Article(id=1156908037945512277, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1156907871645556837, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2308876, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1699804800000, receivedDateStr=2023-11-13, revisedDate=1716220800000, revisedDateStr=2024-05-21, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1753757970558, onlineDateStr=2025-07-29, pubDate=1737993600000, pubDateStr=2025-01-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753757970558, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-29, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753757970558, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753757970558, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1156907871645556837, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='3', pageStart='879', pageEnd='1312', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1753757930909, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1765095544280, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1204461268821320541, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1156907871645556837, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1204461268825514846, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1156907871645556837, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1262, endPage=1271, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1156908039132500311, articleId=1156908037945512277, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=Approach Behavior Analysis at Blind Intersections in Underground Parking Lot Based on Connected Vehicle Warning Information, columnId=1156262728772735295, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Papers·Traffics and Transportations, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The narrow passageways and limited visibility in large underground parking lots often lead to vehicle collisions at blind intersections, posing significant dangers. In order analyze approach behavior at these intersections, a driving simulation experiment was designed. The experiment involved constructing a 3D model of the underground parking lot and integrating it with a connected vehicle warning information system. Four experimental scenarios were devised, considering variations in technical features (with or without warning information) and events (with or without vehicle conflicts at blind intersections). Using micro-driving behavior data from 31 participants, key metrics such as speed, acceleration, and braking position were selected to analyze approach behavior from the warning point to the blind intersection. Subsequently, correlation analysis was conducted, followed by the application of the k-means method to cluster driver types and examine the effects of warning information on the approach behavior of different drivers. Finally, the utility of the system was evaluated. The results indicate the following. ①When drivers approached blind intersections without warning information, the process typically involved three stages: speed maintenance, speed increase, and emergency braking. In contrast, when warning information was provided, speed decreased more uniformly and was 34.08% higher than without warning information. ②The warning information system reduced the average speed by 9.94 km/h compared to scenarios without warnings, and advanced the braking position by 4.49 meters, thereby effectively enhancing the safety of drivers passing through blind intersections in parking lots. ③The warning information system had discernible effects on conservative and general drivers, suggesting the need for additional training for radical drivers to help them understand the positive role of the warning system in improving driving efficiency and promoting safe driving practices. ④The warning information system significantly improved overall driver safety, with the greatest impact observed among conservative drivers, followed by ordinary and aggressive drivers. These research findings provide support for the application of connected vehicle warning information systems in parking lots and contribute to the enhancement of parking lot safety.

, correspAuthors=Chen LI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=He-peng CHEN, Yan-yan CHEN, Chen LI, Yu-fei CHEN, Yong-xing LI), CN=ArticleExt(id=1156908103879971644, articleId=1156908037945512277, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=CN, title=基于网联信息预警的停车场盲区抵近行为分析, columnId=1156262730664366426, journalTitle=科学技术与工程, columnName=论文·交通运输, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

大型地下停车场内部通道窄、视野受限导致盲区交叉口会车容易发生碰撞,危险性较高。通过搭建地下停车场3D模型和网联信息预警系统设计驾驶模拟实验,分析地下停车场盲区交叉口抵近行为。考虑技术水平和盲区冲突设计4种实验场景,基于31名被试的微观驾驶行为数据,选取平均速度、平均加速度、制动位置分析预警点到盲区交叉口范围内的驾驶行为。在相关性分析的基础上运用K-means方法选择初始速度、平均速度对驾驶员类型进行聚类,分析网联预警信息对不同驾驶员抵近行为的影响。研究结果表明:①驾驶员在无预警信息提示时抵近盲区交叉口的过程包括速度保持——速度增加——速度急减3个阶段,在有预警时速度均匀下降,通过交叉口时的速度较无预警时高34.08%;②预警信息使得驾驶员平均速度较无预警场景降低9.94 km/h,制动位置提前4.49 m,有效提升驾驶员在停车场盲区交叉口的安全性;③预警系统对保守型和普通型驾驶员作用效果明显,对于激进型驾驶员应当进行必要的培训,使其认识到预警系统的积极作用,以提高行车效率、促进安全驾驶;④车载网联预警系统对整体及不同类别的驾驶员的安全性提升效果显著,提升效果排序为:保守型>普通型>激进型。研究结果对网联信息预警系统在停车场的应用和停车场安全性提升提供支撑。

, correspAuthors=李臣, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 李臣(1988—),男,汉族,山东泰安人,博士,高级工程师。研究方向:交通行为、智能交通方面。E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=dB27ctCoH8XP1uq5fGnxRQ==, magXml=mfx24G/oLPQ9A25mFNR6XQ==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=+3KcbekzxyQp6c+cTbS4wg==, pdfFileSize=6905672, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=jAvurA0sP/2O7yQRUTjhqQ==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=hT39ysPJlLcuk82gPc4Cdg==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

陈贺鹏(1993—),男,汉族,江苏丰县人,博士研究生。研究方向:交通行为、交通规划。E-mail:

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陈贺鹏(1993—),男,汉族,江苏丰县人,博士研究生。研究方向:交通行为、交通规划。E-mail:

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陈贺鹏(1993—),男,汉族,江苏丰县人,博士研究生。研究方向:交通行为、交通规划。E-mail:

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Age and driving experience of participants

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
个人属性 均值(标准差)
男性 女性
年龄/岁 30.12 (9.18) 30.12 (7.58)
驾龄/年 7.58 (4.83) 9.07 (4.67)
), ArticleFig(id=1204780263554392315, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908037945512277, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

被试年龄及驾龄

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
个人属性 均值(标准差)
男性 女性
年龄/岁 30.12 (9.18) 30.12 (7.58)
驾龄/年 7.58 (4.83) 9.07 (4.67)
), ArticleFig(id=1204780263642472706, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908037945512277, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Experiment serial number,scenario and driving task

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
实验 场景 主要任务 次要任务
实验1 无预警×(盲区有冲突+
盲区无冲突)
F区购物
中心入口
驶出停车场
实验2 有预警×(盲区有冲突+
盲区无冲突)
J区家具城
入口
驶出停车场
), ArticleFig(id=1204780263730553095, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908037945512277, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

实验序号、场景与驾驶任务表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
实验 场景 主要任务 次要任务
实验1 无预警×(盲区有冲突+
盲区无冲突)
F区购物
中心入口
驶出停车场
实验2 有预警×(盲区有冲突+
盲区无冲突)
J区家具城
入口
驶出停车场
), ArticleFig(id=1204780263831216399, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908037945512277, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Approach behavior index of blind intersection

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
技术
等级
指标均值(标准差)
平均速度/
(km·h-1)
平均加速度/
(m·s-2)
制动
位置/m
无预警 26.94(4.18) -0.27(1.14) 16.04(9.22)
有预警 17.00(4.06) -0.56(0.27) 20.53(7.09)
), ArticleFig(id=1204780263910908180, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908037945512277, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

盲区交叉口抵近行为指标

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
技术
等级
指标均值(标准差)
平均速度/
(km·h-1)
平均加速度/
(m·s-2)
制动
位置/m
无预警 26.94(4.18) -0.27(1.14) 16.04(9.22)
有预警 17.00(4.06) -0.56(0.27) 20.53(7.09)
), ArticleFig(id=1204780264011571484, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908037945512277, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Correlation test result

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 相关系数 P
初始速度 -0.506 0.004**
平均速度 0.708 0.000***
加速度 -0.021 0.912
最小速度 0.392 0.029*
), ArticleFig(id=1204780264129012004, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908037945512277, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

相关性检验结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 相关系数 P
初始速度 -0.506 0.004**
平均速度 0.708 0.000***
加速度 -0.021 0.912
最小速度 0.392 0.029*
), ArticleFig(id=1204780264246452525, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908037945512277, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Different types of driver behavior results

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
驾驶员
类型
均值 占比/%
初始速度/
(km·h-1)
平均速度/
(km·h-1)
制动位置/
m
保守型 16.54 11.47 24.04 35.48
普通型 26.11 17.24 22.04 38.71
激进型 28.93 24.23 13.44 25.81
), ArticleFig(id=1204780264338727217, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908037945512277, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

不同类型驾驶员行为结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
驾驶员
类型
均值 占比/%
初始速度/
(km·h-1)
平均速度/
(km·h-1)
制动位置/
m
保守型 16.54 11.47 24.04 35.48
普通型 26.11 17.24 22.04 38.71
激进型 28.93 24.23 13.44 25.81
), ArticleFig(id=1204780264451973437, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908037945512277, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

Different types of driver regression analysis result

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类型
因素
保守型 普通型 激进型
Beta t Sig. Beta t Sig. Beta t Sig.
性别 0.256 2.369 0.011 0.261 2.581 0.007 0.407 3.980 0.003
年龄 0.088 0.901 0.014 0.039 0.405 0.334 0.019 0.201 0.453
驾龄 0.245 2.231 0.005 0.205 2.109 0.247 0.104 10.109 0.905
有用性 0.501 5.107 0.000 0.301 2.928 0.011 0.275 2.293 0.017
理解度 0.308 3.304 0.015 0.261 2.558 0.027 0.016 0.107 0.247
服从度 0.471 4.459 0.002 0.408 4.105 0.012 0.053 0.634 0.105
), ArticleFig(id=1204780264565219661, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908037945512277, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

不同风格驾驶员回归结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类型
因素
保守型 普通型 激进型
Beta t Sig. Beta t Sig. Beta t Sig.
性别 0.256 2.369 0.011 0.261 2.581 0.007 0.407 3.980 0.003
年龄 0.088 0.901 0.014 0.039 0.405 0.334 0.019 0.201 0.453
驾龄 0.245 2.231 0.005 0.205 2.109 0.247 0.104 10.109 0.905
有用性 0.501 5.107 0.000 0.301 2.928 0.011 0.275 2.293 0.017
理解度 0.308 3.304 0.015 0.261 2.558 0.027 0.016 0.107 0.247
服从度 0.471 4.459 0.002 0.408 4.105 0.012 0.053 0.634 0.105
), ArticleFig(id=1204780264670077267, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908037945512277, language=EN, label=Table 7, caption=

Evaluation index system

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量 变量含义 指标类型 选择原因
F1 速度 越小越优 表征驾驶人在抵近盲区交叉口时的车辆控制行为
F2 加速度 越小越优
F3 制动位置 越大越优
), ArticleFig(id=1204780264783323484, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908037945512277, language=CN, label=表7, caption=

评估指标体系

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量 变量含义 指标类型 选择原因
F1 速度 越小越优 表征驾驶人在抵近盲区交叉口时的车辆控制行为
F2 加速度 越小越优
F3 制动位置 越大越优
), ArticleFig(id=1204780264925929826, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908037945512277, language=EN, label=Table 8, caption=

Summary of grey near-optimal utility evaluation

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类型 技术水平 近优度 提升度/%
整体 0.654 25.96
0.883
保守型 0.497 43.71
0.883
普通型 0.627 22.56
0.810
激进型 0.731 6.27
0.780
), ArticleFig(id=1204780265039176040, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908037945512277, language=CN, label=表8, caption=

灰色近优效用评价汇总表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类型 技术水平 近优度 提升度/%
整体 0.654 25.96
0.883
保守型 0.497 43.71
0.883
普通型 0.627 22.56
0.810
激进型 0.731 6.27
0.780
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基于网联信息预警的停车场盲区抵近行为分析
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陈贺鹏 1 , 陈艳艳 1 , 李臣 2, * , 陈雨菲 3 , 李永行 1
科学技术与工程 | 论文·交通运输 2025,25(3): 1262-1271
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科学技术与工程 | 论文·交通运输 2025, 25(3): 1262-1271
基于网联信息预警的停车场盲区抵近行为分析
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陈贺鹏1 , 陈艳艳1, 李臣2, * , 陈雨菲3, 李永行1
作者信息
  • 1.北京工业大学城市建设学部, 北京市交通工程重点实验室, 北京 100124
  • 2.济南轨道交通集团有限公司, 济南 250101
  • 3.中汽院智能网联科技有限公司, 重庆 401120
  • 陈贺鹏(1993—),男,汉族,江苏丰县人,博士研究生。研究方向:交通行为、交通规划。E-mail:

通讯作者:

* 李臣(1988—),男,汉族,山东泰安人,博士,高级工程师。研究方向:交通行为、智能交通方面。E-mail:
Approach Behavior Analysis at Blind Intersections in Underground Parking Lot Based on Connected Vehicle Warning Information
He-peng CHEN1 , Yan-yan CHEN1, Chen LI2, * , Yu-fei CHEN3, Yong-xing LI1
Affiliations
  • 1. Beijing Key Laboratory of Traffic Engineering, Urban Construction Department, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
  • 2. Jinan Rail Transit Group Company Limited, Jinan 250101, China
  • 3. Connected Technology of China Automotive Engineering Research Institute Co., Ltd., Chongqing 401120, China
出版时间: 2025-01-28 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2308876
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大型地下停车场内部通道窄、视野受限导致盲区交叉口会车容易发生碰撞,危险性较高。通过搭建地下停车场3D模型和网联信息预警系统设计驾驶模拟实验,分析地下停车场盲区交叉口抵近行为。考虑技术水平和盲区冲突设计4种实验场景,基于31名被试的微观驾驶行为数据,选取平均速度、平均加速度、制动位置分析预警点到盲区交叉口范围内的驾驶行为。在相关性分析的基础上运用K-means方法选择初始速度、平均速度对驾驶员类型进行聚类,分析网联预警信息对不同驾驶员抵近行为的影响。研究结果表明:①驾驶员在无预警信息提示时抵近盲区交叉口的过程包括速度保持——速度增加——速度急减3个阶段,在有预警时速度均匀下降,通过交叉口时的速度较无预警时高34.08%;②预警信息使得驾驶员平均速度较无预警场景降低9.94 km/h,制动位置提前4.49 m,有效提升驾驶员在停车场盲区交叉口的安全性;③预警系统对保守型和普通型驾驶员作用效果明显,对于激进型驾驶员应当进行必要的培训,使其认识到预警系统的积极作用,以提高行车效率、促进安全驾驶;④车载网联预警系统对整体及不同类别的驾驶员的安全性提升效果显著,提升效果排序为:保守型>普通型>激进型。研究结果对网联信息预警系统在停车场的应用和停车场安全性提升提供支撑。

交通工程  /  停车场  /  视觉盲区  /  驾驶模拟  /  网联信息预警  /  抵近行为

The narrow passageways and limited visibility in large underground parking lots often lead to vehicle collisions at blind intersections, posing significant dangers. In order analyze approach behavior at these intersections, a driving simulation experiment was designed. The experiment involved constructing a 3D model of the underground parking lot and integrating it with a connected vehicle warning information system. Four experimental scenarios were devised, considering variations in technical features (with or without warning information) and events (with or without vehicle conflicts at blind intersections). Using micro-driving behavior data from 31 participants, key metrics such as speed, acceleration, and braking position were selected to analyze approach behavior from the warning point to the blind intersection. Subsequently, correlation analysis was conducted, followed by the application of the k-means method to cluster driver types and examine the effects of warning information on the approach behavior of different drivers. Finally, the utility of the system was evaluated. The results indicate the following. ①When drivers approached blind intersections without warning information, the process typically involved three stages: speed maintenance, speed increase, and emergency braking. In contrast, when warning information was provided, speed decreased more uniformly and was 34.08% higher than without warning information. ②The warning information system reduced the average speed by 9.94 km/h compared to scenarios without warnings, and advanced the braking position by 4.49 meters, thereby effectively enhancing the safety of drivers passing through blind intersections in parking lots. ③The warning information system had discernible effects on conservative and general drivers, suggesting the need for additional training for radical drivers to help them understand the positive role of the warning system in improving driving efficiency and promoting safe driving practices. ④The warning information system significantly improved overall driver safety, with the greatest impact observed among conservative drivers, followed by ordinary and aggressive drivers. These research findings provide support for the application of connected vehicle warning information systems in parking lots and contribute to the enhancement of parking lot safety.

traffic engineering  /  parking lot  /  blind intersection  /  driving simulation  /  connected vehicle warning information  /  approach behavior
陈贺鹏, 陈艳艳, 李臣, 陈雨菲, 李永行. 基于网联信息预警的停车场盲区抵近行为分析. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (3) : 1262 -1271 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2308876
He-peng CHEN, Yan-yan CHEN, Chen LI, Yu-fei CHEN, Yong-xing LI. Approach Behavior Analysis at Blind Intersections in Underground Parking Lot Based on Connected Vehicle Warning Information[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (3) : 1262 -1271 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2308876
城市化和工业化的快速发展使得大型配建地下停车场数量增多,并成为私家车出行中重要组成部分[1]。大型地下停车场内部通道窄、频繁出现盲区交叉口[2],导致驾驶员在寻泊时碰撞风险增加[3]。停车场内发生的事故统计中,美国致命工伤普查表明停车场25 799起事故是由交通事故引起的,其中19%为致命性事件[4];在韩国停车场内受伤或死亡的工作人员中,38.4%是在进行停车管理工作中与车发生碰撞导致的[5];南京某街区内每个月在停车场中发生的事故超过30起[6]。因此,停车场内的安全问题是值得关注的[7]
交叉口是路网中的关键节点,同时也是风险较高的点,因此,许多学者对交叉口的安全问题开展研究。为了准确测量交叉口的风险水平以提出针对性改善措施,学者们针对不同情况的交叉口进行了风险等级评价研究。如王羿童等[8]将交通事故划分3大类、18小类,以实际发生频率和事故危险性作为定量衡量指标划分交叉口风险等级;王晨等[9]基于微观交通仿真与极值理论建立交叉口安全评价方法,该方法可准确预测相交冲突和追尾冲突的事故;李金花等[10]建立基于微观仿真的城市交叉口间接交通安全评价模型,确立城市交叉口交通安全评价流程,并根据评价结果给出交叉口选型建议。一般的交叉口安全措施依靠基础设施的改造优化来提升安全性,包括信号灯配时优化及交通组织渠化等。成卫等[11]通过综合多个评价指标对交叉口配时方案进行优化,可有效提升交通参与者的安全。利用强化学习框架对信号控制进行优化也是提升交叉口效率和安全的有效方法,可提高交叉口通过的效率和安全性[12]。随着无线通信技术的进步,在新兴的互联汽车系统中,车辆之间以及与基础设施之间都能够进行通信,这对于全面了解十字路口交通状况,提升安全具有重要意义。在该领域,万华森等[13]通过实验证明网联预警信息对于降低无信号交叉口横向冲突的效果要优于常规提示型预警。Ghoul等[14]针对网联车辆提出的一种信号-车辆耦合控制系统可以减少交叉口41%~55%的交通冲突,有效提高交叉口安全性。
视觉是驾驶员获取外界信息的主要途径,当视线被交叉口设施遮挡时易发生操作失误,导致交通事故的发生。一般通过在道路盲区点设置凸面镜以减小盲区带来的影响[15],该措施缺点是只有当驾驶员距离凸面镜很近时才可以有效观察到盲区内的情况,对于降低盲区风险效果有限。随着技术的发展,基于网联信息的实时信息交互在车辆出行中被广泛使用,能够提高车辆运行效率和安全性[16],如不良天气下的车辆换道[17]等。同样的,网联信息预警可以对车辆盲区[18]和道路盲区[19]的碰撞、冲突进行短临预警,有效降低盲区风险。
驾驶模拟是研究危险驾驶场景的一种有效手段。由于盲区碰撞这类场景的危险性,研究人员在进行相关研究时很难将驾驶人置于危险情境下进行现场试验,因此通过搭建虚拟场景进行驾驶模拟实验成为研究危险驾驶行为的有效方法之一[20]。通过驾驶模拟实验可以获得速度、加速度、反应时间、制动踏板、油门踏板及眼动等心生理微观驾驶行为数据[21],进而对不同的驾驶人、道路环境、事故情境对驾驶效率及安全的影响进行研究,如薛晴婉等[22]采用驾驶模拟分析雾天条件下驾驶人的车辆操纵行为特性和追尾风险相关关系。
综上所述,尽管学者从影响因素、线型设计和算法优化等方面对提升交叉口安全性做了大量工作,但停车场与城市道路区别较大,停车场内盲区多、反应距离短致使会车车辆处于高风险之中,并且目前缺少对停车场盲区交叉口的相关研究。因此,现通过建立地下停车场3D模型和网联信息预警系统后开展驾驶模拟实验,以获得驾驶员在抵近盲区交叉口时的行为数据,分类型研究行为特征,评估网联信息预警系统的效果。研究结果对网联信息预警系统在停车场的应用和停车场安全性提升具有重要意义。
为了研究网联信息预警系统对地下停车场盲区交叉口抵近行为的影响,通过UC-Win/road 16.0软件创建仿真场景进行驾驶模拟实验,并输出驾驶员微观行为数据。
基于驾驶模拟技术构建地下停车场网联信息预警系统驾驶仿真平台。设备采用北京工业大学固定基座式驾驶模拟器(图1),使用UC-Win/road 16.0软件构建地下停车场模型,制造盲区交叉口冲突互动场景,此软件常被用于道路安全[23]、设施优化[24]等相关研究。驾驶仿真平台可提供130°正向视野以及左、中、右后视镜视野及音效模拟效果,被试可通过视野信息、方向盘和踏板进行较为真实地驾驶场景模拟。该平台通过UC-Win/road LOG输出自车及周边交通参与者的数据,包括车辆速度、加速度、行驶距离、转向盘转角、相对位置、加速/制动踏板行程等。
以北京市一大型商业配建停车场B3层为基础,并且结合实验目的及其他大型停车场设施特征设计了实验场景。如图2所示,停车场在260 m×150 m范围内划分为9个区域,分别编号为A~J(其中为了避免与数字1混淆,未使用I区编号),部分区域中有购物中心、写字楼等出入口。3个连续的车位与一根标有分区编号的承重柱相连,在分区两端使用墙体作为隔断,与实际停车场中的设计一致。场内交通组织采用单、双向行驶相结合的方式,其中,入场道路和出场道路为单向行驶,由于防火门关闭(停车场中较为常见),D区同样采用单向行驶,其他道路均为双向行驶。单向通行车道宽度为4 m,双向通行路段设计为两车道,车道宽度为3.5 m,用黄虚线分隔对向交通流。场内车位尺寸为2.5 m×6 m。通道宽度及车位尺寸均符合《车库建筑设计规范JGJ 100—2015》要求。
网联信息预警系统由抬头显示界面(head-up display,HUD)和语音信息提示两部分组成。第一部分为HUD界面(图3),根据一般导航软件界面、专家经验以及《道路交通标志和标线(GB 5768—2009)》进行设计,最终界面划分为左、中、右3个区域以显示文字和图像信息。左侧区域显示实时速度信息;中间区域以图形形式显示交通状况及预警信息,包括交叉口形式、行驶路径、盲区事件信息;右侧区域以标志和文字显示预警信息。第二部分为语音信息提示,包括警告信息,如前方盲区右侧有车辆通过,请注意避让。
信息提示前置距离S[25]计划公式为
S= V 0 ( t 1 + t 2 ) 3.6+ V 0 t 3 7.2- a t 3 2 24+ V 0 2 25.92 a
式(1)中:t1为驾驶员反应时间,2.5 s;t2为制动踏板自由行程时间,0.03 s;t3为制动力上升时间,0.8 s;V0为汽车制动前的初始车速;a为车辆减速度。
以最不利情况为原则进行计算,其中V0考虑出场时部分车辆速度高,取25 km/h;最大减速度选用舒适制动值2.55 m/s2,得到S为29.74 m,因此场景中信息提示前置距离S取值为30 m,即网联信息预警在交叉口前30 m处对驾驶员进行预警信息提示。
主要探究网联预警信息对驾驶员在地下停车场盲区交叉口抵近行为的影响,为更好地控制变量减少其他交通流的干扰,场景中除交叉口盲区有车辆出现外,不再出现其他交通流。为了提高场景的真实性,本文中停车场饱和度取值75%,并且靠近商场出入口等的车位利用率更高,这与商业配建停车场高峰时刻车位使用情况基本一致。
通过线下和线上招募视力(或矫正视力)正常、听力正常、持有有效驾驶执照,且有实际道路驾驶经验的被试共39名,在经过模拟器驾驶培训后无晕眩方可进入正式实验。最终,共收集31名驾驶员(20名男性,11名女性)的有效数据,样本数量与类似驾驶模拟器研究的样本量相当[26-28],男女驾驶员性别比例(64.52%∶35.48%)与中国现行驾驶员性别比例(男∶女 = 66.32%∶33.68%)基本相同。被试人员年龄及驾龄如表1所示。
考虑技术水平(有无信息预警)和盲区冲突(盲区交叉口有无车辆冲突)设计4种(2×2)实验场景。为避免学习效应对实验结果的影响,盲区交叉口的车辆冲突设置为随机出现。
每次实验中驾驶任务被分为主要任务和次要任务两部分。主要任务要求被试人员进入停车场后进行寻位泊车,即根据驾驶经验在停车场内寻找给定的目的地,如F区购物中心入口和J区家具城入口(两个目的地与入口的距离相同),在寻找目的地的过程中,经过的盲区交叉口会随机出现车辆。次要任务要求驾驶员在找到入口后驶出停车场,目的是在驾驶员驶出停车场的过程获取更多的盲区交叉口驾驶行为数据。实验、场景与驾驶任务对应关系如表2所示。
实验开始前,首先统计被试个人信息,并向被试介绍实验目的和驾驶模拟器注意事项,获得被试的知情同意。其次,在实验人员的引导下,被试在预实验中适应和熟悉驾驶模拟器。当被试表示无晕眩且对驾驶模拟器完全熟悉后开始正式实验。实验开始后,每组实验前告知被试实验任务,并要求其根据驾驶经验完成任务。实验完成后,被试将完成驾驶后问卷,包括网联信息预警系统主观问卷和仿真模拟真实程度问卷,并得到相应的报酬。
选取驾驶员的平均速度、平均加速度、初始速度、最小速度和制动位置等统计指标对地下停车场盲区抵近行为进行分析。根据1.2.2节中预警前置距离,数据截取范围为预警点至交叉口30 m。
首先分析平均速度、平均加速度、制动位置指标的行为特征以获得网联预警信息对地下停车场盲区交叉口抵近行为的基本影响;其次,探究网联信息预警场景下制动位置与一般驾驶行为的相关性,为驾驶员聚类提供分析基础;最后,选择与制动位置相关性较高的指标对驾驶员进行聚类分析,进而讨论不同类型驾驶员的抵近行为。最后,量化评估系统效用。
驾驶员的速度指标变化如表3图4所示。在有预警信息提示的场景中,驾驶员整体平均速度较无预警场景降低9.94 km/h。
无预警场景中车辆首先保持较高速度抵近交叉口,在距离交叉口11 m处速度有明显增加,原因是驾驶员已经接近交叉口观察到交叉口处没有车辆出现所以准备加速通过,在距离交叉口前5 m处基本保持在26~30 km/h。最后,由于停车场内盲区视距较小,可以观察到的相交匝道内视野有限,所以当驾驶员继续向前行驶遇到盲区出现的车辆时采取紧急制动,速度显著减小。
有预警场景中,驾驶人速度变化趋势相对平稳,在接收到预警信息之后速度缓慢下降,最终通过交叉口的速度(11.33 km/h)较无预警场景中(8.45 km/h)的较高。但由于不同驾驶员对于预警信息的服从程度不同导致制动位置不同,速度均值曲线出现3个下凸点(图4中3个箭头指向的点位)。
驾驶员的加速度指标变化如表3图5所示。无预警场景中驾驶员在距离交叉口13 m之前为正值,即驾驶员速度一直在增加,当经过观察判断盲区无车辆后(14~12 m处)驾驶员有短暂的加速。但由于停车场内盲区视距较小,盲区内情况无法完全掌握,所以当驾驶员继续前行发现盲区内出现车辆时加速度变化显著,且减小幅度较大。
有预警场景中,平均加速度绝对值较无预警场景大,主要原因为无预警场景中前期加速度为正,在后期短时间内为负,因此在进行统计分析时由于正负相抵和数据量的差异导致加速度负向增大。加速度标准差反映驾驶人心理紧张程度,值越大说明越紧张[29],因此在抵近交叉口的过程中有信息预警时驾驶员心理紧张程度明显减小(表3显示加速度标准差为0.27 < 1.14),且速度均值及标准差均小于无预警场景,表明驾驶员减速更为平缓,驾驶状态更平稳。
当刹车踏板力度达到10%时为有效制动[21],因此驾驶员制动位置为有效制动行为发生位置与交叉口的距离。如表3所示,驾驶员在无预警的情况下制动位置距离交叉口较近,平均值为16.04 m(标准差为9.22 m),个别驾驶员由于视线遮挡直到交叉口前才会采取制动。有预警场景中驾驶员采取制动的位置提前,并且临近交叉口才采取制动的驾驶员数量显著减少。因此制动位置增大表明预警信息可以使驾驶员提前采取制动,有效提升安全水平。
由于研究的目的是分析网联预警信息对驾驶员抵近行为的影响,因此,首先探究网联预警信息场景中的制动位置与不同驾驶行为指标的相关性,选取相关性较高的指标对驾驶员进行聚类,进而对不同驾驶员类型的抵近行为进行讨论。
1)正态性检验
为分析驾驶员制动位置与一般驾驶行为的相关性,采用皮尔森相关系数对驾驶行为指标进行相关性分析,公式为
r(x,y)= C o v ( x , y ) V a r ( x ) V a r ( y )
式(2)中:x为驾驶行为指标;y为驾驶位置指标;Cov(x,y)为协方差;Var(x)和Var(y)为方差。
根据皮尔逊相关性分析要求,对制动位置进行正态性检验,频数分布与拟合曲线如图6所示,结果显示制动位置符合正态分布(P=0.2 > 0.05),样本均值为20.53 m,标准差为7.09 m。
2)聚类指标选取
其次,对制动位置与初始速度、平均速度、加速度和最小速度进行相关性检验,结果表明平均速度和初始速度对制动位置的影响较大,最小速度影响较小。加速度与制动位置相关性不显著(0.912 > 0.05)。相关性结果如表4所示。
3)驾驶风格聚类
根据相关性分析结果,选取与制动位置相关性较高的指标采用K-means聚类模型对驾驶员进行聚类,以讨论不同类型驾驶员的行为特征。选取初始速度和平均速度对驾驶员风格进行K-means聚类。
K-means算法在进行聚类时具有效率高、收敛快的特点,故采用K-means算法对驾驶风格进行分类。其核心思想是随机选择k个类别为聚类中心,每个中心代表一个类别的平均值或中心,分别计算每个样本与k个聚类中心的欧式距离,将样本划分到距离最近的聚类中心。不断迭代直到所有的样本点都不会再从一个簇转移到另一个簇,质心不发生变化,则完成聚类。具体算法步骤如下。
(1)驾驶员总人数记为n,将其对应的制动位置拟分类别记为k,每个类别为一种驾驶风格,类别表示为
C={Ck}, 1≤kkmax
式(3)中:Ck为第k个类别;kmax为驾驶风格类别总数。
(2)随机选取制动位置p作为聚集中心,表示为
Lk={lp,k}, 1≤pn
式(4)中:Lk为聚集中心;lp,k 为第k种驾驶风格群体的任意取制动位置p
(3)计算离散点p与其相邻的样本点之间的欧氏距离,即
dp,p+1= ( x p - x p + 1 ) 2 + ( y p - y p + 1 ) 2
式(5)中:dp,p+1为样本点p+1到p的欧式距离;(xp, yp)、(xp+1, yp+1)分别为相应的坐标。
(4)重复(2)、(3)。对分类完的样本再进行每个类别求平均值,得到新的聚类质心,并计算离样本与新聚类中心的欧式距离,直到质心不发生变化且样本点不发生转移,则停止并输出聚类结果。
一般驾驶员类型分为保守型、普通型和激进型3种[30],因此本文中聚类时选定k=3,聚类结果如图7所示。气泡直径表示制动位置,气泡直径越大表明驾驶员的制动位置距离交叉口越远。
k值为2~10,对k值的有效性进行验证,并计算对应平均轮廓系数,当k取值为3时,平均轮廓系数最大(0.642 9),结果如图8所示。因此,将驾驶风格分为3类时,聚类效果最优。
表5所示,在有预警信息提示的作用下,保守型和普通型驾驶员制动位置相近,二者主要行为区别在于保守型驾驶员的初始速度和平均速度较低。激进型驾驶员的制动位置明显更加靠近交叉口,其初始速度和平均速度较其他两类驾驶员也更高。
由于驾驶人的个人属性、对预警系统的理解、态度存在较大差异,为了研究这种差异与预警系统对驾驶人的行为影响,根据驾驶后问卷数据选择驾驶人性别、年龄、驾龄、系统有用性、信息理解度、信息服从度共6个变量作为自变量探究预警系统对驾驶人行为影响的致因。多元线性回归方程可表示为
y=β0+β1x1+β2x2+…+βnxn+ε
式(6)中:β0~βn为回归系数;x1~xn为自变量;ε为随机误差。
通过多元线性回归进行致因分析。多元线性回归调整后模型拟合度R2=0.601(>0.5),即自变量对模型的解释程度均在60.1%,拟合程度较好。针对3类驾驶风格下的制动位置与自变量的回归分析结果如表6所示。
结果显示,性别对制动位置有显著影响,表现为女性更倾向于提前制动,且性别对激进型驾驶员的影响较保守型和普通型更加明显(0.407 > 0.261 > 0.256)。驾龄和年龄对保守型驾驶员的影响显著,对普通型和激进型的不显著(P=0.905),即保守型驾驶员年龄和驾龄越大,其制动位置越提前。有用性对制动距离有显著影响,且有用性对于保守型驾驶员的影响最大(0.501 > 0.301 > 0.275)。理解度与服从度对保守型和普通型驾驶员的影响显著,对激进型的不显著,原因是激进型驾驶员对于自身的驾驶技术自信,且其本身更倾向于自由驾驶,即使是理解预警内容,也倾向于靠近盲区交叉口采取车辆制动。
灰色近优评价是一种有效的处理模糊性现象的数学理论,由灰色理论发展而来。该方法具有计算量小样本需求小、结果客观等的优点,避免了人为因素对评价结果的影响。因此,针对地下停车场网联车载诱导系统评估指标多样、权重难确定、实验样本小的特点,选择灰色近优模型对诱导系统进行综合评价,模型构建如下:
(1)建立灰矩阵:设有方案Mj(j=1,2,…,m),考核指标Fi(i=1,2,…,n)及相应的灰元值Rij,则称m种方案n维指标的灰元为Rnm,得到灰矩阵R
R= F 1 F 2 F n R 11 R 12 R 1 m R 21 R 22 R 2 m   R n 1 R n 2 R n m
式(7)中:Rij为第j种方案的第i个考核指标,即灰矩阵R的灰元值。
(2)建立白化灰矩阵:将驾驶模拟所获得的m种方案下的n个评价指标代入式(7),可得白化灰矩阵 R
R = F 1 F 2 F n R 11 R 12 R 1 m R 12 R 22 R 2 m   R n 1 R n 2 R n m
式(8)中: R i j 为第j种方案的第i个考核指标的实际测量数值,即白化灰元值。
(3)建立近优白化灰矩阵:由于式(8)中各白化灰元值 R i j的量纲不统一,难以进行统一计算,因此需要对白化灰矩阵进行无量纲化处理,即把白化灰矩阵中各白化灰元值映射到[0,1]区间,然后以各白化灰元的效果测度取代白化灰元值。综合实际测量值的特点选用向量规范法进行无量纲化,向量规范法表达式为
Zij= y i j i = 1 n y i j 2
以各白化灰元效果测度取代白化灰元值,得到近优白化灰矩阵 R '
R '= F 1 F 2 F n R '   11 R '   12 R '   1 m R 21 1 R 22 1 R 2 m 1   R '   n 1 R '   n 2 R '   n m
式(10)中: R 'ij为第j种方案的第i个考核指标的近优白化灰量值,即效果测度。
(4)效果测度:工程领域一般采用单点效果测度,包括:①上限效果测度,即应用于越大越优型指标;②下限效果测度,即应用于越小越优型指标;③中限效果测度,即应用于适中型指标。
①效益型指标,即越大越优型指标,表达式为
R 'ij= R i j m a x { R i j , μ m a x }
式(11)中:max{ R i j,μmax}=max{ R i 1, R i 2,…, R i m,μmax};μmax为指定的较大值。
②成本型指标,即越小越优型指标,表达式为
R 'ij= m i n { R i j , μ m i n } R i j
式(12)中:min{ R i j,μmin}=min{ R i 1, R i 2,…, R i m,μmin};μmin为指定的较小值。
(5)近优度:将式(10)中的近优白化灰量通过式(13)整合为综合值,即近优度。以综合值对评价的各方案进行整体比较,近优度白化灰元矩阵 R 's
R 's=Sj[S1,S2,…,Sm]
=Sj[ 1 n i = 1 n R 'i1, 1 n i = 1 n R 'i2,…, 1 n i = 1 n R 'im]
式(13)中:Sm为第j种方案下不同条件的近优度。
根据式(13)计算出不同条件下的近优度,按照大小进行排序,近优度值越接近1,说明方案的综合性能越好。
为量化车载网联诱导系统的效用,本节将分别对整体效用和3类驾驶员的效用进行评估,选择评估指标如表7所示。
根据灰色近优模型综合评价法,根据驾驶员微观行为数据对3个评价指标建立复合灰元,得到大型停车场内驾驶员在技术水平为无和有的条件下驾驶行为的白化灰矩阵为
R = F 1 F 2 F 3 0.846 0.772 0.616   0.534 0.636 0.788
车载网联诱导系统主要是为驾驶员提供诱导、预警信息,因此不同的指标对应不同的效果测度。在车辆控制行为中,速度与加速度分值越小越好,为成本型测度指标,制动位置分值越大越好,为效益型指标。在寻泊行为中,寻泊时间和寻泊距离均越小越好,为成本型测度指标。各测试指标按照对应公式,将近优白化灰元值代入,得到矩阵 R '3×2
R = F 1 F 2 F 3 0.596 0.653 0.713   0.944 0.793 0.912
计算得出停车场中不同技术等级对驾驶行为影响的近优度,驾驶员整体近优度白化灰行矩阵为
R 's-tot=Sj[S1,S2]=Sj[ 1 n i = 1 n R 'i1, 1 n i = 1 n R 'i2]=Sj[0.654 0.883]
同样的,可以得到保守型、普通型和激进型驾驶员的近优度白化灰矩阵为
R '   s - c o n = S j 0.497   0.883 ] ,   R '   s - g e n = S j 0.627   0.810 ] ,   R '   s - r a d = S j 0.731   0.780 ] ,  
由灰色近优综合评估结果如图9表8所示,对于整体而言,车载网联诱导系统下驾驶行为综合评分为0.883,而无系统作用时综合评分为0.654,因此车载网联停车诱导系统使得评分提升25.96%。车载网联诱导系统对3类驾驶员的驾驶行为均有提升,且对保守型驾驶员提升较大(43.71%),其次是普通型驾驶员(22.56%),最后是激进型驾驶员(6.27%)。因此,效用评价结果显示无论是对驾驶员整体还是对不同类型的驾驶员,在停车场中使用网联预警系统对驾驶员的安全性提升效果显著。
(1)驾驶员在无预警信息提示时抵近盲区交叉口的过程包括速度保持—速度增加—速度急减三个阶段。即先保持平稳速度进行观察,认为盲区安全后加速通过,但到交叉口前发现盲区有车辆出现后采取紧急制动,在有预警时速度均匀下降,通过交叉口时的速度较无预警时高34.08%。
(2)预警信息可有效提升驾驶员在停车场盲区交叉口的安全性。驾驶员平均速度较无预警场景降低9.94 km/h,制动位置提前4.49 m。但预警信息提示并不能使3种驾驶员的行为一致,激进型驾驶员仍然比保守型和普通型驾驶员的平均速度高,制动位置距离盲区交叉口更近。
(3)预警系统对不同风格的驾驶员作用效果不同。由于激进型驾驶员更倾向于自由驾驶,因此应当对该风格的驾驶员进行必要的培训,使其认识到预警系统对于提高行车效率、促进安全驾驶有积极作用,以提高其对系统的服从度。
(4)预警系统对驾驶员在停车场中的安全性提升显著。对驾驶员整体提升25.96%,对于不同风格的驾驶员提升程度分别为:保守型(43.71%)>普通型(22.56%)>激进型(6.27%)。
(5)本文中在设计试验方案时仅考虑与盲区内车辆的冲突,未分析与行人的冲突,今后可针对盲区内不同冲突类型进行细化研究。
  • 北京市自然科学基金(8212002)
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2025年第25卷第3期
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2308876
  • 接收时间:2023-11-13
  • 首发时间:2025-07-29
  • 出版时间:2025-01-28
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  • 收稿日期:2023-11-13
  • 修回日期:2024-05-21
基金
北京市自然科学基金(8212002)
作者信息
    1.北京工业大学城市建设学部, 北京市交通工程重点实验室, 北京 100124
    2.济南轨道交通集团有限公司, 济南 250101
    3.中汽院智能网联科技有限公司, 重庆 401120

通讯作者:

* 李臣(1988—),男,汉族,山东泰安人,博士,高级工程师。研究方向:交通行为、智能交通方面。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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