Article(id=1156908296075567966, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1156908295593223005, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2402162, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1711382400000, receivedDateStr=2024-03-26, revisedDate=1728921600000, revisedDateStr=2024-10-15, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1753758032101, onlineDateStr=2025-07-29, pubDate=1736265600000, pubDateStr=2025-01-08, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753758032101, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-29, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753758032100, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753758032100, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1156908295593223005, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='438', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1753758031985, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1765425680602, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1205845960933049001, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1156908295593223005, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1205845960933049002, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1156908295593223005, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=365, endPage=373, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1156908296612438881, articleId=1156908296075567966, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=Tripartite Evolution Game of Air Cargo Alliance under Carbon Tax Policy, columnId=1156262728772735295, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Papers·Traffics and Transportations, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to improve the efficiency of air transportation, reduce transportation costs and carbon emissions, the evolutionary game method was adopted to explore the influencing factors of the cargo alliance between the government and airlines. The system dynamics model (SD) was used to conduct simulation experiments on the game evolution process. The results indicate that the strategic choices between airlines are influenced by investment costs and alliance benefits, while the government’s strategic choices are influenced by factors such as the carbon emission penalty coefficient paid by airlines, carbon tax subsidy amounts, social benefits, and regulatory costs. In the long run, the government should establish a dynamic subsidy mechanism and increase the diversity of subsidies to enhance the innovation and core competitiveness of airlines.

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为提升航空运输效率,减少运输成本和碳排放量等问题,采用演化博弈方法探讨政府和航司间货运联盟的影响因素,利用系统动力学模型(systematic dynamics,SD)对博弈演化过程进行仿真实验。结果表明,航司间的策略选择受投资成本、联盟收益的影响,政府的策略选择受航司交纳的碳排放惩罚系数、碳税补贴额度、社会收益及监管成本等因素的影响。从长远来看,政府应该建立动态的补贴机制和增加补贴的多样性,提高航司的创新性和核心竞争力。

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石学刚(1980—),男,汉族,河北迁安人,博士,副教授。研究方向:临空经济,航空物流。E-mail:

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石学刚(1980—),男,汉族,河北迁安人,博士,副教授。研究方向:临空经济,航空物流。E-mail:

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石学刚(1980—),男,汉族,河北迁安人,博士,副教授。研究方向:临空经济,航空物流。E-mail:

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School of Transportation Science and Engineering, Civil Aviation University of China, Tianjin 300300, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1205908980405174310, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908296075567966, companyId=1205908980388397092, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.中国民航大学交通科学与工程学院, 天津 300300)]), AuthorCompany(id=1205908980480671783, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908296075567966, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1205908980489060392, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908296075567966, companyId=1205908980480671783, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2. Center for Aerospace Economics, Civil Aviation University of China, Tianjin 300300, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1205908980501643305, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908296075567966, companyId=1205908980480671783, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.中国民航大学临空经济研究中心, 天津 300300)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1205908981860597822, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908296075567966, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Dynamics model of S and Y air cargo company government system, figureFileSmall=sR382EZHTt0p9Y7y5ApWiA==, figureFileBig=Blaz1I+HdopfHIPYI3P9uA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1205908981923512383, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908296075567966, language=CN, label=图1, caption=SY航空货运公司-政府系统动力学模型, figureFileSmall=sR382EZHTt0p9Y7y5ApWiA==, figureFileBig=Blaz1I+HdopfHIPYI3P9uA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1205908982003204160, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908296075567966, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Evolution path of government’s initial strategy with no incentives, figureFileSmall=3tWuauWNo6ASVDZhZ5IbYQ==, figureFileBig=Lej1lsyif91JIHskKtVwOw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1205908982078701633, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908296075567966, language=CN, label=图2, caption=政府初始策略为不激励的演化路径图, figureFileSmall=3tWuauWNo6ASVDZhZ5IbYQ==, figureFileBig=Lej1lsyif91JIHskKtVwOw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1205908982175170626, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908296075567966, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Evolution path of government’s initial strategy as incentives, figureFileSmall=WaZ5+uUcDOwOIVVynyOtSQ==, figureFileBig=BmabAMKhRba6f2YWGu+kBQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1205908982254862403, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908296075567966, language=CN, label=图3, caption=政府初始策略为激励的演化路径图, figureFileSmall=WaZ5+uUcDOwOIVVynyOtSQ==, figureFileBig=BmabAMKhRba6f2YWGu+kBQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1205908982326165572, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908296075567966, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Changes in airline investment costs, figureFileSmall=9LECKKD3lTgT5lkjTgqu/w==, figureFileBig=whj4ujtDHBDqLmjLnc6yUw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1205908982405857349, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908296075567966, language=CN, label=图4, caption=航司投资成本变化, figureFileSmall=9LECKKD3lTgT5lkjTgqu/w==, figureFileBig=whj4ujtDHBDqLmjLnc6yUw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1205908982489743430, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908296075567966, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Changes in carbon emission penalty coefficient, figureFileSmall=cplkzmEssOetDkTGMA52Vw==, figureFileBig=lbnMbPl3JQ3qdgXmYPRhkg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1205908982556852295, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908296075567966, language=CN, label=图5, caption=碳排放惩罚系数变化, figureFileSmall=cplkzmEssOetDkTGMA52Vw==, figureFileBig=lbnMbPl3JQ3qdgXmYPRhkg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1205908982653321288, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908296075567966, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Changes in tripartite returns, figureFileSmall=CBbF8MszUUOdDrAKN93dLg==, figureFileBig=y+inuKeeZYcum/qdksE+Gg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1205908983823532105, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908296075567966, language=CN, label=图6, caption=三方收益变化, figureFileSmall=CBbF8MszUUOdDrAKN93dLg==, figureFileBig=y+inuKeeZYcum/qdksE+Gg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1205908983924195402, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908296075567966, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Changes in government subsidy quotas, figureFileSmall=Y7qlZ6MJrKBtLDXoWHK5gA==, figureFileBig=hPXBBbXo7NYEp0RD3edTeg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1205908984016470091, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908296075567966, language=CN, label=图7, caption=政府补贴额度变化, figureFileSmall=Y7qlZ6MJrKBtLDXoWHK5gA==, figureFileBig=hPXBBbXo7NYEp0RD3edTeg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1205908984083578956, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908296075567966, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Changes in government regulatory costs, figureFileSmall=ZSr0eiem2Am/EOFwR/6XCg==, figureFileBig=mvbh9ay01tEQfD/Ft720uw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1205908984163270733, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908296075567966, language=CN, label=图8, caption=政府监管成本变化, figureFileSmall=ZSr0eiem2Am/EOFwR/6XCg==, figureFileBig=mvbh9ay01tEQfD/Ft720uw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1205908984301682766, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908296075567966, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Government and airline strategy selection and payment matrix

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
政府 S航司 Y航司
积极联盟(y) 消极联盟(1-y)
激励(z) 积极联盟(x) L1=aD-Is+bW-tH
M1=(1-a)D-Iy+(1-b)W-(1-t)H
O1=R'-W-T
L2=Ds-Is+bW+G-Hs-mHS
M2=Dy+(1-b)W-G-Hy-nHy
O2=R'-W-T-C+(mHs+nHy)
消极联盟(1-x) L3=Ds+bW-G-Hs-mHS
M3=Dy-Iy+(1-b)W-G-Hy-nHy
O3=R'-W-T-C+(mHs+nHy)
L4=Ds-Hs-mHS
M4=Dy-Hy-nHy
O4=R'-T-C+(mHs+nHy)
不激励
(1-z)
积极联盟(x) L5=aD-Is-tH
M5=(1-a)D-Iy-(1-t)H
O5=R
L6=Ds-Hs-mHS
M6=Dy-Hy-nHy
O6=R-C+(mHs+nHy)
消极联盟(1-x) L7=Ds-Hs-mHS
M7=Dy-Iy-Hy-nHy
O7=R-C+(mHs+nHy)
L8=Ds-Hs-mHS
M8=Dy-Hy-nHy
O8=R-C+(mHs+nHy)
), ArticleFig(id=1205908984423317583, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908296075567966, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

政府与航司策略选择与支付矩阵

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
政府 S航司 Y航司
积极联盟(y) 消极联盟(1-y)
激励(z) 积极联盟(x) L1=aD-Is+bW-tH
M1=(1-a)D-Iy+(1-b)W-(1-t)H
O1=R'-W-T
L2=Ds-Is+bW+G-Hs-mHS
M2=Dy+(1-b)W-G-Hy-nHy
O2=R'-W-T-C+(mHs+nHy)
消极联盟(1-x) L3=Ds+bW-G-Hs-mHS
M3=Dy-Iy+(1-b)W-G-Hy-nHy
O3=R'-W-T-C+(mHs+nHy)
L4=Ds-Hs-mHS
M4=Dy-Hy-nHy
O4=R'-T-C+(mHs+nHy)
不激励
(1-z)
积极联盟(x) L5=aD-Is-tH
M5=(1-a)D-Iy-(1-t)H
O5=R
L6=Ds-Hs-mHS
M6=Dy-Hy-nHy
O6=R-C+(mHs+nHy)
消极联盟(1-x) L7=Ds-Hs-mHS
M7=Dy-Iy-Hy-nHy
O7=R-C+(mHs+nHy)
L8=Ds-Hs-mHS
M8=Dy-Hy-nHy
O8=R-C+(mHs+nHy)
), ArticleFig(id=1205908984498815058, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908296075567966, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Equation of J in Jacobian Matrix

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数
J1 (1-2x)[z(bW+G)-yzbW+
y(aD-tH+Hs+mHs)-Is]
J2 x(1-x)(zbW+aD-tH+Hs+mHs
J3 x(1-x)(bW+G-ybW)
J4 y(1-y)[-z(1-b)W+(1-a)D-
(1-t)H+Hy+nHy]
J5 (1-2y){z[(1-b)W+G]-xz(1-b)W+
x[(1-a)D-(1-t)H+Hy+nHy]-Iy}
J6 y(1-y)[(1-b)W+G-x(1-b)W]
J7 z(1-z)[-2y(mHs+nHy-C)+(y-1)W]
J8 z(1-z)[-2x(mHs+nHy-C)+(x-1)W]
J9 (1-2z)[-2xy(mHs+nHy-C)+
(xy-x-y)W+(R'-R-T)]
), ArticleFig(id=1205908984591089747, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908296075567966, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

雅可比矩阵中J的算式

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数
J1 (1-2x)[z(bW+G)-yzbW+
y(aD-tH+Hs+mHs)-Is]
J2 x(1-x)(zbW+aD-tH+Hs+mHs
J3 x(1-x)(bW+G-ybW)
J4 y(1-y)[-z(1-b)W+(1-a)D-
(1-t)H+Hy+nHy]
J5 (1-2y){z[(1-b)W+G]-xz(1-b)W+
x[(1-a)D-(1-t)H+Hy+nHy]-Iy}
J6 y(1-y)[(1-b)W+G-x(1-b)W]
J7 z(1-z)[-2y(mHs+nHy-C)+(y-1)W]
J8 z(1-z)[-2x(mHs+nHy-C)+(x-1)W]
J9 (1-2z)[-2xy(mHs+nHy-C)+
(xy-x-y)W+(R'-R-T)]
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碳税政策下航空货运联盟三方演化博弈
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石学刚 1 , 高丹 2
科学技术与工程 | 论文·交通运输 2025,25(1): 365-373
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科学技术与工程 | 论文·交通运输 2025, 25(1): 365-373
碳税政策下航空货运联盟三方演化博弈
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石学刚1 , 高丹2
作者信息
  • 1.中国民航大学交通科学与工程学院, 天津 300300
  • 2.中国民航大学临空经济研究中心, 天津 300300
  • 石学刚(1980—),男,汉族,河北迁安人,博士,副教授。研究方向:临空经济,航空物流。E-mail:

Tripartite Evolution Game of Air Cargo Alliance under Carbon Tax Policy
Xue-gang SHI1 , Dan GAO2
Affiliations
  • 1. School of Transportation Science and Engineering, Civil Aviation University of China, Tianjin 300300, China
  • 2. Center for Aerospace Economics, Civil Aviation University of China, Tianjin 300300, China
出版时间: 2025-01-08 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2402162
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为提升航空运输效率,减少运输成本和碳排放量等问题,采用演化博弈方法探讨政府和航司间货运联盟的影响因素,利用系统动力学模型(systematic dynamics,SD)对博弈演化过程进行仿真实验。结果表明,航司间的策略选择受投资成本、联盟收益的影响,政府的策略选择受航司交纳的碳排放惩罚系数、碳税补贴额度、社会收益及监管成本等因素的影响。从长远来看,政府应该建立动态的补贴机制和增加补贴的多样性,提高航司的创新性和核心竞争力。

航空公司货运联盟  /  政府激励  /  演化博弈  /  系统动力学  /  碳排放

In order to improve the efficiency of air transportation, reduce transportation costs and carbon emissions, the evolutionary game method was adopted to explore the influencing factors of the cargo alliance between the government and airlines. The system dynamics model (SD) was used to conduct simulation experiments on the game evolution process. The results indicate that the strategic choices between airlines are influenced by investment costs and alliance benefits, while the government’s strategic choices are influenced by factors such as the carbon emission penalty coefficient paid by airlines, carbon tax subsidy amounts, social benefits, and regulatory costs. In the long run, the government should establish a dynamic subsidy mechanism and increase the diversity of subsidies to enhance the innovation and core competitiveness of airlines.

airline cargo alliance  /  government incentives  /  evolutionary game theory  /  system dynamics  /  carbon emission
石学刚, 高丹. 碳税政策下航空货运联盟三方演化博弈. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (1) : 365 -373 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2402162
Xue-gang SHI, Dan GAO. Tripartite Evolution Game of Air Cargo Alliance under Carbon Tax Policy[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (1) : 365 -373 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2402162
中国目前已经形成全球超大规模的产业体系和消费市场,航空货运业由此迅速发展,货邮运输量逐渐增长。然而,货运成本高、资源利用率低等问题仍然存在,给中国民航带来了国内双碳目标、欧盟航空碳排放税以及全球气候治理责任等多重压力[1]。在碳税约束下,研究政府激励和航空货运公司联盟的决策行为变得尤为重要。这不仅有助于促进航司间形成联盟,还能推动节能减排、提高航司间的资源利用率,从而助力中国民航在迈向民航强国的关键阶段稳步前行。
近年来,国内外的一些学者对航空运输业的研究主要集中在航空货运联盟、空铁竞争等方面。在航空货运方面,闫妍等[2]采用改进的风险价值函数描述航空公司的成本,探讨不同航空货运公司在联盟后的航线上运输业务的自营或者外包问题;闫妍等[3]基于航空联盟大环境下考虑选择最优的枢纽点数量以及位置、航线运营模式以及对航空运输路径优化,从而达到降低运输成本,提高航线利用率和收益;曹允春等[4]利用系统动力学来研究我国国际航空货运系统;孙博等[5]、牟振华等[6]、李慧等[7]选择采用演化博弈的方法研究分析高铁和民航的竞合以及适应关系、航班延误引发的群体事件。
在已有的文献中考虑在碳税政策[8-10]下政府的激励[11]和航司之间的竞合博弈的研究较少,因此结合演化博弈理论[12-14]和系统动力学模型[15-17](systematic dynamics,SD)分析研究政府、航空货运公司间的演化博弈行为,可以有效地分析出博弈主体间的利益关系和影响策略选择的敏感参数。基于此,现通过建立政府和航司的三方演化博弈模型,通过分析博弈主体在不同决策行为下的支付矩阵,得到演化稳定策略,建立系统动力学模型对演化博弈模型进行仿真模拟,以期找出模型中的敏感性参数,进而帮助政府和航空货运公司在不同的竞争和联盟行为下的选择提出合理建议。
研究的航空货运联盟问题涉及的参与主体是政府和航空货运公司。由于航司间的货运联盟可以提高运输效率、减少碳排放,因此政府鼓励航司间建立联盟关系,并为航司提供一定碳税补贴。航空联盟是有若干个航空货运公司构成的,但货运公司彼此之间是存在竞合关系的,针对政府和两航司进行研究,探讨三方合作的内在机理。
假设1 3个参与博弈的主体均是有限理性的,以实现自身利益的最大化为目标,且三者都具有学习能力,政府和航司会根据三方的决策策略动态调整自身的决策,并且不断地学习,寻找自身的最优策略。因此,这是一个长期的动态的博弈过程。
假设2 博弈参与主体的策略选择,对航司而言,其博弈策略为{联盟,不联盟},不联盟时航司保持独立经营,政府的博弈策略为{激励,不激励}。
假设3 在三方演化博弈过程中,S航司选择积极联盟的概率为x,选择消极联盟的概率为1-x;Y航司选择积极联盟的概率是y,选择消极联盟的概率为1-y;政府选择激励的概率为z,选择不激励的概率为1-zxyz的值均在[0,1]范围内。
假设4 当政府采取激励政策时,会为两航司的碳税补贴W,防止航司发生骗补行为,保证其补贴资金得到合理利用,政府对航司进行监管T,政府的激励成本是给航司提供的补贴和监管。同时在激励情境下两航司达成联盟,政府可能会得到的社会效益为R',反之,在不激励情景下得到的社会效益为R(R'>R);航司未达成联盟造成过多碳排放,政府付出的环境治理成本为C
假设5 两航司独立经营的收益用Di表示(联盟后的共同收益D),碳排放成本Hi(联盟后的总碳排放成本H),为联盟需要付出投资成本Ii,航司间发生投机行为需要向对方付出G的罚款。当航司间消极联盟造成环境损失,需要向政府支付一定的环境损失费mHs+nHy,mn分别为SY航司支付的碳排放惩罚系数。
基于上述做出的假设以及政府和航司的选择策略,建立三方博弈支付矩阵,如表1所示。
S航司积极联盟期望收益为Ex,消极联盟期望收益为E1-x,平均期望收益 E x ¯,计算公式如下。
Ex=z(bW+G)-yzG+y(aD-tH)+(y-1)(Hs+mHs)+(Ds-Is)
E1-x=yz(bW-G)+(Ds-Hs-mHs)
E x ¯=xEx+(1-x)E1-x
可得S航司的复制动态方程为
F(x)= d x d t=x(Ex- E x ¯)=x(1-x)[z(DW+G)-yzbW+y(aD-tH+Hs+mHs)-Is]
Y航司积极联盟期望收益为Ey,消极联盟期望收益为E1-y,平均期望收益 E y ¯,计算公式分别如下。
Ey=z[(1-b)W+G]-xzG+x[(1-a)D-(1-t)H]+(x-1)(Hy+nHy)+(Dy-Iy)
E1-y=xz[(1-b)W+G]+(Dy-Hy-n)Hy
E y ¯=yEy+(1-y)E1-y
可得Y航司的复制动态方程为
$\begin{aligned} F(y)= & \frac{\mathrm{d} y}{\mathrm{~d} t}=y\left(E_{y}-\overline{E_{y}}\right) \\ = & y(1-y)\{z[(1-b) W+G]- \\ & x z(1-b) W+x[(1-a) D- \\ & \left.\left.(1-t) H+H_{y}+n H_{y}\right]-I_{y}\right\} \end{aligned}$
设政府规制期望收益为Ez,不激励的期望收益为E1-z,平均期望收益 E z ¯
Ez=(1-xy)(mHs+nHy-C)+(xy-x-y)W+(R'-T)
E1-z=(1+xy)(mHs+nHy-C)+R
E z ¯=zEz+(1-z)E1-z
可得政府决策策略的复制动态方程为
F(z)= d z d t=z(1-z)(Ez-E1-z)=z(1-z)[-2xy(mHs+nHy-C)+(xy-x-y)W+(R'-R-T)]
博弈系统中3个参与方会根据自身所得收益不断地调整选择策略以追求更大的利益,最终会达到长期稳定动态平衡,此时的策略叫作稳定策略(evoutionaruly stable strategy, ESS)。令上述复制动态方程的F(x)=0,F(y)=0,F(z)=0,可得到博弈三方均达到稳定状态的9个局部均衡点:E1(0,0,0),E2(0,0,1),E3(0,1,0),E4(1,0,0),E5(1,1,0),E6(1,0,1),E7(0,1,1),E8(1,1,1),E9(x*,y*,z*),其中,E9(x*,y*,z*)是内部均衡点,为非渐进稳点状态[17]。博弈系统的雅可比矩阵为
J= J 1 J 4 J 7 J 2 J 5 J 8 J 3 J 6 J 9
式(13)中:J1~J9的值如表2所示。
由李雅普诺夫间接法可知,演化稳定性可由雅可比矩阵的特征值判断。在某个纯策略点处,若矩阵J中的所有特征值都小于0,则该均衡点有渐进稳定性,是演化的稳定策略;若矩阵J中的特征值中有正有负时,该点为演化过程中的不稳定点;若矩阵J中的特征值全部都大于0,该点为鞍点[17]。为了从系统的角度,清晰直观的分析SY航司和政府的三方博弈演化路径,利用Vensim PLE软件建立系统动力学模型,对博弈系统进行演化仿真模拟。
系统中相关变量的函数关系式具体描述见系统复制动态方程式。模型中的时间边界设置为:INITIAL TIME=0,FINALTIME=10,TIME STEP=0.01,IntegrationType:Euler。假设博弈系统中的一切成本、费用等都是可以量化的,且以无量纲表示[15]。依据分析和模型假设,参数初始值设置为:x=0.5,y=0.5,z=0.5,m=n=1,D=14,Ds=6,Dy=5,G=5,W=4,T=1,C=6.4,H=3.6,Hs=3,Hy=2,Is=3,Iy=1.8,R'=7,R=4。绘制结果如图1所示。
从演化博弈稳定性的分析来看,政府和航司之间的博弈将会趋向于一个均衡状态。然而,由于无法确定这个均衡状态的稳定性或者唯一性,也无法确切了解导致博弈达到均衡状态的原因和过程。在这种情况下,当博弈参与者的策略选择概率为0或1时,整个博弈系统将存在8个纯策略点。因此,通过对纯策略点进行微小调整来研究三方博弈的演化状态以及各均衡点的稳定性,将0的值设为0.01,将1的值设定为0.99[11]。将从政府的选择策略入手分情况讨论8种策略。
当政府选择不激励策略时,三方博弈主体的策略集有:(0,0,0)、(0,1,0)、(1,0,0)、(1,1,0)共4种,演化结果如图2所示。
图2(a)图2(b)所示,当S航司的初始策略为不联盟时,Y航司的联盟意愿明显高于S航司,但由于受市场多种因素的推动,两航司最终会选择联盟,政府也会选择对两航司进行补贴的激励政策。当Y航司初始策略为联盟时,政府的激励意愿逐渐增大,政府对航司联盟的补贴促使S航司选择联盟的概率大大提升。如图2(c)图2(d)所示,当S航司初始策略选择联盟时,若Y航司初始选择为不联盟,但由于政府激励概率的增大,使得Y航司最终会选择联盟。若两航司都主动选择积极联盟,政府的选择策略会最终演化为激励策略,博弈中的各方会较快速的达到稳定状态。
当政府选择激励策略时,三方博弈主体的策略集有:(0,0,1)、(0,1,1)、(1,0,1)、(1,1,1)共4种,演化结果如图3所示。
图3(a)图3(b)所示,当S航司的初始策略为不联盟时,由于政府的激励补贴促使航司发生从消极联盟到积极联盟的快速转变,并且在Y航司积极联盟意愿的带动下,S航司更快的向意愿联盟转变。如图3(c)图3(d)所示,当S航司的初始状态选择积极联盟时,Y航司的初始状态为消极联盟,但Y航司的选择意愿会快速的发生转变,整个系统迅速达到稳定状态。当博弈三方的选择策略为(1,1,1)(即积极联盟,积极联盟,激励)时,博弈系统的演化路径达到均衡,此时的均衡点为演化的稳定点。
图4描述了航司投资成本的变化对博弈三方策略选择的影响,由图可看出,在不同的投资成本下,航司选择联盟的变化趋势明显。对于航司来说,投资成本越小,联盟概率越大,达到稳定状态所需时间越短,但随着投资成本的增大,航司的联盟意愿逐渐减缓,且当投资成本超过航司独立经营的收益时,S航司的初始联盟意愿很低,并且迅速变化至消极联盟的稳定状态,而Y航司的初始联盟意愿为0,在相当长时间内两航司保持消极联盟,之后两航司的联盟意愿会逐渐增大,但概率仍然很低;在航司的投资成本超过初始投资意愿后,对政府来说影响不明显。主要原因是航司期望以最小的投资成本获得较大的收益,即使有政府补贴可以抵消一部分的投资成本,但当投资成本大于航司独立经营的收益时,联盟达不到航司的期望收益,此时航司选择消极联盟是有利于自身的。
图5可知,航司的初始策略为消极联盟时,政府的策略为激励航司达成联盟,减少碳排放污染,但当系数m<1时,航司间的碳排放量低于单独经营时排放的量,无论m如何变化,都不影响政府的选择策略;而当m>1时,政府想通过激励策略促使航司达成联盟减少碳排放,但效果不明显,政府最终选择放弃激励。显而易见,政府希望航司间达成联盟使碳排放总量低于航司单独经营的排放量,尽管航司间达成联盟的稳定状态,仍需共同努力控制碳排量。应控制航司交纳的碳排放惩罚系数m不超过1,因为m越大,说明航司的运输活动对环境的影响越大,政府的治理成本越大,政府在不违背市场规律的条件下,可以动态的调整两航司交纳碳排放惩罚系数。
图6描述政府选择激励后得到的社会收益R'和航司选择联盟后得到的总收益D变化时,对博弈三方策略选择的影响。由图6可知,政府和航司的激励及联盟意愿随着得到的收益增加而增强。对于航司来说,当联盟后获得总收益低于独立经营的收益时,两航司会果断的选择消极联盟策略,一段时间后,尽管Y航司联盟意愿有所改变,但概率仍然很低。因为无论是政府还是航司在做决策时,总是以追求自身利益最大为决策的衡量依据,当博弈三方合作后的总收益低于彼此不合作时的收益,政府和航司会选择独善其身。因此提高航司联盟后的总收益和政府激励后获得的社会效益,是保证博弈系统达到联盟和激励稳定状态的最快、最直接的选择。
图7描述了航司获得的政府额度的变化情况对航司和政府选择策略的影响,可知,政府的激励意愿随着补贴额度的增大而发生明显变化,两航司从开始的消极联盟向主动积极联盟的方向演化,尤其是Y航司的联盟意愿始终高于S航司,由此可得出,航司间的联盟一定程度上依赖于政府的补贴。政府希望最小成本获取最大社会效益,若补贴过度且无益则会停止对航司的激励。对于航司来说,联盟会减少运输成本为企业创造更多利益,但需要有联盟投资,同时会面对一系列的风险,但政府的补贴会相对的抵消一些联盟投资,所以航司更趋向于联盟。
图8描述不同的政府监管成本对博弈三方选择策略的影响,通过多次仿真实验发现,政府的监管成本越小,博弈三方选择激励联盟的意愿越强烈,达到稳定所需时间越少,随着政府监管成本的提升,对两航司的策略选择影响不大,但达到平衡时间变长,但监管成本过高时,两航司的联盟意愿迅速变为0,政府的激励意愿也逐渐降低。基于上述分析,监管成本也属于政府的激励成本,当政府需要花费较多成本监管航司间联盟行为,说明航司间的联盟内部有问题,自然航司会降低联盟意愿,而政府期望以最小的激励成本获得最大的社会效益,因此航司间的良性合作联盟关系会促使政府监管成本降低,即政府的支出成本减少,激励意愿增强,航司的联盟意愿也将增强。
S航司-政府-Y航司组成的演化博弈模型中,各博弈主体的选择策略均会受到其他参与主体策略的影响,并且会根据环境和状态地变化动态地调整自身的选择策略以达到自身利益的最优。构建系统动力学模型对参数进行仿真分析,模拟系统的动态演化过程,得到下述结论及建议。
(1)虽然航司交纳的碳排放惩罚系数对航司的选择策略影响不大,但航司应该主动承担起社会责任,在符合自身利益发展的同时,尽量减少碳排放等对环境的影响。政府在不违背市场规律条件下,动态调整航司的交纳的碳排放惩罚系数,从而鼓励航空公司主动承担社会责任。政府还可以加强监管,确保航空公司遵守环保法规和相关标准,对那些违规行为进行处罚,推动航空公司全面履行社会责任,减少对环境的负面影响。
(2)尽管航司获得的政府补贴额度减少会对航司间的联盟积极性产生一定的影响,但是补贴数额的减少不会对航司的策略选择产生较大的影响。提高政府补贴额度确实会提高两个航空货运公司的联盟积极性,但可能会导致航空货运公司产生对政府补贴的依赖性,不利于航空货运公司的长远发展以及联盟后核心竞争力的形成。因此,在激励补贴方面,政府可以考虑建立动态补贴机制,这样政府可以根据市场情况调整补贴政策,确保补贴资金能更精确的支持航司的发展,同时也可以使政府更好地激励航司提高创新性和效率。
(3)减少政府的监管成本,更容易使博弈系统达到平衡状态,这就对航司在联盟合作中遵守契约精神提出更高要求。在政府的激励策略下,政府应加强对航空货运公司的监督,确保补贴资金的使用符合规范。同时建立有效的绩效评估体系,对补贴的使用情况进行跟踪和评估,及时发现问题并解决。
  • 国家社科基金后期资助项目(23FJYB042)
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2402162
  • 接收时间:2024-03-26
  • 首发时间:2025-07-29
  • 出版时间:2025-01-08
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  • 收稿日期:2024-03-26
  • 修回日期:2024-10-15
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国家社科基金后期资助项目(23FJYB042)
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    1.中国民航大学交通科学与工程学院, 天津 300300
    2.中国民航大学临空经济研究中心, 天津 300300
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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