Article(id=1156908033281450617, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1156907871645556837, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2401640, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1709827200000, receivedDateStr=2024-03-08, revisedDate=1713974400000, revisedDateStr=2024-04-25, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1753757969446, onlineDateStr=2025-07-29, pubDate=1737993600000, pubDateStr=2025-01-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753757969446, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-29, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753757969446, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753757969446, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1156907871645556837, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='3', pageStart='879', pageEnd='1312', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1753757930909, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1765095544280, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1204461268821320541, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1156907871645556837, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1204461268825514846, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1156907871645556837, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1280, endPage=1289, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1156908034250334845, articleId=1156908033281450617, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=Effect of Leading Edge Erosion on the Aerodynamic Characteristics of Fan/Booster Stages of Civil Aviation Engines, columnId=1156262731079607234, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Papers·Aeronautics and Astronautics, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to analyze the effect of fan rotor blade leading edge erosion on the aerodynamic characteristics of the compression system for different internal and external culverting conditions, multilevel cascade calculations were used to investigate the changes in the aerodynamic characteristics of the compression system of a certain type of engine with large culverting ratio. The results show that the total pressure ratio, isentropic efficiency and channel flow rate of the engine compression system after leading edge erosion relatively decrease by 0.18%, 0.879% and 0.972%, respectively, under the peak efficiency point working condition. For fan rotor blades, leading edge erosion leads to a decrease in the slope of the surface static pressure coefficient curve in the axial 0~24% interval of the surface static pressure coefficient curve at the height of 95% of the blades under near-surge point conditions in the outer culvert channel, with a decrease in static pressure, and an increase in the slope in the axial 24%~40% interval, which reduces the loading of the blade, reduces the pressurizing capacity, and moves the surge wave forward.In addition, leading edge erosion increases the angle of attack of the overall fan blade at the near-surge point of the outer culvert by about 2°, resulting in changes in blade aerodynamic efficiency and stall margin, which deviates from the original blade design.

, correspAuthors=Lei SHI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Run-feng CAI, Lei SHI, Rui-lin JIANG, Yun-chu PENG, Guo-shun CHEN), CN=ArticleExt(id=1156908129377149673, articleId=1156908033281450617, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=CN, title=前缘侵蚀对民航发动机风扇/增压级气动特性的影响, columnId=1156262731373208516, journalTitle=科学技术与工程, columnName=论文·航空、航天, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为了分析风扇转子叶片前缘侵蚀对压缩系统不同内外涵工况气动特性的影响,通过多级联算数值分析了某型大涵道比发动机压缩系统气动特性变化。研究结果表明,在峰值效率点工况下,前缘侵蚀后的发动机压缩系统总压比、等熵效率和通道流量分别相对下降0.18%、0.879%和0.972%。对风扇转子叶片而言,前缘侵蚀导致外涵道近喘点工况下95%叶高处表面静压系数曲线轴向0~24%区间的斜率下降,静压降低,轴向24%~40%区间的斜率上升,使叶型负荷降低,增压能力下降,激波向前移动。此外,前缘侵蚀会使外涵道近喘点处整体风扇叶片的攻角增大2°左右,导致叶片气动效率和失速裕度产生变化,偏离原始叶型设计。

, correspAuthors=史磊, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 史磊(1988—),男,汉族,河北唐山人,博士,讲师,硕士研究生导师。研究方向:轴流叶轮机械气动热力学。E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=zrcd2+V1i6crkk6rc4A9QQ==, magXml=kXYNA+W6KbrtWDEnaCaJiA==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=/YEPcOmUPzaY4ACY0iQnmA==, pdfFileSize=16670708, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=mAUIQU3U65X0Q4rFS/zYWg==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=DUSXP1/zZQJXRuldQXpzFA==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

蔡润峰(2001—),男,汉族,广东广州人,硕士研究生。研究方向:前缘侵蚀。E-mail:

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蔡润峰(2001—),男,汉族,广东广州人,硕士研究生。研究方向:前缘侵蚀。E-mail:

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蔡润峰(2001—),男,汉族,广东广州人,硕士研究生。研究方向:前缘侵蚀。E-mail:

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entropy of 95% of the fan’s high blades under

different operating conditions

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Fan booster stage parameters

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 数值
风扇叶片N/个 24
外涵导叶N/个 76
内涵导叶N/个 108
第一级(动/静)N/个 74/136
第二级(动/静)N/个 78/136
第三级(动/静)N/个 74/136
设计转速s/(r·min-1) 5 175
0~50%叶高处侵蚀/μm 0.05%弦长
50%~100%叶高处侵蚀/μm 0.5%弦长
), ArticleFig(id=1204780281543766216, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908033281450617, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

风扇增压级参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 数值
风扇叶片N/个 24
外涵导叶N/个 76
内涵导叶N/个 108
第一级(动/静)N/个 74/136
第二级(动/静)N/个 78/136
第三级(动/静)N/个 74/136
设计转速s/(r·min-1) 5 175
0~50%叶高处侵蚀/μm 0.05%弦长
50%~100%叶高处侵蚀/μm 0.5%弦长
), ArticleFig(id=1204780281623457995, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908033281450617, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Inlet and outlet boundary conditions

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条件 参数 数值
进口条件 总温/K 288.15
总压/Pa 101 325
转速/(r·min-1) 5 175
出口条件 平均静压/Pa 10 200
), ArticleFig(id=1204780281690566863, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908033281450617, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

进出口边界条件

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条件 参数 数值
进口条件 总温/K 288.15
总压/Pa 101 325
转速/(r·min-1) 5 175
出口条件 平均静压/Pa 10 200
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前缘侵蚀对民航发动机风扇/增压级气动特性的影响
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蔡润峰 1 , 史磊 2, * , 姜瑞麟 3 , 彭云楚 4 , 陈国顺 5
科学技术与工程 | 论文·航空、航天 2025,25(3): 1280-1289
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科学技术与工程 | 论文·航空、航天 2025, 25(3): 1280-1289
前缘侵蚀对民航发动机风扇/增压级气动特性的影响
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蔡润峰1 , 史磊2, * , 姜瑞麟3, 彭云楚4, 陈国顺5
作者信息
  • 1.中国民航大学航空工程学院, 天津 300300
  • 2.中国民航大学中欧航空工程师学院, 天津 300300
  • 3.中国商飞上海飞机设计研究院,上海 200100
  • 4.西交利物浦大学智能工程学院, 苏州 215123
  • 5.厦门航空有限公司发动机管理中心, 厦门 361009
  • 蔡润峰(2001—),男,汉族,广东广州人,硕士研究生。研究方向:前缘侵蚀。E-mail:

通讯作者:

* 史磊(1988—),男,汉族,河北唐山人,博士,讲师,硕士研究生导师。研究方向:轴流叶轮机械气动热力学。E-mail:
Effect of Leading Edge Erosion on the Aerodynamic Characteristics of Fan/Booster Stages of Civil Aviation Engines
Run-feng CAI1 , Lei SHI2, * , Rui-lin JIANG3, Yun-chu PENG4, Guo-shun CHEN5
Affiliations
  • 1. Aeronautical Engineering Institute, Civil Aviation University of China, Tianjin 300300, China
  • 2. Sino-European Institute of Aviation Engineering, Civil Aviation University of China, Tianjin 300300, China
  • 3. Aircraft Design & Research Institute, COMAC Shanghai, Shanghai 200100, China
  • 4. School of Advanced Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, Suzhou 215123, China
  • 5. Engine Management Center, Xiamen Airlines Co., Ltd, Xiamen 361009, China
出版时间: 2025-01-28 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2401640
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为了分析风扇转子叶片前缘侵蚀对压缩系统不同内外涵工况气动特性的影响,通过多级联算数值分析了某型大涵道比发动机压缩系统气动特性变化。研究结果表明,在峰值效率点工况下,前缘侵蚀后的发动机压缩系统总压比、等熵效率和通道流量分别相对下降0.18%、0.879%和0.972%。对风扇转子叶片而言,前缘侵蚀导致外涵道近喘点工况下95%叶高处表面静压系数曲线轴向0~24%区间的斜率下降,静压降低,轴向24%~40%区间的斜率上升,使叶型负荷降低,增压能力下降,激波向前移动。此外,前缘侵蚀会使外涵道近喘点处整体风扇叶片的攻角增大2°左右,导致叶片气动效率和失速裕度产生变化,偏离原始叶型设计。

压缩系统  /  风扇叶片  /  前缘侵蚀  /  气动特性  /  攻角

In order to analyze the effect of fan rotor blade leading edge erosion on the aerodynamic characteristics of the compression system for different internal and external culverting conditions, multilevel cascade calculations were used to investigate the changes in the aerodynamic characteristics of the compression system of a certain type of engine with large culverting ratio. The results show that the total pressure ratio, isentropic efficiency and channel flow rate of the engine compression system after leading edge erosion relatively decrease by 0.18%, 0.879% and 0.972%, respectively, under the peak efficiency point working condition. For fan rotor blades, leading edge erosion leads to a decrease in the slope of the surface static pressure coefficient curve in the axial 0~24% interval of the surface static pressure coefficient curve at the height of 95% of the blades under near-surge point conditions in the outer culvert channel, with a decrease in static pressure, and an increase in the slope in the axial 24%~40% interval, which reduces the loading of the blade, reduces the pressurizing capacity, and moves the surge wave forward.In addition, leading edge erosion increases the angle of attack of the overall fan blade at the near-surge point of the outer culvert by about 2°, resulting in changes in blade aerodynamic efficiency and stall margin, which deviates from the original blade design.

compression system  /  fan blade  /  leading edge erosion  /  aerodynamic characteristics  /  incidence
蔡润峰, 史磊, 姜瑞麟, 彭云楚, 陈国顺. 前缘侵蚀对民航发动机风扇/增压级气动特性的影响. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (3) : 1280 -1289 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2401640
Run-feng CAI, Lei SHI, Rui-lin JIANG, Yun-chu PENG, Guo-shun CHEN. Effect of Leading Edge Erosion on the Aerodynamic Characteristics of Fan/Booster Stages of Civil Aviation Engines[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (3) : 1280 -1289 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2401640
风扇增压级作为航空发动机的重要组成部分之一,在实际运行过程中,会与大气环境中的砂砾杂质直接接触并产生摩擦及碰撞,风扇叶片前缘易退化为钝头叶型[1]。此现象会导致发动机整机效率下降,气动性能衰退[2-5]
对于风扇叶片前缘侵蚀,根据典型航空材料受固体颗粒物的侵蚀规律和机理[6],侵蚀量与时间基本呈线性关系。汉莎航空公司将发动机运行和维护过程中观察到的典型风扇叶片前缘侵蚀类型系统分类整理为代表不同侵蚀程度的简化模型:钝头前缘叶型、叶尖间隙高度变化叶型、弦长减少的钝头前缘叶型、弦长减少但进行前缘优化重塑叶型[7]。彭鸿博等[8]对于钝头前缘叶片进行数值模拟计算,结果表明,钝头前缘会使得风扇转子稳定工作裕度下降,叶尖激波结构前移。
Tabakoff[9]对压缩机进行侵蚀试验,从压缩机试验台实验中发现,侵蚀损伤会导致发动机效率和性能显著降低。性能下降主要是由于叶片前缘和后缘、叶尖泄漏、表面粗糙度和压力分布的变化。Reid等[10]选取rotor14作为研究对象对发动机风扇叶片前缘侵蚀进行研究,为模拟真实叶片前缘侵蚀,对原始叶片进行削减,研究表明,侵蚀会导致前缘厚度增加,从而导致流量减少。Schmucker等[11]表示,叶尖间隙变化1%可使质量流量和效率降低2%,喘振裕度降低7.5%。
Giebmanns等[12]则针对实际运行中叶片前缘侵蚀现象进行分析归纳,发现跨音速风扇转子叶片前缘侵蚀多集中在50%叶高以上,侵蚀程度可达到1.1%弦长。Sayma等[13]探究不同前缘侵蚀形貌对叶片气动性能的影响。确定由叶根至叶中前缘侵蚀量较小,叶中至叶尖下部前缘侵蚀量大概从0.3%至1%变化,且叶尖处侵蚀量较小。Li等[14]选取某在役航空发动机的其中一级高压压气机级作为对象,实际叶片前缘侵蚀造成弦长减小6.69%,结果显示其效率和压比分别降低0.27%和0.16%,叶片形貌的改变导致流场性能急剧恶化,增大压气机失速的可能。
在内外涵联算方面,压缩系统作为一个整体,级间互相影响,且由于流动连续性,风扇前缘所产生的流场变化对后续部件流场会产生干涉,因此对压缩系统进行多级联算相较于对单一部件进行研究更能反映真实流场,且也能达到设计特性预估的工程精度要求[15]。郑覃等[16-17]便研究了不同内外涵工况对于双涵匹配的影响,最终阐明双涵匹配机制本质上取决于风扇的总压比-流量特性以及内外涵流量再分配机制的共同作用。并且前缘侵蚀会对攻角产生影响[18],导致叶型损失增加[19],增压能力有所下降,特别是在负攻角工况下,影响有所扩大。
选取某型大涵道比发动机压缩系统的风扇/增压级作为研究对象,采用多级联算的方式进行全流场数值模拟,研究风扇前缘侵蚀对风扇/增压级整体及级间的气动特性影响。对发动机日常运营、压气机风扇叶片设计和优化具有参考意义。
本文研究对象为某大涵道比发动机的风扇增压级部分,其参数如表1所示。发动机风扇增压级几何模型三维示意图如图1所示。风扇叶片前缘侵蚀处理如图2所示,在50%~100%叶高处为侵蚀程度0.5%弦长的钝头前缘,0~50%叶高处为侵蚀程度0.05%弦长的钝头前缘。对于该风扇转子侵蚀处理过后的模型称为混合侵蚀模型。
采用NUMECA商业软件开展数值模拟计算,网格模型由Autogrid5模块生成,利用Fine/Turbo模块进行计算,CFView模块进行后处理。采用雷诺平均(Reynolds equation, RANS)方法定常计算求解,选择理想空气(prefect air)作为流体模型,在求解过程中,不涉及复杂的涡流模拟,因此选择Turbulent Navier-Stokes数学模型与Spalart-Allmaras带拓展壁面湍流模型。空间差分法采用二阶中心方案,时间项处理方法为四阶Runge-Kutta迭代解。采用多网格技术加速计算收敛,库朗数(Courant-Triedrichs-Lewy, CFL)数设为3。初始进口条件设置如表2所示.为了确定不同涵道近喘点对应的背压条件,分别将内外涵道的出口静压从较小数值处设置1 000 Pa等梯度逐渐增加,当计算无法收敛时,利用二分法减半重新计算。峰值效率点的确定方法同理。
在AutoGrid5模块中生成O4H网格。为了验证网格的无关性,分别生成了数量为5.6×106、6.1×106、6.6×106、7.1×106、7.6×106的网格模型进行数值模拟计算。五套网格从低到高不断加密,分别以1.09倍增加压缩系统各部件的网格数,因此总网格数近似接近倍数关系。进行流场仿真计算,后对计算结果进行汇总并将全局峰值效率点处(内涵背压183 kPa,外涵背压133 kPa),本文中当前使用的工质为空气,根据数据取比热比值为1.4。如图3所示,可知6.6×106网格数模型与另外四套网格模型总等熵效率参数和总压比误差在0.2%以内,而且此时的总等熵效率和总压比达到最大值。因此选择6.6×106的网格数模型进行求解并对后续流场对比分析。
当前壁面函数y+值分布云图如图4所示,可知y+值平均小于10,满足Spalart-Allmaras湍流模型要求,数值计算结果具有可靠性。
等熵效率的计算公式为
ηis= P o u t l e t * P i n l e t * κ - 1 κ - 1 T o u t l e t * T i n l e t * - 1
式(1)中:ηis为等熵效率; P o u t l e t *为涵道出口总压; P i n l e t *为风扇进口总压; T o u t l e t *为涵道出口总温; T i n l e t *为风扇进口总温;κ为比热比,在本文中假设其为常数,使用工质为空气,根据数据取比热比值为1.4,通过式(1)可算出在改变外涵道出口背压的情况下,内外涵道等熵效率随总流量的改变趋势。
以总流量为X轴、等熵效率为Y轴,通过改变不同内外涵背压,分别绘制出内外涵道的流量-总压比曲线和流量-效率曲线,如图5图6所示(Ori为原始叶片模型,Mix为混合侵蚀叶片模型)。
图5图6可以看出,前缘侵蚀使压气级的总压比和等熵效率整体下降。内涵道特性曲线显示,与原始叶片模型相比,前缘侵蚀叶片模型的近喘点压比降低0.001,等熵效率降低0.378%以及通道流量下降1.83 kg/s,整体曲线向流量减小方向移动,说明叶片的侵蚀导致流道的流通能力下降,流动状态趋于阻塞。
外涵道特性曲线显示,前缘侵蚀叶片模型的峰值效率点处压比降低0.003,等熵效率降低0.786%以及通道流量下降2.53 kg/s,近喘点处压比降低0.01,等熵效率降低2.183%以及通道流量下降7.43 kg/s。整体曲线向流量减小方向移动,同样说明了叶片的侵蚀导致流道的流通能力下降,流动状态趋于阻塞。
此外,对比内外涵流量特性曲线可以发现,改变外涵道出口背压所带来的外涵道等熵效率及压比的衰退更加严重,这也与大涵道比涡扇发动机特性相符合。
图7所示,对比了两种工况,压缩系统的涵道比随着,工况一(改变外涵道出口背压)和工况二(改变内外涵道出口背压)的变化规律。研究结果表明,压缩系统的涵道比随着外涵道出口背压的提高而降低,随着内涵道出口背压的提高而提高。这是由于改变外涵道背压时,随着外涵道出口背压增大,外涵道流量逐渐减小,内涵道流量缓慢提升,造成涵道比整体呈下降趋势;改变内涵道背压时,随着内涵道出口背压增大,内涵道流量逐渐减小,外涵道流量缓慢提升且提升速度快于内涵到流量减小速度,造成涵道比整体呈缓慢上升趋势。
工况一中,峰值效率点和外涵道近喘点前缘侵蚀风扇叶片的涵道比分别上升0.07和下降0.125,这是因为前缘侵蚀后,外涵道流量略微下降,内涵道流量平缓下降,导致整体涵道比相较于原始叶片高,而增大的背压达到一定程度时,前缘侵蚀叶片的外涵道流量下降速度加快,导致涵道比相较于原始叶片低。
而在工况二中,由于前缘侵蚀后,外涵道流量平缓下降,内涵道流量略微下降,导致整体涵道比相较于原始叶片低,而增大到一定背压时,前缘侵蚀叶片的内涵道流量速度加快,导致涵道比相较于原始叶片高。峰值效率点和外涵道近喘点前缘侵蚀风扇叶片的涵道比分别下降0.07和上升0.147。
涵道流路不但控制着压缩系统内部的流量分配,决定各部件的匹配工作状态,其流动特性与损失水平也影响整个压缩系统的匹配过程,并进一步影响发动机的总体性能。所以在前缘侵蚀过后,涵道比的变化可能会导致匹配过程受损,造成发动机总体性能下降。因此,本文中将选取峰值效率点和涵道比改变最为剧烈的内外涵近喘点三种工况进行分析。
由于风扇叶片位于增压级前端部分,为气动特性变化的主要体现,所以将对于风扇叶片着重分析。
前缘侵蚀会影响叶片静压系数分布并导致涡流发生变化,如图8所示为前缘侵蚀与原始风扇叶片吸力面表面极限流线和静压系数的分布。在峰值效率点处时,受到混合侵蚀的风扇叶片吸力面处相较于原始风扇叶片,激波向下移动,区域1静压系数减小,区域2静压系数增大,大约70%叶高处开始叶尖到叶展中部的径向压力梯度增大,流动承受离心力能力增强,气流向叶展中部聚集。
在内涵道近喘点时,激波相较于图8(a)是向下移动的。其他总体变化情况与图8(a)相似,但总体变化幅度与其相比较略小。而外涵道近喘点工况下的变化,相较于图8(a)图8(b)尤为显著。由于激波向叶片前缘处移动,导致区域1的静压系数增大。
此外,流线大幅偏折形成再付线,说明激波强度增大。其次,在叶片前缘中部至叶根处气体流向发生改变,逐渐转变为向径向移动。这是因为叶片前缘侵蚀导致角区分离加剧,靠近端壁的损失也相应加剧端壁,流动堵塞极大地降低轴向速度,出口绝对气流角减小,将会影响转子出口速度,导致叶根处效率和压比显著减小。
静压系数可用来描述叶片的抗压能力,其计算公式为
cp= p - p i n p 0 - p i n
式(2)中:p为流场内任一点的静压;pin为入口截面压力;p0为相对总压。
为了能更清晰地看到风扇叶片前缘侵蚀导致的静压系数变化,如图9所示,选取风扇叶片分别于10%、50%、95%叶高,静压系数沿叶片的轴向分布情况。由图9可知在风扇叶片10%、50%叶高处,3种不同工况的静压系数在经过前缘侵蚀后与原型叶片的分布曲线几乎完全重合,说明风扇叶片前缘侵蚀在风扇10%和50%叶高处对于叶片表面静压系数曲线无太大影响。
而在风扇95%叶高处,峰值效率点工况下的侵蚀后静压系数曲线在轴向0~50%时斜率下降,在轴向50%~65%时斜率上升,这也与图5(a)的静压系数变化所对应。同样的,内涵道近喘点工况的静压系数曲线的变化也与峰值效率点处类似,但整体变化幅度与峰值效率点处相比较略小,这也与图5(b)中的静压系数变化所对应。说明图5(a)图5(b)两种工况在轴向0~50%时静压降低,而在轴向50%~65%处总压降低,使叶片扩压能力减弱。
外涵道近喘点工况的静压系数曲线则是在前缘侵蚀后,轴向0~24%时斜率下降,在轴向大约24%~40%时斜率上升,且变化幅度强于图5(a)图5(b)两种工况,使静压系数曲线包裹面积缩小,这也与图5(c)的静压系数变化所对应。说明图5(c)工况下,轴向0~24%处时静压降低,而在轴向24%~40%处总压降低,减弱了叶片的扩压能力。同时证明外涵道近喘点对于发动机的静压系数影响更大,这也与大涵道比涡扇发动机特性相符合。
图10所示为不同工况下的风扇95%叶高等熵马赫数沿径向分布。由图10可知,前缘侵蚀后,3种工况下的风扇叶片吸力面激波都有会向进口方向移动,其中外涵道近喘点移动距离最长从30%弦长位置移动至24%的弦长位置,且3种工况下的激波前等熵马赫数上升,将会导致激波损失增大,一定程度上说明了前缘侵蚀导致效率降低的原因。
图11所示为风扇叶片不同工况下95%叶高处的相对马赫数云图。在峰值效率点工况下,吸力面叶尖的高速区域面积和数值,侵蚀叶片相较于原始叶片明显增大,说明激波-附面层干扰加重,导致分离损失急剧增加。且气流通过激波后所产生的马赫数为1左右的速度区,侵蚀叶片相较于原始叶片面积减小,说明速度损失增大。在内涵道近喘点工况下,整体变化与图11(a)处类似,但相较于其激波的区域略微增大。在外涵道近喘点工况下,整体变化也与图11(a)处类似,但变化的数值和幅度更大。同时,相较于图11(a)图11(b)处,原本激波经过叶尖后所产生的马赫数为1左右的速度区消失,激波区域明显增大,叶尖处高速区数值增大,尾迹低速区区域面积增大,其中产生的低速气体可能会与主流区发生掺混产生动量交换,造成掺混损失增加,导致整体气动性能下降,说明改变外涵道背压对于风扇流场的影响更大,且前缘侵蚀会导致气动损失加剧。3种工况下激波后的分离区也有一定扩大,也与图10对应。
由于叶片叶型角度的变化同样会影响气动特性,本文中对前缘侵蚀前后的叶片叶型角度变化数据进行分析。如图12所示为风扇叶片进口及出口气流角沿叶高分布图,可知, 在40%~80%叶高左右,侵蚀叶型的进口气流角会有略微增大[图12(a)];则在10%~30%叶高左右,侵蚀叶型的出口气流角有着略微减小[图12(b)],在40%~100%的叶高处,侵蚀叶型的进口气流角显著增大[图12(c)]。说明前缘侵蚀会对峰值效率点和外涵道近喘点处进口气流方向产生偏差。
图13所示为风扇叶片攻角和落后角沿叶高分布图,可知,前缘侵蚀导致峰值效率点工况下的攻角在50%~80%叶高处小幅降低,内涵道近喘点工况下的攻角在40%~60%叶高处有所降低,但前两种工况整体变化幅度都不大,而外涵道工况下整个叶片不同高度的攻角都有着2°左右的增大,失速风险将会上升,说明前缘侵蚀对于外涵道近喘点的攻角影响更为显著,并将导致叶片气动效率下降和失速裕度产生变化,偏离原始叶型设计。
对于落后角而言,在前缘侵蚀的条件下,峰值效率点工况的落后角在60%~100%叶高处减小,0~60%叶高处增大,最值提高。而内涵近喘点处前缘侵蚀后叶根处最值下降。此外,外涵道近喘点工况落后角则只在40%~100%叶高处有少量波动变化。说明前缘侵蚀对于落后角的影响则在峰值效率点处更为显著,还将导致叶片气动效率下降。
为了探究进一步探究前缘侵蚀对于攻角特性的影响,对气流转折角的变化进行研究。气流转折角定义为
Δβ=θ+i-δ
式(3)中:θ为叶型弯角;i为攻角;δ为落后角。
图13发现气流转折角整体趋势都随着叶高的增高而逐渐增大。由气流转折角的公式式(3)可以看出,对于叶型弯角不变,气流转折角与攻角呈线性变化,不同工况下风扇叶片气流转折角在不同叶高处变化情况,如图14所示。
可以发现3种不同工况下的气流转折角分别会在靠近叶根和叶尖处达到最值,而在前缘侵蚀的影响下,3种工况气流转折角变化各不相同,峰值效率点工况下,叶尖处气流转折角略微增大,叶根处最值减小0.846°,内涵道近喘点工况下,气流转折角在叶片0~40%叶高处增大,40%~100%叶高处最值减小0.812°。外涵道近喘点工况则是在达到叶根最值前,气流转折角整体增大1°~2°,叶根处最值变化微小,仅下降0.066 5°,但由于外涵道近喘点处的气流转折角相较于另两种工况已经平均增大4°,此时气流转折角的增大将会使20%~100%叶高处叶片气动载荷升高。
通过建立50%~100%叶高处为侵蚀程度0.5%弦长的钝头前缘以及0~50%叶高处为侵蚀程度0.05%弦长的钝头前缘的混合侵蚀风扇叶片模型,与原始风扇叶片的压缩系统模型进行数值仿真计算,对气动特性和叶型角度变化进行了研究,得到如下结论。
(1)随着外涵道出口背压变化,压缩系统流场特性曲线向流量减小的方向移动,流道的流通能力下降,流动状态趋于阻塞。随着前缘侵蚀,峰值效率点处的等熵效率下降0.786%,压比下降0.3,涵道比也随着前缘侵蚀的影响产生变化,使风扇匹配性下降,发动机整体性能下降。
(2)前缘侵蚀会导致叶片激波区域的面积和大小发生改变,尤其在外涵道近喘点工况下。而对于静压系数,前缘侵蚀使静压系数曲线在95%叶高处轴向0~24%时斜率下降,静压降低。在轴向大约24%~40%时斜率上升,使静压系数曲线包裹面积缩小,总压降低,减弱了叶片的扩压能力。
(3)前缘侵蚀对风扇的流场影响主要集中于叶尖,并且在95%叶高至叶顶处,叶片的做功能力出现明显退化,总压损失明显,并使激波处低速区面积减小,导致气动损失加剧。且该影响对于外涵道近喘点工况更加严重。
(4)在前缘侵蚀后,来流工况发生改变,外涵道近喘点工况下,叶片整体攻角有着2°左右的增大,失速风险将会上升,导致叶片气动效率下降和失速裕度产生变化,偏离原始叶型设计。此外,20%~100%叶高处气流转折角增大,叶片气动载荷升高。
  • 翼型-叶栅空气动力学国家重点实验室开放基金(6142201200509)
  • 民航航空器适航审定技术重点实验室开放基金(SH2022070501)
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2401640
  • 接收时间:2024-03-08
  • 首发时间:2025-07-29
  • 出版时间:2025-01-28
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  • 收稿日期:2024-03-08
  • 修回日期:2024-04-25
基金
翼型-叶栅空气动力学国家重点实验室开放基金(6142201200509)
民航航空器适航审定技术重点实验室开放基金(SH2022070501)
作者信息
    1.中国民航大学航空工程学院, 天津 300300
    2.中国民航大学中欧航空工程师学院, 天津 300300
    3.中国商飞上海飞机设计研究院,上海 200100
    4.西交利物浦大学智能工程学院, 苏州 215123
    5.厦门航空有限公司发动机管理中心, 厦门 361009

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* 史磊(1988—),男,汉族,河北唐山人,博士,讲师,硕士研究生导师。研究方向:轴流叶轮机械气动热力学。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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种数
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Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
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Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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