Article(id=1156908032266424643, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1156907871645556837, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2309316, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1701014400000, receivedDateStr=2023-11-27, revisedDate=1719158400000, revisedDateStr=2024-06-24, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1753757969204, onlineDateStr=2025-07-29, pubDate=1737993600000, pubDateStr=2025-01-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753757969204, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-29, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753757969204, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753757969204, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1156907871645556837, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='3', pageStart='879', pageEnd='1312', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1753757930909, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1765095544280, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1204461268821320541, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1156907871645556837, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1204461268825514846, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1156907871645556837, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1125, endPage=1132, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1156908032874598727, articleId=1156908032266424643, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=3D Path Planning for Mobile Robots Based on Improved Grey Wolf Algorithm, columnId=1156262729162810294, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Papers·Automation and Computational Technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To solve the path planning problem of mobile robots in complex orchard environments such as irregular and rugged terrain in hilly and mountainous areas, an improved grey wolf algorithm based 3D path planning method for mobile robots was proposed. By simulating the actual geographical environment, a three-dimensional orchard terrain and obstacle model was established, and a path planning objective function model was structed. By introducing the sparrow search algorithm (SSA) the initialization method, convergence factor, local search ability, and global search ability of the standard grey wolf optimization (GWO) were improved. The simulation experimental results show that the proposed algorithm has the advantages of fast optimization speed, optimal path planning distance, and fast convergence speed compared to other algorithms, indicating the effectiveness and superiority of the proposed method.

, correspAuthors=Heng-xin NI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Xi-ming ZHU, Heng-xin NI, Jian-peng ZHAO), CN=ArticleExt(id=1156908100662940450, articleId=1156908032266424643, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=CN, title=基于改进灰狼算法的移动机器人三维路径规划, columnId=1156262729783567290, journalTitle=科学技术与工程, columnName=论文·自动化技术、计算机技术, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为解决移动机器人在丘陵山区不规则、崎岖地形等复杂果园环境下的路径规划问题,提出一种基于改进灰狼算法的移动机器人三维路径规划方法。通过模拟实际地理环境,建立三维果园地形及障碍物模型,构建路径规划目标函数模型。通过引入麻雀搜索算法(sparrow search algorithm,SSA)改进标准灰狼算法(grey wolf optimizer,GWO)的初始化方式、收敛因子、局部搜索能力及全局搜索能力。仿真实验结果表明,所提出的算法相较于其他算法,具有寻优速度快、路径规划距离最优、收敛速度快的优点,表明了本文方法的有效性和优越性。

, correspAuthors=倪恒欣, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 倪恒欣(1993—),女,汉族,安徽桐城人,博士,讲师。研究方向:智能制造技术与装备、机器人技术。E-mail:
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朱喜明(1997—),男,汉族,安徽安庆人,硕士,助理研究员。研究方向:机器人技术。E-mail:

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Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 2023, 2549(1): 012030., articleTitle=Multi-strategy improved sparrow search algorithm, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1204780263730553097, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908032266424643, awardId=rc412302, language=CN, fundingSource=安徽农业大学人才科研资助项目(rc412302), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1204780263831216398, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908032266424643, awardId=2023AH050999, language=CN, fundingSource=安徽省高等学校科学研究项目(2023AH050999), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1204780254217872258, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908032266424643, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1204780254226260867, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908032266424643, companyId=1204780254217872258, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, 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articleId=1156908032266424643, language=CN, label=图8, caption=实验三:五种优化算法路径规划结果, figureFileSmall=0biuwEn93fRyw0qcKbjTIQ==, figureFileBig=XqG37Y8PBIN+sbBJ6W9o6g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1204780260815511700, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908032266424643, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Algorithm basic parameter settings

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算法 基本参数
ACO α=1, β=3, ρ=0.2, λ=0.99, Q=1, δ=0.7
PSO c1=2, c2=2, w=0.7
GWO d=42, α=1, c=2
SSA ST=0.6, PD=0.4, SD=0.2, G=0.01
SSA-GWO d=42, α=1, c=2, ST=0.6, PD=0.4, SD=0.2, G=0.01
), ArticleFig(id=1204780260911980698, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908032266424643, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

算法基本参数设置

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
算法 基本参数
ACO α=1, β=3, ρ=0.2, λ=0.99, Q=1, δ=0.7
PSO c1=2, c2=2, w=0.7
GWO d=42, α=1, c=2
SSA ST=0.6, PD=0.4, SD=0.2, G=0.01
SSA-GWO d=42, α=1, c=2, ST=0.6, PD=0.4, SD=0.2, G=0.01
), ArticleFig(id=1204780261151056040, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908032266424643, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Experiment 1: Comparison of various methods on path length objectives

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规划方法 最小值 最大值 极差值 标准差 均值
ACO 149.666 3 191.458 1 41.791 8 15.597 0 168.948 4
PSO 144.714 3 189.851 7 45.137 4 17.763 0 167.063 6
GWO 140.839 3 184.313 5 43.474 2 15.735 7 159.885 5
SSA 141.826 9 214.275 5 72.448 6 24.302 9 171.594 8
SSA-GWO 134.571 3 176.949 1 42.377 8 15.014 6 158.054 5
), ArticleFig(id=1204780261234942125, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908032266424643, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

实验一:各方法在路径长度目标上的比较

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规划方法 最小值 最大值 极差值 标准差 均值
ACO 149.666 3 191.458 1 41.791 8 15.597 0 168.948 4
PSO 144.714 3 189.851 7 45.137 4 17.763 0 167.063 6
GWO 140.839 3 184.313 5 43.474 2 15.735 7 159.885 5
SSA 141.826 9 214.275 5 72.448 6 24.302 9 171.594 8
SSA-GWO 134.571 3 176.949 1 42.377 8 15.014 6 158.054 5
), ArticleFig(id=1204780261318828213, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908032266424643, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Experiment 1: Comparison of energy consumption targets among various methods

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规划方法 最小值 最大值 极差值 标准差 均值
ACO 972.831 0 1 244.477 7 271.646 7 91.788 5 1 062.213 8
PSO 940.643 0 1 234.036 0 293.393 0 102.233 1 1 052.230 7
GWO 915.455 5 1 198.037 7 282.582 2 92.585 1 1 009.302 8
SSA 921.874 9 1 392.790 8 470.915 9 122.325 7 1 077.188 7
SSA-GWO 874.317 5 1 150.169 1 275.851 6 88.513 5 998.321 3
), ArticleFig(id=1204780261432074433, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908032266424643, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

实验一:各方法在能耗目标上的比较

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
规划方法 最小值 最大值 极差值 标准差 均值
ACO 972.831 0 1 244.477 7 271.646 7 91.788 5 1 062.213 8
PSO 940.643 0 1 234.036 0 293.393 0 102.233 1 1 052.230 7
GWO 915.455 5 1 198.037 7 282.582 2 92.585 1 1 009.302 8
SSA 921.874 9 1 392.790 8 470.915 9 122.325 7 1 077.188 7
SSA-GWO 874.317 5 1 150.169 1 275.851 6 88.513 5 998.321 3
), ArticleFig(id=1204780261587263689, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908032266424643, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Experiment 2: Comparison of various methods on path length objectives

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
规划方法 最小值 最大值 极差值 标准差 均值
ACO 141.789 5 195.531 6 53.742 1 16.530 2 161.349 4
PSO 145.238 7 190.062 7 44.824 0 16.206 2 161.634 8
GWO 140.640 5 185.546 9 44.906 4 14.762 7 151.549 2
SSA 143.614 7 200.142 3 56.527 6 17.592 5 172.176 7
SSA-GWO 138.686 8 187.193 8 48.507 0 15.219 3 157.028 5
), ArticleFig(id=1204780261671149776, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908032266424643, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

实验二:各方法在路径长度目标上的比较

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
规划方法 最小值 最大值 极差值 标准差 均值
ACO 141.789 5 195.531 6 53.742 1 16.530 2 161.349 4
PSO 145.238 7 190.062 7 44.824 0 16.206 2 161.634 8
GWO 140.640 5 185.546 9 44.906 4 14.762 7 151.549 2
SSA 143.614 7 200.142 3 56.527 6 17.592 5 172.176 7
SSA-GWO 138.686 8 187.193 8 48.507 0 15.219 3 157.028 5
), ArticleFig(id=1204780261801173208, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908032266424643, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Experiment 2: Comparison of energy consumption targets among various methods

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
规划方法 最小值 最大值 极差值 标准差 均值
ACO 921.631 8 1 270.955 4 349.323 6 103.738 7 1 066.741 1
PSO 944.051 6 1 235.407 5 291.355 9 101.912 0 1 067.779 8
GWO 914.163 2 1 206.054 8 291.891 6 98.976 0 1 002.602 6
SSA 933.495 5 1 300.925 0 367.429 5 109.122 8 1 130.101 6
SSA-GWO 901.464 2 1 216.759 7 315.295 5 96.143 4 1 038.696 3
), ArticleFig(id=1204780263021715678, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908032266424643, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

实验二:各方法在能耗目标上的比较

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
规划方法 最小值 最大值 极差值 标准差 均值
ACO 921.631 8 1 270.955 4 349.323 6 103.738 7 1 066.741 1
PSO 944.051 6 1 235.407 5 291.355 9 101.912 0 1 067.779 8
GWO 914.163 2 1 206.054 8 291.891 6 98.976 0 1 002.602 6
SSA 933.495 5 1 300.925 0 367.429 5 109.122 8 1 130.101 6
SSA-GWO 901.464 2 1 216.759 7 315.295 5 96.143 4 1 038.696 3
), ArticleFig(id=1204780263168516324, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908032266424643, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

Experiment 3: Comparison of various methods on path length objectives

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
规划方法 最小值 最大值 极差值 标准差 均值
ACO 180.757 4 265.170 5 84.413 1 26.845 3 218.132 8
PSO 177.729 2 282.833 4 105.104 2 32.400 6 234.666 6
GWO 176.888 2 263.017 6 86.129 4 26.903 3 217.295 3
SSA 174.512 9 277.005 7 102.492 8 29.536 1 223.248 3
SSA-GWO 169.421 2 266.905 9 97.484 7 26.282 2 216.027 8
), ArticleFig(id=1204780263285956840, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908032266424643, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

实验三:各方法在路径长度目标上的比较

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
规划方法 最小值 最大值 极差值 标准差 均值
ACO 180.757 4 265.170 5 84.413 1 26.845 3 218.132 8
PSO 177.729 2 282.833 4 105.104 2 32.400 6 234.666 6
GWO 176.888 2 263.017 6 86.129 4 26.903 3 217.295 3
SSA 174.512 9 277.005 7 102.492 8 29.536 1 223.248 3
SSA-GWO 169.421 2 266.905 9 97.484 7 26.282 2 216.027 8
), ArticleFig(id=1204780263436951796, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908032266424643, language=EN, label=Table 7, caption=

Experiment 3: Comparison of energy consumption targets among various methods

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
规划方法 最小值 最大值 极差值 标准差 均值
ACO 1 174.923 1 1 723.608 2 548.685 1 176.174 5 1 483.842 6
PSO 1 155.239 8 1 838.417 1 683.177 3 205.163 0 1 586.785 1
GWO 1 149.773 3 1 709.614 4 559.841 1 176.519 5 1 479.430 7
SSA 1 134.333 8 1 800.537 0 666.203 2 191.531 4 1 517.666 5
SSA-GWO 1 101.237 8 1 734.888 3 633.650 5 172.550 9 1 470.607 1
), ArticleFig(id=1204780263550198010, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908032266424643, language=CN, label=表7, caption=

实验三:各方法在能耗目标上的比较

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
规划方法 最小值 最大值 极差值 标准差 均值
ACO 1 174.923 1 1 723.608 2 548.685 1 176.174 5 1 483.842 6
PSO 1 155.239 8 1 838.417 1 683.177 3 205.163 0 1 586.785 1
GWO 1 149.773 3 1 709.614 4 559.841 1 176.519 5 1 479.430 7
SSA 1 134.333 8 1 800.537 0 666.203 2 191.531 4 1 517.666 5
SSA-GWO 1 101.237 8 1 734.888 3 633.650 5 172.550 9 1 470.607 1
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基于改进灰狼算法的移动机器人三维路径规划
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朱喜明 , 倪恒欣 * , 赵建鹏
科学技术与工程 | 论文·自动化技术、计算机技术 2025,25(3): 1125-1132
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科学技术与工程 | 论文·自动化技术、计算机技术 2025, 25(3): 1125-1132
基于改进灰狼算法的移动机器人三维路径规划
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朱喜明 , 倪恒欣* , 赵建鹏
作者信息
  • 安徽农业大学工学院, 合肥 230036
  • 朱喜明(1997—),男,汉族,安徽安庆人,硕士,助理研究员。研究方向:机器人技术。E-mail:

通讯作者:

* 倪恒欣(1993—),女,汉族,安徽桐城人,博士,讲师。研究方向:智能制造技术与装备、机器人技术。E-mail:
3D Path Planning for Mobile Robots Based on Improved Grey Wolf Algorithm
Xi-ming ZHU , Heng-xin NI* , Jian-peng ZHAO
Affiliations
  • Engineering College, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
出版时间: 2025-01-28 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2309316
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为解决移动机器人在丘陵山区不规则、崎岖地形等复杂果园环境下的路径规划问题,提出一种基于改进灰狼算法的移动机器人三维路径规划方法。通过模拟实际地理环境,建立三维果园地形及障碍物模型,构建路径规划目标函数模型。通过引入麻雀搜索算法(sparrow search algorithm,SSA)改进标准灰狼算法(grey wolf optimizer,GWO)的初始化方式、收敛因子、局部搜索能力及全局搜索能力。仿真实验结果表明,所提出的算法相较于其他算法,具有寻优速度快、路径规划距离最优、收敛速度快的优点,表明了本文方法的有效性和优越性。

移动机器人  /  路径规划  /  灰狼算法  /  麻雀搜索算法

To solve the path planning problem of mobile robots in complex orchard environments such as irregular and rugged terrain in hilly and mountainous areas, an improved grey wolf algorithm based 3D path planning method for mobile robots was proposed. By simulating the actual geographical environment, a three-dimensional orchard terrain and obstacle model was established, and a path planning objective function model was structed. By introducing the sparrow search algorithm (SSA) the initialization method, convergence factor, local search ability, and global search ability of the standard grey wolf optimization (GWO) were improved. The simulation experimental results show that the proposed algorithm has the advantages of fast optimization speed, optimal path planning distance, and fast convergence speed compared to other algorithms, indicating the effectiveness and superiority of the proposed method.

mobile robot  /  path planning  /  grey wolf algorithm  /  sparrow search algorithm
朱喜明, 倪恒欣, 赵建鹏. 基于改进灰狼算法的移动机器人三维路径规划. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (3) : 1125 -1132 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2309316
Xi-ming ZHU, Heng-xin NI, Jian-peng ZHAO. 3D Path Planning for Mobile Robots Based on Improved Grey Wolf Algorithm[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (3) : 1125 -1132 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2309316
随着数字农业农村的快速发展,具有智能决策的农业机器人被广泛应用于农业生产的各个环节。其中,丘陵山区由于山区地势复杂、道路起伏不平,且路网结构多变,移动机器人作业路径受到极大影响[1-2]。此外,移动机器人在行进过程中还应避免碰撞、能量消耗少[3],因此,如何实现以丘陵山区地势为代表的三维路径规划是本文中重点关注的问题。
灰狼优化算法作为一种新兴的优化算法,通过模拟灰狼之间的社会行为,将每个灰狼个体的行为(包括猎食和协同)与潜在解空间中的搜索过程结合起来,迅速寻找全局最优解[4]。灰狼算法在车间调度、工艺优化、特征识别、路径规划等领域得到了广泛应用[5],相关领域的专家学者进行了较多的算法改进研究。刘宁宁等[6]提出改进更新因子来增强灰狼优化算法的搜索能力的平衡。音凌一等[7]通过调节算法的搜索因子来避免陷入局部最优。上述研究中的改进算法寻优时间较长,降低了求解效率。游达章等[8]通过引入协同量子化来优化灰狼个体,提高了算法的收敛速度。刘晴晴[9]通过将花朵授粉的算法机制与灰狼算法进行结合,提高了灰狼优化算法的收敛速度和高维寻优能力。上述研究中,全局搜索能力提升较小,并且某些测试函数不能求得理论最优值。王霄等[10]将灰狼优化算法引入混沌映射算法,并建立路径微调算子提高了灰狼优化算法路径规划的性能,并降低了能耗。黄海新等[11]通过引入K-means聚类算法使初始种群在搜索空间里相对均匀分布,在避免了产生局部最优解的同时还降低了能量损耗。上述研究中,其全局搜索能力还有可提升空间,并且算法的智能性还有所欠缺需要改进。
为了进一步提高算法的性能和全局搜索能力,现使用反向学习初始化方法提升初始灰狼群体的质量,并通过对收敛因子的调整,提高算法效率,最后引入麻雀搜索算法,以充分利用其在全局探索方面的优势。针对丘陵山区不规则、崎岖地形等复杂三维果园环境,提出一种基于改进灰狼算法的移动机器人三维路径规划方法,通过改进传统灰狼算法初始方式、收敛因子及其易陷入局部最优的缺点,实现三维路径的全局最优。首先,对地形环境进行建模,将路径长度、能耗作为优化目标,确定优化目标函数。其次,引入麻雀搜索算法对标准灰狼算法进行改进,建立的优化模型进行迭代求解。最后,通过仿真实验和对比分析验证本文所提方法的有效性和优越性。
由于山间道路崎岖不平、种植结构复杂,面向丘陵山区果园等其他复杂地形环境下的农业机械化作业一直处于薄弱环节。果园移动机器人的路径规划问题是其关键问题之一。以丘陵山区地形为例,首先应对实际的地理环境进行建模,其次模拟果园中可能存在的沟渠、充电电路等障碍物环境,并设定机器人初始位置及目标位置,基于本文方法开发出最优的移动路线。
为模拟实际地理环境,对三维地形进行离散化处理,设立如图1所示大小为21 km×21 km×2 km的地图。将三维地形图进行栅格化的本质是将其划分为一系列等大小的立方体空间单元的过程。首先,将三维地形模型放置在一个三维直角坐标系中,设定移动机器人的初始位置为原点O,目标位置为点S,且OSY轴平行。建立一个立方体空间模型ABCD-EFGH,在XOZ平面上的EFGH平面为正方形,边长为2LEFGH分别平行于X轴和Z轴,EFGH平面的中心点作为原点O,并设BF为一个长度为L的边。
为对三维地形图进行合理栅格化,首先,沿着直线OS的方向将ABCD-EFGH立方体空间分成n+1等份,在等分点上作平面,最终得到与EFGH平面平行的平面IIj (j=0,1,2,…,n)。其次,对于任意平面,沿着边abad进行m等份划分,对平面IIj进行处理后,将其离散成m×m个网格。通过上述步骤,即可实现立方体空间的栅格化,其离散点可以表示为p(i,j,k),其中,i={0,1,2,…,n},j={0,1,2,…,n},k={0,1,2,…,n}。pO-XYZ坐标系中的对应点坐标为p(x,y,z)。最终的地图环境如图2所示,以O为初始点,S点为目标点,圆柱、圆锥体为模拟的障碍物环境。
目标函数模型的选择在路径规划中起着至关重要的作用。考虑到移动机器人在运动时会消耗大量能量,且与路径长度、机器人运动速度相关联,故引入能耗作为目标函数的第一部分。同时,为得到果园环境中的最优路径,将路径长度作为目标函数的第二部分。由于果园中可能会存在障碍物,影响移动机器人的运动轨迹,将机器人绕过障碍物的代价作为目标函数的第三部分。其目标函数可表示为
F=ω1E+ω2L+(1-ω1-ω2)T
式(1)中:E为能耗;L为路径长度;T为移动机器人绕过障碍物的代价;ω为权重系数,其大小决定了各组成部分在目标值中的重要程度。
移动机器人路径长度为机器人从初始点到目标点的总前进长度,是经由各个网格的长度之和,设总路径由n段网格组成,则路径长度L可表示为
L= i = 1 n ( x i - x i - 1 ) 2 + ( y i - y i - 1 ) 2 + ( z i - z i - 1 ) 2
式(2)中:xi为第i个网格的横坐标;yi为第i个网格的纵坐标;zi为第i个网格的空间立体高度。
其对应的移动机器人消耗的能量E1可表示为
E = E 1 + A i v i 2 S i + B i a i 2 S i + C i μ S i + D i l 0 S i
式(3)中:Ai为机器人速度的能耗权重;Bi为加速度的能耗权重;Ci为路面摩擦的能耗权重;Di为负载的能耗权重;vi为机器人移动速度;ai为机器人移动加速度;μ为路面摩擦系数,用于调整路面摩擦的能耗权重;l0为负载大小;Si为节点i到节点i+1之间的距离。
为了确保机器人移动路径避开障碍物(模型中的圆柱体),引入地形代价Tc,通过控制Tc的大小进行惩罚,则有
Tc= k = 1 q Qk
Qk= i = 1 n qi
qi= ( x i - M x j ) 2 + ( y i - M y j ) 2
式中:Qk为障碍物代价函数;qi为第i个障碍物产生的代价函数;(Mxj,Myj)为第j个障碍物的圆心坐标。
灰狼算法(grey wolf optimizer,GWO)是一种群智能优化算法,其通过模拟灰狼群体间的社会行为,将每个灰狼的个体行为(包括猎食和协同)与解空间中的搜索过程相关联。根据灰狼种群严格的等级制度,等级最高的首领狼定义为α狼,其负责群体总体谋划和决策;第二级为β狼,负责协助α狼的管理和决策;第三级为δ狼,负责侦查、放哨和狩猎等;第四级为ω狼,其地位最低,主要负责平衡种群内部的关系。在优化算法中,低等级个体需遵循高等级个体的引导,整个优化过程即为由占优势的个体引领整个群体朝向最佳目标解(猎物)前行[12]
由于猎物目标的位置未知,GWO算法充分利用αβδ狼的位置信息,不断逼近猎物的位置,最终引导狼群靠近猎物目标,具体如图3所示。
综合上述描述,GWO算法的实施步骤可以概括如下:
(1)初始化:使用随机方法创建初始的灰狼种群。
(2)种群排序:计算每个灰狼个体的适应度值,根据适应度值确定当前种群中的αβδω狼。
(3)参数更新:确定GWO算法中使用的参数aAC
(4)种群演化:根据公式更新候选ω狼的位置。
(5)终止条件判断:检查是否满足算法的终止条件。如果满足,停止迭代并输出最佳解;如果不满足,则回到步骤(2)继续迭代。
麻雀搜索算法受麻雀集群觅食和反捕食行为启发。整个种群中麻雀分为生产者和乞讨者,并且其比例保持不变,能量较高的麻雀可能成为生产者,而饥饿的乞讨者会主动寻找更好的食物。乞讨者会跟随提供最好食物的生产者寻找食物,同时竞争提高自己的捕食率[13-14]
在麻雀搜索算法中,适应度值较好的生产者在搜索过程中优先获得食物,且具有更广泛的寻食范围。乞讨者依赖于生产者发现的食物资源[15-16]
更新生产者的位置信息,可表示为
X i , j t + 1= X i , j t e x p - i α N m a x , R 2 S T X i , j t + Q L , R 2 S T
式(7)中:t代表当前的迭代次数;j表示要优化的变量的维度j=1,2,…,d; X i , j t表示第t次迭代时,第i只麻雀的第j个维度的值;Nmax为最大迭代次数;α为一个取值在(0.1]范围内的随机数,用于控制麻雀的移动方向和距离;R2和ST分别表示警报值和安全阈值;Q为一个满足正态分布的随机数,用于随机化麻雀搜索时的移动方向和距离;L为一个1×d的矩阵,其中的元素都为1,用于调整麻雀的移动距离;当R2<ST时,说明周围没有天敌,生产者进入广域搜索模式;当R2>ST时,表示附近存在危险,所有麻雀需要迅速飞到其他安全区域。
更新乞讨者的位置信息,可表示为
X i , j t + 1= Q e x p X w o r s t t - X i , j t i 2 , i n 2 X p t + 1 + X i , j t - X p t + 1 A + L , i n 2
式(8)中:Xp表示生产者所占据的最优位置;Xworst表示当前整体群体中的最差位置;Ad的每个元素随机分配为1或-1,且A+=AT(AAT)-1,用于调整麻雀的移动方向和速度。
由于GWO算法初始化时,初始解的位置杂乱无序,且GWO寻优时易陷入局部最优,无法寻找到全局最优解,其控制参数a也为一线性变化参数,使得解集位置更新较单一。因此,本研究结合SSA算法的全局搜索能力及GWO算法的局部搜索能力,在以下方面作出了改进。
为提升初始灰狼群体的质量,SSA-GWO算法借助反向学习方法生成初始解。具体而言,算法首先定义问题的维度为T*,每个维度的变量范围设为[ X t 1, X u   t],其中 X t 1 X u t分别表示第t维度变量的最大值和最小值。然后,通过随机的方式生成初始灰狼个体i(i=1,2,…,N),对于每个灰狼个体位置向量xi,其xi的每个元素 x i n满足问题的定义域范围[ X t 1, X u t],即符合每个维度变量的上下界限,并计算每个初始灰狼个体的适应度值。
随后为每个灰狼个体生成一个反向解,对于每个灰狼个体i(i=1,2,…,N):对于位置向量xi的每个元素 x i n,计算其与对应维度上界 X t 1和下界 X u t的差值,得到偏离上界和下界的距离 d t 1 d u t,即 d t 1= X t 1 - x i n, d u t= x i n - X μ t;并生成反向解x'i,将每个维度上的元素设为 X t 1- d t 1 X u t+ d μ t
根据优化目标对2N个解进行评价,并选取适应度值最优的N个解作为初始灰狼群体。
通过上述初始化过程,可以生成初始的灰狼群体。其中,每个灰狼个体都会生成一个反向解,通过反向学习来优化初始解的质量。最后选择适应度值最优的N个解作为初始灰狼群体,以提高算法的搜索能力和收敛性。
由于系数向量A能够决定灰狼优化算法中局部搜索的能力,且由A=2ar1-aN(N为元素全为1的向量)可得,收敛因子a的值影响着A的更新,从而影响算法的搜索方式。故本文对收敛因子a也做出改进,采用非线性的方式来降低a的值。
改进的收敛因子a计算公式为
a= 2 1 + e - 10 l k m a x-1
式(9)中:a为收敛因子;r1为在区间[0,1]之间的随机数向量;l为迭代时间的参数;kmax为最大迭代次数。
使用sigmoid函数,将l从0到完成最大迭代次数的取值范围进行了映射,并将其转换到0~1的范围内,然后再将其映射到-1~2的范围内。这种映射方式通过控制算法中的收敛因子a以加快收敛速度和提高算法的效率。
首先,使用灰狼优化算法,对灰狼群体进行局部搜索。在局部搜索过程中,更新灰狼的位置和速度,以使其逐步接近最优解。并为全局搜索提供更好的起点。
之后,根据麻雀搜索算法的规则,对麻雀群体进行全局搜索。全局搜索的目的是通过麻雀之间的协作和竞争来跳出局部最优解,寻找全局最优解。在全局搜索过程中,需要更新麻雀的位置和速度,以使其能够探索更广阔的解空间。具体而言,对于每一只麻雀j(j=1,2,…,M,其中M为麻雀群体的规模),全局搜索的过程如下:
(1)找到当前麻雀j周围的邻居麻雀群体Nj,第二步针对邻居麻雀群体Nj中的每一只邻居麻雀k(k=1,2,…,K),其中K为邻居麻雀的数量:计算当前麻雀j与邻居麻雀k之间的距离djk;通过比较当前麻雀j的适应度值和邻居麻雀k的适应度值,更新当前麻雀j的最佳位置pbest,j并记录其适应度值。
(2)在邻居麻雀群体Nj中,根据每只麻雀k的适应度值,选择适应度值最好的麻雀作为全局最佳位置gbest,并记录其适应度值。
(3)根据全局最佳位置gbest和当前麻雀j的位置,调整麻雀j的速度vj,使其朝着全局最佳位置移动。速度更新公式为
vj(t+1)=wjvj(t)+c1r1[pbest,j-xj(t)]+c2r2 [gbest-xj(t)]
式(10)中:vj(t+1)代表麻雀j在时间t+1的速度;vj(t)代表麻雀j在时间t的速度;wj为惯性权重;c1c2为学习因子;r1r2为随机数(0≤r1,r2≤1);xj(t)代表麻雀jt时刻的位置。
(4)更新麻雀j的位置xj,根据速度vj,位置更新公式为
xj(t+1) =xj(t)+vj(t+1)
通过上述步骤,麻雀群体能够通过全局搜索跳出局部最优解,向着全局最优解的方向进行搜索。将更新后的位置和速度应用于灰狼和麻雀群体并通过相互结合的方式,使灰狼优化算法的全局搜索能力得到改进。同时,灰狼群体和麻雀群体根据新的搜索方向进行迭代搜索,以找到全局最优解。迭代执行局部搜索和全局搜索,直到达到最优值停止。每一次迭代都会更新灰狼和麻雀的位置和速度,以逐步优化解并找到全局最优解。
为了验证本文所提方法的可行性,通过构建三维地形模型,对算法进行实验仿真和分析。实验平台为Intel(R) Core(TM) i5-8300H CPUC处理器,2.30 GHz,8 GB,Windows10 64位,MATLAB R2018b运行环境。设置初始三维地形空间为21 km×21 km×2 km,设置障碍物的圆心坐标分别为(11,16),(12,4),半径为1。实验部分主要针对较为常用的ACO算法(ant colony optimization)、PSO算法(particle swarm optimization)、GWO算法、SSA算法和改进SSA-GWO算法分别在所构建的三维地形环境中进行路径规划,各算法的基本参数设置如表1所示,实验对寻优结果进行了分析和对比。本文中所有算法的种群数设置为100,迭代次数设置为500次。
实验一:不含障碍物三维地形路径规划仿真
在随机生成的21 km×21 km×2 km三维地图上,针对相同的地图环境进行了五种方法下的移动机器人路径规划仿真实验,设置初始点为(1,15,1 400),目标点为(21,8,1 000),三维地形高度为2 km,实验结果如图4图5所示。分别对每种算法运行30次统计路径长度和能耗数据的最小值、最大值、极差值、标准差、均值如表2表3所示。
图5所示,本文所提出的SSA-GWO算法相比于其他四种算法能够在较短的迭代次数(迭代180次)里达到最优值,并且得到的路径长度最优值也小于其他四种算法。这一发现证明了本文所提出的改进算法较为稳定并且效果较好。
表2可知,在实验一的三维地图环境下,SSA-GWO算法在路径长度上的最佳值、最差值、平均值和标准差均优于ACO、PSO、GWO、SSA算法,且相比于ACO、PSO、GWO和SSA算法,本文提出的SSA-GWO算法的最短路径分别缩短了10.12%、5.15%、4.5%和5.15%。但在极差值的数据上,本文提出的改进SSA-GWO算法的结果要略差于ACO算法。且其他四种算法中,SSA算法相对于其他几种算法综合结果较差。
本文中设置的能耗与路径长度成正相关,由表3可知,SSA-GWO算法下最低能耗数值相比于ACO、PSO、GWO和SSA算法,分别降低了10.12%、5.15%、4.5%和5.15%。此结果说明本文改进的算法SSA-GWO在实验一所设置的三维环境下求解机器人路径规划问题具有较好的效果。
实验二:含障碍物三维地形路径规划仿真
在随机生成的21 km×21 km×2 km三维地图上,设置两个半径为1的柱形障碍物,对五种算法下的移动机器人路径规划进行了对比分析,设置了与实验一相同的起始点和种群个数,并对五种算法的路径规划效果进行了比较分析。得到五种算法在该地图环境下的路径规划结果如图6图7所示。
图7所示,在实验二设置的含障碍物的三维地图环境下,SSA-GWO算法在迭代了48次后寻找到最优值,少于其他四种算法。此结果说明在较为复杂的地图环境下,本文提出的改进SSA-GWO算法依然有效。同样,运行30次后统计数据的最小值、最大值、极差值、标准差、均值如表4表5所示。
表4可知,在实验二的含障碍物的三维地图环境下,SSA-GWO算法在路径长度上的最佳值优于其他算法,且相比于ACO、PSO、GWO和SSA算法,本文提出的SSA-GWO算法的最短路径分别缩短了2.18%、4.51%、1.38%和3.43%。但在其他的数据上,本文提出的改进SSA-GWO算法的结果要略差于GWO算法。
同样,由表5可知,SSA-GWO算法下最低能耗数值相比于ACO、PSO、GWO和SSA算法,分别降低了2.18%、4.51%、1.38%和3.43%。在其他数值上略低于GWO算法。此结果说明本文改进的SSA-GWO算法在实验二所设置的含障碍物的三维环境下提升效果不明显,但仍有效。
实验三:含障碍物三维地形栅格细化路径规划仿真
在随机生成的三维地图上,对地图环境栅格进行细化为30 km×30 km×2 km,设置两个半径分别为1.5和2的柱形障碍物和一个半径为3的圆锥体障碍物,并设置初始点为(1,13,800),目标点为(30,11,1 000),其余条件仍与实验二保持一致,所得仿真实验结果如图8所示,实验数据如表6表7所示。
表6表7可知,在实验三细化的复杂三维地图环境下,SSA-GWO算法在路径长度和能耗上的最佳值、平均值和标准差均优于ACO、PSO、GWO、SSA算法,且相比于ACO、PSO、GWO和SSA算法,本文提出的SSA-GWO算法的最短路径和能耗都分别缩短了6.27%、4.67%、4.22%和2.91%。但在最差值和极差值的数据上,略差于ACO和GWO算法。此结果说明本文改进的算法SSA-GWO在实验三所设置的三维环境下求解机器人路径规划问题上同样具有较好的效果。
因此,根据实验结果,改进的SSA-GWO算法在多种地图上都表现出了较好的全局搜索能力和优化效果。且改进的算法相较于传统灰狼优化算法更容易逃离局部最优解,找到全局最优解。
结合麻雀搜索算法和灰狼优化算法,提出了一种改进的SSA-GWO算法来解决移动机器人三维路径规划问题。该算法在全局搜索方面有较好的表现,并利用灰狼个体之间的协同和麻雀搜索的全局探索能力,以减少能耗和避免碰撞。通过对地图环境建模和目标函数的确定,实验证明了该算法的性能。本研究对移动机器人实际应用和路径规划问题的全局搜索能力提供了新的思路,为移动机器人和其他领域的路径规划问题提供了有价值的参考。
  • 安徽农业大学人才科研资助项目(rc412302)
  • 安徽省高等学校科学研究项目(2023AH050999)
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2025年第25卷第3期
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2309316
  • 接收时间:2023-11-27
  • 首发时间:2025-07-29
  • 出版时间:2025-01-28
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  • 收稿日期:2023-11-27
  • 修回日期:2024-06-24
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安徽农业大学人才科研资助项目(rc412302)
安徽省高等学校科学研究项目(2023AH050999)
作者信息
    安徽农业大学工学院, 合肥 230036

通讯作者:

* 倪恒欣(1993—),女,汉族,安徽桐城人,博士,讲师。研究方向:智能制造技术与装备、机器人技术。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
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占总种数比例
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Genus
种数
Number of
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Percentage of total
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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