Article(id=1156908030529987177, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1156907871645556837, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2402572, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1712592000000, receivedDateStr=2024-04-09, revisedDate=1721232000000, revisedDateStr=2024-07-18, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1753757968789, onlineDateStr=2025-07-29, pubDate=1737993600000, pubDateStr=2025-01-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753757968789, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-29, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753757968789, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753757968789, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1156907871645556837, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='3', pageStart='879', pageEnd='1312', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1753757930909, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1765095544280, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1204461268821320541, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1156907871645556837, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1204461268825514846, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1156907871645556837, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1102, endPage=1109, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1156908031154938477, articleId=1156908030529987177, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=Propagation Characteristics and Parameter Optimization of Laser Ultrasonic Sound Field, columnId=1172606853226840582, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Papers·Electronic and Communicational Technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Laser ultrasonic detection technology possesses unique advantages combining ultrasonic and optical methods, enabling non-contact detection while enhancing temporal and spatial resolution. To enhance the excitation efficiency and defect detection accuracy of laser ultrasound, optimization of laser source parameters is necessary to improve energy exchange efficiency and reduce costs. Research has been conducted on the propagation characteristics of laser ultrasonic sound fields under various conditions. Numerical simulations of the process of laser ultrasonic action on X80 pipelines were performed using COMSOL Multiphysics finite element software, and the accuracy of the model was verified. The relationship between laser source parameters and ultrasonic field was studied by combining the set laser pulse width and laser spot radius, and further analysis of the relevant data was carried out using MATLAB. The analysis results indicate that when the pulse width is set to 20 ns and the spot radius is set to 300 μm, laser ultrasonics exhibit relatively optimal excitation efficiency in X80 pipelines. This provides important reference for improving the excitation efficiency of laser sources.

, correspAuthors=Zhong-hu LI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Wei-long ZHAO, Zhong-hu LI, Xin-yu ZHANG, Jin-ming WANG, Li-qing YANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1156908111261950291, articleId=1156908030529987177, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=CN, title=激光超声声场传播特性及参数优化, columnId=1156908031230435950, journalTitle=科学技术与工程, columnName=论文·电子技术、通信技术, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

激光超声检测技术具有超声检测法与光学法的独特优势,在实现非接触检测的同时还可提高时间和空间分辨率。为了提高激光超声的激发效率和缺陷检测精度,就需要对激光源参数进行优化,以提高换能效率并降低成本。对不同情况下的激光超声声场传播特性进行了研究,通过COMSOL Multiphysics有限元软件对激光超声作用于X80管道的过程进行数值模拟,并验证了模型的准确性。结合设定的激光脉宽和激光光斑半径,研究了激光源参数与超声声场之间的关系,并利用MATLAB对相关数据进行了进一步分析。分析结果表明,当脉宽值设定为20 ns、光斑半径设定为300 μm时,激光超声在X80管道中具有相对最优的激发效率。这为提高激光源的激发效率提供重要参考。

, correspAuthors=李忠虎, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 李忠虎(1969—),男,汉族,内蒙古乌兰察布人,硕士,教授。研究方向:无损检测和机电设备故障诊断。E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=WYjuO0ixlNEl8/E2/+GXAA==, magXml=WfZ/kTbBZaSMmShOnq+2AQ==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=L0S6V72+dxZvuDUtLSZYZA==, pdfFileSize=11293088, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=ksQrxbEQui3K5JDqJDI81A==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=ITeRyPArXUkWjW9C0pCZ7g==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

赵威隆(1999—),男,汉族,河南开封人,硕士研究生。研究方向:激光超声检测技术。E-mail:

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赵威隆(1999—),男,汉族,河南开封人,硕士研究生。研究方向:激光超声检测技术。E-mail:

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赵威隆(1999—),男,汉族,河南开封人,硕士研究生。研究方向:激光超声检测技术。E-mail:

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figureFileSmall=RFMMGXSubRJ4hCtx1AfJBA==, figureFileBig=yCC59XsaY+UTJ6Gvmt2m7A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1204542863779537040, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156908030529987177, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

X80 pipeline steel material parameters

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参数 数值 参数 数值
热膨胀系数/K-1 12×10-6 泊松比 0.29
密度/(kg· m - 3) 7 800 比热容/[J·(kg·K)-1] 450
杨氏模量/Pa 2.1×1011 热导率/[W·(m·K)-1] 50
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X80管线钢材料参数

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参数 数值 参数 数值
热膨胀系数/K-1 12×10-6 泊松比 0.29
密度/(kg· m - 3) 7 800 比热容/[J·(kg·K)-1] 450
杨氏模量/Pa 2.1×1011 热导率/[W·(m·K)-1] 50
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The arrival time of the maximum temperature of the laser irradiation center

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不同脉宽/ns 辐照点最高温/K 到达时间/μs
10 525.73 0.03
20 649.05 0.05
30 722.99 0.07
40 780.68 0.09
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激光辐照中心温度最高值到达时间

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不同脉宽/ns 辐照点最高温/K 到达时间/μs
10 525.73 0.03
20 649.05 0.05
30 722.99 0.07
40 780.68 0.09
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The arrival time of the maximum temperature of the laser irradiation center

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不同光斑半径/μm 辐照点最高温/K 到达时间/μs
300 525.73 0.03
400 426.53 0.03
500 379.79 0.03
600 353.54 0.03
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激光辐照中心温度最高值到达时间

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不同光斑半径/μm 辐照点最高温/K 到达时间/μs
300 525.73 0.03
400 426.53 0.03
500 379.79 0.03
600 353.54 0.03
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激光超声声场传播特性及参数优化
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赵威隆 1 , 李忠虎 1, * , 张鑫宇 2 , 王金明 1 , 杨立清 1
科学技术与工程 | 论文·电子技术、通信技术 2025,25(3): 1102-1109
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科学技术与工程 | 论文·电子技术、通信技术 2025, 25(3): 1102-1109
激光超声声场传播特性及参数优化
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赵威隆1 , 李忠虎1, * , 张鑫宇2, 王金明1, 杨立清1
作者信息
  • 1.内蒙古科技大学自动化与电气工程学院, 包头 014010
  • 2.内蒙古科技大学机械工程学院, 包头 014010
  • 赵威隆(1999—),男,汉族,河南开封人,硕士研究生。研究方向:激光超声检测技术。E-mail:

通讯作者:

* 李忠虎(1969—),男,汉族,内蒙古乌兰察布人,硕士,教授。研究方向:无损检测和机电设备故障诊断。E-mail:
Propagation Characteristics and Parameter Optimization of Laser Ultrasonic Sound Field
Wei-long ZHAO1 , Zhong-hu LI1, * , Xin-yu ZHANG2, Jin-ming WANG1, Li-qing YANG1
Affiliations
  • 1. School of Automation and Electrical Engineering, Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology, Baotou 014010, China
  • 2. School of Mechanical Engineering, Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology, Baotou 014010, China
出版时间: 2025-01-28 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2402572
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激光超声检测技术具有超声检测法与光学法的独特优势,在实现非接触检测的同时还可提高时间和空间分辨率。为了提高激光超声的激发效率和缺陷检测精度,就需要对激光源参数进行优化,以提高换能效率并降低成本。对不同情况下的激光超声声场传播特性进行了研究,通过COMSOL Multiphysics有限元软件对激光超声作用于X80管道的过程进行数值模拟,并验证了模型的准确性。结合设定的激光脉宽和激光光斑半径,研究了激光源参数与超声声场之间的关系,并利用MATLAB对相关数据进行了进一步分析。分析结果表明,当脉宽值设定为20 ns、光斑半径设定为300 μm时,激光超声在X80管道中具有相对最优的激发效率。这为提高激光源的激发效率提供重要参考。

激光超声  /  数值模拟  /  无损检测  /  参数优化

Laser ultrasonic detection technology possesses unique advantages combining ultrasonic and optical methods, enabling non-contact detection while enhancing temporal and spatial resolution. To enhance the excitation efficiency and defect detection accuracy of laser ultrasound, optimization of laser source parameters is necessary to improve energy exchange efficiency and reduce costs. Research has been conducted on the propagation characteristics of laser ultrasonic sound fields under various conditions. Numerical simulations of the process of laser ultrasonic action on X80 pipelines were performed using COMSOL Multiphysics finite element software, and the accuracy of the model was verified. The relationship between laser source parameters and ultrasonic field was studied by combining the set laser pulse width and laser spot radius, and further analysis of the relevant data was carried out using MATLAB. The analysis results indicate that when the pulse width is set to 20 ns and the spot radius is set to 300 μm, laser ultrasonics exhibit relatively optimal excitation efficiency in X80 pipelines. This provides important reference for improving the excitation efficiency of laser sources.

laser ultrasonic  /  numerical simulation  /  nondestructive testing  /  parameter optimization
赵威隆, 李忠虎, 张鑫宇, 王金明, 杨立清. 激光超声声场传播特性及参数优化. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (3) : 1102 -1109 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2402572
Wei-long ZHAO, Zhong-hu LI, Xin-yu ZHANG, Jin-ming WANG, Li-qing YANG. Propagation Characteristics and Parameter Optimization of Laser Ultrasonic Sound Field[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (3) : 1102 -1109 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2402572
激光超声检测技术是基于高能激光束与被测金属相互作用,进而引起被测金属内部膨胀,并在表面产生应力场,最终产生超声波信号[1]。White[2]首次提出激光脉冲束能在固体介质中激发弹性波的概念。因其具有非接触、高带宽、窄脉冲、分辨率高、扫查速度快和稳定性好等优点[3],因此可有效进行管道缺陷的检测、定性识别以及量化评价。激光超声检测可分为利用导波和体波检测两种方式[4],可分别用于管道表面缺陷和内部缺陷的检测[5-6]。为了提升检测准确性和可靠性,在保证无损检测的前提下,需要优化激发效率,增加超声声场强度,以提高检测信号信噪比[7]。熊继涛[8]制备出了具有高光声转换效率的柔性超声换能器,该换能器激励出的纵波信号与同等条件下激光直接激励出的信号相比,幅值提升了10倍。徐志祥等[9]提出了利用试件形状以及缺陷与检测位置关系来对信号进行增强。周航等[10]采用脉冲激光环形光源激发超声的方法,提高了激发效率。孔令天等[11]研究了管道内部液体密度的不同对管道损伤检测的影响。董晓虎等[12]通过改变超声换能器与铝板耦合时的倾角角度,来寻求最佳的缺陷检测效果。余泽禹等[13]采用深度学习的方法,使得检测数据中的各缺陷综合正确识别率高于95.6%。邓祎昕[14]计算了不同激光源参数对阵列线光源在金属内部不同深度处对激发效率的影响,通过改变激光源空间分布形式提高了激光超声的激发效率。Taeil等[15]提出了一种时域合成孔径聚焦技术增强激光超声图像重建的方法。柴华淇等[16]研究了不同直径的光源对纵波和横波的声场影响。Tu等[17]提出了激光超声在不同材料上获得超声方向性的有限元建模方法。Zhou等[18]提出了一种利用单模多模薄包层光纤结构的多点换能器系统,与传统的激光超声换能器相比,该换能器的信号幅度高2~3倍。但是大多数学者未明确提供管道激光超声无损检测的合适激光源参数,以确保在固定功率下获得足够强的超声波信号。所提出的大多数方案也并不具有普适性。市场上的高功率激光器价格昂贵,这会增加检测成本,且过大的激光功率会对被测物体表面造成烧蚀,违背了无损检测的初衷。因此,需要对激光源参数进行优化,以提高换能效率并降低成本。
基于有限元仿真软件COMSOL Multiphysics,利用热固耦合的思想建立激光超声作用于管道的有限元模型,选择X80管线钢作为被测对象,在固定激光源和探针位置的情况下改变部分激光源参数,然后对比并分析不同参数激发的超声信号,以探寻较为适宜的激光源参数,为激光超声无损检测提供指导。
激光超声的激发效应分为热弹效应和烧蚀效应。热弹效应是指当脉冲激光光功率密度小于被测物体表面受热损伤阈值时,脉冲激光辐照被测物体表面,会在辐照中心附近生成一个不均匀温度场,导致物体表面局部区域产生热膨胀,从而激发出超声波;而烧蚀效应是指脉冲激光光功率密度大于被测物体表面受热损伤阈值时,会对被测物体表面造成不同程度的损伤,从而产生垂直于辐照表面的冲力,进而在被测物体内部激发出超声波。
本文研究的检测方法为无损检测,所以必须严格满足热弹效应的条件。在实际情况下,当脉冲激光辐照被测金属表面时,被辐照表面中心附近会迅速形成一个非均匀分布的瞬态温度场,而温度场的梯度分布会引起辐照处局部表层膨胀。所以,在有限元仿真中,可以将激光源直接等效为加载在物体表面的热源。对于均匀的各向同性材料,假设激光束为高斯分布,考虑到对称性,采用柱坐标系,并且在不考虑热力学参数随着温度变化的情况下,经典热传导方程[19]可表示为
t[ρcT(r,z,t)]= 1 r r r k T ( r , z , t ) r+ z k T ( r , z , t ) z+q
式(1)中:T(r,z,t)为样品中的温升分布变化;r 为径向距离;z 为沿轴向的坐标;t 为时间;q为热源;ρ为材料密度;c为比热容;k为热传导系数。
对于金属材料,激光能量的吸收只发生在金属的表面层(纳米到亚微米数量级),正如在上文中提到的,可将激光源直接等效为加载在物体表面的热源,即在式(1)中,令q=0,上表面的边界条件改为
k T ( r , z , t ) z|z=0=I0A(T)f(r)g(t)
$f(r)=\exp \left(-\frac{r^{2}}{a_{0}^{2}}\right)$
$g(t)=\frac{t}{t_{0}} \exp \left(-\frac{t}{t_{0}}\right)$
式中:I0为入射光斑中心处的最大功率密度;A(T)为被测物体对光的吸收率;f(r)为激光脉冲的空间分布;g(t)为激光脉冲的时间分布;a0为激光光斑半径;t0为激光脉冲宽度。
由于入射激光的空间分布和被测管道都可建模为轴对称模型,且被测管道材料的载荷强度在x方向上均匀分布,因此可将三维模型简化为二维模型,以此来减少计算量,提高计算效率。本文的研究目的并不受缺陷干扰,所以对于被测物体的模型建立可设定为无缺陷模型,仅研究激光超声所激发出来的声场。
由于被测管道材料是X80管线钢,在COMSOL中材料定义为API X80,材料参数如表1所示。
针对管道二维仿真模型的建立,首先设定一个三维管道模型,其长度为1 000 mm,直径为914.4 mm,壁厚为13 mm。选取管道的zy平面作为工作平面。为了提高计算效率,将二维仿真模型的高设定为6 mm,宽设定为15 mm。激光源设置在模型上表面的中心处,位置为(0,3),检测点位于激光源右侧4 mm处,位置为(4,3)。模型效果图如图1所示。其中,图1(a)所示为管道三维模型示意图,图1(b)所示为管道二维有限元模型。
激光作用在被测物体时激光源可等效为表面热源,进而造成物体表面附近产生热膨胀。所以在使用COMSOL软件进行激光超声无损检测有限元仿真时,可采用固体力学和固体传热两个物理场模块,利用热固耦合的热膨胀来模拟激光超声无损检测的效果。对于激光源的参数,为了简化计算,假设被测物体对激光的能量全部吸收,所以将A(T)设为1;入射光斑中心处的最大功率密度设为100 W/m2,激光光斑半径和脉宽初步设定为10 ns和300 μm。由于二维仿真模型的高度小于管道的壁厚,所以边界条件设置为:下边界、右边界和左边界为低反射边界,上边界除去激光作用区域,其余划分为自由边界。边界条件设置如图2所示。
对于有限元的计算方式,可分为空间步长求解和时间步长求解。在COMSOL仿真软件中,空间步长体现在对模型的网格划分上。对于网格的划分,如果网格过大,则求解结果精度不够;如网格过小,则容易出现计算过拟合的情况,同样也难以得到准确的结果。因此需要选择适当的网格大小。在激光超声无损检测仿真中,确定网格大小的关键是确保网格尺寸小于所激发的弹性波波长的1/4,弹性波波长计算公式[20]
λmin= π r 0 2
式(5)中:r0为激光光斑半径。
由已知的激光光斑半径参数计算出波长最小值为666.1 μm,所以网格大小要小于166.5 μm。为了尽可能提高仿真精度,在仿真模型中设置最大网格大小为50 μm,最小网格大小为0.004 μm,不管是最小网格还是最大网格,其大小都远远小于弹性波波长的1/4,满足计算精度的要求。在物体表面附近被作用区域,计算量与其他区域相比更大,所以为了提高精度,设置固定单元数为120。网格划分图如图3所示。其中,图3(a)所示为几何模型中心区域的网格分布,图3(b)所示为图3(a)放大32倍后的效果,可以更直观地看出激光作用处的网格分布。
对于时间步长来说,步长越大,求解精度越低,步长越小则求解精度越高。但是,若一味地追求更小的时间步长,不仅会增加计算量,降低计算效率,还有可能使得有限元计算出现过拟合的情况,从而产生不准确的结果。所以对于时间步长进行合适的选取是非常有必要的。时间步长的计算公式[20]
Δt= 1 20 f m a x
式(6)中:fmax为脉冲激光在金属中激发的超声波的最高频率。
fmax计算公式为
fmax= 2 C π r 0
式(7)中:C为超声波波速。
针对于纳秒级别的脉冲激光,利用式(6)作为时间步长的选取依据常常不能满足有限元计算对于分辨率的要求,所以在实际计算中需要根据实际情况对时间步长的选取进行一定的调整。本文的有限元计算中总仿真时长设置为10 μs,时间步长设置为0.01 μs。
当激光辐照到被测物体表面时,主要激发出三种波:纵波(L)、横波(S)和表面波(R)。其中,纵波的传播速度最快,且传播距离最远;横波的传播速度约为纵波的一半;表面波比横波稍慢一些。纵波和横波在物体内部传播,表面波沿着物体表面传播。若材料完好无损,则超声波的传播路径沿激光激发点对称。不同时刻超声波在物体内部的传播情况如图4所示。
检测点检测到超声波的具体表现为被测物体表面位移产生变化。在距离激发点右侧4 mm处设置检测点,超声信号时域图如图5所示。
在检测点首先检测到的是纵波,其次是横波,最后是表面波,符合激光激发超声波传播的规律。当超声波接触到边界时,由于边界条件设置为低反射边界,并不会对超声波完全吸收,所以会产生微弱的回波信号,因此在检测到表面波之后,在没有缺陷的情况下,依旧会检测到一些振荡信号。纵波、横波和表面波在不同材料中传播速度的计算公式[21]
CL= E ρ 1 - σ ( 1 + σ ) ( 1 - 2 σ )
CS= E ρ 1 2 ( 1 + σ )
CR= 0.87 + 1.12 σ 1 + σ E ρ 1 2 ( 1 + σ )
式中:σ为泊松比;E为杨氏模量;ρ为材料密度。
表1中数据结合波速计算公式得出纵波的波速为5 939.80 m/s,横波的波速为3 230.37 m/s,表面波的波速为2 991.97 m/s。若将超声波传播看作近似匀速直线运动,将检测点距激发点的距离和各种类型的波到达时间代入速度公式v=s/t中,可计算出在有限元仿真中各种类型波的速度。纵波的波速近似为5 882.35 m/s,横波的波速近似为3 252.03 m/s,表面波的波速近似为2 898.55 m/s。相互对比,误差在允许的范围内,因此可认为有限元法可以有效地分析激光作用于管道后产生的超声声场,且结果较为准确。
在使用激光超声进行缺陷无损检测时,超声波的一些传播特性,如信号波形幅值、时域波形宽度和时域变换后的频域宽度等都会影响声波对缺陷检测的敏感程度。而这些传播特性又与激光源参数密切相关,因此选取合适的激光源参数至关重要。由式(3)和式(4)分析可知,激光光斑半径a0和激光脉冲宽度t0会影响激光源激发能量,且二者都可人为调控。所以本文对激光光斑半径和激光脉宽对声场特性的影响进行研究,以探寻相对最优的检测参数,进而提高激光超声的激发效率。同时,由图5可知,激光源激发出的纵波、横波和表面波皆在3 μs之前被检测出来,所以只研究前3 μs的声场传播情况。
保持激光光斑半径a0=300 μm、被测物体大小和材料属性均不变的条件下,设置激光脉宽为10、20、30、40 ns。不同激光脉宽情况下激光源所激发出来的超声时域信号如图6所示。
观察不同脉宽情况下的超声时域信号可以发现,随着脉宽的逐渐增大,各个特征波的波峰值到达时间均匀后移。造成这种现象的原因是脉宽增大导致激光作用时间增加,这一现象也可通过式(4)予以解释。而且,各个特征波的信号幅值也在逐渐增大,波束变宽。为了进一步观察超声信号与激光脉宽的关系,本文中通过MATLAB对超声时域信号进行快速傅里叶变换,然后进行频谱分析。变换后的结果如图7所示。
观察图7可知,当脉宽增大时,信号的频域宽度并没有明显变化。在0~0.5 MHz的低频信号的幅值随着脉宽增大而增大;而在0.5~1.5 MHz的高频信号能量在脉宽值为20 ns时达到最大值。在实际检测中,高频信号的幅值越高,对缺陷的敏感程度就越高。所以,从频域方面考虑,对于管道缺陷检测,选择脉宽值为20 ns时,检测效果相对最优。除此之外,还需要分析激光辐照物体时的辐照中心附近的温度,以免在检测过程中对物体表面造成损伤。由于本文中采用数值模拟,所以可以较为方便地测得物体内部温度,包括在激光辐照点下方深度为0、10、20、30 μm处的温度。不同脉宽情况下不同探测点的温度如图8所示。
图8分析可知,在探测深度为30 μm时,温度变化几乎可以忽略不计,表明被测物体对激光能量的吸收在表层30 μm以内。随着激光脉宽的增大,各个探测点的温度也逐步上升。这是因为脉宽增大导致辐照时间增加,同时表面热能无法及时扩散。当激光脉宽分别为10、20、30、40 ns时,激光辐照中心的最高温度分别为525.73、649.05、722.99、780.68 K。同时,随着激光脉宽的增大,激光辐照处温度到达最高值的时间也逐渐后移,具体数据如表2所示。
表2可知,随着脉宽的增大,物体表面最高温度上升,辐照时间也延长。在一定程度上,会给被测物体带来损伤。当脉宽由10 ns变为20 ns时,辐照中心处最高温增加123.32 K,随后的增幅分别为73.94 K和57.69 K。说明当脉宽由10 ns变为20 ns时,能量增幅相对最大,如果继续增大脉宽,在检测成本增加的同时,也容易对被测物体造成损伤。
综上所述,在使用激光超声对X80管道进行检测时,通过分析四组不同的实验数据,在综合考虑超声信号幅值、辐照中心点温度以及检测成本等的情况下,激光源脉宽选择20 ns时检测效果相对最优。
保持激光脉宽t0=10 ns、被测物体大小和材料属性均不变的条件下,设置激光光斑半径为300、400、500、600 μm。不同激光光斑半径情况下激发出的超声时域信号如图9所示。
观察不同激光光斑半径情况下的超声时域信号发现,随着激光光斑半径的逐渐增大,超声时域信号强度变小,各个特征波的信号幅值逐渐减小。造成这种现象的原因在于当激光源功率不变时,增大激光作用面积会导致单位面积上的能量减少,这一现象也可由式(3)予以解释。为了进一步观察超声信号的变化规律,通过MATLAB对超声时域信号进行快速傅里叶变化,然后对频域信号进行分析。变换后的超声频域信号如图10所示。
观察图10可知,随着光斑半径增大,信号幅值减小,且此变化呈现线性规律。除此之外,各个特征波的频域特性基本不变。这也进一步表明了激光光斑半径增大会导致激光所激发出来的声场强度减小。所以,在选择激光源时,应该尽可能地选取光斑半径较小的激光器。此外,还要对激光辐照中心附近的温度进行分析。不同光斑半径情况下不同探测点的温度如图11所示。
观察图11可知,当改变光斑半径时,被测物体对激光能量的吸收依然在表层30 μm以内。随着光斑半径的增大,激光辐照中心的温度逐渐降低,这也印证了前文的结论:光斑半径增大,单位面积所吸收的能量变少。当光斑半径为300 μm时,激光辐照中心最高温为525.73 K;光斑半径为400 μm时,最高温为426.53 K;光斑半径为500 μm时,最高温为379.79 K;光斑半径为600 μm时,最高温为353.54 K。但是,当改变光斑半径时,激光辐照处温度到达最高值的时间并没有发生改变,说明光斑半径仅影响单位面积上的能量大小,具体数据如表3所示。
表3可知,当光斑半径逐渐增大时,温度减幅逐渐减小。光斑半径由300 μm变为400 μm时,辐照中心处最高温减少99.2 K,以此类推,温度分别减少46.74 K和26.25 K。虽然温度降低了,但是声场强度也降低了,这会导致检测缺陷时有一定的困难。所以,对于光斑半径的选择,应该在条件允许的范围内,尽可能地选择光斑半径较小的激光器。而在实际应用中,激光光斑半径越小,则激光器成本就越高,所以还要考虑这一点。
综上所述,针对X80管道,通过分析四组不同的实验数据可知,激光光斑半径选择300 μm时检测效果相对最优。
通过COMSOL有限元软件实现了激光超声作用于X80管道二维模型的激发过程,给出了有限元法分析激光超声作用过程的具体步骤,并通过理论分析验证了此有限元模型的准确性。提出了合理的激光超声声场分析方法,结合MATLAB对超声声场传播特性进行了深入研究。得出以下结论。
⑴ 随着激光脉宽的增大,激光辐照中心的温度逐渐升高;低频信号幅值逐渐增大,高频信号幅值在脉宽为20 ns时相对最大。
⑵ 随着激光光斑半径的增大,激光辐照中心的温度逐渐降低,各个特征波的信号幅值逐渐减小。
⑶ 综合考虑经济成本、被测物体被辐照时的温度等因素,当激光脉宽为20 ns、激光光斑半径为300 μm时,激光源所激发出的声场强度相对最优,有利于管道缺陷的检测。
  • 内蒙古自治区自然科学基金(2023MS06006)
  • 内蒙古自治区高等学校科学研究项目(NJZY23074)
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2025年第25卷第3期
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2402572
  • 接收时间:2024-04-09
  • 首发时间:2025-07-29
  • 出版时间:2025-01-28
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  • 收稿日期:2024-04-09
  • 修回日期:2024-07-18
基金
内蒙古自治区自然科学基金(2023MS06006)
内蒙古自治区高等学校科学研究项目(NJZY23074)
作者信息
    1.内蒙古科技大学自动化与电气工程学院, 包头 014010
    2.内蒙古科技大学机械工程学院, 包头 014010

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* 李忠虎(1969—),男,汉族,内蒙古乌兰察布人,硕士,教授。研究方向:无损检测和机电设备故障诊断。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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