Article(id=1156908034418107006, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1156907871645556837, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2401446, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1709481600000, receivedDateStr=2024-03-04, revisedDate=1717516800000, revisedDateStr=2024-06-05, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1753757969717, onlineDateStr=2025-07-29, pubDate=1737993600000, pubDateStr=2025-01-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753757969717, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-29, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753757969717, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753757969717, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1156907871645556837, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='3', pageStart='879', pageEnd='1312', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1753757930909, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1765095544280, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1204461268821320541, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1156907871645556837, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1204461268825514846, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1156907871645556837, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1272, endPage=1279, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1156908035416351363, articleId=1156908034418107006, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=Unmanned Aerial Vehicle-assisted Wireless Sensor Networks Data Collection Schemes Based Multi-objective, columnId=1156262731079607234, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Papers·Aeronautics and Astronautics, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

A comprehensive joint optimization solution was proposed to address the issue of traditional UAV(unmanned aerial vehicle)-assisted wireless sensor network data collection schemes, where only UAV energy consumption was optimized, while wireless sensor energy consumption is neglected. Firstly, clustering analysis was performed using the K-means algorithm and communication threshold between UAVs and wireless sensors to achieve effective clustering of wireless sensors. Secondly, a multi-objective optimization model was constructed to collaboratively optimize sensor energy consumption and UAV hovering energy consumption. The optimal UAV hovering position and wireless sensor transmission power were determined using a multi-objective particle swarm optimization algorithm. Finally, based on the optimal hovering positions of UAVs in each cluster, an ant colony algorithm was applied to compute the optimal flight path of UAVs, minimizing UAV’s flight energy consumption and thus minimizing the overall energy consumption of the entire data collection system. Simulation results indicate that the proposed solution achieves significant improvements in system energy consumption compared to traditional methods. Specifically, when the clustering radius is 120 meters, sensor energy consumption is reduced by 16.2%, and UAV energy consumption is reduced by 24.9%.

, correspAuthors=Kun-kun ZHANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Yan-ping LIU, Kun-kun ZHANG, Fu-hong SONG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1156908097257169874, articleId=1156908034418107006, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=CN, title=基于多目标的无人机辅助无线传感器网络数据收集方案, columnId=1156262731373208516, journalTitle=科学技术与工程, columnName=论文·航空、航天, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

针对传统无人机辅助的无线传感器网络数据收集方案仅优化无人机能耗而忽略无线传感器能耗的问题,提出了一种综合考虑无人机和无线传感器能耗的联合优化方案。首先,利用K-means算法和无人机与无线传感器之间的通信阈值进行聚类分析,实现无线传感器的有效分簇。其次,构建了一个多目标优化模型,旨在协同优化传感器能耗和无人机悬停能耗,并利用多目标粒子群算法求解最优的无人机悬停位置和无线传感器发射功率。最后,基于各簇中无人机的最优悬停位置,利用蚁群算法计算无人机的最优飞行路径,以最小化无人机的飞行能耗,从而最小化整个数据收集系统的总能耗。通过仿真实验的结果表明,相较于传统方法,本文所提出的方案在系统能耗上取得了显著效果。特别地,当分簇半径为120 m时,传感器能耗降低了16.2%,无人机能耗降低了24.9%。

, correspAuthors=张坤坤, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 张坤坤(2001—),男,汉族,贵州遵义人,硕士研究生。研究方向:无人机数据传输,数据分析。E-mail:
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刘衍平(1981—),男,汉族,四川资阳人,博士,副教授。研究方向:无人机通信,毫米波通信。E-mail:

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刘衍平(1981—),男,汉族,四川资阳人,博士,副教授。研究方向:无人机通信,毫米波通信。E-mail:

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刘衍平(1981—),男,汉族,四川资阳人,博士,副教授。研究方向:无人机通信,毫米波通信。E-mail:

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Science Technology and Engineering, 2022, 22(15): 6156-6163., articleTitle=Performance analysis of unmanned aerial vehicles joint D2D emergency communication networks, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1204786511578378567, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908034418107006, awardId=62061007, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金(62061007), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1204786511645487432, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908034418107006, awardId=黔科合基础-ZK[2023]一般028, language=CN, fundingSource=贵州省科技厅基金(黔科合基础-ZK[2023]一般028), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1204786511716790601, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908034418107006, awardId=黔科合基础-ZK[2024]一般693, language=CN, fundingSource=贵州省科技厅基金(黔科合基础-ZK[2024]一般693), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1204786507107250452, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908034418107006, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1204786507115639061, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908034418107006, companyId=1204786507107250452, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1. 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language=CN, label=图3, caption=不同分簇半径下覆盖率随分簇数的变化趋势图, figureFileSmall=23D4nam3qoZJcpkpXFaWeg==, figureFileBig=fRaoGjspk8ZqNNr628GJOQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1204786509288288569, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908034418107006, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Pareto solutions corresponding to different numbers of sensors in the cluster, figureFileSmall=9ntq8cRDSBn+GSdFWt1NKg==, figureFileBig=XixWlqXZP4imIkdiMV0eBA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1204786510433333562, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908034418107006, language=CN, label=图4, caption=簇中不同数量传感器时对应的Pareto解, figureFileSmall=9ntq8cRDSBn+GSdFWt1NKg==, figureFileBig=XixWlqXZP4imIkdiMV0eBA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1204786510500442427, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908034418107006, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Cluster situation and the hovering location of the UAV when 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tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1204786510764683583, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908034418107006, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Comparison of hovering time of the UAV under different schemes, figureFileSmall=lmc1ewb5dBhsh4Ab4p+iGg==, figureFileBig=NM2JGNjEk5wyb77XRh+WvA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1204786510936650048, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908034418107006, language=CN, label=图7, caption=不同方案下无人机悬停时间比较, figureFileSmall=lmc1ewb5dBhsh4Ab4p+iGg==, figureFileBig=NM2JGNjEk5wyb77XRh+WvA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1204786511012147521, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908034418107006, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Optimal flight path of the UAV when the clustering radius is 120 meters, figureFileSmall=ZuRnYmH6Nyp0tB5l5nDziw==, figureFileBig=84aDCqsVWlEk2iQ2FEFvKg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1204786511096033602, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908034418107006, language=CN, label=图8, caption=分簇半径为120 m时无人机的最优飞行路径, figureFileSmall=ZuRnYmH6Nyp0tB5l5nDziw==, figureFileBig=84aDCqsVWlEk2iQ2FEFvKg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1204786511163142467, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908034418107006, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Main Simulation parameters

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 符号 数值
无人机飞行高度/m H 50
无人机飞行速度/(km·h-1) v 72
无人机飞行功率/W Pfly 84.12
无人机悬停功率/W Phover 86.34
总带宽/MHz B 2
光速/(m·s-1) c 3 × 108
衰减因子/dB ηL,ηNL 1, 20
噪声功率密度/dBm N0 -174
环境参数 C, D 12, 0.135
载波频率/GHz f 2
学习因子 c1,c2 2.3, 0.9
权重 wmax,wmin 0.9, 0.4
数据量/MB D k , j 20
传感器发射功率/W Pk,j 0~1
通信阈值/dB Cmin 10
), ArticleFig(id=1204786511234445636, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908034418107006, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

主要仿真参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 符号 数值
无人机飞行高度/m H 50
无人机飞行速度/(km·h-1) v 72
无人机飞行功率/W Pfly 84.12
无人机悬停功率/W Phover 86.34
总带宽/MHz B 2
光速/(m·s-1) c 3 × 108
衰减因子/dB ηL,ηNL 1, 20
噪声功率密度/dBm N0 -174
环境参数 C, D 12, 0.135
载波频率/GHz f 2
学习因子 c1,c2 2.3, 0.9
权重 wmax,wmin 0.9, 0.4
数据量/MB D k , j 20
传感器发射功率/W Pk,j 0~1
通信阈值/dB Cmin 10
), ArticleFig(id=1204786511314137413, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908034418107006, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Comparison of energy consumption of the UAV

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方案
M 飞行距离/m 飞行能耗/J 悬停能耗/J 无人机总能耗/J 能耗降低百分比/%
不分簇也不优化传感器功率与无人机位置(传统方案) 1 3 229 13 424 2 808 16 232
分簇(半径80 m)并优化传感器功率与无人机位置 2 2 835 11 924 3 145 15 069 7.2
分簇(半径100 m)并优化传感器功率与无人机位置 3 2 536 10 666 3 187 13 853 14.7
分簇(半径120 m)并优化传感器功率与无人机位置 4 2 110 8 875 3 325 12 200 24.9
分簇(半径140 m)并优化传感器功率与无人机位置 5 1 847 7 767 3 533 11 300 31.4
分簇(半径80 m)但不优化传感器功率与无人机位置 6 2 875 12 780 2 769 15 549 4.2
分簇(半径100 m)但不优化传感器功率与无人机位置 7 2 560 10 658 2 819 13 477 16.9
分簇(半径120 m)但不优化传感器功率与无人机位置 8 2 212 9 282 2 995 12 277 24.4
分簇(半径140 m)但不优化传感器功率与无人机位置 9 1 862 7 960 3 154 11 114 31.5
), ArticleFig(id=1204786511393829190, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908034418107006, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

无人机能耗比较

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方案
M 飞行距离/m 飞行能耗/J 悬停能耗/J 无人机总能耗/J 能耗降低百分比/%
不分簇也不优化传感器功率与无人机位置(传统方案) 1 3 229 13 424 2 808 16 232
分簇(半径80 m)并优化传感器功率与无人机位置 2 2 835 11 924 3 145 15 069 7.2
分簇(半径100 m)并优化传感器功率与无人机位置 3 2 536 10 666 3 187 13 853 14.7
分簇(半径120 m)并优化传感器功率与无人机位置 4 2 110 8 875 3 325 12 200 24.9
分簇(半径140 m)并优化传感器功率与无人机位置 5 1 847 7 767 3 533 11 300 31.4
分簇(半径80 m)但不优化传感器功率与无人机位置 6 2 875 12 780 2 769 15 549 4.2
分簇(半径100 m)但不优化传感器功率与无人机位置 7 2 560 10 658 2 819 13 477 16.9
分簇(半径120 m)但不优化传感器功率与无人机位置 8 2 212 9 282 2 995 12 277 24.4
分簇(半径140 m)但不优化传感器功率与无人机位置 9 1 862 7 960 3 154 11 114 31.5
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基于多目标的无人机辅助无线传感器网络数据收集方案
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刘衍平 1 , 张坤坤 1, * , 宋富洪 2
科学技术与工程 | 论文·航空、航天 2025,25(3): 1272-1279
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科学技术与工程 | 论文·航空、航天 2025, 25(3): 1272-1279
基于多目标的无人机辅助无线传感器网络数据收集方案
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刘衍平1 , 张坤坤1, * , 宋富洪2
作者信息
  • 1.贵州财经大学大数据统计学院, 贵阳 550025
  • 2.贵州财经大学信息学院, 贵阳 550025
  • 刘衍平(1981—),男,汉族,四川资阳人,博士,副教授。研究方向:无人机通信,毫米波通信。E-mail:

通讯作者:

* 张坤坤(2001—),男,汉族,贵州遵义人,硕士研究生。研究方向:无人机数据传输,数据分析。E-mail:
Unmanned Aerial Vehicle-assisted Wireless Sensor Networks Data Collection Schemes Based Multi-objective
Yan-ping LIU1 , Kun-kun ZHANG1, * , Fu-hong SONG2
Affiliations
  • 1. College of Big Data Statistics, Guizhou University of Finance and Economics, Guiyang 550025, China
  • 2. School of Information, Guizhou University of Finance and Economics, Guiyang 550025, China
出版时间: 2025-01-28 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2401446
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针对传统无人机辅助的无线传感器网络数据收集方案仅优化无人机能耗而忽略无线传感器能耗的问题,提出了一种综合考虑无人机和无线传感器能耗的联合优化方案。首先,利用K-means算法和无人机与无线传感器之间的通信阈值进行聚类分析,实现无线传感器的有效分簇。其次,构建了一个多目标优化模型,旨在协同优化传感器能耗和无人机悬停能耗,并利用多目标粒子群算法求解最优的无人机悬停位置和无线传感器发射功率。最后,基于各簇中无人机的最优悬停位置,利用蚁群算法计算无人机的最优飞行路径,以最小化无人机的飞行能耗,从而最小化整个数据收集系统的总能耗。通过仿真实验的结果表明,相较于传统方法,本文所提出的方案在系统能耗上取得了显著效果。特别地,当分簇半径为120 m时,传感器能耗降低了16.2%,无人机能耗降低了24.9%。

无人机  /  无线传感器  /  数据收集  /  能耗  /  多目标优化

A comprehensive joint optimization solution was proposed to address the issue of traditional UAV(unmanned aerial vehicle)-assisted wireless sensor network data collection schemes, where only UAV energy consumption was optimized, while wireless sensor energy consumption is neglected. Firstly, clustering analysis was performed using the K-means algorithm and communication threshold between UAVs and wireless sensors to achieve effective clustering of wireless sensors. Secondly, a multi-objective optimization model was constructed to collaboratively optimize sensor energy consumption and UAV hovering energy consumption. The optimal UAV hovering position and wireless sensor transmission power were determined using a multi-objective particle swarm optimization algorithm. Finally, based on the optimal hovering positions of UAVs in each cluster, an ant colony algorithm was applied to compute the optimal flight path of UAVs, minimizing UAV’s flight energy consumption and thus minimizing the overall energy consumption of the entire data collection system. Simulation results indicate that the proposed solution achieves significant improvements in system energy consumption compared to traditional methods. Specifically, when the clustering radius is 120 meters, sensor energy consumption is reduced by 16.2%, and UAV energy consumption is reduced by 24.9%.

UAV  /  wireless sensor  /  data collection  /  energy consumption  /  multi-objective optimization
刘衍平, 张坤坤, 宋富洪. 基于多目标的无人机辅助无线传感器网络数据收集方案. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (3) : 1272 -1279 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2401446
Yan-ping LIU, Kun-kun ZHANG, Fu-hong SONG. Unmanned Aerial Vehicle-assisted Wireless Sensor Networks Data Collection Schemes Based Multi-objective[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (3) : 1272 -1279 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2401446
随着无人机技术的快速发展,利用无人机收集数据也经成为一个研究热点。无人机以其机动灵活的优势,能够快速到达目标区域进行数据收集[1],这大大提高了数据采集的效率。然而,通常无人机和无线传感器均采用电池供电,能量有限。因此,为了提高无人机和无线传感器的续航时间,如何优化无人机辅助的无线传感器网络数据收集系统中无线传感器和无人机的能量消耗,以提高数据收集的能量效率,是一个值得深入研究的关键技术问题。
文献[2]针对无人机辅助的数据采集系统提出了一种基于学习的轨迹优化方法,旨在最小化无人机(unmanned aerial vehicle,UAV)的飞行时间和能耗,但未考虑地面传感器的能耗问题。文献[3]利用深度强化学习方法优化UAV辅助的数据收集过程,主要关注UAV的飞行策略和能耗,然而忽略了地面设备的能耗。文献[4]研究了在能量、存储容量和计算能力约束下,无人机执行信息收集任务的轨迹规划和资源分配问题,但未考虑传感器的能耗。文献[5]提出了基于引导式搜索的深度强化学习算法来优化无人机的数据收集策略和飞行轨迹,以减少系统的平均信息年龄。该研究虽然考虑了无人机与地面设备通信时的能耗,但未考虑传感器的能耗。文献[6]聚焦于优化无人机的飞行轨迹设计,以最小化数据收集过程中的信息年龄,虽然考虑了无人机自身的能耗,但忽视了地面设备能量消耗。
综上所述,现有的研究在优化无人机辅助数据收集时,主要集中在无人机自身的能耗优化和飞行轨迹设计,而对地面传感器的能耗问题关注较少。这些研究在实际应用中存在一定的局限性,因为无人机和地面传感器的能耗都是影响系统整体性能的关键因素。无人机的续航能力有限,而地面传感器通常也面临能量受限的问题。如果仅优化无人机的能耗而忽略传感器的能耗,可能导致传感器的能量很快耗尽,影响整个系统的可靠性和效率。而若仅优化无线传感器的能耗而忽略无人机能耗的优化,可能导致无人机的续航时间大大降低,从而降低数据的收集效率。所以,研究如何在数据收集过程中同时优化无人机和地面传感器的能耗,具有重要的理论意义和实际应用价值。因此,提出基于传感器分簇和多目标粒子群优化算法的无人机辅助无线传感器数据收集方案。首先利用K-means算法对传感器进行分簇,然后在每个簇内建立最小化无人机能耗和传感器能耗的数据收集多目标模型,并使用多目标粒子群算法求解最小化传感器能耗与最小化无人机悬停传输数据时间的最优无人机悬停位置与传感器发射功率,最后利用蚁群算法求解最小化无人机飞行能耗的最优飞行路径,以实现整个数据传输系统的总能耗最小。
考虑一架无人机对给定区域的无线传感器进行数据收集,如图1所示。首先确定分簇半径后,使用基于通信阈值的K-means算法对无线传感器节点进行分簇。在进行分簇时保证覆盖所有传感器,使用达100%覆盖率后覆盖率不随着簇K变化而变化的第一个K值作为最优分簇数,分簇结果表示为簇Ck中无线传感器节点集,表达式为
C={C1,C2,…,Ck,…}, k∈{1,2,…,K}
Sk={S1,S2,…Sj,…}, j∈{1,2,…,J}
式中:J表示簇Ck中传感器S的数目。
其次针对每一簇联合最小化无线传感器能耗与无人机悬停时间两个目标,分别优化无人机在簇中的最优悬停位置和簇中各个传感器最优传输功率。然后根据无人机在每一簇内的最优悬停位置,利用蚁群算法求解无人机遍历所有悬停位置的最小化飞行能耗的最优飞行路径。同时假设无人机在飞行过程中可以最大速度从一个传输点直线飞行到下一个传输点,最终完成用户数据传输。该方法能确保覆盖所有传感器节点的同时使无人机能耗与传感器能耗最小化。
本文中提出的方案可应用于需要同时降低无线传感器能耗与无人机能耗的地区、山区或基站覆盖不足的地区。这些地区由于地形复杂,传统的固定基站难以实现有效覆盖[7]。为实现对这些地区的无线传感器数据进行收集,采用无人机作为移动基站,对分布于目标区域内的多个传感器节点进行数据传输。考虑到山区环境复杂,无人机与地面节点之间会存在视距传输和非视距传输。为建立通信模型,本文选用了基于概率的视距和非视距链路损耗模型。该模型能够较准确地反映无人机与传感器间的通信特性[8]。具体而言,设无人机悬停采集数据时的工作高度固定为H。则无人机与簇Ck中编号为j的传感器节点之间的视距路径损耗和非视距路径损耗可表示为
C L k , j=20lg 4 π f c d k , j c+ηL
C k , j N L=20lg 4 π f c d k , j c+ηNL
式中:fc为载波频率;c为光在真空中的速度;ηLηNL分别为视距路径和非视距路径的衰减因子;dk,j为无人机在k簇悬停位置(Xk,UAV,Yk,UAV)与簇中传感器Sj位置(Xk,j,Yk,j)的距离,表达式为
dk,j= H 2 + ( X k , U A V - X k , j ) 2 + ( Y k , U A V - Y k , j ) 2
根据上述视距和非视距路径损耗模型,可以进一步计算出无人机与传感器之间的连接概率。具体而言,无人机与簇Ck中的传感器Sj节点之间的视距连接概率可表示为
p L k , j= 1 1 + C e x p [ - D 180 π a r c s i n H d k , j - C ]
式(6)中:C为环境参数,用于描述非线性衰减的严重程度,当C取较大值时,表示环境衰减效应显著,信号衰落越快;D同样为环境参数,用以衡量衰减的速率,D越大,则信号随距离增加衰落得越快[9]。非视距连接概率可表示为 p k , j N L=1- p L k , j,基于以上的视距和非视距路径损耗公式以及连接概率公式,可以得到簇Ck中的传感器Sj节点与无人机之间的数据传输的平均路径损耗为
C k , j A V G= C L k , j p L k , j+ C k , j N L p k , j N L= η L - η N L 1 + C e x p [ - D 180 π a r c s i n H d k , j - C ]+20lg 4 π f c d k , j c+ηNL
为了确保通信质量,平均路径损失需要大于一定阈值[10-11]
Ck中传感器Sj的平均路径增益可表示为
gk,j= P k , j 10 C A V G k , j / 10
式(8)中:Pk,j为簇Ck中传感器Sj的发射功率。
考虑到每簇中传感器间相互干扰,本文中使用正交频分多址技术进行数据传输[12],则簇Ck中传感器Sj的信噪比为
SNRk,j= g k , j B k j N 0
式(9)中:N0为噪声功率密度;B为信号总带宽;kj为簇Ck中有j个传感器。根据香农公式可得簇Ck中传感器Sj向无人机传输信息的传输速率为
Rk,j= B k jlg(1+SNRk,j)
若簇Ck中传感器Sj的信息量为Dk,j,则计算信息传输时间和传输能耗分别可表示为
Tk,j= D k , j R k , j
Ek,j=pk,jTk,j
对于无线传感器分簇,考虑到需要无人机在分簇范围中任何位置都能与簇中传感器进行通信,因此在使用分簇算法时需考虑无人机的有效通信范围和传感器分簇范围。如图2所示,在进行分簇时,无人机的有效通信范围中需包含传感器的分簇范围。根据式(7)与平均路径损失阈值可计算出无人机对传感器的最大服务距离dk,j。由于无人机飞行于固定高度H,无人机有效通信范围半径则为d= d k , j 2 - H 2。传感器的分簇范围半径应为d/2才能确保无人机在分簇范围中任何位置都能与传感器进行通信,并且传感器有效通信范围与无人机有效分簇范围的质心应该位于同一点。
无人机的能耗主要分为两个方面:①无人机飞行能耗;②无人机悬停传输能耗,而传感器的能耗主要为信息传输时的传输能耗。在本文中,我们假设了无人机从簇Ck到簇Ck+1的过程中采用最大速度直线飞行。因此,在固定飞行速度的条件下,通过减小飞行距离可以有效降低无人机的飞行能耗。无人机悬停能耗主要受到簇中传感器与无人机之间信息传输时长(即悬停传输时间)的影响。信息传输时长越短,悬停采集能耗也就越小。鉴于一簇中无线传感器同时进行信息传输时,无人机悬停能耗仅与数据采集时间有关,因此对于无人机悬停采集能耗,只需将每一簇中需要最大数据传输时间的传感器传输时间最小化即可。对于传感器的传输能耗,可以通过控制传输功率来实现能耗的调控。因此,在优化过程中,可以考虑调整传感器的发射功率以达到对传输能耗的有效控制。
在分簇后,为了最小化无人机在某一簇中信息采集时的悬停能耗与传感器传输能耗,建立了两个优化目标:一是最小化簇中传感器能耗之和,二是最小化簇中最大传输时间的传感器传输时间。通过利用多目标粒子群算法,可以求解出簇中满足约束条件的所有传感器最优功率以及无人机最优悬停位置,从而实现最小化上述两个目标。因此,建立多目标优化模型,即
m i n p k , j , X k , U A V , Y k , U A V { j = 1 J E k , j , m a x [ T k , 1 , T k , 2 , , T k , j ] } s . t .   C 1 : p m i n p k , j p m a x ,   k , j     C 2 : X m i n X k , U A V X m a x ,   k     C 3 : Y m i n Y k , U A V Y m a x ,   k     C 4 : C k , j A V G C m i n ,   k , j
式(13)中:f1= j = 1 J Ek,j为簇Ck中传感器能耗之和,f2=max[Tk,1,Tk,2,…,Tk,j]为簇Ck中最大传输时间的传感器传输时间;C1为传感器的发射功率限制,确保传感器发射功率控制在合理区间内;C2C3为无人机的横坐标X与纵坐标Y位置限制,确保无人机位置在目标区域内;C4为传感器与无人机之间的通信质量约束,即平均路径损耗需达到阈值要求,该约束保证传感器与无人机之间能进行可靠通信。
使用基于通信阈值的K-means算法计算出最优K值并完成分簇后,再利用多目标粒子群算法(multi-objective particle swarm optimization, MOPSO)求解最小化无线传感器能耗与无人机悬停采集能耗的最优传感器功率和无人机悬停位置,最后利用蚁群算法求解无人机最优飞行路径从而求解无人机飞行能耗。基于通信阈值的K-means算法流程如下。
基于通信阈值的K-means算法
输入:传感器位置 , 无人机出发位置。
输出:最优分簇数K与分簇信息。
1.初始化覆盖率列表;
2.初始化分簇信息列表;
3.对于每个候选的分簇数K:
a)随机初始化K个质心位置;
b)对于每次迭代,直至达到最大迭代次数或收敛条件:
1)初始化分簇质心;
2)计算每个传感器到各个质心距离;
3)将传感器分给距离最近且小于基于通信阈值的分簇半径d的质心;
4)更新质心位置;
5)如果更新后位置没有变化。
结束循环.
c)更新覆盖率列表;
d)更新分簇信息列表;
4.输出满足全覆盖率且后续K值稳定的K值作为最优分簇数与相对应的分簇信息。
MOPSO是一种多目标优化算法,它是基于粒子群优化算法的改进版本,用于解决多目标优化问题[13]。在MOPSO算法中,一群粒子代表了搜索空间中的潜在解。每个粒子根据其当前位置和速度以及全局最优位置和个体最优位置来更新自己的位置和速度。这种协作和信息共享使得粒子能够在搜索空间中寻找全局最优解。具体到本文的信息采集系统中,由无人机位置(Xk,UAV,Yk,UAV)和每簇中传感器发射功率Pk,j组成的向量作为粒子群算法中的位置xi,若记 p b e s t i为第i次迭代的粒子个体最优解, g b e s t i为第i次迭代所有粒子寻找得到的全局最优解,vi为速度向量,那么第i+1次迭代时粒子的速度与位置可表示为
v i + 1 = w v i + c 1 r 1 ( p b e s t i - x i ) + c 2 r 2 ( g b e s t i - x i ) x i + 1 = x i + v i + 1
式(14)中:i为粒子群迭代次数;w为惯性权重,在本文中使用线性衰减法wi=wmax-(wmax-wmin)i/imax提升算法搜索能力,加速收敛;c1c2为加速因子;r1r2为分布于[0,1]的随机数。
在多目标优化问题中,通常存在多个冲突的目标函数,需要在不同目标之间找到一组解,这组解被称为Pareto前沿。本文中优化目标中的一组目标函数f1f2经过求解后会得到一组Pareto集,它是一组解决方案的集合,这些解决方案在任何目标函数上都不能进一步改善,而不牺牲其他目标函数[14]。形式上,如果存在解 x ,对于任何目标函数fi,都不存在另一个解x*使得 fi(x*)<fi(x ),则解 x 在Pareto前沿PF上。即
PF={xX// x*X:∀i,fi(x*)≤fi(x)and ∃j,fj(x*)<fj(x)}
式(15)中:PF为包含多个Pareto解的集合,每个Pareto解都包括两个目标函数值。由于Pareto解的多样性,用户可以根据自己的需求和问题场景选择最合适的解。本文中引入理想点法(ideal point method)[15]确定最优解:首先将Pareto解集做归一化处理,在解集中分别取f1f2中的最小值组成一个理想点。然后选择离理想点欧氏距离最近的Pareto解作为最优解。这种策略能确保同时对无人机悬停传输能耗和传感器传输能耗进行优化,保证了最优解在多目标优化问题中取得平衡。
获得无人机在每簇中的最优悬停位置后,本文中使用蚁群算法寻找无人机从起点出发遍历所有簇中无人机悬停位置回到起点的最短路径,这样能有效降低无人机的飞行距离从而降低无人机飞行能耗。蚁群算法是一种基于自然界蚂蚁觅食行为的启发式优化算法,非常适合于求解最短路径问题[16]。其核心思想是通过模拟蚂蚁在搜索食物过程中会释放一种名为信息素的化学物质,其他蚂蚁通过检测信息素的浓度来选择路径。经过多次迭代,信息素浓度会在总距离最短的路径上积累,引导蚂蚁集中在最短路径上,从而实现最优的无人机路径规划。
下面对本文中使用方法的复杂度进行分析,首先基于通信阈值的K-means算法的时间复杂度受总传感器数量L、簇数K、迭代次数M与数据维度E的影响,其总时间复杂度为O(LKME)。其次对于多目标粒子群算法,其时间复杂度涉及初始化和迭代两个阶段,两个阶段的时间复杂度分别为O(NT)和O(GNMT+NMT),其中N为粒子数量,T为问题维度,G为迭代次数,M为目标函数数量,此算法的总时间复杂度为O(NT+GNMT+NMT)。最后蚁群算法的总时间复杂度取决于蚂蚁数量F、迭代次数G以及问题维度T,总时间复杂度为O(GFD)。因此本文方案总时间复杂度为O(LKME+NT+GNMT+NMT+GND)。
为验证本文所提方案的有效性,下面利用python3.9搭建仿真平台进行模拟仿真。采用一架无人机采集随机部署在500 m×500 m区域内40个传感器的数据。表1为仿真中涉及的主要参数[16-18]
为了分析在不同分簇半径下,传感器覆盖率达到100%所需的最优分簇数K,图3所示为分簇半径R分别为80、100、120、140 m时,覆盖率随着分簇数K的变化趋势。需要注意的是,在同一簇内的传感器均能够与无人机成功建立通信。从图3中可以观察到,增加分簇半径能够更快地使覆盖率收敛到100%。这是因为随着通信半径的增加,分簇范围相应扩大,从而减少了覆盖全部传感器所需的簇数。具体而言,分簇半径为80、100、120、140 m时,最优分簇数K分别为31、24、14和10。因此,分簇半径的增大会导致最优分簇数K呈现减小的趋势。
图4所示为簇中传感器数量分别为2和4时的多目标Pareto解集。从图4中可以观察到,随着簇中传感器数量的增加,无人机传输时长呈线性增长,但传感器能耗却并非线性增大。这种趋势的产生是由于经过分簇后,簇内传感器与无人机之间采用正交频分多址技术进行数据传输。因此,随着簇内传感器数量的增加,在给定系统带宽的情况下,分配给每个传感器的通信带宽减小,导致其上传速率降低,最终使得传感器能耗并非线性增加。然而,经过本文中优化策略,无人机悬停传输时长经过优化后呈线性增加。图5所示为经过分簇和多目标优化后的无线传感器分簇情况和无人机在各簇中的最优数据采集位置。可以看出,分簇后能覆盖到模拟区域中的全部传感器,并且能获得无人机最优采集位置。
为了验证本文提出方案的性能,将其分别与两种对比方案进行比较:一个是未对传感器进行分簇且传感器发射功率固定为0.5 W,无人机采集位置为传感器正上方,另一个是对传感器进行分簇但未优化传感器发射功率与无人机位置,无人机悬停位置为分簇中心。从图6图7所示比较结果可以看出,随着数据量的增加,数据收集系统中传感器能耗与无人机悬停传输时间均呈线性增长趋势,但本文提出的方案在传感器能耗和无人机悬停时间两个方面明显优于对比方案。具体而言,图6图7展示了不同数据量下的性能比较,其中本文方案在传感器能耗和无人机悬停能耗方面都表现出更小的线性增长趋势。这表明通过对传感器进行分簇和优化传感器发射功率与无人机位置,本文方案在大规模数据量下能够更有效地降低信息采集系统能耗。
表2详细展示了传感器数据量为20 MB时数据采集系统中无人机的飞行能耗、悬停传输能耗及总体能耗。可以发现,本文方案能通过缩短无人机飞行路径来减少无人机的飞行能耗。其中,无人机悬停能耗表示为Ehover= k = 1 K TkPhover,其中Tk为第K簇无人机悬停时间,Phover为无人机悬停功率。无人机飞行能耗为Efly=(dM/v)Pfly,dM为第M={1,2,…,9}种方案中无人机Ehover= k = 1 K phoverTk需要飞行的距离,v为无人机固定飞行速度,Pfly为无人机飞行功率。则无人机总能耗可表示为Euav=Ehover+Efly。可以观察到本文方案无人机总能耗明显低于不进行分簇的方案。虽然分簇且优化传感器发射功率和无人机位置的方案与不优化传感器功率和无人机位置的方案的无人机总能耗相差不大,但是经过优化传感器发射功率和无人机位置后无线传感器的能耗显著降低。尽管不分簇也不优化传感器发射功率和无人机位置方案的传感器能耗低于分簇半径较大的分簇方案,但其无人机总能耗却因无人机需要飞行更远的距离而消耗更大的能耗,从而导致其总能耗高于本文所提方案。因此,本文所提方案能耗性能优于比较方案,而且能满足不同需求的应用场景。对传感器能耗要求苛刻的场景,可选择分簇半径较小的方案,这种方案能有效降低无线传感器能耗。而对无人机能耗要求苛刻的场景,可选择分簇半径较大的方案。这种方案虽然会在一定程度上增加无线传感器传输能耗与无人机悬停传输能耗,但却最大可能减少无人机飞行距离,从而降低无人机的总能耗。
图8为分簇半径为120 m,需要采集的数据量为20 MB时,无人机悬停点结合蚁群算法求解的最短飞行轨迹。在本文仿真参数中,当分簇半径为120 m时,适用于对无人机能耗与无线传感器能耗都有需求的场景,因为此时传感器能耗与无人机总能耗与其他方案相比达到最优。与不进行分簇与优化的传统方案相比,传感器能耗能有效降低16.2%,无人机能耗能有效降低24.9%,从而有效降低数据传输系统的总能耗。
本文提出了一种联合优化无人机辅助无线传感器网络数据收集系统中无人机能耗和传感器能耗的优化方案。该方案包括无线传感器分簇、无人机悬停位置优化、无线传感器发射功率优化以及无人机最优路径优化。
(1)通过对无线传感器进行分簇处理,不仅能简化无人机飞行路径规划问题,同时已能确保覆盖率以保证能够采集所有的无线传感器信息。
(2)在簇内传输数据阶段,采用了正交频分多址技术,避免了同一簇中传感器之间的相互干扰。通过建立多目标模型优化无人机悬停位置和传感器发射功率,成功优化了传感器传输能耗和无人机悬停采集能耗。
(3)考虑了在固定飞行高度情况时不同分簇半径与数据量对能耗的影响。一方面,通过选择合适的分簇半径,能有效降低无人机需要悬停的簇数,从而减少了无人机的飞行距离,进而降低了飞行能耗。另一方面,当传感器需要传输大量数据时,本方案可通过仅增加少量无人机悬停采集能耗的同时,显著降低传感器的传输能耗。特别地,当无人机的分簇半径为120 m与无线传感器数据量均为20 MB时,相较于传统方案,本方案中无线传感器能耗降低了16.2%,同时无人机能耗下降了24.9%。
  • 国家自然科学基金(62061007)
  • 贵州省科技厅基金(黔科合基础-ZK[2023]一般028)
  • 贵州省科技厅基金(黔科合基础-ZK[2024]一般693)
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2025年第25卷第3期
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2401446
  • 接收时间:2024-03-04
  • 首发时间:2025-07-29
  • 出版时间:2025-01-28
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  • 收稿日期:2024-03-04
  • 修回日期:2024-06-05
基金
国家自然科学基金(62061007)
贵州省科技厅基金(黔科合基础-ZK[2023]一般028)
贵州省科技厅基金(黔科合基础-ZK[2024]一般693)
作者信息
    1.贵州财经大学大数据统计学院, 贵阳 550025
    2.贵州财经大学信息学院, 贵阳 550025

通讯作者:

* 张坤坤(2001—),男,汉族,贵州遵义人,硕士研究生。研究方向:无人机数据传输,数据分析。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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