生态环境保护政策、促进高质量发展提供科学支撑。

生态环境  /  遥感  /  LESI  /  太湖流域

The quantitative monitoring and evaluation of the terrestrial ecological environment status helps to understand the changes in ecosystems and their driving factors, and is of great significance for the government to guide regional ecological environment management, achieve ecological protection and socio-economic coordinated development. Based on long-term multi-source satellite remote sensing data, a land ecological environment status index (LESI) evaluation model was constructed by coupling five indicators including greenness, heat, humidity, dryness, and air pollution using covariance principal component analysis. Four strategies, including Augmented Dickey Fuller (ADF) test, Biplot biplot, correlation analysis, and cross validation, were used to demonstrate the good stationarity, rationality, comprehensive representativeness, and regional adaptability of the model. On this basis, the spatio-temporal characteristics and evolution patterns of the land eco-environment status (LES) in the the Taihu Lake Basin from 2001 to 2021 were assessed, the driving factors of LES changes were discussed, and the contributions of climate change and human activities were quantified. The results show that the eco-environment quality of the the Taihu Lake Basin is declining first and then stable. The average annual LESI decreases significantly from 0.639 in 2001 to 0.523 in 2009 (-18.2%), and then tends to be stable. The spatial-temporal variation of LESI in Taihu Lake Basin is obviously different. The area where the ecological environment quality remains stable or improved (68.8%) is significantly larger than the area where the ecological environment quality is declining (31.2%), of which Hangzhou and Huzhou have the best eco-environment quality and remain stable. Shanghai and Suzhou are relatively poor and have significant fluctuations. The contributions of temperature, precipitation and night light to LESI are 0.03, 0.19 and 0.78, respectively, indicating that the eco-environment changes in the the Taihu Lake basin in recent 21 years are mainly dominated by human activities, while only some forest mountain areas and wetland areas are affected by climate change. The LESI model established in the study can effectively monitor and quantitatively evaluate changes in the eco-environment, providing scientific support for the government to formulate ecological environment protection policies and promote high-quality development.

eco-environment  /  remote sensing  /  LESI  /  Taihu Lake Basin
杭鑫, 朱士华, 李心怡, 孙良宵, 罗晓春, 李亚春, 张悦. 太湖流域近二十年生态环境状况变化特征及驱动因素分析. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (1) : 416 -429 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2308905
Xin HANG, Shi-hua ZHU, Xin-yi LI, Liang-xiao SUN, Xiao-chun LUO, Ya-chun LI, Yue ZHANG. Analysis on the Change Characteristics and Driving Factors of Eco-environment Status in Taihu Lake Basin in Recent 20 Years[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (1) : 416 -429 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2308905
高质量发展是全面建设社会主义现代化国家的首要任务,而高品质生态环境是高质量发展的内在要求,因此快速监测和定量评估陆地生态环境状况(land eco-environment status, LES),可以为政府制定生态环境保护政策、促进高质量发展提供科学支撑。
LES的量化对于监测和评估生态系统状态和可持续性至关重要。然而,LES与环境因素之间存在复杂的关系,因此LES的量化始终是一个挑战。近年来,许多学者尝试利用层次分析法、压力-状态-响应模型、相关分析法、综合评价法、绝对指数法(或相对指数法)等[1]来构建LES评价模型,但这些模型的应用受到专家知识和经验的高度影响,评估指标体系中涉及的因子难以有效获取和量化,使得生态环境状况评估存在一定的问题。
卫星遥感技术的快速发展使其成为在LES监测领域有效且重要的技术手段[2-3]。目前,学者们已经创建了各种遥感指数来量化LES,其中归一化差异植被指数(normalized difference vegetation index, NDVI)是许多生态研究中使用最广泛的单一指标[4],它在评估森林[5]、草原[6]、农田[7]、湿地[8]和其他生态系统生态质量的研究中发挥了重要作用。此外,还有其他一些单一指标,如地表温度(land surface temperature, LST)和不透水面指数(impervious surface index, ISI)[2]通常用于评估城市生态系统的LES。以上指标可以很好地解释生态系统某一方面的生态特征,但复杂的生态系统受到多种因素的影响,单一的生态指标并不能全面准确地反映整个生态系统,也不能用来客观评价生态环境的变化。特别是对于由城市区域、丘陵、农田、林地、湿地和其他不同生态类型组成的复杂城市群生态系统,需要对其进行全面客观的评价。
遥感生态指数(remote sensing ecological index, RSEI)是一种基于遥感指标的综合生态指数,它综合考虑了反映生态系统绿度、热度、干度和湿度等4个方面的因素,与单一指数相比,它更客观、更全面[9]。近年来,许多研究使用RSEI来评估城市地区的生态状况,如福州[10]、雄安新区[11]、厦门和金门群岛[12]以及上海和纽约[13]等。但大多数此类研究均使用Landsat卫星资料来计算RSEI,以评估单个城市或较小区域的生态环境[14]。然而Landsat卫星幅宽很窄,很难在16 d的重访周期内获得连续的高质量图像,而MODIS影像覆盖范围广,重访周期短,可用于大面积LES的连续动态评估,近年来此类数据的使用开始逐渐增加[15]
RSEI扩大了基于遥感观测LES评估的应用范围,可以支持区域生态环境保护和可持续发展目标。但是RSEI应用仍有一些不确定性,例如RSEI通常应用于具有相对“良好”的自然条件的环境,对于生态条件更极端的地区,如土地退化地区等,RESI的应用很少,其评估结果被认为是不稳定的[16]。此外,RSEI只考虑了4个反映地表特征的指标(即植被状况、土壤湿度、建筑面积和地表温度),忽略了空气质量对LES的影响。研究表明,空气污染对陆地生态系统许多方面(如土壤、水和森林)都产生了重大影响[17]。随着近年来中国的快速工业化,空气污染已成为一个严重的环境问题,其对社会、经济和生态方面的影响引起了人们越来越多的关注[18]。而在太湖流域等经济发达地区,空气污染已成为最不利于生态环境的因素之一[19]。2015年,生态环境部发布的《生态环境状况技术评价规范》(HJ 192—2015)将空气质量作为污染负荷指数纳入生态环境状况指数(ecological index,EI)的计算体系,因此,用未考虑空气污染的RSEI来评估生态环境质量可能并不全面。
许多研究表明,大气中高浓度细颗粒(PM2.5)和粗颗粒(PM10)已经成为中国环境污染的主要原因[20]。特别是长江三角洲地区,PM2.5往往是首要污染物[18]。中国目前空气质量地面监测站点已经达到了近5 000个,虽然PM2.5的地面测量精度很高,但仅有的地面监测站点在全国范围来看,空间覆盖密度仍显稀疏。卫星反演的气溶胶光学厚度(aerosol optical depth,AOD)产品,具有覆盖范围广和空间连续等优势,已经被广泛应用于计算近地表PM2.5[21-22]。因此,AOD可以作为LES评估中空气污染的量化指标。
太湖流域是中国经济最发达、人口最密集的区域之一。随着经济的快速发展和城镇化的不断推进,区域内人类活动强度持续上升,太湖流域生态环境压力日益增大,主要表现为建设用地的扩张[23]、热岛效应的加剧[24]、空气污染[25]和太湖蓝藻水华频发重发[26-27]。2019年中共中央、国务院印发了《长江三角洲区域一体化发展规划纲要》明确指出要强化生态环境共保联治,2022年国家发展改革委、自然资源部等六部门印发了新一轮《太湖流域水环境综合治理总体方案》,定位太湖是“长三角高质量发展的重要生态支撑”,表明环境保护和生态建设不仅是太湖流域融入国家发展战略的重要内容,也是更高质量协调发展的必要保证。鉴于此,考虑到现有的常用指标在LES建模中的缺点和弱点,现以太湖流域为研究区,在RSEI基础上,引入空气污染度指标,构建一种基于MODIS数据的陆地生态环境状况遥感指数评价模型(LESI),利用该模型评估近21年太湖流域LES时空特征和演变规律,并探讨气候变化和人类活动对LES的影响,以期为政府生态文明建设和生态环境保护政策制定提供科学依据。
太湖流域是中国经济最发达、人口最集中、财富最密集、商贸最活跃的区域,也是“一带一路”和长江经济带的重要组成部分,在国家经济社会发展中具有重要的战略地位。太湖流域位于中国东部沿海地区,以太湖为中心,地处长江三角洲的南翼,北抵长江,东临东海,南滨钱塘江,西以天目山、茅山为界。流域总面积约36 900 km2,行政区划分属江苏、浙江、上海和安徽三省一市,包括上海、苏州、无锡、常州、镇江、嘉兴、湖州和杭州等8个主要城市(图1)。
使用MOD09A1 V6、MOD11A2 V6和MCD19A2 V6三种MODIS产品来计算LESI;采用DMSP/OLS和NPP-VIIRS的夜间灯光(nighttime light,NTL)数据来表征人类活动的强度;用长序列江苏、浙江和上海35个国家基本站的月平均气温和月累计降水表征气候变化指标;用江苏省生态环境厅提供的EI指数作为LESI的精度验证指标,具体数据参数清单如表1所示。
徐涵秋[9]提出的RSEI模型集成了人体最容易感知的4个生态元素,即绿度、湿度、干度和热度,其中绿度指标选取最广泛应用的归一化植被指数(NDVI)来表征,湿度指标用缨帽变换后第三个成分湿度(wetness,WET)来表征,热度指标用地表温度(LST)来表征,干度指标用建筑和土壤指数(normalized difference built-up and soil index,NDBSI)来表征。由于RSEI指数明是生态指数,而不是生态环境指数[28],因此,提出将代表大气环境的空气污染指标与上述4个生态指标相结合,构建一个新型LESI模型,可以更准确地评价生态环境状况。
RSEI=f(NDVI,WET,LST,NDBSI)
LESI模型可以写成式(2)的形式为
LESI=f(NDVI,WET,LST,NDBSI,AOD)
其中5个指标的详细计算方法如表2所示。
进一步使用基于协方差矩阵的分类主成分分析(classification principal component analysis,CPCA)耦合上述得到的NDVI、WET、LST、NDBSI和AOD指标从而构建LESI模型。然而,由于这5个指标量纲不统一,如果将这5个指标直接用CPCA方法来计算主成分分量,可能会使各个指标的权重失衡,有必要利用式(3)对各指标进行归一化处理。通常用第一主成分(PC1)来构建初始LES I 0 28,进行正负转置,并进行归一化处理,最终获得LESI。
Indexi= I i - I M i n I M a x - I M i n
LESI0=1-PC1(NDVI,WET,LST,NDBSI,AOD),
LESI= L E S I 0 i - L E S I M i n L E S I M a x - L E S I M i n
式中:Indexi为5个指标归一化的结果;Ii为每个指标第i个像元值;IMax为每个指标的最大值;IMin为每个指标的最小值;LESI0i为第i个LESI0像元值;LESIMax为最大的LESI0值;LESIMin为最小的LESI0值。
值得注意的是,通常在分析单个图像的LESI空间分布时,仅需要对每个生态指标按照式(3)进行空间全局归一化处理,但在LESI时间序列分析时,还需要对所有生态指标进行时间全局归一化处理,即在时序向选取各生态指标的全局最大值和最小值按照式(3)进行归一化处理,以使时间序列结果具有可比性,以往的研究大都忽略了这一点。
采用Theil-Sen中值趋势分析和Mann-Kendall(MK)检验来检测每个像元在年际尺度上的显著变化。Theil-Sen中值趋势分析法也称Sen斜率估计,是一种稳健的非参数统计趋势计算方法,该方法对测量误差和异常值不敏感,经常用于分析长序列数据的趋势变化[35]。MK检验是一种用于确定时间序列趋势显著性的非参数方法,它不要求数据服从正态分布,且不受异常值的干扰[36]
Theil-Sen中值趋势分析法具体计算方法为
β=Median L E S I j - L E S I i j - i,∀j>i,2001<i<j<2021
式(6)中:LESIi和LESIj分别为第i年和第j年的LESI的像元值。当β>0,表示LESI为增加趋势,反之为下降趋势。
MK检验具体计算方法如下。
Z= S V a r ( S ) , S 0 0 , S = 0 S + 1 V a r ( S ) , S 0
S= i = 1 n - 1 j = i + 1 n sgn(LESIj-LESIi)
sgn(LESIj-LESIi) + 1 , L E S I j - L E S I i 0 0 , L E S I j - L E S I i = 0 - 1 , L E S I j - L E S I i 0
Var(S)= n ( n - 1 ) ( 2 n + 5 ) 18
式中:Z为LESI趋势的显著性统计值;sgn为符号函数;n为时间序列的长度。将显著性水平设定为0.05, Z Z 0.05 2=1.96则表明LESI发生显著变化。
采用4种策略来评估LESI模型的性能。由于难以获得大规模的实地测量数据,直接评估LESI模型的性能始终是一个挑战,因此,考虑使用建立LESI模型时的过程参数,从其合理性和稳定性的角度对LESI模型的性能进行间接评估,从以下几个方面对模型性能进行了评估。
(1)评估PC1贡献率在时间序列中的平稳性。众所周知,当使用CPCA方法建立LESI时,某一年的PC1的贡献率只能代表该年CPCA结果的有效性。如果长时间序列的PC1贡献率能够保持在合理范围内稳定波动,那么则可以认为该模型是稳定的。使用计量经济学领域常用的augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF)检验方法[37]定量评估PC1贡献率在时间序列中的稳定性,从而证明LESI模型的平稳性。
(2)评估5个指标的载荷方向在时间序列中是否稳定一致。使用能融合多变量数据最大信息量的双标图Biplot[38]来评估指标的载荷方向在时间序列中是否稳定。将某一年进行CPCA后的5个指标PC1和PC2的载荷值,以及随机选取的LESI像元值融合在一个二维平面上以绘制当年的双标图,同样的方法共获得其余年份的双标图,在此基础上分析每个指标载荷方向的合理性。
(3)计算LESI和每个生态指标之间的相关系数。许多研究已经证实,LESI和各分指标之间的高相关性可以表明这些指标在LESI建模中的高性能[9,16,39]
(4)将EI作为真值,分别与LESI和RSEI进行交叉验证。为了确保真实性检验的合理性,用于交叉验证的LESI、RSEI和EI值应在时间和空间尺度上保持一致,交叉验证的准确性评估指标主要使用R2、偏差(Bias)、均方根误差(RMSE)和平均绝对误差(MAPE)等。
DMSP/OLS的NTL数据仅在1992—2013年可用,其空间分辨率为1 km,时间分辨率为年。作为DMSP/OLS的继任计划,NPP-VIIRS具有更高的NTL数据质量和更高的空间分辨率(500 m),但它的时间序列较短,仅能获取2012年4月以来的月合成数据,而NPP-VIIRS NTL的年合成数据仅覆盖了2015年和2016年。由于这两组NTL数据存在着不一致性和不可比性,因此不能直接一起使用。为了获得稳定、可靠、连续的长时间序列NTL数据,使用文献[40]提出的方法对这两种数据类型进行了校正和拟合,并生成了2001—2021年的连续NTL年度数据集,其空间分辨率统一重采样到1 km。
探索气温(TEMP)、降水量(PRCP)和夜间灯光(NTL)对LES变化的贡献,对于加深理解LES变化及其对气候变化和人类活动的响应非常重要。采用像元尺度的多元回归方法[41],基于标准化回归系数的绝对值来量化TEMP、PRCP和NTL对LES变化的贡献。贡献度具体计算方法如下。
Y=a0+a1X1+a2X2+a3X3
Cj=aj( S X j/SY)
式中:Y为LESI;aj由最小二乘法计算得到;Xj为各个指标(TEMP、PRCP和NTL)21 a的样本值; S X j为各指标的标准差;SY为LESI的标准差;Cj为各指标的标准化回归系数。
图2显示了2001—2021年经CPCA后得到的PC1贡献率的值。可以看出,PC1的贡献率在均值线上下波动,PC1最大值出现在2001年,为68%,最小为48%,出现在2005年,平均值为57%,标准差为5%,结果表明PC1的贡献率在时间序列上似乎是稳定的。
进一步采用ADF检验方法来定量评估PC1贡献率在时间序列上的平稳性。通过Eviews平台来实现ADF检验,主要的参数设置包括“Test for unit root in”“Exogenous parameter”和“Lag length”等,分别选择“Original Level”“Constant”和“Akaike information criterion”。表3给出了PC1贡献率时间序列的ADF检验结果,可以看出,ADF检验的t为-3.894 326,1%、5%和10%水平的测试临界值分别为-3.808 546、-3.020 686和-2.650 413,很明显,t的绝对值大于这3个水平下测试临界值的绝对值,表明在这3个水平下,原始假设被拒绝,PC1贡献率时间序列通过了平稳性检验。此外,P为0.008 3,表明拒绝原假设犯错误的概率仅为0.008 3,这是一个几乎可以忽略不计的数值,进一步证实了贡献率的时间序列是平稳的,因此,可以认为LESI模型是稳定的。
用双标图Biplot来分析NDVI、WET、LST、NDBSI和AOD的载荷方向的合理性。图3为2001—2021年间隔4年的LESI的CPCA双标图Biplot,可以看出2017年和2021年,NDVI和WET的载荷方向为正,说明NDVI和WET在影响生态平衡中起正面作用,而NDBSI、LST和AOD的载荷方向为负,说明 NDBSI、LST和AOD对生态环境有负面影响,这均与实际情况相符[9,42]。而NDVI和WET的载荷方向在2001年、2005年、2009年和2013年为负,NDBSI、LST和AOD的载荷方向为正,虽然这四年中的五个指标的载荷方向与2017年和2021年相反,可以使用“1-PC1”处理来使其载荷方向与2017年和2021年的方向一致。因此,从这些Biplots中展示的规律,可以总结出,这5个指标的载荷方向只要符合以下分布模式即可认为是合理的。
模式1 NDVI和WET的载荷方向均为正或负。
模式2 NDBSI、LST和AOD的载荷方向均为正或负。
模式3 模式1中指标的载荷方向与模式2中的载荷方向相反。
从每年的CPCA双标图(包括未给出的年份)可以看出,5个指标的荷载方向分布符合该模式,由此证明了LESI模型的合理性。
LESI的综合代表性可以通过其与各生态指标的相关性来评估。首先创建一个3 km×3 km的单位网格来遍历每幅影像,以2001年为例,基于每幅影像的365个随机样本,提取NDVI、WET、NDBSI、LST、AOD和LESI的值,然后进行相关性分析,获得这5个指标和LESI的相关系数,同样的方法可以获得剩余20年的相关系数值,最后对这21年的相关系数值求平均,获得总的相关系数矩阵[图4(a)]。
根据LESI和5个分指标之间的相关系数矩阵[图4(a)],除了WET(0.41)和AOD(-0.59)外,LESI与NDVI、NDBSI和LST呈密切相关,相关系数分别为0.92、-0.91和-0.84。参考徐涵秋[9]的做法,进一步计算了指标的平均相关度(相关系数的平均绝对值),如图4(b)所示,在5个分指标中,NDBSI的平均相关度(0.58)最高,WET(0.27)最低,而LESI(0.73)的平均相关度显著高于所有5个分指标,其平均相关度分别比NDVI、WET、NDBSI、LST和AOD高了24.7%、63.0%、20.5%、27.4%和52.1%。这表明,与单个指标相比,LESI更有效地综合了每个变量的信息,更能代表整个太湖流域的生态环境质量。
计算了太湖流域每个区县级研究区的LESI和RSEI,分别与EI指数比较,评估其区域适应性。首先使用2.1节中的方法计算LESI,并使用徐涵秋[9]提出的方法计算RSEI,其次,由于EI值通常以百分制形式公布,因此在比较之前需要进行转换,将EI除以100,最后RSEI和LESI与EI的交叉验证结果如图5所示。可以发现,LESI的准确度明显比RSEI高,LESI的R2为0.674,比RSEI的0.437高约54%。此外,从1∶1线还可以发现,RSEI和LESI虽然都被低估了,但RSEI被低估更多,Bias为0.085,而LESI模型改善了低估现象,低估程度(Bias)从0.085降至0.079。这表明LESI模型在监测生态环境质量方面比RSEI模型更准确,因此,利用LESI研究太湖流域的LES变化是可行的。
为了探讨2001—2021年太湖流域LES的空间异质性,将LESI按照0.2的间隔分为5个等级,包括优(0.8~1)、良好(0.6~0.8)、一般(0.4~0.6)、较差(0.2~0.4)和差(0~0.2)。以2001—2021年间隔4年的环太湖区域LESI空间变化图(分别为2001年、2005年、2009年、2013年、2017年和2021年)为例(图6),可以看出,太湖流域西南部的LES总体上好于东北部地区,LES相对较差的地区主要在苏锡常城市群和上海等地区,太湖流域的LES整体处于较差到良等级范围。需要注意的是,上海、江苏南部和浙江北部的较差及以下等级的地区有明显的扩张趋势,这可能与快速的城市化和城市建设用地的扩张密切相关。
进一步计算了2001—2021年太湖流域LESI均值和各等级面积,以定量评估21年太湖流域LES演变规律。图7展示了2001—2021年太湖流域LESI 5个等级面积和逐年的均值情况,可以看出,21年来太湖流域LESI值总体呈下降趋势,以2009年为分界年,发现太湖流域LESI值在2001—2009年有一个明显的下降趋势,从2001年的0.639降至2009年的0.523,降幅达18.2%,2009年后LESI变化趋于稳定,略增至2021年的0.528(增幅1%)。国家所提出的“生态文明概念”和“进一步加强生态文明建设”对促进太湖流域LES稳定或改善发挥了重要作用。
从不同等级LESI面积统计情况来看,2001—2021年每年太湖流域优和差等级的面积均很小,大部分均集中于较差到良好等级,面积占比处于96.7%(2011年)~99.3%(2006年)范围内,其中良好等级和较差等级面积变化较显著,一般等级面积变化不大。2001年太湖流域LESI良好等级面积为21 468 km2,面积占比为72.1%,2009年降至6 197 km2(21.2%),随后波动增加至2021年的8 110 km2(27.3%);较差等级面积总体呈增加趋势,但2009年以来较差等级面积增加幅度明显小于良好等级增加的幅度,具体来看,2009年太湖流域较差等级面积为5 420 km2,面积占比为18.5%,2021年较差等级面积为6 803 km2,面积占比为22.9%,增幅为4.4%,小于良好等级的增幅6.1%。这表明了在生态文明建设的国家战略背景下,即使太湖流域城市化发展迅速,但同时政府也特别注重生态保护,确保了区域生态环境质量保持稳定或改善。
此外,基于太湖流域8个主要城市2001—2021年LESI变化情况,进一步探讨了不同城市尺度下LESI时空变化的差异。图8(a)为2001—2021年太湖流域8个主要城市的LESI热力图,图8(b)为近21年太湖流域8个主要城市多年平均值和标准差。从热力图可以看出,LESI在空间上存在显著差异,总体上21年来,除了湖州和杭州的LES基本保持稳定外,其他城市几乎都变差了,其中上海、苏州和无锡变差尤为明显。经计算,杭州的多年平均LESI为0.659,是这8个城市中最高的,其次是湖州,LESI为0.606,这两个的城市LESI的标准差也比较小,分别为0.017和0.026,表明杭州和湖州的生态环境质量较高,且生态环境质量也保持稳定。上海和苏州的LESI分别为0.481和0.489,是LESI最低的两个城市,标准差分别为0.031和0.045,表明这两个城市的生态环境质量相对偏差,且波动较大,需要引起重视。
由于LESI的空间变化较大,上述的时空变化分析不足以全面客观评估LESI的长期动态变化趋势,因此引入Theil-Sen和MK方法来评估LESI的时间和空间的变化趋势,并确定了太湖流域LES改善或下降的地区,Theil-Sen和MK方法统计原则如表4所示。
太湖流域LESI在0.05显著性水平上的时空变化趋势如图9所示,偏绿色的地方表示LESI保持稳定或改善的区域,偏橙色的地方表示LESI下降的区域,从图中可以看出,2001—2021年太湖流域大部分地区的LESI保持稳定趋势,但也有相当一部分区域LESI出现了下降趋势,具体来说,太湖流域有67.4%的面积保持稳定趋势,显著改善、轻微改善、轻微下降和严重下降的面积占比分别为1.4%、0.1%、0.5%和30.7%,总体而言,太湖流域LESI保持稳定或改善的区域(68.8%)要明显大于下降的区域(31.2%)。从城市尺度来看,每个城市的LESI变化趋势规律也基本一致,以上海市为例,其LESI保持稳定或改善的区域面积占比为73.4%,而下降趋势的面积占比为26.6%,下降的区域主要集中在城市的郊区,而主城区LES保持稳定甚至部分区域还显著改善,这表明了主城区在城市建设的同时,大力开展了生态文明建设与城市环境整治工作,主城区LES保持稳定或改善,而郊区原本的大面积植被和水体等面积显著减少,用于大规模城市化建设,导致LES下降,这与杭鑫等[42]研究结果一致。
为了探索气候变化和人类活动对LESI的影响机制,分析了基于像元尺度的TEMP、PRCP和NTL分别和LESI的相关性。首先对2001—2021年太湖流域35个国家基本站的TEMP和PRCP数据进行克里金插值处理,获得21年的TEMP和PRCP的逐年栅格数据,空间分辨率设置为1 km,与LESI保持一致;然后将每年的TEMP、PRCP和NTL栅格影像与LESI逐像元匹配,分别计算它们之间的相关系数。为了更直观地可视化展示其相关系数的空间分布,将相关系数的值分成6个等级:(-1, -0.5]、(-0.5, -0.2]、(-0.2, 0]、(0, 0.2]、(0.2, 0.5]、(0.5, 1),分别代表高负相关、中负相关、低负相关、低正相关、中正相关和高正相关[图10(a)、图10(c)、图10(e)],同时,对相关系数进行逐像元的显著性检验,将通过0.05显著性检验(P<0.05)的区域用玫红色标记[图10(b)、图10(d)、图10(f)]。
可以看出,TEMP和LESI之间的相关系数普遍在中负相关-中正相关等级之间,高正/负相关的区域面积很小,几乎可以忽略不计,呈负相关和正相关的面积占比分别为50.5%和49.5%[图10(a)],其中只有1.8%的面积通过了0.05显著性检验[图10(b)],表明LESI对TEMP不敏感。PRCP与LESI之间的相关系数普遍高于TEMP,其中负相关的区域面积占比达到了64.3%,高于正相关的面积占比35.7%,通过显著性检验的区域占11.9%,对照图1,发现海拔越高的山区,PRCP和LESI之间的相关系数越高,且基本呈中高度正相关,这个地区多为森林等植被茂密区,而植物的生长发育受降水影响较大[43],因此可以认为,PRCP总体上对太湖流域的LES起负面效应,只有对海拔较高的森林山区有促进作用。NTL与LESI的相关性特征最为明显,呈负相关的面积占比高达75.4%,有超过一半的面积(50.3%)通过了显著性检验,呈负相关的区域几乎覆盖整个太湖流域,表明人类活动对太湖流域LES影响显著。
基于式(11)和式(12)进一步计算了TEMP、PRCP和NTL对LESI的贡献度。图11显示了TEMP、PRCP和NTL对太湖流域LESI贡献的空间分布和直方图,从图11(a)可以看出,NTL对LESI的贡献几乎覆盖了整个太湖流域,特别在城市的新建成区尤为明显,可能是这些地方受人为开发影响较中心城区更大;PRCP除了对太湖西部的森林山区有较明显的贡献外,东南部的大片湿地区域对PRCP也较敏感;与NTL和PRCP的贡献相比,TEMP对太湖流域的贡献几乎可以忽略。经计算,NTL、PRCP和TEMP的贡献度分别为0.78、0.19和0.03[图11(b)],这表明代表人类活动的NTL对LESI的变化贡献最大,其次是PRCP,TEMP的贡献最小。另外,基于上述计算结果,发现TEMP和PRCP这两个代表气候变化的指标共同影响了太湖流域13.7%的面积,明显小于受人类活动(NTL)影响的面积(50.3%),因此有理由相信,在过去的21年里,太湖流域的LES变化主要受人类活动主导,而只有部分森林山区和湿地区域受气候变化影响。
研究建立的LESI模型虽然被证实具有平稳性、合理性、综合代表性和区域适应性等优势,也取得了较好的评估结果,但还存在一些不足之处。首先,研究使用的MODIS图像的空间分辨率相对偏低,如果需要更准确地量化不同生态系统对自然和非自然因素的生态响应,势必要使用高分辨率图像来更敏感地识别地表覆盖类型,而土地利用和土地覆盖(land use and land cover,LULC)被认为是LES变化的重要驱动因素之一[44],如果将其作为分指标构建LESI模型,可能会得到更好的结果。其次,研究所使用的卫星影像均来自光学卫星,在阴雨天可能会使得数据缺失或质量降低,这也是光学卫星的主要缺陷之一,因此,评估雷达图像的性能对于未来研究中的LESI建模非常重要。
通过耦合MODIS反演的NDVI、WET、LST、NDBSI和AOD五个指标,构建了一个基于CPCA方法的LES评估模型,采用4种策略证明了模型的平稳性、合理性、综合代表性和区域适应性。LESI和RSEI与EI的交叉验证结果表明,LESI的准确性(R2=0.674)显著高于RSEI(0.437)。使用LESI模型评估了太湖流域近20年的LES时空分布特征和演变规律,分析了气候变化和人类活动对LES的影响,主要结论如下。
(1)太湖流域LESI在2001—2009年有一个明显的下降趋势,从2001年的0.639降至2009年的0.523,降幅达22.2%,2009年后LESI变化趋于稳定且略增加至2021年的0.528(增幅0.9%)。Theil-Sen和MK时间趋势分析表明,太湖流域LESI保持稳定或改善的区域(68.8%)要明显大于下降的区域(31.2%)。
(2)太湖流域8个主要城市的LESI 21年的时空变化差异较大,湖州和杭州的LES基本保持稳定,其他城市变差明显,杭州的多年平均LESI最高为0.659,其次是湖州(0.606),上海和苏州的LESI分别为0.481和0.489,是LESI最低的两个城市。
(3)NTL与LESI的呈负相关的面积占比高达75.4%,通过显著性检验的面积占比为50.3%,TEMP、NTL和PRCP的贡献度分别为0.03、0.78和0.19,表明近20年太湖流域的LES变化主要受人类活动主导,而只有部分森林山区和湿地区域受气候变化影响。
  • 国家自然科学基金(U2242211)
  • 江苏省气象科研重点项目(KZ202003)
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2025年第25卷第1期
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2308905
  • 接收时间:2023-11-13
  • 首发时间:2025-07-29
  • 出版时间:2025-01-08
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  • 收稿日期:2023-11-13
  • 修回日期:2024-09-22
基金
国家自然科学基金(U2242211)
江苏省气象科研重点项目(KZ202003)
作者信息
    1.江苏省气候中心, 南京 210019
    2.南京气象科技创新研究院, 南京 210019
    3.江苏省气象服务中心, 南京 210019
    4.江苏省环境监测中心, 南京 210019

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* 罗晓春(1970—),男,汉族,江苏南通人,研究员级高级工程师。研究方向:应用气象。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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