Article(id=1156908033755402570, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1156907871645556837, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2401726, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1710172800000, receivedDateStr=2024-03-12, revisedDate=1717516800000, revisedDateStr=2024-06-05, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1753757969558, onlineDateStr=2025-07-29, pubDate=1737993600000, pubDateStr=2025-01-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753757969558, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-29, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753757969558, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753757969558, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1156907871645556837, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='3', pageStart='879', pageEnd='1312', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1753757930909, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1765095544280, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1204461268821320541, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1156907871645556837, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1204461268825514846, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1156907871645556837, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1253, endPage=1261, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1156908034309050700, articleId=1156908033755402570, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=Identifying Non-linear Effects of Land Use Patterns on Pedestrian Crash Severity Using XGBoost Decision Tree Model, columnId=1156262728772735295, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Papers·Traffics and Transportations, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Land use and traffic safety is a hot topic of mutual concern in the fields of urban geography and transportation. However, existing research on the impact of land use on pedestrian traffic accidents often incorporates a unified framework of built environment and mainly adopts measures such as land use mix or the proportion of land use types, lacking detailed analysis on land use types, thus making it difficult to translate their findings into actionable design strategies. Taking Yuzhong District, Chongqing City as an example, the land use types were finely characterized based on point of interest (POI) data, and the extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost) model was applied to explore the nonlinear relationships between land use types, pedestrian, road conditions, road environment, and the severity of pedestrian traffic accidents. The study finds these as follows. ①Land use types play an important role in the severity of pedestrian traffic accidents, with hospitals, residential areas, and educational land being the most influential. The presence of hospitals, residential areas, and educational land within a 300-meter buffer zone around accident sites reduces the severity of pedestrian traffic accidents. ②Road sections with curved and sloped road alignments are high-risk areas for severe pedestrian traffic accidents; entrances and exits of road sections, narrow road sections, and intersections have a mitigating effect on the severity of pedestrian traffic accidents. The findings provide policy insights for refined land use planning and governance to reduce the severity of pedestrian traffic accidents.

, correspAuthors=Chun CHEN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Qi-qi LIU, Chun CHEN, Xin-hui KUANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1156908061672690022, articleId=1156908033755402570, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=CN, title=利用XGBoost模型查明土地利用格局对行人交通事故严重程度的非线性影响, columnId=1156262730664366426, journalTitle=科学技术与工程, columnName=论文·交通运输, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

土地利用与交通安全是城市地理和交通运输领域共同关注的热点,但目前关于土地利用对行人交通事故的影响研究多纳入建成环境统一框架,并多采用土地利用混合度或土地利用类型占比来衡量,缺乏对土地利用类型的细化研究,难以有效指导设计实践。以重庆市渝中区为例,基于兴趣点(point of interest,POI)数据对土地利用类型进行精细刻画,应用极致梯度提升树(extreme gradient boosting,XGBoost)模型,探究土地利用类型以及行人、道路条件、道路环境等对行人交通事故严重程度影响的非线性关系。研究发现:①土地利用类型对行人交通事故严重程度有重要作用,其中影响较大的分别是医院、住宅和教育用地,事故点缓冲区300 m内存在医院、居民小区以及教育用地对行人交通事故严重程度有降低作用;②弯道和弯坡道的道路线形处是严重行人交通事故的高发区;路段进出口处、窄路等路口路段处对行人交通事故严重程度有降低作用。研究结论可为精细化的土地利用规划与治理以降低行人交通事故严重程度提供一定的政策启示。

, correspAuthors=陈春, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 陈春(1979—),女,汉族,重庆人,博士,教授。研究方向:建成环境与交通安全。E-mail:
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刘琪琪(2000—),女,汉族,四川资阳人,硕士研究生。研究方向:土地利用与交通安全。E-mail:

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刘琪琪(2000—),女,汉族,四川资阳人,硕士研究生。研究方向:土地利用与交通安全。E-mail:

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Institute of Intelligent City, Chongqing Jiaotong University, Chongqing 400074, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1204780260370915435, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908033755402570, companyId=1204780260341555302, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3.重庆交通大学智慧城市学院, 重庆 400074)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1204780263676027142, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908033755402570, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Kernel density of pedestrian accidents in the study area (2010—2021), figureFileSmall=nHf6rpXKrOu1CPhY7SI3Qw==, figureFileBig=pYGEICnbFBtGgYsEXbdsPQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1204780263764107530, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908033755402570, language=CN, label=图1, caption=研究区行人交通事故核密度图(2010—2021年), figureFileSmall=nHf6rpXKrOu1CPhY7SI3Qw==, figureFileBig=pYGEICnbFBtGgYsEXbdsPQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1204780263885742355, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908033755402570, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Summary plot of SHAP values for independent variables influencing factors, figureFileSmall=uE25MR3CN7sR8eguWtF/ng==, figureFileBig=6bCYYbOYwH1sbMP6jDpBhw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1204780263990599960, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908033755402570, language=CN, label=图2, caption=自变量影响因素SHAP值汇总图, figureFileSmall=uE25MR3CN7sR8eguWtF/ng==, figureFileBig=6bCYYbOYwH1sbMP6jDpBhw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1204780264095457568, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908033755402570, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Dependency scatterplot of pedestrian accident severity effects, figureFileSmall=js4m6Ni6kAlWnqyKd6JEkA==, figureFileBig=KQfG9YOj+I9BOWbbH8s4gA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1204780264233869611, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908033755402570, language=CN, label=图3, caption=行人事故严重程度影响的依赖关系散点图, figureFileSmall=js4m6Ni6kAlWnqyKd6JEkA==, figureFileBig=KQfG9YOj+I9BOWbbH8s4gA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1204780264376475957, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908033755402570, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

POI classification based on land use

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
用地分类 POI二级分类 POI数量/
交通设施 公交车站、地铁站、轮渡站、交通相关服务 1 486
零售商业 服装鞋帽皮具店、超级市场、个人用品店/化妆品店、家电电子店、商场、花鸟鱼虫市场、家居建材市场、特殊买卖场所、文化用品店、体育用品店、专卖店、综合市场、购物相关场所 1 490
住宅 住宅区、住宅楼 1 406
社会停车场 公共停车场、配建停车场、专用停车场 1 448
绿地与开敞
空间
公园广场、风景名胜、休闲场所 1 426
教育 幼儿园、中小学、高中、大学、培训机构 1 302
医院 综合医院、专科医院、私人诊所 1 413
), ArticleFig(id=1204780264472944960, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908033755402570, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

基于土地利用的 POI分类

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
用地分类 POI二级分类 POI数量/
交通设施 公交车站、地铁站、轮渡站、交通相关服务 1 486
零售商业 服装鞋帽皮具店、超级市场、个人用品店/化妆品店、家电电子店、商场、花鸟鱼虫市场、家居建材市场、特殊买卖场所、文化用品店、体育用品店、专卖店、综合市场、购物相关场所 1 490
住宅 住宅区、住宅楼 1 406
社会停车场 公共停车场、配建停车场、专用停车场 1 448
绿地与开敞
空间
公园广场、风景名胜、休闲场所 1 426
教育 幼儿园、中小学、高中、大学、培训机构 1 302
医院 综合医院、专科医院、私人诊所 1 413
), ArticleFig(id=1204780264569413966, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908033755402570, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Classification and assignment of independent variables

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类别 自变量 定义/描述
行人特征 性别 0=女,1=男
年龄 1=(0,14),2=[15,64],3=[65,+∞)
道路条件 路面状况 1=路面完好,2=凹凸,3=施工
道路线形 1=平直,2=一般坡,3=一般弯,4=一般弯坡,5=陡坡,6=急弯,7=急弯陡坡
路口路段
类型
1=普通路段,2=交叉口,3=路段进出口,4=窄路,5=隧道,6=桥梁,7=其他特殊路段
道路环境 能见度 1=50 m以下,2=50~100 m,3=100~200 m,4=200 m以上
照明条件 1=白天,2=黄昏、黎明,3=夜间有路灯照明,4=夜间无路灯照明
路表情况 1=干燥,2=潮湿,3=积水
天气 1=晴,2=阴,3=雨
土地利用
类型
医院 0=否,1=是
教育 0=否,1=是
绿地与
开敞空间
0=否,1=是
住宅 0=否,1=是
交通 0=否,1=是
零售商业 0=否,1=是
社会
停车场
0=否,1=是
), ArticleFig(id=1204780264665882961, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908033755402570, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

自变量分类和赋值

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类别 自变量 定义/描述
行人特征 性别 0=女,1=男
年龄 1=(0,14),2=[15,64],3=[65,+∞)
道路条件 路面状况 1=路面完好,2=凹凸,3=施工
道路线形 1=平直,2=一般坡,3=一般弯,4=一般弯坡,5=陡坡,6=急弯,7=急弯陡坡
路口路段
类型
1=普通路段,2=交叉口,3=路段进出口,4=窄路,5=隧道,6=桥梁,7=其他特殊路段
道路环境 能见度 1=50 m以下,2=50~100 m,3=100~200 m,4=200 m以上
照明条件 1=白天,2=黄昏、黎明,3=夜间有路灯照明,4=夜间无路灯照明
路表情况 1=干燥,2=潮湿,3=积水
天气 1=晴,2=阴,3=雨
土地利用
类型
医院 0=否,1=是
教育 0=否,1=是
绿地与
开敞空间
0=否,1=是
住宅 0=否,1=是
交通 0=否,1=是
零售商业 0=否,1=是
社会
停车场
0=否,1=是
), ArticleFig(id=1204780264791712091, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908033755402570, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Comparison of machine model performance

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
模型 精确率 召回率 准确率 F1_score
逻辑回归 0.740 044 0.949 313 0.718 452 0.831 615
决策树 0.743 154 0.730 587 0.616 338 0.735 760
SVM 0.741 839 0.960 309 0.725 872 0.836 861
随机森林 0.749 954 0.862 333 0.688 113 0.802 087
GBDT 0.745 647 0.932 450 0.717 225 0.828 416
XGBoost 0.787 728 0.994 928 0.774 014 0.845 656
GBM 0.735 450 0.837 031 0.659 670 0.782 565
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机器模型性能对比

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模型 精确率 召回率 准确率 F1_score
逻辑回归 0.740 044 0.949 313 0.718 452 0.831 615
决策树 0.743 154 0.730 587 0.616 338 0.735 760
SVM 0.741 839 0.960 309 0.725 872 0.836 861
随机森林 0.749 954 0.862 333 0.688 113 0.802 087
GBDT 0.745 647 0.932 450 0.717 225 0.828 416
XGBoost 0.787 728 0.994 928 0.774 014 0.845 656
GBM 0.735 450 0.837 031 0.659 670 0.782 565
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利用XGBoost模型查明土地利用格局对行人交通事故严重程度的非线性影响
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刘琪琪 1, 2 , 陈春 1, 3, * , 匡新晖 2
科学技术与工程 | 论文·交通运输 2025,25(3): 1253-1261
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科学技术与工程 | 论文·交通运输 2025, 25(3): 1253-1261
利用XGBoost模型查明土地利用格局对行人交通事故严重程度的非线性影响
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刘琪琪1, 2 , 陈春1, 3, * , 匡新晖2
作者信息
  • 1.重庆交通大学, 生态人居与绿色交通研究中心, 重庆 400074
  • 2.重庆交通大学交通运输学院, 重庆 400074
  • 3.重庆交通大学智慧城市学院, 重庆 400074
  • 刘琪琪(2000—),女,汉族,四川资阳人,硕士研究生。研究方向:土地利用与交通安全。E-mail:

通讯作者:

* 陈春(1979—),女,汉族,重庆人,博士,教授。研究方向:建成环境与交通安全。E-mail:
Identifying Non-linear Effects of Land Use Patterns on Pedestrian Crash Severity Using XGBoost Decision Tree Model
Qi-qi LIU1, 2 , Chun CHEN1, 3, * , Xin-hui KUANG2
Affiliations
  • 1. Research Centre for Eco-Habitat and Green Transportation, Chongqing Jiaotong University, Chongqing 400074, China
  • 2. College of Transportation, Chongqing Jiaotong University, Chongqing 400074, China
  • 3. Institute of Intelligent City, Chongqing Jiaotong University, Chongqing 400074, China
出版时间: 2025-01-28 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2401726
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土地利用与交通安全是城市地理和交通运输领域共同关注的热点,但目前关于土地利用对行人交通事故的影响研究多纳入建成环境统一框架,并多采用土地利用混合度或土地利用类型占比来衡量,缺乏对土地利用类型的细化研究,难以有效指导设计实践。以重庆市渝中区为例,基于兴趣点(point of interest,POI)数据对土地利用类型进行精细刻画,应用极致梯度提升树(extreme gradient boosting,XGBoost)模型,探究土地利用类型以及行人、道路条件、道路环境等对行人交通事故严重程度影响的非线性关系。研究发现:①土地利用类型对行人交通事故严重程度有重要作用,其中影响较大的分别是医院、住宅和教育用地,事故点缓冲区300 m内存在医院、居民小区以及教育用地对行人交通事故严重程度有降低作用;②弯道和弯坡道的道路线形处是严重行人交通事故的高发区;路段进出口处、窄路等路口路段处对行人交通事故严重程度有降低作用。研究结论可为精细化的土地利用规划与治理以降低行人交通事故严重程度提供一定的政策启示。

土地利用  /  建成环境  /  极致梯度提升决策树(XGBoost)  /  交通安全

Land use and traffic safety is a hot topic of mutual concern in the fields of urban geography and transportation. However, existing research on the impact of land use on pedestrian traffic accidents often incorporates a unified framework of built environment and mainly adopts measures such as land use mix or the proportion of land use types, lacking detailed analysis on land use types, thus making it difficult to translate their findings into actionable design strategies. Taking Yuzhong District, Chongqing City as an example, the land use types were finely characterized based on point of interest (POI) data, and the extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost) model was applied to explore the nonlinear relationships between land use types, pedestrian, road conditions, road environment, and the severity of pedestrian traffic accidents. The study finds these as follows. ①Land use types play an important role in the severity of pedestrian traffic accidents, with hospitals, residential areas, and educational land being the most influential. The presence of hospitals, residential areas, and educational land within a 300-meter buffer zone around accident sites reduces the severity of pedestrian traffic accidents. ②Road sections with curved and sloped road alignments are high-risk areas for severe pedestrian traffic accidents; entrances and exits of road sections, narrow road sections, and intersections have a mitigating effect on the severity of pedestrian traffic accidents. The findings provide policy insights for refined land use planning and governance to reduce the severity of pedestrian traffic accidents.

land use  /  built environment  /  extreme gradient boosting decision tree (XGBoost)  /  traffic safety
刘琪琪, 陈春, 匡新晖. 利用XGBoost模型查明土地利用格局对行人交通事故严重程度的非线性影响. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (3) : 1253 -1261 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2401726
Qi-qi LIU, Chun CHEN, Xin-hui KUANG. Identifying Non-linear Effects of Land Use Patterns on Pedestrian Crash Severity Using XGBoost Decision Tree Model[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (3) : 1253 -1261 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2401726
道路交通伤害是一个重要的全球性公共卫生问题,交通事故多表现为严重创伤,致死率、致残率极高。行人作为道路交通中的弱势群体面临着更多的道路受伤风险。在世界范围内,每年约有120万与交通有关的伤害发生,在这些伤害中,有一半都涉及到行人。2007—2016年中国行人事故伤亡人数占城市交通事故伤亡总人数的比例超过30% [1]。减少人车碰撞,降低行人交通事故严重程度对保障人民生命安全具有重大意义。
关于交通事故伤害严重程度的研究多从人、车、路、环境4个方面进行影响因素分析[2-7]。人的因素主要包括驾驶员、行人的行为特征,如性别[2,7]、驾龄[2-3]、是否酒驾[3]、是否逃逸[3,5]、年龄[6-7]、受教育程度[6];车辆因素包括车辆速度[2]、车辆类型[2]、是否换道/超速/加速多大[6];道路因素包括道路线形[2,4,7]、交叉口类型[2]、路肩状况[3-4]、是否存在中央隔离带[3,5]、是否存在信号控制[5]、道路物理隔离[5]、路口路段类型[2];环境因素主要包括天气[2-3]、路表情况[2,4]、照明[2-4,7]、季节[7]等。事实上,事故点周边的土地利用情况也会对交通量、交通速度 [8-9]以及事故的严重程度产生影响[10]。以往的研究多基于3D(密度、设计、多样性)[11]或5D(在3D的基础上增加了目的地可达性和公共交通临近度)[12],土地利用混合度[13-15]或某类土地利用类型占比[16-18]常用来表征多样性,纳入建成环境统一框架。作为居民出行行为的源头,城市土地利用不仅影响城市的人口和社会经济特征,还决定了交通量和交通行为模式[19-20],并通过交通量和交通行为模式进而影响交通事故的发生率和严重程度[19]。而不同用地类型对交通事故的影响存在显著差异,如产生交通量的商业区、公交车站、公园、医院用地周围区域的交通事故严重程度通常更高[21-25],此外土地利用格局的微妙变化将会降低总事故和致命事故的频率[26]。随着城市土地的功能越来越复合,同一宗地并非只有单一的功能,因此需要精细刻画城市土地利用类型。地理时空大数据如兴趣点(point of interest,POI)数据的出现,为更精细地刻画土地利用类型提供了支撑。
在研究方法上,以往关于行人交通事故严重程度的研究多运用离散模型,如随机参数Logit模型[5]、Logistic模型[26-27]、有序Logit模型[6,28]等。但离散模型将各模型的参数设置为固定参数,这使得在不同交通事故中影响因素对严重程度的影响效果是恒定不变的。机器学习模型则有效避免了这一不足。近年来也有学者开始探索机器学习模型在交通事故研究中的应用 [29-31]。但现有基于机器学习模型的交通事故研究对土地利用要素的考虑不足。鉴于此,以重庆市渝中区为例,基于2010—2021年行人交通事故数据和POI数据,利用极致梯度提升树(extreme gradient boosting decision tree,XGBoost)模型,结合道路条件、道路环境等,研究事故点缓冲区内土地利用类型与行人交通事故严重程度的关系。以期通过对土地利用类型的精细刻画,以及探究其与行人交通事故严重程度的非线性关系,为精细化的土地利用规划与治理以降低行人交通事故严重程度提供启示。
重庆市渝中区地处长江和嘉陵江的交汇处,总面积为23.24 km2,其中,陆地面积为20.08 km2,是重庆市面积最小的行政区划,但该区常住人口多达58.87万人,是重庆市区人口最密集的区域。渝中区两江环抱,形似半岛,其东、南和北面均临水,地形坡度较大,土地利用紧凑,城市建设表现为用地混合、高密度的城市形态。南北两条滨江路环抱渝中半岛,南北方向以石黄隧道、向阳隧道以及嘉华隧道为主要交通道路,形成了两横三纵的交通网络骨架。作为重庆的“母城”,渝中区土地利用复杂多样,人口密度大,步行系统狭窄,人车矛盾突出,且近年来渝中区的道路、土地利用变化较小。因此,本文中选择渝中区作为研究区域,具有典型代表性与借鉴意义,研究区行人交通事故点核密度图如图1所示。
本文中主要数据包括:①行人交通事故数据。来源于重庆市渝中区交巡警支队,包括2010—2021年渝中区发生的所有记录在案的行人交通事故数据,在剔除含有缺失值的数据后,最后得到了1 616起行人交通事故数据。原始数据中将事故严重程度分为“仅财产损失事故”“伤人事故”“死亡事故”3种。然而,经过数据的初步筛选后发现基于行人的交通事故中并无财产损失事故,这主要是因为行人为主要对象的无伤害事故较少,且事故发生后若无重大伤亡或者财产损失,当事人一般不会选择上报至交警部门,因此未被记录在案[2]。本文采用二分类法将行人的事故严重程度分为受伤事故和死亡事故 [23]。受伤事故为“0”,占行人总事故的73.54%,死亡事故为“1”,占行人总事故的26.46%。②POI数据。来源于高德地图开放平台,包括医院、教育用地、住宅用地等多类别的POI,含地理位置(经纬度坐标)、设施类型并使用Arc GIS软件进行处理(表1)。
基于前文的分析,在影响交通安全常规的“人、车、路、环境”四要素的基础上,加入土地利用要素。由于重庆渝中区交巡警支队获取的事故数据属性中缺失车辆类型和驾驶员数据,故本文中将影响行人交通事故严重程度的因素分为行人特征、道路条件、道路环境、土地利用类型4个方面:行人特征变量为性别和年龄;道路条件变量有道路线形、路口路段类型;道路环境变量有能见度、照明条件、路表情况、天气;土地利用变量为缓冲区内的土地利用类型。缓冲区范围通常选择200 m[17]或300 m[32-33],结合重庆市渝中区的山地地形特点,本文中以300 m为半径建立事故点的缓冲区,考虑缓冲区内是否有医院、教育用地、绿地与开敞用地、住宅用地、零售商业用地、社会停车场用地 [32]。变量分类及赋值见表2
XGBboost模型是一种基于梯度提升决策树(gradient boosting decision tree, GBDT)的算法[34]。其基本思想和GBDT相同,但又有所优化,具有高效、灵活和轻便的特点。例如,利用二阶泰勒公式展开优化了损失函数,提高计算精确度;使用正则项简化模型,避免过拟合,从而提高模型泛化能力;支持多种类型的基分类器,比如线性分类器;并且能够自动学习出缺失值的处理策略。XGBoost优化目标函数有3个步骤:①二阶泰勒展开,去除常数项,优化损失函数;②正则化项展开,去除常数项,优化正则化项;③合并一次项系数、二次项系数,得到最终目标函数。XGBoost的目标函数由损失函数和正则项两部分组成,即
fobj= i = 1 n l(yi, y i)+ k = 1 m Ω(fk)
式(1)中: i = 1 n l(yi, y i)为损失函数, 其中yi为第i个样本的真实值; y i为第i个样本的预测值;Ω(fk)表示k棵树的复杂度。目标函数中的预测值和正则化的公式分别为
y i= k = 1 m fk(xi)
Ω(fk)=γT+ 1 2λ j = 1 T ω j 2
式中:xi为第i个样本的特征向量;γλ为超参数;T为叶节点个数;ωj为第j个叶节点的得分。目标函数最小化得到的树结构最好,即此时得到的目标函数的解为最优解。最小化目标函数后得到最终目标函数为
fobj=- 1 2 j = 1 n ( i I j g i ) 2 i I j h i + λ+λT
式(4)中:gi为损失函数在 y i t - 1处的一阶导;hi为损失函数在 y i t - 1处的二阶导。
分类模型的评估指标是用来衡量模型性能的指标,可以帮助了解模型的精确率、召回率、准确性等方面的表现。因此本文中使用精确率P、召回率R、准确率AF1_score几种常见的分类模型评估指标来评价各模型效果,各评价指标取值范围均为[0,1],且越接近1模型越准确。相关计算如下:
(1)精确率:正确预测为正的占全部预测为正的比例,即
P= T P T P + F P
(2)召回率:正确预测为正的占全部实际为正的比例,即
R= T P T P + F N
(3)准确率:准确率是分类问题中使用较多的性能评价指标,表示被正确分类的样本数量在总样本数量中的占比,计算公式为
A= T P + T N T P + T N + F P + F N
(4)F1_score:F1值为算数平均数除以几何平均数,且越大越好,将PR的代入式(7)会发现,F1PR都进行了加权,即
F1_score= 2 T P 2 T P + F P + F N
式中:TP为正类被判断为正类;FP为负类被判断为负类;FN为正类被判断为负类;TN为负类被判断为正类。
随机选取渝中区事故数据的80%作为训练集,将剩余的20%样本作为测试集。采用三折交叉验证法,将训练集随机均分为3份,建立3个模型,每个模型以其中2份为训练集,剩下的1份作为测试集,依次进行迭代。
为验证XGBoost模型性能,本文同时建立逻辑回归、决策树、SVM(support vector machine)、随机森林、GBDT和GBM(gradient boosting machine)模型与XGBoost模型进行对比,如表3所示。根据比较结果可以看出XGBoost模型在精确率、召回率、准确率以及F1_score值上均优于其他机器学习模型,这表明XGBoost模型具有一定优越性。
SHAP(shapley additive ex planations)是Python开发的一个“模型解释”包,可以用于解释XGBoost模型的输出结果。SHAP汇总图结合了特征重要度和特征的影响, y轴上的位置由特征决定,x轴上的位置由Shapley值决定,该值能够反映每一个样本中的特征影响力,而且还能表现出影响的正负性,颜色表示特征值大小,因此可以通过汇总图了解每个特征的Shapley值的分布,并且这些特征是根据它们的重要性排序的。
通过SHAP汇总图对各个因素对行人事故严重程度的影响程度进行了可视化,如图2所示,可以看出,在行人交通事故严重程度中起决定性影响因素的有:道路线形、能见度、路口路段类型、天气,以及照明条件。此外土地利用类型中的住宅用地、医院用地以及教育用地是行人事故严重程度的主要影响因素。
赋值较高的道路线形对行人的交通事故严重程度影响很大,低能见度会提高行人交通事故的严重程度,住宅用地的存在会使行人发生交通事故时的严重程度降低,赋值高的照明条件也会降低行人的交通事故严重程度。从图2中可以看到特征值大小与预测影响之间的关系,但要查看这种关系的确切形式,可以通过依赖关系散点图(图3)。
依赖关系散点图(图3)通过将因变量与自变量之间的关系可视化,直观地表现出自变量对因变量的影响。该图底部的浅灰色区域是显示数据值分布的直方图。当SHAP值为负时,对行人交通事故的严重程度有降低作用;SHAP值为正时,对行人交通事故严重程度有提高的作用。
图3(a)可知,对于道路线形,平直、一般坡道、一般弯道以及一般弯坡道是事故主要发生地,其中平直道路事故的发生频次远高于其他的道路线形。平直道路对行人交通事故严重程度有降低作用,即在平直道路上发生的交通事故多为受伤事故,一般坡道对行人的交通事故严重程度影响不大,一般弯道和一般弯坡道会增加行人的交通事故严重程度,即在一般弯道和一般弯坡道路发生的交通事故多为死亡事故。
图3(b)可知,能见度在200 m以上,相对于能见度在50 m以下、50~100 m以及100~200 m的行人交通事故发生频次较多,其中能见度在50 m以下和50~100 m的道路环境对行人交通事故严重程度有抬高作用,即行人交通事故多为死亡事故。能见度在100~200 m区间及200 m以上的道路环境对行人的交通事故严重程度有降低作用,即行人交通事故的受伤事故多发生在能见度为100~200 m及200 m以上的道路环境。这是因为能见度越低,视距越小,驾驶员对道路状况的感知能力也会相应降低,当事故发生时没有足够的反应时间,从而导致事故的严重程度较高;而能见度越高驾驶员的视线就越开阔,在面临事故时有较长的反应时间采取相应的避让措施,从而减轻行人的受伤严重程度[35]
图3(c)可知,普通路段是行人交通事故多发区,其次是交叉口路段,但这两个路口路段对行人事故严重程度的影响无显著的趋势。路段进出处、窄路、桥梁和其他特殊路段的SHAP值在模型中为负值,说明对行人交通事故严重程度有降低作用,即在这些路口路段发生的行人交通事故多为受伤事故。这是因为在普通路和交叉口路段有完善的行人过街设施,如斑马线、红绿灯,能在行人过街时对车辆和行人都起到保护和提醒作用,但这两种路段又是行人出行中选择较多的类型,因此虽然这两类路段对行人的事故严重程无显著影响趋势,但却是事故的高发区;而在非普通路段上,驾驶员的注意力更为集中安全意识较高,车速也会随之下降[36-37]
图3(d)可知,晴天相对阴、雨天的行人交通事故发生频次较多,其中晴天对行人交通事故严重程度的影响无显著趋势,而阴天和雨天行人交通事故严重程度有降低作用,即在阴天和雨天发生的行人交通事故多为受伤事故。这是因为阴、雨天气路面状况较为恶劣,路表湿润道路环境较差,驾驶员和行人的警惕性都会更高,车速也会放缓,在这种情况下不易发生严重的行人交通事故[33]
图3(e)可知,道路环境是白天以及夜间有路灯照明时行人交通事故多发,其中白天对行人交通事故严重程度的影响无显著趋势。黄昏和黎明、夜间有/无路灯照明的道路环境下行人交通事故多为受伤事故。这是因为行人多会选择在白天或夜间有路灯照明处时出行,从而导致在这两个照明条件下的行人交通事故较多;而在光线不充足的照明条件下,行人会谨慎过街,驾驶员也会提高安全意识,发生严重的交通事故的概率较低[2]
图3(f)可知,路表干燥的情况下发生的行人交通事故相比于路表潮湿和积水的情况频次较高,且干燥的路表情况对行人交通事故严重程度有降低作用,而潮湿和积水的路表情况对行人交通事故严重程度有抬高的作用,即在路表干燥的情况下发生的行人的交通事故多为受伤事故,而在潮湿和积水的路表情况会增加行人交通事故的严重程度。这是因为在湿滑路面车辆的刹车性能及转向性能均与干燥路面不同,且在湿滑的路表情况下车轮与路面的摩擦系数小,相比干燥路面车辆更容易发生滑移现象,更容易造成行人严重受伤 [37-38]
图3(g)~图3(i)可知,行人交通事故点的300 m缓冲区内存在住宅用地、医院用地、教育用地这些用地类型对行人交通事故的严重程度有降低作用。这是因为这些区域都是人群的吸引中心,车辆和行人较多交通状况复杂,因此这类用地的事故发生率较高,但由于这些区域会采取更多的交通干预措施,如设置减速带、行人专用道路等,故行人发生交通事故时其事故严重程度通常较低 [13,33]
图3(h)图3(i)可知,男性行人发生的交通事故数量高于女性行人,女性行人在发生交通事故时严重程度较轻,这与董傲然等[2]的研究结果一致。中青年行人发生的交通事故数量高于儿童和老年人,其中少年儿童以及老年人在遭受交通事故时通常较为严重,原因主要是少年儿童的交通安全意识薄弱,并且不具备足够的执行能力,而老年人身体机能较差且应急反应能力较低,事故发生时来不及反应,进而导致遭受严重的事故伤害[2]
基于土地利用类型的角度,结合交通事故的影响因素从行人、道路条件、道路环境以及土地利用类型四个方面出发,对行人交通事故的严重程度进行研究。将事故严重程度分成受伤事故和死亡事故,在客观因素方面选取了性别、年龄、路面状况、道路线形、路口路段类型、能见度、照明条件、路表情况、天气、医院、教育、绿地与开敞空间、住宅、交通、零售商业、社会停车场16个自变量,分析自变量与行人交通事故严重程度之间的关系。通过比较发现XGBoost模型在处理分类变量与其他变量之间的关系上具有很大的优势。
(1)研究发现道路线形、能见度、路口路段类型、天气、照明条件、住宅用地、路表情况、医院用地、教育用地以及行人的性别等要素对行人交通事故严重程度都有影响,且影响程度依次下降。
(2)事故点300 m缓冲区内土地利用格局对行人交通事故严重程度有重要作用。在土地利用类型中对事故严重程度影响更大的是住宅用地、医院用地、教育用地,且对行人交通事故严重程度具有降低的作用,即在事故点的300 m缓冲区内存在以上土地利用类型则行人的交通事故严重程度都有所下降。
(3)道路线形、路口路段类型以及能见度的道路环境是影响行人交通事故严重程度的重要因素,由于转弯半径以及行人和驾驶员视野和视距等问题导致弯道和弯坡道处是严重行人交通事故高发区;在路段进出处、窄路、桥梁和其他特殊路段由于有车辆的汇入和驶出,车辆速度减缓且交通管制更为严格,因此对行人交通事故严重程度有降低作用;能见度越低,驾驶员视距越小,事故发生时的反应时间越短,导致行人交通事故严重程度越高。
根据研究结论,提出以下建议:
(1)在住宅用地、教育用地、医院用地等土地利用类型集中的地方,人流量大,人车矛盾突出。虽然通过交通干预和限速设施,这些地方的交通事故严重程度降低,但事故的频率依旧较高。因此,可以通过修建空中步行廊道将行人与机动车辆分层错开,从而实现人车分流。空中步行廊道可以将分散的商业、娱乐休闲设施,以及公共服务设施等多种功能的空间连接起来,形成连续性的复合功能网络及步行空间,在提高各功能区的步行可达性的同时也能避免因行人因过街需求而引发交通事故。各类用地类型对行人交通事故严重程度分别有不同程度的影响,在渝中区土地混合使用现象普遍,使得交通安全隐患更为严重。在考虑对多种用地类型进行精准调整的同时区分不同用地类型的差异性,在不同地点有选择地对土地利用各要素进行干预。如通过提高公交站点密度与商业服务设施密度,提升行人的换乘效率的同时能有效提高客流量。
(2)受地形条件限制,渝中区道路线形复杂,在弯、坡道等路段会出现轨迹点冲突、视距不足等现象,横、纵向视觉减速标线对驾驶员起到警示和告知前方路段危险的作用,可以在弯、坡道处设置横、纵减速标线,提前规范车辆行驶轨迹和降低行驶速度。
(3)路口路段的行人交通事故主要发生在道路交汇处,即行人有过街需求的区域。建议通过规范道路的安全设施降低行人交通事故的严重程度,可以在有大量过街需求的路口设置安全岛,在提高行人过街的安全性的同时,也能规范交通;拆除城市道路中存在的景观性非道路引导标志,从而增强驾驶员和行人对交通标志的视认性。
  • 国家自然科学基金(42071218)
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2025年第25卷第3期
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2401726
  • 接收时间:2024-03-12
  • 首发时间:2025-07-29
  • 出版时间:2025-01-28
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  • 收稿日期:2024-03-12
  • 修回日期:2024-06-05
基金
国家自然科学基金(42071218)
作者信息
    1.重庆交通大学, 生态人居与绿色交通研究中心, 重庆 400074
    2.重庆交通大学交通运输学院, 重庆 400074
    3.重庆交通大学智慧城市学院, 重庆 400074

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* 陈春(1979—),女,汉族,重庆人,博士,教授。研究方向:建成环境与交通安全。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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