Article(id=1156908031414985327, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1156907871645556837, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2402371, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1711987200000, receivedDateStr=2024-04-02, revisedDate=1721232000000, revisedDateStr=2024-07-18, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1753757969001, onlineDateStr=2025-07-29, pubDate=1737993600000, pubDateStr=2025-01-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753757969001, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-29, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753757969001, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753757969001, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1156907871645556837, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='3', pageStart='879', pageEnd='1312', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1753757930909, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1765095544280, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1204461268821320541, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1156907871645556837, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1204461268825514846, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1156907871645556837, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1197, endPage=1205, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1156908031888941682, articleId=1156908031414985327, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=Theoretical Study on Non-ultimate Passive Earth Pressure of Rigid Retaining Walls Considering Arbitrary Loads, columnId=1156262729917780302, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Papers·Architectural Science, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The classical earth pressure theory only calculates the ultimate earth pressure in translational mode of the retaining wall. In order to get closer to the real engineering situation, it is necessary to develop the theory of non-ultimate earth pressure of the cohesive fill behind the wall under arbitrary load action and arbitrary displacement mode. The concept of equivalent uniform load was adopted to convert any type of load acting on the earth filling surface into uniform load. Based on the classical earth pressure theory, the rigid retaining wall was regarded as a combination of an ideal rigid plastic body and a series of springs, and the soil stiffness coefficient of the clay was obtained, which improved the Coulomb earth pressure theory and derives the general calculation method of the non-ultimate passive earth pressure of the soil in any displacement mode that can consider the arbitrary load.The research results indicate that the distribution and magnitude of passive soil pressure, the position of the resultant force point are closely related to the displacement mode of the retaining wall, the magnitude of cohesive force, and the load acting on the fill surface. When the equivalent uniform load and cohesive force are both 0, this method degenerates into Coulomb soil pressure theory.The model validation results show that the theoretical calculated values are in good agreement with the experimental measured values, proving that this calculation method has certain theoretical significance for calculating the passive soil pressure of cohesive soil under non limit states, and also has practical value for engineering practice.

, correspAuthors=Chang-jie XU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Jia-nan YAO, Yan-ping WANG, Hui YUAN, Chang-jie XU, Fu-guan FANG, Ming-xiong YANG, Xu ZHONG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1156908100910407704, articleId=1156908031414985327, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=CN, title=考虑任意荷载作用的刚性挡土墙非极限被动土压力理论研究, columnId=1156262730517565784, journalTitle=科学技术与工程, columnName=论文·建筑科学, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

经典的土压力理论仅能计算挡土墙平动模式下的极限土压力。为了更接近真实工程情况,需要发展任意荷载作用及任意位移模式下的墙后黏性填土的非极限土压力理论。采用等效均布荷载的概念,将填土表面作用的任意类型荷载转化为均布荷载作用,在经典的土压力理论基础上,将刚性挡土墙看作理想刚塑性体和一系列弹簧的组合体,得到了黏土的土体刚度系数,由此改进了Coulomb土压力理论,推导了可以考虑任意荷载作用的任意位移模式下土体的非极限被动土压力一般计算方法。研究结果表明,被动土压力的分布和大小、合力作用点的位置与挡土墙的位移模式、黏聚力大小和填土表面作用荷载密切相关,当等效均布荷载、黏聚力均为0时,该方法退化为Coulomb土压力理论。模型验证结果表明,理论计算值和试验实测值吻合较好,证明该计算方法对于计算非极限状态下黏性土的被动土压力具有一定的理论意义,对工程实践也具有一定的实用价值。

, correspAuthors=徐长节, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 徐长节(1972—),男,汉族,安徽潜山人,教授,博士研究生导师。研究方向:基坑工程和土动力学。E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=BOhD80/QFJ60jM+yOQutyg==, magXml=SEDEaMAsHNwB982+OEm4ew==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=krV8pr4XVFlBVgwYUOKPrg==, pdfFileSize=8479944, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=qPmW31gVCvKFTmYodQ26Aw==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=Qiufp/tUkmu0MrF4KbFQ1A==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

姚嘉楠(1997—),男,汉族,浙江湖州人,硕士研究生。研究方向:土压力理论于离散元。E-mail:

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姚嘉楠(1997—),男,汉族,浙江湖州人,硕士研究生。研究方向:土压力理论于离散元。E-mail:

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姚嘉楠(1997—),男,汉族,浙江湖州人,硕士研究生。研究方向:土压力理论于离散元。E-mail:

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3. State Key Laboratory of Performance Monitoring Protecting of Rail Transit Infrastructure, East China Jiaotong University, Nanchang 330013, China
4. Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Infrastructure Safety Control in Geotechnical Engineering, East China Jiaotong University, Nanchang 330013, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1204780260442218608, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908031414985327, authorId=1204780260198948957, language=CN, stringName=徐长节, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 3, 4, *, address=1.浙江大学, 滨海和城市岩土工程研究中心, 杭州 310058
3.华东交通大学 轨道交通基础设施性能监测与保障国家重点实验室, 南昌 330013
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H为挡墙高度;θ为库伦被动滑动破裂面倾角

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考虑任意荷载作用的刚性挡土墙非极限被动土压力理论研究
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姚嘉楠 1 , 王艳萍 2 , 袁辉 2 , 徐长节 1, 3, 4, * , 方甫官 2 , 杨明雄 2 , 钟旭 1
科学技术与工程 | 论文·建筑科学 2025,25(3): 1197-1205
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科学技术与工程 | 论文·建筑科学 2025, 25(3): 1197-1205
考虑任意荷载作用的刚性挡土墙非极限被动土压力理论研究
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姚嘉楠1 , 王艳萍2, 袁辉2, 徐长节1, 3, 4, * , 方甫官2, 杨明雄2, 钟旭1
作者信息
  • 1.浙江大学, 滨海和城市岩土工程研究中心, 杭州 310058
  • 2.浙江省建投交通基础建设集团有限公司,杭州 310012
  • 3.华东交通大学 轨道交通基础设施性能监测与保障国家重点实验室, 南昌 330013
  • 4.华东交通大学,江西省岩土工程基础设施安全与控制重点实验室, 南昌 330013
  • 姚嘉楠(1997—),男,汉族,浙江湖州人,硕士研究生。研究方向:土压力理论于离散元。E-mail:

通讯作者:

* 徐长节(1972—),男,汉族,安徽潜山人,教授,博士研究生导师。研究方向:基坑工程和土动力学。E-mail:
Theoretical Study on Non-ultimate Passive Earth Pressure of Rigid Retaining Walls Considering Arbitrary Loads
Jia-nan YAO1 , Yan-ping WANG2, Hui YUAN2, Chang-jie XU1, 3, 4, * , Fu-guan FANG2, Ming-xiong YANG2, Xu ZHONG1
Affiliations
  • 1. Research Center of Coastal and Urban Geotechnical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
  • 2. Zhejiang Infrastructure Construction Group Co., Ltd., Hangzhou 310012, China
  • 3. State Key Laboratory of Performance Monitoring Protecting of Rail Transit Infrastructure, East China Jiaotong University, Nanchang 330013, China
  • 4. Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Infrastructure Safety Control in Geotechnical Engineering, East China Jiaotong University, Nanchang 330013, China
出版时间: 2025-01-28 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2402371
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经典的土压力理论仅能计算挡土墙平动模式下的极限土压力。为了更接近真实工程情况,需要发展任意荷载作用及任意位移模式下的墙后黏性填土的非极限土压力理论。采用等效均布荷载的概念,将填土表面作用的任意类型荷载转化为均布荷载作用,在经典的土压力理论基础上,将刚性挡土墙看作理想刚塑性体和一系列弹簧的组合体,得到了黏土的土体刚度系数,由此改进了Coulomb土压力理论,推导了可以考虑任意荷载作用的任意位移模式下土体的非极限被动土压力一般计算方法。研究结果表明,被动土压力的分布和大小、合力作用点的位置与挡土墙的位移模式、黏聚力大小和填土表面作用荷载密切相关,当等效均布荷载、黏聚力均为0时,该方法退化为Coulomb土压力理论。模型验证结果表明,理论计算值和试验实测值吻合较好,证明该计算方法对于计算非极限状态下黏性土的被动土压力具有一定的理论意义,对工程实践也具有一定的实用价值。

非极限被动土压力  /  任意位移模式  /  刚性挡墙  /  黏土  /  任意荷载作用  /  黏聚力

The classical earth pressure theory only calculates the ultimate earth pressure in translational mode of the retaining wall. In order to get closer to the real engineering situation, it is necessary to develop the theory of non-ultimate earth pressure of the cohesive fill behind the wall under arbitrary load action and arbitrary displacement mode. The concept of equivalent uniform load was adopted to convert any type of load acting on the earth filling surface into uniform load. Based on the classical earth pressure theory, the rigid retaining wall was regarded as a combination of an ideal rigid plastic body and a series of springs, and the soil stiffness coefficient of the clay was obtained, which improved the Coulomb earth pressure theory and derives the general calculation method of the non-ultimate passive earth pressure of the soil in any displacement mode that can consider the arbitrary load.The research results indicate that the distribution and magnitude of passive soil pressure, the position of the resultant force point are closely related to the displacement mode of the retaining wall, the magnitude of cohesive force, and the load acting on the fill surface. When the equivalent uniform load and cohesive force are both 0, this method degenerates into Coulomb soil pressure theory.The model validation results show that the theoretical calculated values are in good agreement with the experimental measured values, proving that this calculation method has certain theoretical significance for calculating the passive soil pressure of cohesive soil under non limit states, and also has practical value for engineering practice.

non-ultimate passive earth pressure  /  arbitrary displacement mode  /  rigid retaining wall  /  clay  /  any load action  /  cohesive force
姚嘉楠, 王艳萍, 袁辉, 徐长节, 方甫官, 杨明雄, 钟旭. 考虑任意荷载作用的刚性挡土墙非极限被动土压力理论研究. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (3) : 1197 -1205 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2402371
Jia-nan YAO, Yan-ping WANG, Hui YUAN, Chang-jie XU, Fu-guan FANG, Ming-xiong YANG, Xu ZHONG. Theoretical Study on Non-ultimate Passive Earth Pressure of Rigid Retaining Walls Considering Arbitrary Loads[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (3) : 1197 -1205 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2402371
挡土墙上的土压力是土体作用在支护结构上的侧向压力,其分布及大小与挡土墙的变形、位移模式、墙后土体性质、墙土相互作用、地下水渗流等密切相关[1-2]。虽然经典的土压力理论在实际工程中应用广泛,但仅仅只局限于计算极限土压力,事实上,许多情况下挡土墙的位移是处于静止状态和极限状态之间,尤其对于分步开挖的基坑或需要严格控制挡土结构的变形的深基坑[3-5]而言,直接运用极限土压力往往是不经济、不合适的。
两大经典土压力理论-Rankine理论和Coulomb理论,只适用于极限状态的土压力计算[6]。Bang[7]的试验研究表明,土体从静止状态到极限状态的变化过程中存在一个过渡的非极限状态,此时挡墙的土压力为非极限土压力。Matsuzawa等[8]根据弹塑性有限元分析得出墙后土体平衡区域的发展是一个渐变的过程,进一步证实了上述结论。
针对刚性挡土墙墙后被动土压力问题,国内外学者在模型试验、数值模拟以及理论研究等方面做了大量持续性的工作。大量学者通过模型试验[9-14]、数值模拟[15-18]证实了复杂位移模式下刚性挡墙墙后土压力的非线性分布特性,只有平动模式下挡土墙的土压力才符合经典的线性分布规律,研究结果表明土压力的大小、分布及合力作用的位置在很大程度上取决于挡土墙的位移模式和位移大小,墙后土压力系数与挡墙位移呈非线性关系[19]。得益于模型试验、数值模拟方面的丰硕成果,理论研究也得以蓬勃发展。文献[20-21]在Rankine土压力理论的基础上考虑了挡墙位移、中间主应力等因素的影响,进一步丰富和发展了经典的土压力理论。
魏汝龙[22]运用现代土力学概念深入剖析了Coulomb土压力理论中的一些问题。兑关锁等[23]则对土压力与破裂角的关系进行了深入研究并在此基础上修正了库伦破裂角公式。Peng等[24]在墙后土体是理想刚塑性体和一系列线弹簧的组合体的假设基础上,改进了Coulomb土压力理论,得到了任意位移模式下刚性挡墙被动土压力计算方法。马崇武[25]等将墙后土体看作理想弹塑性体,根据滑动土楔体整体极限平衡条件假设,在Coulomb土压力理论基础上得到了均布荷载作用下黏土被动土压力的计算方法。Wang[26]在库仑土压力理论基础上,建立了滑动土楔体力的平衡方程,推导了挡土墙单位土压力的计算公式。然而,由于Coulomb土压力理论仅仅局限于极限状态下砂土的土压力计算问题,无法综合考虑实际工程中的任意上附荷载作用、复杂的填土性质、位移模式及位移大小的影响,因此,有必要对任意荷载作用下黏性土体的非极限被动土压力开展理论研究。
在墙后填土为理想刚塑性体和一系列弹簧的组合体的基础上,得到了黏土的土体刚度系数以及土体黏聚力从0线性发挥至极限值的结论,给出了等效均布荷载的一般计算式以考虑复杂荷载作用的情况,在经典的Coulomb土压力理论基础上推导了复杂荷载作用下刚性挡墙墙后黏土的非极限被动土压力计算公式。本文方法计算简单,概念清晰,可适用于任意的土体位移模式和附加荷载作用情况。与模型试验的对比研究表明,本文理论计算解稍小于实测值,是偏于安全的,对实际工程具有重要的指导作用和现实意义。
Rankine理论通过研究弹性半空间体的应力状态和土的极限平衡条件得出了被动土压力的计算方法。挡墙深度z处某点的被动土压力p
p=γztan2 45 ° + φ 2+2ctan2 45 ° + φ 2
式(1)中:γ为土体重度;φ为土体内摩擦角;c为黏聚力。
Rankine理论认为,黏性土被动土压力是由自重引起的侧土压力和由黏聚力引起的侧压力两部分共同作用的结果。根据这一假定,Verruijt[27]改进了Coulomb土压力理论,给出了黏性土的极限被动土压力计算公式。挡墙深度z处某点的被动土压力p
p=γzKp+2c K p
式(2)中:Kp为库伦被动土压力系数。
工程上基坑周边经常会出现各种类型荷载作用,通常可以将其分成集中荷载Fi、分布荷载q(x)两类。为了综合考虑不同类型的荷载作用及附加应力在土体中的扩散作用,笔者根据荷载大小相等的原则引入了等效均布荷载q,其计算示意图如图1所示,公式为
q= i = 1 N F i + 0 L q ( x ) d x L
式(3)中:L为土楔体的有效荷载作用长度,对于墙背竖直的刚性挡土墙,L=Htanθ
结合上述研究,本文中作如下理论假设:
(1)挡土墙完全刚性,墙背竖直,墙后填土面水平,墙后填土为黏土。
(2)墙后土体是理想刚塑性体和一系列弹簧的组合体。
(3)黏性土的被动土压力是墙后土体自重与黏聚力共同作用的结果。
(4)墙后土楔体上作用的荷载等效为等效均布荷载q
(5)定义任意时刻挡墙的最大水平位移为S,同一位移下深度z处的水平位移为Sz,某点土体达到被动极限状态时对应的临界水平位移为Sp,转动中心位置参数为n
被动土压力的分布很大程度上取决于刚性挡土墙的位移模式(图2),因此有必要对刚性挡土墙的位移模式进行研究分析。
图2可知:
当挡墙RBT(rotating about the base)位移模式时,有
Sz=S- z S ( 1 + n ) H
当挡墙RTT(rotating about the top)位移模式时,有
Sz=S- ( H - z ) S ( 1 + n ) H
当挡墙T(translation)位移模式时,有
Sz=S
式中:对于RBT位移模式,S即为墙顶水平位移,n即为转动中心到墙底的距离与挡土墙高度的比值; 对于RTT位移模式,S即为墙底水平位移,n即为转动中心到墙顶的距离与挡土墙高度的比值。当n=0时,即转化为RB或RT位移模式;当n→∞时,即转化为T位移模式,后续不再对RB、RT模式土压力问题进行赘述。
根据假设(2),计算简图如图3所示[24]。假定刚性挡土墙墙后某点的被动土压力与其水平位移呈线性关系[28],则有
p=kSz+b
b=K0(γz+q)
K0= 0.95 - s i n φ , 1 - s i n φ ,
式(7)中:p为非极限被动土压力;k为黏土的土体刚度系数;b为静止侧土压力;K0为静压力系数。
当刚性挡土墙某点的水平位移达到临界水平位移(S=Sp)时,该点处于极限被动状态,土压力达到极限被动土压力,有
(γz+q)Kp+2c K p=kSp+K0(γz+q)
Kp= c o s 2 φ c o s δ 1 - s i n ( δ + φ ) s i n φ / c o s δ 2
式中:Kp为墙背竖直、填土面水平的库伦侧向被动土压力系数;δ为墙土摩擦角。
由式(10),可得
k= ( K p - K 0 ) ( γ z + q ) + 2 c K p S p
由此,可得挡土墙墙后某点任意位移时的非极限被动土压力p
p= ( K p - K 0 ) ( γ z + q ) + 2 c K p S p S z + K 0 ( γ z + q ) ,                       S z S p K p ( γ z + q ) + 2 c K p ,     S z S p
由式(13)可以看出,黏聚力发挥值是从0线性发挥至最大值的,这与杨泰华[29]的理论研究一致。
将式(4)代入式(13),可得RBT位移模式挡土墙墙后某点任意位移时的非极限被动土压力为
p= ( K p - K 0 ) ( γ z + q ) + 2 c K p S p S ×     1 - z ( 1 + n ) H + K 0 ( γ z + q ) , S z S p K p ( γ z + q ) + 2 c K p , S z S p
将式(5)代入式(13),可得RTT位移模式挡土墙墙后某点任意位移时的非极限被动土压力为
p= ( K p - K 0 ) ( γ z + q ) + 2 c K p S p S ×     1 - H - z ( 1 + n ) H + K 0 ( γ z + q ) , S z S p K p ( γ z + q ) + 2 c K p , S z S p
将式(6)代入式(13),可得T位移模式挡土墙墙后某点任意位移时的非极限被动土压力p
p= ( K p - K 0 ) ( γ z + q ) + 2 c K p S p S +     K 0 ( γ z + q ) , S z S p K p ( γ z + q ) + 2 c K p , S z S p
q=0、c=0时,式(14)~式(16)退化为范晓真[30]推导的砂土下的非极限被动土压力计算公式。
对于多层填土,可以采用分层法逐层计算挡土墙墙后某点的被动土压力。若采用综合土体进行土压力计算分析,可对土体的重度、内摩擦角、墙土摩擦角及黏聚力进行加权平均采用加权平均土体指标[31]进行粗略估算。
由式(14)~式(16)可以看出,非极限被动土压力p是深度z的二次抛物线函数。对于RBT模式,非极限被动土压力p的分布随着z的增加而呈上凸的非线性分布;对于RTT模式,非极限被动土压力p的分布随着z的增加呈下凹的非线性分布;只有挡墙平移时,被动土压力分布才是线性的,其他模式被动土压力均为非线性分布。当c≠0时,黏聚力的存在进一步增加了被动土压力的非线性分布特性。此外,随着n增大,土压力分布逐渐趋于线性分布,当n足够大时(如n=5.0),RBT和RTT模式的土压力分布已十分接近线性分布。
作用在刚性挡土墙上的水平被动土压力合力Pp
Pp= 0 H  pdz
水平被动土压力合力作用点距离墙底的距离h
h= 0 H p ( H - z ) d z 0 H p d z
q=0、δ=0土体达到极限被动状态时,式(17)、式(18)即为Rankine理论的水平土压力合力和合力作用点位置。
为了验证本文理论假设及计算方法的合理性和有效性,将计算解析解结果与前人的黏土模型试验结果进行了对比验证。砂土模型试验的对比可参考文献[24,30]。
夏军武等[10]对刚性挡土墙墙后填土为黏土的被动土压力进行了模型试验研究。本文中计算结果与其试验结果对比如图4图5所示。模型试验参数如下:挡土墙墙高H=1 m,粉土重度γ=15.73 kPa,黏聚力c=5 kPa,内摩擦角φ=34°,墙土摩擦角δ=2φ/3=22.67°,填土表面均布荷载q=0。
图4所示为本文理论计算值和黏土模型试验实测值的对比结果。由图4可知,本文理论解与黏土模型试验的实测值趋势基本一致,T模式、RT模式下吻合较好,而RB模式下土压力偏小,工程上偏于安全。随着刚性挡土墙位移逐渐增大,被动土压力不断增大,直至S=Sp时,土体达到被动极限状态,被动土压力才趋于稳定,不再增大。在上半土体区域,RT模式的土压力最小,T模式和RB模式的土压力相近,这是因为RT模式上部的土体位移受到限制,土压力增长慢,而T模式和RB模式上部挡墙位移相对较大,因此土压力增长更快。在下半土体区域,RB模式的土压力最小,T模式和RT模式的土压力相近,这是因为RB模式墙脚处的土体位移受到限制,土压力增长慢,而T模式和RT模式下部挡墙位移相对较大,因此土压力增长更快。
此外,对于T模式,本文理论解、Rankine解均可准确地描述实测土压力线性分布的特性,且本文理论解与实测值拟合更好;对于RB模式,本文解与实测土压力均为上凸的非线性分布,S较小时,本文解与实测值吻合较好,S较大时,本文解在上部土体区域的土压力理论计算值偏小,一部分原因在于本文中将墙后土体看作理想刚塑性体和一系列弹簧组合体的假设,然而这在工程上是偏安全的;对于RT模式,本文解与实测值均为下凹的非线性分布,由于上部区域土体位移受限,因此被动土压力的增长较慢,本文理论解则准确地描述了这一现象。经典的Rankine被动土压力解如图中虚线所示,无法准确描述刚性挡墙不同位移模式及非极限状态的被动土压力,与实测值相差较大,只有T模式时的Rankine极限被动土压力理论解在工程上使用才是相对安全、合理的,其他情况,建议使用本文理论解。
图5所示为本文的理论合力作用点位置和黏土模型试验实测合力作用点位置的对比结果。由图5可知,本文理论被动土压力合力作用点位置与实测值较为吻合。结合图5及式(18)分析可知,由于黏聚力的存在,不同位移模式的实测被动土压力合力作用点初始位置略高于H/3,且随着位移增大逐渐趋于一稳定值。T模式,非极限被动土压力随位移变化呈线性增长,合力作用点位置基本保持一致;RBT模式,非极限被动土压力随位移变化上部增长较快而下部增长较慢,合力作用点位置上移;RTT模式,非极限被动土压力随位移变化上部增长较慢而下部增长较快,合力作用点位置下移。
徐日庆等[9]对刚性挡土墙墙后填土为砂土的被动土压力进行了模型试验。本文计算结果与其试验结果对比如图6图7所示。模型试验参数如下:挡土墙墙高H=1 m,砂土重度γ=15.642 kPa,黏聚力c=0,内摩擦角φ=34.2°,墙土摩擦角δ=2φ/3=22.8°,填土表面均布荷载q=0。
图6给出了本文的理论计算值和砂土模型试验实测值的对比结果,可知,本文理论解与黏土模型试验的实测值吻合较好。随着刚性挡土墙位移逐渐增大,被动土压力不断增大,直至S=Sp时,土体达到被动极限状态,被动土压力才趋于稳定,不再减小。对于被动极限状态的Sp,一般T<RB<RBT<RT<RTT,通常可取(8%~13%)H[9]。在极限状态下,Rankine值偏小,Coulomb值偏大,尤其是在T模式和RBT模式的下半部分土体区域,Coulomb值误差较大,而本文解可以很好地描述实测被动土压力的分布和大小。3种位移模式下,非极限被动土压力沿深度的分布、大小具有较大的差别。T模式下,被动土压力的分布呈近似的线性分布;RBT和RTT模式下,被动土压力的分布为非线性分布,且其非线性的程度与n值有关。由于砂土中黏聚力c=0,消除了本文隐含的黏聚力线性发挥假设造成计算值偏小的现象,在三种模式中,本文理论解与实测值均表现出了较好的一致性,进一步证明了本文理论解的正确性。
图7给出了本文的理论被动土压力合力作用点位置和砂土模型试验实测合力作用点位置的对比结果。由图7可知,本文理论被动土压力合力作用点位置与实测值较为吻合。结合图5分析可知,砂土的被动土压力合力作用点与黏土有着相似的变化规律,由于砂土中不存在黏聚力,砂土的非极限被动土压力合力作用点位置相对黏土会偏小,不同位移模式下的被动土压力合力作用点初始位置大致在H/3处,随着位移增大逐渐趋于一稳定值,随着n的增大,RBT和RTT模式的合力作用点位置h会逐渐向T模式逼近。
为探究本文计算方法的有效性,研究了不同参数对非极限被动土压力强度及其分布的影响。下面分别分析了墙体位移比S/H对非极限被动土压力p的影响以及转动中心位置参数n对非极限被动土压力p和非极限被动土压力合力作用点位置h的影响。
图8可知,RBT模式被动土压力为上凸的曲线分布;RTT模式被动土压力为下凹的曲线分布。结合式(14)~式(16)可知,本文中被动土压力解在S/H=0时,与静止土压力理论解一致。dp/d(S/H)≥0,随着挡墙墙体位移比S/H增大,被动土压力逐渐增大,直至达到被动极限状态,被动土压力才趋于稳定,不再增加。该变化规律与模型试验变化一致,如图4图6所示,进一步证明了本文解的合理性。
定义转动中心位置参数n是表征挡土墙位移模式中转动点位置的参数。由图9和式(14)~式(16)可知,n值对土压力的分布具有显著影响,dp/dn≥0表明,被动土压力p随着转动中心位置参数n的增大而增大。对于RBT模式,被动土压力呈上凸的曲线分布,且随着n值增大,非线性分布特性不断减弱;对于RTT模式,被动土压力呈下凹得曲线分布,且随着n值增大,非线性分布特性不断减弱。当n=5.0时,RBT、RTT模式的土压力已经十分接近线性分布,可将其近似看成平动模式的土压力简化处理。
图10和式(18)可知,n值对非极限被动土压力合力作用点位置h具有显著影响。RBT模式,dh/dn>0,非极限被动土压力合力作用点位置h会随着n值的减小而增大,RB模式(n=0)是合力作用点位置h的上限;RTT模式,dh/dn<0,非极限被动土压力合力作用点位置h会随着n的减小而减小,RT模式(n=0)是合力作用点位置h的下限;T模式,非极限被动土压力合力作用点位置较为稳定,变化幅度不大,是RBT和RTT模式的中间分界线。随着n的增大,RBT和RTT模式的合力作用点位置h会逐渐向T模式逼近。此外,黏聚力c的存在会使土压力合力作用点位置整体上移。该变化规律与模型试验变化一致,如图5图7所示。
经典土压力理论仅仅局限于计算平动模式下刚性挡土墙的极限土压力。根据经典土压力理论以及墙后土体是刚塑性体和一系列弹簧的组合体的假设,提出了一个简便普适的可以考虑任意类型附加荷载和挡墙位移模式的非极限被动土压力计算方法,并进行了进一步的模型验证和参数分析,由此得到以下结论。
(1)刚性挡土墙的被动土压力非线性分布与土体的内摩擦角、墙土摩擦角、黏聚力发挥程度、挡墙位移模式及大小、填土表面上附荷载有关。只有挡墙平移时,被动土压力线性分布,其他位移模式均为非线性分布。RBT模式,被动土压力为上凸型分布;RTT模式,被动土压力为下凹型分布。
(2)模型验证表明,被动土压力理论计算值与实测值吻合较好,可以较为准确地计算不同位移模式下刚性挡土墙非极限状态下的被动土压力值。黏聚力和上附荷载的存在使得被动土压力分布的非线性特性变得更加复杂。
(3)参数分析表明,被动土压力p随着位移比S/H、转动中心位置参数n的增大而增大。RBT和RTT模式的被动土压力非线性分布特性会随着n值的增加而减弱。当n较大时(如n≥5.0),可将组合位移模式的土压力近似看作平动模式处理。
(4)研究表明,非极限被动土压力合力作用点位置h与位移模式及大小、黏聚力c和转动中心位置参数n密切相关。RBT模式,合力作用点位置会随着n值的减小而增大;RTT模式,合力作用点位置会随着n的减小而减小;T模式,合力作用点位置基本保持一致。随着n的增大,RBT和RTT模式的合力作用点位置会逐渐向T模式逼近,且黏聚力的存在使得不同位移模式下的合力作用点位置整体上移。
(5)本文所提出的考虑任意荷载作用的刚性挡土墙非极限被动土压力理论计算方法适用于刚性挡土墙墙背竖直、填土表面水平的均质土(砂土和黏土),适用性较为普遍,模型验证表明,本文方法与实测结果具有较好的一致性,对实际工程设计具有重要的指导意义。
  • 国家自然科学基金(52238009)
  • 国家自然科学基金-高铁联合基金(U1934208)
  • 江西省自然科学基金-揭榜挂帅资助项目(20223BBG71018)
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2025年第25卷第3期
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2402371
  • 接收时间:2024-04-02
  • 首发时间:2025-07-29
  • 出版时间:2025-01-28
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  • 收稿日期:2024-04-02
  • 修回日期:2024-07-18
基金
国家自然科学基金(52238009)
国家自然科学基金-高铁联合基金(U1934208)
江西省自然科学基金-揭榜挂帅资助项目(20223BBG71018)
作者信息
    1.浙江大学, 滨海和城市岩土工程研究中心, 杭州 310058
    2.浙江省建投交通基础建设集团有限公司,杭州 310012
    3.华东交通大学 轨道交通基础设施性能监测与保障国家重点实验室, 南昌 330013
    4.华东交通大学,江西省岩土工程基础设施安全与控制重点实验室, 南昌 330013

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* 徐长节(1972—),男,汉族,安徽潜山人,教授,博士研究生导师。研究方向:基坑工程和土动力学。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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