Article(id=1156908033109479752, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1156907871645556837, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2309160, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1700496000000, receivedDateStr=2023-11-21, revisedDate=1717776000000, revisedDateStr=2024-06-08, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1753757969404, onlineDateStr=2025-07-29, pubDate=1737993600000, pubDateStr=2025-01-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753757969404, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-29, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753757969404, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753757969404, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1156907871645556837, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='3', pageStart='879', pageEnd='1312', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1753757930909, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1765095544280, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1204461268821320541, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1156907871645556837, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1204461268825514846, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1156907871645556837, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1157, endPage=1164, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1156908034074169675, articleId=1156908033109479752, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=Rapid Positioning Method for Gunshot Landing Based on IGWO Algorithm, columnId=1156262729162810294, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Papers·Automation and Computational Technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The background difference method and cross-correlation method used in the extraction of the bullet position in the images collected by the traditional CCD(charge coupled device) intersection stand-up target have the problems of poor versatility and long time-consuming. By analyzing the problems existing in CCD precision target image projectile extraction, a method for CCD precision target image projectile extraction based on IGWO(improved grey wolf optimizer) algorithm was proposed. The DLH (dimensional learning-based hunting) search strategy was used to update the position of each search factor through the neighborhood. Generate candid ate solutions, increase the diversity of search populations, and jump out of local optimal solutions. The bullet extraction problem was transformed into the problem of finding the minimum connected region of gray value under certain constraints. The minimization area gray value model, the vertical light spot area and the low gray area elimination model were established. Under the same parameter setting, the IGWO, GWO(grey wolf optimizer), MFO(moth-flame optimization) algorithm, cross-correlation algorithm, and background difference method were used to conduct comparative experiments. The experimental results show that the target detection success rate of the IGWO algorithm is much higher than other algorithms, reaching 95%, and the algorithm solution time is much lower than other algorithms, shortening to 12 ms.

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针对传统CCD(charge coupled device)交汇立靶采集的图像中,枪弹位置提取时采用背景差分法、互相关法所存在通用性差、耗时长的问题。通过对CCD精度靶图像弹丸提取所存在的问题进行深入分析,提出了基于改进灰狼算法的CCD精度靶图像弹丸提取方法。首先,将子弹提取问题转化为在一定约束条件下,寻找灰度值最小连通区域问题。其次,建立了最小化区域灰度值模型、竖直光斑区域及低灰度区域剔除模型。然后,采用基于维度学习的狩猎(dimensional learning-based hunting,DLH)搜索策略的改进灰狼算法,来跳出局部最优解,进而提升求解性能。最后,在参数设定相同的条件下,采用改进的灰狼算法、灰狼算法、飞蛾扑火算法、互相关算法、背景差分法进行了对比试验。实验结果表明,在上述方案下,平均求解时间缩短至12 ms。同时,目标检测成功率达到了95%,相较其他对比算法,性能提升明显。

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鲁旭涛(1980—),男,河南南阳人,汉族,博士,副教授。研究方向:智能算法,嵌入式应用。E-mail:

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鲁旭涛(1980—),男,河南南阳人,汉族,博士,副教授。研究方向:智能算法,嵌入式应用。E-mail:

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鲁旭涛(1980—),男,河南南阳人,汉族,博士,副教授。研究方向:智能算法,嵌入式应用。E-mail:

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figureFileBig=VNN6JMCkMCRaNq84vEuJJQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1204780267920662979, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908033109479752, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Experimental parameter setting table

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名称 符号 取值及单位
横向像素数 m 103 pix
纵向像素数 n 21 pix
边缘连续选取行数 l 5行
扩选因子 λ 0.6
子弹最大像素宽度 Wmax 50 pix
子弹最大像素高度 Lmax 30 pix
连续搜索次数 k 3次
最大迭代次数 Imax 50次
种群数量 N 30个
搜索上界限 BU [60,8 192]
搜索下界线 BL [1,1]
), ArticleFig(id=1204780268092629452, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908033109479752, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

实验参数设定表

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名称 符号 取值及单位
横向像素数 m 103 pix
纵向像素数 n 21 pix
边缘连续选取行数 l 5行
扩选因子 λ 0.6
子弹最大像素宽度 Wmax 50 pix
子弹最大像素高度 Lmax 30 pix
连续搜索次数 k 3次
最大迭代次数 Imax 50次
种群数量 N 30个
搜索上界限 BU [60,8 192]
搜索下界线 BL [1,1]
), ArticleFig(id=1204780268214264275, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908033109479752, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

The success rate of target detection in 20 experiments

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算法 IGWO GWO MFO 背景差分法 互相关算法
成功次数 19 15 18 12 15
成功率/% 95 75 90 60 75
), ArticleFig(id=1204780268319121880, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908033109479752, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

20次实验目标检测成功率

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算法 IGWO GWO MFO 背景差分法 互相关算法
成功次数 19 15 18 12 15
成功率/% 95 75 90 60 75
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Average solution time for 20 experiments

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算法 IGWO GWO MFO 背景差分法 互相关算法
求解时间/ms 12 20 17 399 31
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20次实验平均求解时间

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算法 IGWO GWO MFO 背景差分法 互相关算法
求解时间/ms 12 20 17 399 31
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基于改进灰狼优化算法的枪弹着靶快速定位方法
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鲁旭涛 1 , 郭亚坤 1 , 李静 2 , 郭晓宇 1
科学技术与工程 | 论文·自动化技术、计算机技术 2025,25(3): 1157-1164
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科学技术与工程 | 论文·自动化技术、计算机技术 2025, 25(3): 1157-1164
基于改进灰狼优化算法的枪弹着靶快速定位方法
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鲁旭涛1 , 郭亚坤1, 李静2, 郭晓宇1
作者信息
  • 1.中北大学机电工程学院, 太原 030051
  • 2.中北大学电气与控制工程学院, 太原 030051
  • 鲁旭涛(1980—),男,河南南阳人,汉族,博士,副教授。研究方向:智能算法,嵌入式应用。E-mail:

Rapid Positioning Method for Gunshot Landing Based on IGWO Algorithm
Xu-tao LU1 , Ya-kun GUO1, Jing LI2, Xiao-yu GUO1
Affiliations
  • 1. College of Mechatronics Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China
  • 2. College of Electrical and Control Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China
出版时间: 2025-01-28 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2309160
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针对传统CCD(charge coupled device)交汇立靶采集的图像中,枪弹位置提取时采用背景差分法、互相关法所存在通用性差、耗时长的问题。通过对CCD精度靶图像弹丸提取所存在的问题进行深入分析,提出了基于改进灰狼算法的CCD精度靶图像弹丸提取方法。首先,将子弹提取问题转化为在一定约束条件下,寻找灰度值最小连通区域问题。其次,建立了最小化区域灰度值模型、竖直光斑区域及低灰度区域剔除模型。然后,采用基于维度学习的狩猎(dimensional learning-based hunting,DLH)搜索策略的改进灰狼算法,来跳出局部最优解,进而提升求解性能。最后,在参数设定相同的条件下,采用改进的灰狼算法、灰狼算法、飞蛾扑火算法、互相关算法、背景差分法进行了对比试验。实验结果表明,在上述方案下,平均求解时间缩短至12 ms。同时,目标检测成功率达到了95%,相较其他对比算法,性能提升明显。

IGWO算法  /  搜索策略  /  最小化区域灰度值模型  /  线阵CCD  /  着靶位置

The background difference method and cross-correlation method used in the extraction of the bullet position in the images collected by the traditional CCD(charge coupled device) intersection stand-up target have the problems of poor versatility and long time-consuming. By analyzing the problems existing in CCD precision target image projectile extraction, a method for CCD precision target image projectile extraction based on IGWO(improved grey wolf optimizer) algorithm was proposed. The DLH (dimensional learning-based hunting) search strategy was used to update the position of each search factor through the neighborhood. Generate candid ate solutions, increase the diversity of search populations, and jump out of local optimal solutions. The bullet extraction problem was transformed into the problem of finding the minimum connected region of gray value under certain constraints. The minimization area gray value model, the vertical light spot area and the low gray area elimination model were established. Under the same parameter setting, the IGWO, GWO(grey wolf optimizer), MFO(moth-flame optimization) algorithm, cross-correlation algorithm, and background difference method were used to conduct comparative experiments. The experimental results show that the target detection success rate of the IGWO algorithm is much higher than other algorithms, reaching 95%, and the algorithm solution time is much lower than other algorithms, shortening to 12 ms.

IGWO algorithm  /  search strategy  /  minimize the regional gray value model  /  linear array CCD  /  target position
鲁旭涛, 郭亚坤, 李静, 郭晓宇. 基于改进灰狼优化算法的枪弹着靶快速定位方法. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (3) : 1157 -1164 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2309160
Xu-tao LU, Ya-kun GUO, Jing LI, Xiao-yu GUO. Rapid Positioning Method for Gunshot Landing Based on IGWO Algorithm[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (3) : 1157 -1164 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2309160
随着科技的不断进步,现代化武器制造与兵工技术研究水平大幅提升,越来越多的新型武器被研制成功[1]。为了适应现代化作战的精准化发展方向,对着靶定位精度、反应速度等也有了更高程度的要求[2-3]
事实上,对枪弹着靶位置寻找策略的相关研究一直以来都是值得关注的问题[4]。枪弹着靶测量一般分为接触式测量和非接触测量。传统靶面多采用纸靶或木板靶,属于接触式测量。而随着科技的发展,声学靶和光电靶慢慢代替了传统靶面,由此拉开了非接触测量方法研究的帷幕[5]。在非接触式测量方法[6]中,使用最多的是线阵CCD(charge coupled device)精度靶[7],它具有精度较高、适用范围广等优点。
目前中国关于枪弹位置的提取与确定的研究基本上采用的都是背景差分法[8],背景差分法要求背景是均匀并保持不变的,这样通过减背景能去除背景噪声,但是线阵CCD实际采集的枪弹图像的背景是变化的,尤其是在连续射击中,枪弹连续通过靶面其强大的冲击力会导致背景的变化,而且采集到的图像数据量较大,直接用背景差分法提取枪弹中心会导致噪声增多影响结果的准确性且耗时较长。文献[9]提出利用线激光辅助面阵CCD光学成像方法来测量弹丸的位置信息。文献[10]针对线阵CCD输出图像处理问题上,提出一种改进式的互相关算法进行枪弹位置寻找,相比传统背景差分法,精度有所提高,耗时变低,但无法满足连发射击要求。文献[11]采用神经网络预测弹丸落点,来缩短枪弹位置寻找时间。文献[12]基于图像分割和图像处理技术,提出一种改进的偏微分方程方法对靶板图像进行分割处理。文献[13]针对胸环靶面提取,提出了一种基于图像灰度特点的有效靶面提取算法。
随着群体智能算法[14]在图像分割中的应用,将图像分割技术结合群体智能算法成为一种新型有效的改进方法。例如,文献[15]提出一种融合改进麻雀搜索算法的图像分割技术,文献[16]将改进浮游算法应用于多阈值图像分割问题。通过引入和改进群体智能算法可以有效提升图像分割的处理速度。
由于环境和光源的变化引起枪弹图像所在区域灰度值变化,致使目标提取时阈值变化,最终导致算法通用性差,耗时长。为了解决现有算法的缺陷,提出一种基于改进灰狼算法的枪弹着靶高精度定位方法,将传统的图像分割技术和群体生物结合,在解空间中搜索最优解,旨在减少定位所需的时间。这种方法不仅可以提高枪弹着靶的定位速度和精度,并为弹丸位置的测量提供了一种创新且有效的解决方案。
CCD交汇立靶测试系统如图1所示,系统采用LED光源与漫反射磨砂板组成的光幕系统,照射在CCD相机(ES-80-08K80-00-R)上形成光幕,当枪弹穿过光幕时,遮挡了部分光线,从而在线阵CCD相机上成像。线阵CCD相机接收到触发控制系统给的信号后瞬间拍照并保存数据,然后再进行目标位置信息计算。
文献[10]中线阵CCD相机检测到的图像如图2所示,其大小为1 000 pix×8 192 pix,鉴于枪弹具有体积小,飞行速度快的特点,大多情况下线阵CCD相机采集的枪弹部分占整幅图像不到1%。
图2可以看出线阵CCD相机检测到的图像较大且背景复杂,要在整幅图像中快速准确找到枪弹位置比较困难。
触发光幕靶放置在CCD交汇靶面前方一定距离L处,为CCD相机提供触发信号,CCD相机行扫描频率68 kHz,系统假设L=10 cm,子弹速度v=1 000 m/s,子弹在图像中行数在第7行之后,而且根据双线阵CCD交汇立靶系统模型原理,过靶目标在靶面的任意位置的坐标与CCD图像目标所在列数相关。所以要提高定位速度首先缩小CCD相机图像尺寸(目前系统优化为60 pix×8 192 pix,为文献[8]中图像尺寸的6%),其次采用更快速提取算法。
图2可以得出如下结论。
(1)子弹像素数量在整幅图像中所占比重仅有约1%左右。
(2)子弹所在区域的灰度值要比周围背景灰度值要小,且子弹所在区域灰度值连续,跳变较少。此外,子弹质心周边灰度值较低。
(3)通常来讲CCD/CMOS(complementary metal oxide semiconductor)相机的快门速度小于高速弹丸的运动速度,会造成残影现象。因此,可以将弹丸成像的形状看做是横向长、纵向短的类似矩形。此外,通过参照现有的CCD相机弹丸成像的文献,弹丸图像均为类矩形形状。
进一步对图像背景进行分析,如图3所示,由于CCD精度靶光幕补光的作用,图像中会形成竖直的光斑条纹。
由于一些条纹过于集中,在部分图像中会形成一些低灰度值的区域,如图4所示。
综合上述几点,可以对CCD精度靶图像弹丸提取的难点总结如下。
(1)图像像素数约为60 pix×8 192 pix,而子弹在整幅图像中所占像素数过少,对子弹进行提取困难。
(2)图像中存在着许多竖直光斑条纹及其形成的低灰度值区域,灰度值接近于子弹的灰度值,进一步增加了提取难度。
对于从整幅图像中提取子弹的问题,文献[17]提出利用裁剪画幅等手段来提升提取速度,但是这些方法会在有一定的概率将目标裁剪,从而造成提取失败。而通过整体遍历的方法来提取目标[18],则需要耗费大量的运算时间。
在第2.1节对CCD精度靶图像弹丸提取问题分析的基础上,提出了采用仿生物集群算法的子弹提取策略。将子弹提取映射为生物集群行为,在不损失画幅的基础上,提升子弹提取的成功率及速度,具体如下。
首先,通过获取图像的灰度信息,得到大小为60×8 192的灰度值范围为0~255的图像灰度信息矩阵;在此基础上对灰度值进行双精度转换(便于计算),得到范围在0~1内的图像灰度信息。
然后,将子弹提取问题转化为最优化问题,即在一定约束条件下,寻找灰度值最小的一个区域。但由于图像中存在多个灰度值极小的像素点,若直接采用群体智能算法求解,会导致算法陷入局部最优解,而无法准确提取到子弹位置。因此,根据前一节的理论分析,提出了像素连通区域搜索策略。如图5表示数量为(2m+1)×(2n+1)的相邻像素组成连通区域,其中(x,y)表示像素连通区域内的中心像素坐标,不同颜色的色块表示像素的灰度值。
则建立目标函数模型为
minG= i = 1 2 n + 1 j = 1 2 m + 1 gij
式(1)中:G为像素连通区灰度值之和;ij分别表示第i行和第j列;gij表示某一像素单元内的灰度值;mn分别表示像素连通域的横向像素数和纵向像素数。
式(1)表示,在整幅图像中,寻找一个大小为(2m+1)×(2n+1)相邻像素组成连通区域,使得该区域内所有像素之和达到最小。
最后,整体模型用数学公式描述为
m i n G = i = α 1 α 2 j = β 1 β 2 g i j s . t   i [ x - n , x , x + n ]     j [ y - m , y , y + m ]     α 1 = x - n     β 1 = y - m     α 2 = x + n     β 2 = y + m     α 2 - α 1 L m a x     β 2 - β 1 W m a x     m n
式(2)中:G为在一个大小为m×n的连通域内,所有像素灰度值之和; α1α2 分别为连通区域的横向(行)起始和终点坐标;β1β2 分别为连通区域的纵向(列)起始和终点坐标;WmaxLmax分别为子弹成像所占的最大宽度和高度像素数量。此外,由于子弹图像的列像素数量大于行向像素数量,因此取m>n
目标函数式(2)的定义为,在整幅图像中,寻找一个大小为m×n的像素连通区域,该区域的所有像素灰度值之和最小。
由第2.1节可以得出竖直光斑区域在纵向上灰度值较小,且灰度值连续;而低灰度区域则在一个范围内灰度值较小且连续。根据以上特点,本文设计如下策略来为避免求解结果落入竖直光斑区域及低灰度区域。
首先,按照式(2)在确定一个灰度值最小的连通区域后,继续沿着y轴(纵向)正负半轴逐行搜索,搜索过程如图6所示。
图6中,A所在的矩形区域为算法初始搜索到的像素连通区域;α2-α1表示连通区域的行数;Sp表示两个扩选区域,即Sp表示向上向下搜索行数,表达式为
Sp=λLmax
式(3)中:λ为扩选因子(当扩选因子取值过大时,会因为超出弹丸图像尺寸,而错过弹丸位置;而取值过小时,则会增加搜索次数,造成求解过慢)。因此,通过反复试验,λ取值为[0.55,0.7]时,可以在保证精度的前提下,提升搜索速度。直至行数达到搜索边界或者发现像素突变时,停止搜索。其中,搜索边界定义为
B L = α 1 - S p B U α 2 + S p
式(4)中: B UBL分别表示扩选的上下边界。
若达到搜索边界时,两个扩选区域像素值之和小于灰度突变系数T与扩选行数Sp的乘积,则可以判定该区域为竖直光斑区域,需要剔除该区域并进行新一轮的搜索。用公式描述为
G= i = α 2 α 2 + S p j = β 1 β 2 g i j S p T U i = α 1 - S p α 1 j = β 1 β 2 g i j S p T L
式(5)中:TUTL分别表示上下边界的像素突变系数。像素突变系数T定义为,求像素连通区域A内上下的边界α1α2分别向内外扩选l行后的像素灰度平均值(l < Sp),用公式表示为
T= T L = i = α 1 - l α 1 + l j = β 1 β 2 g i j 2 l , T U = i = α 2 - l α 2 + l j = β 1 β 2 g i j 2 l ,
若在向上或者向下扩选过程中,在第k次发生了行灰度值的突变(大于像素突变系数),则可判断为该区域为弹丸区域,利用传统边缘提取算子,在该区域附近进行子弹边缘提取即可。此时向上和向下扩选的行数分别记为εη。该过程用数学模型表示为
G= i = ε α 1 j = β 1 β 2 g i j k T L i = α 2 η j = β 1 β 2 g i j k T U η [ α 2 + S p ] ε [ α 1 - S p ] k [ α 1 - ε , η - α 2 ]
灰狼优化算法(grey wolf optimizer,GWO),是一种基于群体的自然启发式优化算法[19],用于解决具有连续搜索空间的复杂问题[20],非常适用于图像提取问题。在GWO算法数学建模中[21],每只灰狼代表种群中1个可行解,将最优解视为α,第二、第三个最佳候选解视分别为βδ,其余的候选解视为ω
在GWO算法中,搜索(优化)由αβδ引导,ω狼跟随这三只狼。灰狼群体向目标灰狼移动,包围猎物。表达式为
D=|CXP(t)-X(t)|
X(t+1)=XP(t)-AD
式中:D为灰狼与其他个体间的距离;t为当前迭代次数;AC为系数向量;XP为猎物位置向量;X为灰狼位置向量。
当灰狼识别出猎物后,狼群在αβδ带领下跟踪猎物,跟踪公式为
D α = C 1 X α - X D β = C 2 X β - X D δ = C 3 X δ - X
式(10)中:DαDβDδαβδ与其他个体之间的距离;XαXβXδαβδ当前的位置;C1C2C3为随机向量;X为当前灰狼位置。
定义狼群ω个体朝αβδ移动,以及ω的最终位置为
X 1 = X α - A 1 D α X 2 = X β - A 2 D β X 3 = X δ - A 3 D δ
X(t+1)= X 1 + X 2 + X 3 3
在GWO搜索过程中,αβδ不断引导ω个体向搜索空间相对最优解过程中,会导致种群多样性减小,导致陷入局部最优解,为了克服这一问题,提出了如下搜索策略。
为了缓解群体多样性不足、开发和探索之间的不平衡以及GWO算法的过早收敛,提出基于维度学习的狩猎(dimensional learning-based hunting,DLH)搜索策略。DLH为每个搜索因子构建一个邻域,搜索因子之间可以共享相邻信息,DLH搜索策略中使用的维度学习可以增强局部搜索和全局搜索之间的平衡,并保持群体多样性。
在第2节的理论基础上,以像素连通区域内的所有灰度值之和为权重,确定相对最优权重αβδ,引导群体进行搜寻,最终在种群达到权重最小值处完成寻优。
在新的算法模型中,首先将N只灰狼在给定范围[lj,uj]内随机分布在解空间中,即
Xij=lj+randj[0,1](uj-lj),i∈[1,N],j∈[1,D]
式(13)中:D为问题的维数,将整个狼群存储在一个矩阵中。在DLH搜索策略中,狼群的位置不再由头狼确定,第i只狼Xi(t)的新位置由其相邻的个体和群体中随机挑选出的个体位置决定,并且生成另一个候选解Xi-DLH,d(t+1)。首先,通过计算Xi(t)与之间的Xi-DLH,d(t+1)欧几里得距离,公式为
Ri(t)=‖Xi(t)-Xi-GWO(t+1)‖
然后,通过构造Xi(t)的领域,并进行多邻域学习。相关公式为
Ni(t)={Xj(t)∣ρi[Xi(t),Xj(t)]≤Ri(t),Xj(t)∈Pop}
Xi-DLH,d(t+1)=Xi,d(t)+rand[Xn,d(t)-Xr,d(t)]
最后,比较两个候选者的位置Xi-DLH,d(t+1)、Xi(t)的权重来确定最优候选者,直到达到预定的迭代次数为止。公式为
Xi(t+1)= X i - G W O ( t + 1 ) , f ( X i - G W O ) f ( X i - D L H ) X i - D L H ( t + 1 ) ,
基于维度学习的狩猎(DLH)搜索策略的IGWO算法流程图如图7所示。
将10发枪弹连发射击试验采集到的20幅图像,采用改进的灰狼优化(improved grey wolf optimizer,IGWO)算法进行实验,并在参数设定相同的环境下,与GWO和飞蛾扑火优化(moth-flame optimization, MFO)算法、互相关算法、背景差分法进行了对比试验,以验证算法的可靠性及相关性能。
mn的值取过小,则连通区域变小,算法容易陷入局部最优;若mn的取值过大,连通区域变大则算法收敛速度慢,求解耗时增加。为保证算法的性能,通过实验,对mn的值进行确定,具体步骤如下:
(1)子弹数据统计,选取20幅CCD相机图像,采用遍历的方式结合人工确定20幅图像内子弹的像素大小。
(2)确定20幅图像内子弹像素的最大值WmaxLmax
(3)将WmaxLmax分别代替mn代入式(2),并逐级递减,利用IGWO算法进行求解,得到如图8所示耗时结果。
图8可以看出在像素数越少,检测速度越快,且nm取值为60×256以内时,求解时间分布在12 ms以内。
进一步利用5幅不同的图像检测像素大小60×256以内时的检测成果率,结果如图9所示。
图9可以看出,在mn取值分别为103、21时,5幅图像的检测成功率达到100%,故mn的值初步确定为103、21。
实验涉及的其他参数含义及取值如表1所示。
实验结果如图10~图12所示。
综合图10~图12可以看出,三种算法均可以检测到子弹位置,并将子弹区域切除出来,但子弹区域与最小灰度像素连通域的相对位置有所不同。
图13可以看出:GWO算法在第40次迭代后达到最优值,最终的灰度值结果为0.121 57;采用MFO算法求解时,迭代次数为38次,求解的灰度值为0.101 96;而采用IGWO算法求解时,迭代次数在第25次就开始收敛,且灰度值结果为0.101 96,可以看出,改进后的算法收敛速度加快,且求解准确性得到提升。
通过表2表3可以看出,采用IGWO算法求解方法相比于其他四种方法,在求解成功率和求解时间上都有明显提升,由此可见求解算法及模型的可行性及有效性。
针对传统背景差分法、互相关算法,在搜寻枪弹着靶位置信息中所存在的精度低、响应慢的搜寻问题,提出一种高精度快速定位方法。首先,根据双线阵CCD交汇立靶系统模型原理,缩小CCD相机图像尺寸;其次,建立最小化区域灰度值模型、竖直光斑区域及低灰度区域剔除模型;然后,获取连通区域灰度值信息,将子弹提取问题转化为在一定约束条件下的灰度值最小区域的搜寻问题。最后,经过实验验证,该方法测得的目标检测成功率高达95%,平均求解时间缩短至12 ms,有效解决了实时枪弹着靶定位的问题。
  • 山西省重点研发计划(201903D221025)
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2025年第25卷第3期
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2309160
  • 接收时间:2023-11-21
  • 首发时间:2025-07-29
  • 出版时间:2025-01-28
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  • 收稿日期:2023-11-21
  • 修回日期:2024-06-08
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山西省重点研发计划(201903D221025)
作者信息
    1.中北大学机电工程学院, 太原 030051
    2.中北大学电气与控制工程学院, 太原 030051
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
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