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Article(id=1156908296901841644, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1156908295593223005, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2401893, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1710604800000, receivedDateStr=2024-03-17, revisedDate=1728316800000, revisedDateStr=2024-10-08, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1753758032297, onlineDateStr=2025-07-29, pubDate=1736265600000, pubDateStr=2025-01-08, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753758032297, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-29, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753758032297, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753758032297, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1156908295593223005, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='438', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1753758031985, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1765425680602, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1205845960933049001, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1156908295593223005, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1205845960933049002, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1156908295593223005, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=94, endPage=102, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1156908297459684078, articleId=1156908296901841644, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=Effects of Weak Mineralized Water and Straw Interlayer on Soil Water and Salt Transport, columnId=1156262738117649382, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Papers·Agricultural Science, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To explore the effects of weak mineralized water and straw separation treatment on soil water and salt transport, through indoor soil column infiltration and evaporation test, the distribution of water and salt in soil under the irrigation condition of fresh water and slightly mineralized water with different salinity (1, 2, 3 g/L) at the buried depth of 0, 10 and 20 cm of straw interlayer was studied. The results show that there is a power function relationship between the wetting front and the infiltration time at the infiltration stage. The water infiltration rate increases with the increase of salinity, and the cumulative infiltration decreases with the increase of salinity. Kostiakov model and Philip model are used to fit the cumulative infiltration amount and infiltration time respectively, and the fitting results are good. During the evaporation stage, the straw interlayer has a significant water retention effect on the soil below the buried depth, and the vertical distribution of soil salinity shows a significant low desalination effect, and salt accumulates in the straw interlayer. When the salinity of irrigation water is 2 g/L and the depth of straw layer is 10 cm, it is conducive to soil bottom desalting, and has a better effect of promoting soil water infiltration and water retention. The research can provide basis and reference for weak mineralized water irrigation and the exploitation and utilization of straw resources.

, correspAuthors=Ting-hong ZHAO, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Ting-hong ZHAO, Wen-lei YUAN, Zong-gang SU), CN=ArticleExt(id=1156908370377659348, articleId=1156908296901841644, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=CN, title=弱矿化水及秸秆隔层对土壤水盐运移的影响, columnId=1156262738235089896, journalTitle=科学技术与工程, columnName=论文·农业科学, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=为探究弱矿化水及秸秆隔层处理对土壤水盐运移的影响,通过室内土柱入渗蒸发试验,研究在淡水和不同矿化度弱矿化水(1、2、3 g/L)灌溉情况下秸秆隔层埋深0、10、20 cm时供试土壤的水盐分布情况。结果表明:入渗阶段湿润锋与入渗时间呈幂函数关系,水分入渗速率随着矿化度的增大而增大,累计入渗量随矿化度增加而减小;累计入渗量与入渗时间分别采用Kostiakov模型和Philip入渗模型进行拟合,拟合效果良好;蒸发阶段,秸秆隔层对埋深以下的土体具有显著的保水效果,土壤盐分垂直分布呈现明显的低脱效应,且在秸秆隔层处积盐;灌溉水矿化度为2 g/L及秸秆隔层深度为10 cm时有利于土壤底部脱盐,且有较好的促进土壤水分入渗及保水效果。该研究可为弱矿化水灌溉及秸秆资源的开发利用提供依据和参考。, correspAuthors=赵廷红, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=nx05evuBbdCwYm7AWgN2NA==, magXml=ZmtDyF7uYRmSuun3ULcHIw==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=YvuFcmtKIxkfhNFxSH/YOg==, pdfFileSize=5292100, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=d934ybdYtsiCN71uLvr9eg==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=nIcKN3fnhY/qDPuqKYgDcw==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

赵廷红(1974—),女,汉族,甘肃永靖人,博士,副教授。研究方向:水资源高效利用。E-mail:。

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赵廷红(1974—),女,汉族,甘肃永靖人,博士,副教授。研究方向:水资源高效利用。E-mail:。

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赵廷红(1974—),女,汉族,甘肃永靖人,博士,副教授。研究方向:水资源高效利用。E-mail:。

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Transactions of the CSAE, 2018, 34(4): 125-132., articleTitle=Effect of salinity of de-electronic brackish water on characteristics of water and salt movement in soil, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1205909461831578618, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908296901841644, awardId=51969012, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金(51969012), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1205909457758909388, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908296901841644, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1205909457767297997, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908296901841644, companyId=1205909457758909388, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=School of Energy and Power Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou 730050, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1205909457775686606, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908296901841644, companyId=1205909457758909388, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=兰州理工大学能源与动力工程学院, 兰州 730050)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1205909459335967720, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908296901841644, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Schematic diagram of experimental device, figureFileSmall=2FJne8KoiHyti2MW/FHMyA==, figureFileBig=xz7+03T2mInN0z8zPHSmPw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1205909459390493673, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908296901841644, language=CN, label=图1, caption=试验装置示意图

1为注水孔及橡胶塞;2为马氏瓶;3为止水/气阀;4为出气管;5为进气管;6为覆盖层;7为土柱;8为取样孔

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Basic physical and chemical properties of soil tested

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
土壤类型 土壤机械组成/% pH 土壤阳离子交换量/
(cmol·kg-1)		 土壤有机质/% 土壤容重/
(g·cm-3)
黏粒 粉粒 砂粒
潮土 38 21 41 8.1 16 0.46 1.4
), ArticleFig(id=1205909461399565301, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908296901841644, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

供试土壤基础理化性质

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
土壤类型 土壤机械组成/% pH 土壤阳离子交换量/
(cmol·kg-1)		 土壤有机质/% 土壤容重/
(g·cm-3)
黏粒 粉粒 砂粒
潮土 38 21 41 8.1 16 0.46 1.4
), ArticleFig(id=1205909461483451382, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908296901841644, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Experimental design

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处理
编号		 秸秆隔层
深度/cm		 灌水矿化度/
(g·L-1)		 处理
编号		 秸秆隔层
深度/cm		 灌水矿化度/
(g·L-1)
CK 无 0 D1W2 10 2
D0W1 0 1 D1W3 10 3
D0W2 0 2 D2W1 20 1
D0W3 0 3 D2W2 20 2
D1W1 10 1 D2W3 20 3
), ArticleFig(id=1205909461554754551, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908296901841644, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

试验设计

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
处理
编号		 秸秆隔层
深度/cm		 灌水矿化度/
(g·L-1)		 处理
编号		 秸秆隔层
深度/cm		 灌水矿化度/
(g·L-1)
CK 无 0 D1W2 10 2
D0W1 0 1 D1W3 10 3
D0W2 0 2 D2W1 20 1
D0W3 0 3 D2W2 20 2
D1W1 10 1 D2W3 20 3
), ArticleFig(id=1205909461617669112, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908296901841644, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Parameter fitting of wetting front and cumulative infiltration versus time

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
处理 Zf=At-0.5 I=ATB
A R2 A B R2
D0W1 2.767 0.997 11.225 0.320 0.967
D0W2 2.438 0.996 9.482 0.321 0.983
D0W3 2.908 0.995 9.181 0.323 0.983
D1W1 2.263 0.984 9.268 0.333 0.949
D1W2 2.416 0.984 8.039 0.360 0.975
D1W3 2.678 0.986 7.417 0.375 0.986
D2W1 2.967 0.995 12.191 0.325 0.958
D2W2 3.250 0.998 7.584 0.390 0.973
D2W3 2.392 0.998 7.958 0.359 0.982
), ArticleFig(id=1205909461684777977, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908296901841644, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

湿润锋、累计入渗量与时间的拟合参数值

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
处理 Zf=At-0.5 I=ATB
A R2 A B R2
D0W1 2.767 0.997 11.225 0.320 0.967
D0W2 2.438 0.996 9.482 0.321 0.983
D0W3 2.908 0.995 9.181 0.323 0.983
D1W1 2.263 0.984 9.268 0.333 0.949
D1W2 2.416 0.984 8.039 0.360 0.975
D1W3 2.678 0.986 7.417 0.375 0.986
D2W1 2.967 0.995 12.191 0.325 0.958
D2W2 3.250 0.998 7.584 0.390 0.973
D2W3 2.392 0.998 7.958 0.359 0.982
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弱矿化水及秸秆隔层对土壤水盐运移的影响
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赵廷红 , 袁文磊 , 苏宗刚
科学技术与工程 | 论文·农业科学 2025,25(1): 94-102
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科学技术与工程 | 论文·农业科学 2025, 25(1): 94-102
弱矿化水及秸秆隔层对土壤水盐运移的影响
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赵廷红 , 袁文磊, 苏宗刚
作者信息
  • 兰州理工大学能源与动力工程学院, 兰州 730050

    • 赵廷红(1974—),女,汉族,甘肃永靖人,博士,副教授。研究方向:水资源高效利用。E-mail:。

Effects of Weak Mineralized Water and Straw Interlayer on Soil Water and Salt Transport
Ting-hong ZHAO , Wen-lei YUAN, Zong-gang SU
Affiliations
  • School of Energy and Power Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou 730050, China
出版时间: 2025-01-08 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2401893
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摘要
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为探究弱矿化水及秸秆隔层处理对土壤水盐运移的影响,通过室内土柱入渗蒸发试验,研究在淡水和不同矿化度弱矿化水(1、2、3 g/L)灌溉情况下秸秆隔层埋深0、10、20 cm时供试土壤的水盐分布情况。结果表明:入渗阶段湿润锋与入渗时间呈幂函数关系,水分入渗速率随着矿化度的增大而增大,累计入渗量随矿化度增加而减小;累计入渗量与入渗时间分别采用Kostiakov模型和Philip入渗模型进行拟合,拟合效果良好;蒸发阶段,秸秆隔层对埋深以下的土体具有显著的保水效果,土壤盐分垂直分布呈现明显的低脱效应,且在秸秆隔层处积盐;灌溉水矿化度为2 g/L及秸秆隔层深度为10 cm时有利于土壤底部脱盐,且有较好的促进土壤水分入渗及保水效果。该研究可为弱矿化水灌溉及秸秆资源的开发利用提供依据和参考。
微咸水  /  矿化度  /  秸秆还田  /  土壤水分  /  水盐运移

To explore the effects of weak mineralized water and straw separation treatment on soil water and salt transport, through indoor soil column infiltration and evaporation test, the distribution of water and salt in soil under the irrigation condition of fresh water and slightly mineralized water with different salinity (1, 2, 3 g/L) at the buried depth of 0, 10 and 20 cm of straw interlayer was studied. The results show that there is a power function relationship between the wetting front and the infiltration time at the infiltration stage. The water infiltration rate increases with the increase of salinity, and the cumulative infiltration decreases with the increase of salinity. Kostiakov model and Philip model are used to fit the cumulative infiltration amount and infiltration time respectively, and the fitting results are good. During the evaporation stage, the straw interlayer has a significant water retention effect on the soil below the buried depth, and the vertical distribution of soil salinity shows a significant low desalination effect, and salt accumulates in the straw interlayer. When the salinity of irrigation water is 2 g/L and the depth of straw layer is 10 cm, it is conducive to soil bottom desalting, and has a better effect of promoting soil water infiltration and water retention. The research can provide basis and reference for weak mineralized water irrigation and the exploitation and utilization of straw resources.

brackish water  /  degree of mineralization  /  straw turnover  /  soil moisture  /  water and salt transport
赵廷红, 袁文磊, 苏宗刚. 弱矿化水及秸秆隔层对土壤水盐运移的影响. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (1) : 94 -102 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2401893
Ting-hong ZHAO, Wen-lei YUAN, Zong-gang SU. Effects of Weak Mineralized Water and Straw Interlayer on Soil Water and Salt Transport[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (1) : 94 -102 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2401893
正文
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随着人口总量的不断增加、工农业的快速发展,粮食生产与淡水资源供应面临着越来越大的压力,如何对微咸水进行合理的利用成为干旱区水资源高效利用的热点问题。中国西北地区干旱少雨,淡水储存量小但微咸水资源达88.6×108 m3[1],作为替代资源,可以合理开发利用,增加灌溉水源,缓解淡水压力不足的压力,提高灌溉保证率。且西北大部分地区是以耕种为主的农业生产,有着严重的秸秆资源浪费现象,因地制宜地利用微咸水资源结合秸秆还田,对西北干旱半干旱地区土壤综合改良,具有巨大的发展潜力和现实意义。
目前在微咸水和秸秆还田方面已有许多相关的科学研究[2-3]。Wang等[4]研究表明使用适宜矿化度的微咸水灌溉可以在有效保持土壤水分的同时节约淡水资源。高聪帅等[5]研究表明,使用微咸水灌溉相对于旱作冬小麦有着显著的增产作用。另一方面,Zhang等[6]研究发现微咸水灌溉容易导致土壤积盐,对土壤及农作物造成不利影响。崔尚进等[7]研究发现,在淡水短缺地区长期使用微咸水灌溉会加重土壤盐渍化,不利于农田的可持续发展。因此在使用微咸水作为灌溉水源时,需采用其他方法对土壤进行协同改良。以往研究发现使用水利措施[8]、农业措施[9]可以对土壤盐分进行调控。混灌[10]、膜孔沟灌能够有效抑制盐分累积[11]。秸秆还田是一种农业保护性耕作措施。陈盛等[12]研究表明,秸秆还田可以有效增强土壤微粒的团聚作用,改善土壤理化性状。韦灵等[13]研究表明,秸秆覆盖处理提高了田间土壤含水量,减少了水肥深层渗漏。徐学池等[14]研究表明,秸秆还田可以增加土壤可溶性有机碳含量,提高土壤的固碳能力。解占军等[15]研究表明秸秆还田处理明显提高土壤有机质、全氮和有效钾含量。陈希等[16]研究表明,秸秆深埋可以显著提高土壤保水效果、降低土壤含盐量以及积盐率。李荣等[17]研究表明,秸秆还田配施氮肥可有效改善土壤物理性质、增加土壤养分含量、调节土壤碳氮比、增强土壤的蓄水保墒能力,从而显著提高玉米籽粒产量和水分利用效率。因此研究微咸水灌溉及秸秆还田对土壤水盐运移的影响有巨大的现实意义。
中国西北地区农业生产素来有使用微咸水进行农业灌溉的灌溉模式,大量微咸水灌溉研究表明,使用弱矿化水灌溉,可以促进作物根系对水分的吸收[18],并且长期灌溉土壤盐渍化风险小[19-20]、对作物的生产效率无明显影响[21]。研究表明低矿化度灌溉水对土壤盐分堆积的影响较小,但并未对3 g/L以下弱矿化水灌溉时土壤水盐运动规律进行深入探究,与其他农作措施共同作用下土壤内部水盐调控产生的复合效果也无相关研究结论,鉴于此,现展开室内土柱入渗及蒸发试验,对3 g/L以下弱矿化度水灌溉条件下,结合秸秆不同深度隔层处理对土壤水盐运移及其再分布特征进行综合研究,以期为西北干旱半干旱区秸秆还田与弱矿化水合理利用提供理论依据。
1 材料与方法
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1.1 土壤采集区概况
供试土壤采自甘肃省永靖县西河镇红城村(36°10'N,103°11'E)。永靖县位于甘肃省中部、黄河上游,属西北黄土高原丘陵沟壑区第五副区,年均降水量为312 mm(6—9月降雨量占年降雨量的70%以上),水资源时空分布不均,年均蒸发量1 700 mm左右,水资源可利用量总量缺乏,人均自产水资源量不足100 m3,不足全国人均的1/2,且全县平均灌溉定额远高于全国平均水平,正常年份的降水量不能满足农作物的生长需要。县内各种类型地下水含水层分布相互独立,水质各异,矿化度介于0.4~8 g/L,地下水总量为1.14×106 m3,农作物耕作区主要分布在河谷阶地,地下水矿化度为0.4~3.5 g/L,但地下水矿化度仍普遍超过《农田灌溉水质标准》(GB 5084—2021)[22](1 g/L)。综上可知,永靖县农业可利用淡水资源匮乏,地下弱矿化度水资源量丰富,有必要针对弱矿化水作为农业灌溉用水进行探究。
1.2 实验材料
供试土壤及秸秆皆采集于甘肃省临夏回族自治州永靖县西河镇红城村(36°10'N,103°11'E)。选取典型耕地,自其表层0~50 cm内采集土壤,晒干并过2 mm筛去除碎石及杂质后作为供试土壤,根据粒径分析以及国家土壤科学数据库最新数据获得其基础理化性质如表1所示。按照水土比1∶5配制水土溶液,测得其电导率为0.336 mS/cm。
供试弱矿化水按照土壤采集区地下弱矿化水的组分进行配制,按照质量比2∶1∶1将氯化钠、氯化钙、硫酸镁与纯净水混合配制成矿化度分别为1、2、3 g/L的弱矿化水。试验中的秸秆选取当季回收的小麦秸秆,将其粉碎成粉末状,烘干并过2 mm筛备用。
1.3 试验设计
采用室内土柱一维垂直入渗试验,试验装置如图1所示。供试土柱由有机玻璃制成,高60 cm,内径10 cm。土柱侧壁上自下而上每隔5 cm、横断面圆周向每隔120°分别打直径1 cm的取样孔,用于测定土壤的含水率和含盐量,共计30个取样孔;土柱底部设置9个直径0.5 cm的透气孔。试验供水设备采用高100 cm,直径10 cm的马氏瓶。
试验开始时将供试土壤按照容重1.4 g/cm3进行分层装填,每5 cm为一层共填装10层。分别在距离土柱顶部0、10、20 cm深度处,设置厚1 cm的秸秆隔层,使用矿化度分别为0(净化水)、1、2、3 g/L的弱矿化水进行一维入渗试验。具体试验组设计如表2所示。
入渗过程结束后,将土柱静置3 d,使土柱内部完成土壤水分再分布。完成土壤水再分布后将土柱放置于275 W红外日光灯下对土柱进行蒸发实验。日光灯距土柱顶部距离为30 cm,每天定时蒸发10 h,结束后即刻用高周波水分测定仪测定各层含水率,测试完含水率后从取样孔取样并按照5∶1的水土比配备水土溶液,使用DDS-11A型电导率仪测量其电导率(每个平面3个取样孔均测一组数据,取其平均值)。
1.4 测试项目及分析方法
入渗试验时控制3 cm定入渗水头,初始时刻记为0 min,湿润锋深度记为0 cm。试验开始后,以10 min递增记录各试验组不同时刻的湿润锋深度,并记录各对应时刻马氏瓶内水位值,当湿润锋运移到距离土壤表面50 cm时停止记录。蒸发试验时,先使用高周波水分测定仪测定各取样孔对应土层的含水率,而后使用取土器自各取样孔取土,以水土比5∶1配制水土溶液,再用电导率仪测定电导率。
2 结果与分析
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2.1 秸秆隔层对土壤水分入渗的影响
2.1.1 湿润锋变化规律
根据试验结果,同秸秆隔层埋深处理下,用不同矿化度弱矿化水灌溉下各试验组的湿润锋变化规律分别绘制图中,具体如图2所示。
由图2(a)可以看出,CK、D0W1、D0W2、D0W3各试验组湿润锋到达50 cm处的时长大小依次为CK>D0W1>D0W2>D0W3,由此可知相同秸秆隔层埋深处理下,矿化度越大湿润锋到达50 cm所需时长越短;图2(b)、图2(c)中的规律与此相同,即湿润锋运移速度随矿化度增大而加快,这是因为高矿化度灌溉水中含有较高的活性离子浓度,其与土壤中的化学元素相结合形成沉淀可以有效加强秸秆隔层与上下土体之间的联系,从而促进土壤水分入渗。此外,相同矿化度下,秸秆隔层埋深不同,其对水分入渗的促进作用也各有不同。由图2(a)~图2(c)可以看出,矿化度为1 g/L时,各试验组湿润锋到达50 cm处的时长大小依次为CK>D2W1>D0W1>D1W1,矿化度为2 g/L和3 g/L时的规律与此相同,即同矿化度下,10 cm秸秆隔层埋深处理对湿润锋向下运移的促进效果最好。
从图2(a)~图2(c)可以看出,在相同秸秆隔层埋深的情况下,不同矿化度弱矿化水灌溉下各试验组湿润锋的推移速率均大于淡水组,且矿化度为3 g/L各试验组均为各相同秸秆隔层埋深试验组中完成入渗所需的时间最短。在相同矿化度的情况下,秸秆隔层埋设深度为10 cm的试验组入渗完所需时间最短。
2.1.2 湿润锋入渗速率变化规律
根据试验入渗过程中的实测数据,将各处理组及对照组湿润锋的入渗速率数据绘制成图(图3)。由图3可知,湿润锋运移速率随着时间的增长呈现下降趋势。当秸秆覆层深度相同时,各处理组呈现为相同规律,即CK<D0W1<D0W2<D0W3、CK<D1W1<D1W2<D1W3、CK<D2W1<D2W2<D2W3;在相同条件下,各处理组土壤内部的湿润锋入渗速率均呈现为随着矿化度的增加而增大,且随着时间的增加而逐渐下降。这是因为是在初始阶段土壤内部水吸力较大,随着入渗时间的增加,土壤表层的水吸力减小,并且随着入渗的不断进行,下层土壤与水分的接触面积相对于上层土壤减小,上层土壤起到阻渗的作用,并且随着入渗时间的加长,阻渗作用也随之加强,从而导致入渗速率随着时间增长而降低。并且由于矿化水与秸秆有促进入渗的作用,在初始阶段入渗速率最快的处理组为D0W3,但由于该处理组下层均为均质土壤,在后期水分入渗过程中的平均速率影响较大,因此在水分入渗过程中的整体表现中略差于D1W3处理组。
2.1.3 湿润锋运移深度及累计入渗量拟合计算
由于试验属于短历时入渗,且土壤入渗主要驱动力为土壤基质势,因此采用简化Philip垂直入渗模型[23]对图2 中各处理湿润锋运移深度与时间变化之间的实测结果进行拟合分析,其表达式为
Zf=At-0.5
式(1)中:Zf为湿润锋运移深度,cm;t为入渗时长,min;A为拟合参数。
采用Kostiakov公式[24]对各试验组累计入渗量进行数据拟合,表达式为
I=ATB
式(2)中:I为累计入渗量,cm;A、B为拟合参数;T为入渗时长,min。
各试验组数据进行累计入渗量与入渗时间和湿润锋推进距离的数据拟合,结果如表3所示。
由表3可知,Philip垂直入渗回归模型和Kostiakov公式与试验数据集拟合效果较好,秸秆隔层埋设深度及灌溉水矿化度均对湿润锋入渗距离以及累计入渗量有显著影响。
2.2 秸秆隔层对土壤水盐垂直运移的影响
对试验结果进行初步分析后发现,相同秸秆隔层埋深处理时不同矿化度微咸水灌溉下各试验组土柱内水盐垂直方向的运移规律基本一致,故而在此仅对矿化度为3 g/L弱矿化水灌溉下不同秸秆隔层埋深处理对土壤水盐垂直运移的影响进行分析,1 g/L和2 g/L各试验组则以此为参考。
2.2.1 土壤水分垂直方向分布
灌溉结束后即可开始进行蒸发试验,分别于蒸发试验进行1 d(24 h)和15 d后测定各取样孔处的含水率,将测得的同一横断面3个取样孔的含水率取平均值记为该断面所在深度处的含水率。将3 g/L矿化度弱矿化水灌溉下不同秸秆隔层埋深各试验组自上而下各深度处的含水率与深度关系绘制成图,具体如图4所示。
由图4(a)可以看出,进行蒸发试验1 d后,不同秸秆隔层埋深各试验组0~50 cm土层内土壤平均含水量大小依次为D0W3 > D1W3 > D2W3,即蒸发1 d后0~50 cm土层内的土壤含水率随土层深度的增大而增大,其中单组最高含水率均出现在50 cm深度处,D0W3 、 D1W3、 D2W3试验组分别为40.6%、44.6%、45.2%。在相同的灌水条件下,由于秸秆隔层的蓄水保水作用,蒸发1 d后D1W3试验组土壤的含水率在10 cm设置秸秆隔层处上下有明显的水分梯度变化。此外,蒸发1 d后,D0W3试验组土壤的含水量在0~10 cm范围内显著低于D1W3和D2W3两试验组,这是因为在短时间高强度蒸发过程中,顶部秸秆覆盖处理组底层土壤向上供水能力不足,导致表层土壤得不到足够的水分补给。在初始蒸发阶段0~20 cm深度土层土壤含水量情况为D0W3较差,这是由于秸秆对覆盖层下方的土壤水分有富集作用,导致在秸秆覆层影响范围内的土壤含水率偏低,但是对于深层土壤的影响小,对深层土壤的保水效果优秀。
由图4(b)可看出,蒸发15 d后,不同秸秆隔层埋深各试验组土壤的含水率差异主要体现在10~30 cm的土层,而30~50 cm深度土层中土壤含水量变化的差异性明显减小,这是由于秸秆隔层破坏了土壤毛细管的连续性,从而降低了蒸发时秸秆下层土壤向秸秆上层土壤的供水能力,蒸发量和蒸发速度随之降低。蒸发结束时,D0W3、D1W3、D2W3试验组的平均保水率分别高于对照组21.78%、26.91%、3.68%,相对差异较大。在长期蒸发条件下,秸秆隔层使得上下层土壤相互隔开,阻断部分土壤毛细管,秸秆底部水分通过毛细管向上方输送的通道被部分打断,向上方的输水能力减弱。同等蒸发强度下,由于蒸发作用而使得上层土壤水分不断散失,由于秸秆有富集水分效果,下方土壤向上方输送的部分水分被秸秆层截留,对上层土壤的补水量变小,从而导致秸秆上层含水率下降明显,并且由于部分水分被截留,秸秆隔层含水率与其下端土壤含水量相差不大,上层土壤产生的土壤水吸力减小,从而使得秸秆层下方土壤层保水效果有所增强。而在试验中,由于埋深为20 cm的试验组D2W3底部的土壤层最小并且顶部土壤深度最大,因此上下层的土壤水分持有效果均表现较差。
根据图4(a)和图4(b)可知,在灌溉水矿化度相同情况下,秸秆埋深为10 cm时,土壤蒸发后土壤各层含水率最高,说明秸秆隔层深度10 cm时,可以显著增强土壤的保水效果。主要体现为经过长时间强蒸发作用后,土柱内部各层含水量的相对变化量均小于其余处理组。
2.2.2 土壤盐分垂直方向分布
1)秸秆隔层埋深对土壤盐分垂直分布的影响
相同矿化度弱矿化水灌溉下,秸秆隔层埋深不同时,各试验组土壤盐分的垂直分布情况有所不同。在此选取3 g/L矿化度微咸水灌溉为例,对不同秸秆隔层埋深各试验组土壤盐分垂直分布规律进行分析研究。对10 cm秸秆隔层埋深下不同矿化度微咸水灌溉之后的各试验组土壤进行蒸发试验,于试验进行1 d(24 h)和15 d后测定各取样孔处的电导率,将测得的同一横断面3个取样孔的电导率取平均值记为该断面所在深度处的电导率。而后将各试验组所测得自上而下各深度处的电导率与深度数据关系绘制成图,具体如图5所示。
由图5(a)可以看出,进行蒸发试验1 d后,不同秸秆隔层埋深各试验组土壤含盐量总体表现为D0W3>D1W3>D2W3>CK。各组最大土壤含盐量均出现在深层土壤,CK、D0W3、D1W3、D2W3分别为2.11、3.03、2.72、2.81 mS/cm。即蒸发1 d后0~50 cm范围内,随着土壤剖面深度的加深土壤含盐量整体呈现逐渐增加趋势。在相同的蒸发条件下, D0W3试验组土壤表层盐分明显高于其余两个试验组,由于盐分随着水分向上运动,在秸秆隔层处部分水盐被秸秆层截留,导致在秸秆隔层所在土壤层的盐分相对较大,蒸发1 d后,表层秸秆覆层使得土壤表层盐分含量向上汇聚,使得盐分含量远高于其余试验组。
由图5(b)可以看出,蒸发15 d后,不同秸秆隔层埋深各试验组土壤含盐量总体表现为D2W3>D0W3>D1W3>CK。除D2W3试验组外,其余各组的最大土壤含盐量均出现在土壤表层,D2W3试验组土壤最大含盐量出现在秸秆覆层部分,CK、D0W3、D1W3、D2W3最大含盐量分别为1.51、2.51、2.20、2.11 mS/cm。根据实验数据显示,CK、D0W3、D1W3、D2W3四试验组中土壤平均盐分含量相对于1 d分别降低0.33、0.60、0.65、0.47 mS/cm, D1W3处理组排盐抑盐效果最好。蒸发15 d后在0~50 cm土层范围内,土壤盐分分布规律与1 d时相差较大,D2W3两试验组含盐量在20 cm深度表现出较大的波动。随着强蒸发作用的持续进行,盐分随着水分向上移动的过程中,水盐被截留在秸秆隔层中,而经过进一步蒸发作用,上层土壤含水率不断降低,秸秆隔层上方土壤水吸力不断增大,从而使得秸秆层内的水分继续向上移动,而盐分则部分留存于秸秆隔层附近,导致秸秆隔层附近土壤含盐量急剧升高。
从图5(a)和图5(b)中可以看出,在同矿化度弱矿化水灌溉下,秸秆隔层埋深为10 cm时,蒸发前后土壤整体含盐量均为最小,说明在相同处理下,10 cm秸秆隔层埋深处理可以显著降低盐分的累积量。
2)矿化度不同对土壤盐分竖直分布的影响
相同秸秆隔层埋深下,用不同矿化度弱矿化水灌溉时盐分的运移规律也有所不同,在此选取10 cm秸秆隔层埋深为例进行分析研究。对10 cm秸秆隔层埋深下不同矿化度微咸水灌溉之后的各试验组土壤进行蒸发试验,试验进行1 d和15 d后测定各取样孔处的电导率,将测得的同一横断面3个取样孔的电导率取平均值记为该断面所在深度处的电导率,而后将各试验组所测得自上而下各深度处的电导率与深度数据关系绘制成图,具体如图6所示。
由图6(a)可以看出,进行蒸发试验1 d后,不同矿化度弱矿化水试验组土壤盐分含量及单层土壤含盐量均表现为D1W3>D1W2>D1W1>CK。各组的最大土壤盐分含量出现在距离土壤表面处, CK、D1W1、D1W2、D1W3四试验组最大土壤盐分含量分别为2.11、2.41、2.60、2.71 mS/cm。高矿化度弱矿化水中含有相对较高的离子浓度,其中的Na+将土壤中的Ca2+、Mg2+置换出来并且与 SO 4 2 +相结合形成沉淀可以有效加强秸秆隔层与上下土体之间的联系,从而促进土壤水分的入渗,对溶质的迁移等有直接的影响。低矿化度弱矿化水向下入渗速率慢,入渗到相应土层所需时间长,土壤中可溶盐溶解更充分,高矿化度弱矿化水向下入渗时,由于有着较强的入渗能力以及高含盐量,入渗过程完成时对土层中的盐分溶解不够充分,从而形成低矿化度弱矿化水灌溉土壤上层平均含盐量低于高矿化度弱矿化水灌溉土壤,使得低矿化度弱矿化水灌溉试验组拥有更高效率的排盐能力[25]。在秸秆隔层埋深相同的情况下,土壤含盐量随着土层剖面的加深而增大,且随着灌溉水矿化度增大其含盐量随之增大。
由图6(b)可以看出,蒸发15 d后,相同土壤隔层状态下的盐分分布规律与1 d时相差较大,土壤剖面由上到下呈现出减小的趋势,各组土壤含盐量最大值则是与1 d时一致,皆出现在土表处,CK、D1W1、D1W2、D1W3试验组最大含盐层含盐量分别为1.51、2.04、2.01、2.20 mS/cm。与蒸发1 d时相比,各试验组0~20 cm土壤含盐量有所增加,20~50 cm土壤含盐量则有所减小,且平均含盐量最小处理组为D1W2(1.37 mS/cm)。小麦和玉米等作物主要的根茎分布范围为地下0~20 cm,且在相同的秸秆隔层深度下,弱矿化水矿化度为2 g/L时土壤下层脱盐范围更大,长期灌溉情况下,上层土壤盐渍化风险小,对土层含盐量分布的影响相对于1 g/L和3 g/L更为友好。
从图6(a)和图6(b)中可以看出,秸秆隔层深度相同时,在不同矿化度弱矿化水灌溉下,土壤各层含盐量皆随着土层深度的加大而增大,且随着弱矿化水矿化度的增大而增大;随着蒸发时间的增加,虽然各试验组各土层的含盐量有所变化,但土壤盐分竖直分布的规律仍基本相似,且均在秸秆隔层显著增大。结果表明,2 g/L矿化度弱矿化水灌溉下的土壤经过蒸发试验后,土壤内的盐分重分布后底部脱盐深度范围更大,有着更好的底层脱盐效果,长期灌溉情况下,对植物生长发育更为友好。
3 结论
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(1)对于试验区所取得土样,在相同秸秆隔层埋深处理下,湿润锋运移速度随灌溉水矿化度的增大而加快;在同矿化度微咸水灌溉下,10 cm秸秆隔层埋深处理对湿润锋向下运移的促进效果最好。在不同深度秸秆隔层及矿化度处理下,土壤湿润锋运移以及累计入渗量与时间变化之间的规律满足幂函数分布,且Philip垂直入渗模型和Kostiakow入渗公式有较好的适应性。
(2)在长期蒸发条件下,10 cm秸秆覆层处理组有最好的保水效果。秸秆隔层能有效增强秸秆下层土壤保水效果,但是对秸秆隔层上方的土壤土层无减缓作用。
(3)设置秸秆隔层可以有效扩大土壤底层脱盐范围,在入渗和蒸腾作用的影响下,盐分重分布被打乱,高矿化度微咸水灌溉试验组土壤平均含盐量高于低矿化度微咸水灌溉试验组,在不同矿化度处理下均形成底部不同深度范围土层脱盐。土壤剖面上的盐分含量也由灌溉矿化度以及秸秆隔层深度共同影响,灌后经过长期蒸发完成盐分重分布后,灌溉用水为2 g/L,秸秆隔层埋深为10 cm时,土壤底部脱盐范围最大,效果最优。
综合水分入渗速率、累计入渗量、保水性以及盐分重分布规律等方面考虑,秸秆埋深10 cm时,微咸水矿化度2 g/L情况下,为该地区最优选。
基金
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  • 国家自然科学基金(51969012)
文献
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参考文献 引证文献
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2025年第25卷第1期
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2401893
  • 接收时间：2024-03-17
  • 首发时间：2025-07-29
  • 出版时间：2025-01-08
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  • 收稿日期：2024-03-17
  • 修回日期：2024-10-08
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    兰州理工大学能源与动力工程学院, 兰州 730050
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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Family		 属数
Number of
genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)		 属
Genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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