Article(id=1156907875298792371, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1156907871645556837, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2308285, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1698076800000, receivedDateStr=2023-10-24, revisedDate=1725033600000, revisedDateStr=2024-08-31, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1753757931779, onlineDateStr=2025-07-29, pubDate=1737993600000, pubDateStr=2025-01-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753757931779, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-29, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753757931779, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753757931779, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1156907871645556837, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='3', pageStart='879', pageEnd='1312', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1753757930909, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1765095544280, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1204461268821320541, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1156907871645556837, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1204461268825514846, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1156907871645556837, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=893, endPage=899, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1156907875940520888, articleId=1156907875298792371, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=Three-dimensional Gravity Inversion Based on Exponential Focus Stabilizer and Penalty Function Constraints, columnId=1156262729351549255, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Papers·Astronomy and Geosciences, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The boundaries of underground geological bodies are effectively highlighted through gravity inversion based on a typical focusing stabilizer, but this process is significantly affected by the focusing factor. The focusing characteristics are possessed by the exponential focusing stabilizer. To a certain extent, the issue of selecting the focusing factor can be circumvented by it, and it has the potential to have improved the effectiveness of three-dimensional gravity inversion.Furthermore, the multiplicity of solutions in inversion can be improved by the constraint imposed by the penalty function, which confine the inverted physical property values within a certain range. Based on this, in order to explore the improvement effects on three-dimensional gravity inversion by the exponential focusing stabilizer and penalty function constraint, the exponential focusing stabilizer and penalty function were incorporated into the three-dimensional gravity regularization inversion objective function. Comparisons were made of the effects resulting from three-dimensional gravity inversion, both with and without the involvement of the exponential focusing stabilizer, as well as with and without the application of the penalty function constraint. Model experiments have demonstrated that: the physical properties and spatial distribution of anomalous bodies can be accurately restored by the exponential focusing stabilizer, but there exist instances where false anomalies arise and physical property values surpass the true values. Situations like these can be improved by the exponential focusing inversion that is based on penalty function constraints. Furthermore, the accuracy of the solution can be enhanced by the zonal processing of penalty function constraints. The above situation indicates that the inversion method based on the exponential-type focusing stabilizer and constrained by penalty functions has certain potential to be generalized.

, correspAuthors=Xiao CHEN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Wen-qiang YAN, Tian-jun CHENG, Xiao CHEN, Fei-yu ZHAO, Qi-mao XIE, Xiao-dong WAN, Xue-cheng JIANG, Jin-feng WANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1156907914557477874, articleId=1156907875298792371, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=CN, title=基于指数型聚焦稳定器和惩罚函数约束的重力三维反演, columnId=1156262730077163858, journalTitle=科学技术与工程, columnName=论文·天文学、地球科学, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

基于典型聚焦稳定器的重力反演能较好地突出地下地质体的边界,但是,受聚焦因子的影响较大。指数型聚焦稳定器具有聚焦特性,而且,在一定程度上可以回避聚焦因子选择的问题,具有改善重力三维反演效果的潜质。此外,惩罚函数约束可以改善反演的多解性,将反演的物性值约束在一定范围内。基于此,为探索指数型聚焦稳定器和惩罚函数约束对重力三维反演的改善作用,将指数型聚焦稳定器和惩罚函数写入三维重力正则化反演目标函数,完成了有、无指数型聚焦稳定器及有、无惩罚函数约束的重力三维反演效果对比。模型试验表明:指数型聚焦稳定器可以较准确地还原异常体的物性和空间分布,但存在假异常和物性值超出真实值的情况,基于惩罚函数约束的指数型聚焦反演可以较好地改善此类情况,此外,惩罚函数约束的分区域处理可以提高解的准确性。上述情况表明,基于指数型聚焦稳定器和惩罚函数约束的反演方法具有一定的推广潜质。

, correspAuthors=陈晓, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 陈晓(1986—),男,汉族,山东德州人,博士,教授,博士研究生导师。研究方向:地球物理反演及联合反演。E-mail:
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鄢文强(1996—),男,汉族,江西高安人,硕士研究生。研究方向:地球物理反演。E-mail:

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鄢文强(1996—),男,汉族,江西高安人,硕士研究生。研究方向:地球物理反演。E-mail:

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鄢文强(1996—),男,汉族,江西高安人,硕士研究生。研究方向:地球物理反演。E-mail:

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基于指数型聚焦稳定器和惩罚函数约束的重力三维反演
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鄢文强 1, 2 , 程天君 3 , 陈晓 1, 2, * , 赵斐宇 1, 2 , 谢启茂 3 , 万晓东 1, 2 , 蒋学成 1, 2 , 王金凤 1, 2
科学技术与工程 | 论文·天文学、地球科学 2025,25(3): 893-899
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科学技术与工程 | 论文·天文学、地球科学 2025, 25(3): 893-899
基于指数型聚焦稳定器和惩罚函数约束的重力三维反演
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鄢文强1, 2 , 程天君3, 陈晓1, 2, * , 赵斐宇1, 2, 谢启茂3, 万晓东1, 2, 蒋学成1, 2, 王金凤1, 2
作者信息
  • 1.东华理工大学地球物理与测控技术学院, 南昌 330013
  • 2.东华理工大学核资源与环境省部共建国家重点实验室,南昌 330013
  • 3.中石化石油工程地球物理公司江汉分公司, 潜江 433100
  • 鄢文强(1996—),男,汉族,江西高安人,硕士研究生。研究方向:地球物理反演。E-mail:

通讯作者:

* 陈晓(1986—),男,汉族,山东德州人,博士,教授,博士研究生导师。研究方向:地球物理反演及联合反演。E-mail:
Three-dimensional Gravity Inversion Based on Exponential Focus Stabilizer and Penalty Function Constraints
Wen-qiang YAN1, 2 , Tian-jun CHENG3, Xiao CHEN1, 2, * , Fei-yu ZHAO1, 2, Qi-mao XIE3, Xiao-dong WAN1, 2, Xue-cheng JIANG1, 2, Jin-feng WANG1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1. School of Geophysics and Measurement-control Technology, East China University of Technology, Nanchang 330013, China
  • 2. State Key Laboratory of Nuclear Resources and Environment, East China University of Technology, Nanchang 330013, China
  • 3. Jianghan Branch of Sinopec Geophysical Corporation, Qianjiang 433100, China
出版时间: 2025-01-28 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2308285
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基于典型聚焦稳定器的重力反演能较好地突出地下地质体的边界,但是,受聚焦因子的影响较大。指数型聚焦稳定器具有聚焦特性,而且,在一定程度上可以回避聚焦因子选择的问题,具有改善重力三维反演效果的潜质。此外,惩罚函数约束可以改善反演的多解性,将反演的物性值约束在一定范围内。基于此,为探索指数型聚焦稳定器和惩罚函数约束对重力三维反演的改善作用,将指数型聚焦稳定器和惩罚函数写入三维重力正则化反演目标函数,完成了有、无指数型聚焦稳定器及有、无惩罚函数约束的重力三维反演效果对比。模型试验表明:指数型聚焦稳定器可以较准确地还原异常体的物性和空间分布,但存在假异常和物性值超出真实值的情况,基于惩罚函数约束的指数型聚焦反演可以较好地改善此类情况,此外,惩罚函数约束的分区域处理可以提高解的准确性。上述情况表明,基于指数型聚焦稳定器和惩罚函数约束的反演方法具有一定的推广潜质。

指数型聚焦稳定器  /  惩罚函数  /  三维反演  /  重力

The boundaries of underground geological bodies are effectively highlighted through gravity inversion based on a typical focusing stabilizer, but this process is significantly affected by the focusing factor. The focusing characteristics are possessed by the exponential focusing stabilizer. To a certain extent, the issue of selecting the focusing factor can be circumvented by it, and it has the potential to have improved the effectiveness of three-dimensional gravity inversion.Furthermore, the multiplicity of solutions in inversion can be improved by the constraint imposed by the penalty function, which confine the inverted physical property values within a certain range. Based on this, in order to explore the improvement effects on three-dimensional gravity inversion by the exponential focusing stabilizer and penalty function constraint, the exponential focusing stabilizer and penalty function were incorporated into the three-dimensional gravity regularization inversion objective function. Comparisons were made of the effects resulting from three-dimensional gravity inversion, both with and without the involvement of the exponential focusing stabilizer, as well as with and without the application of the penalty function constraint. Model experiments have demonstrated that: the physical properties and spatial distribution of anomalous bodies can be accurately restored by the exponential focusing stabilizer, but there exist instances where false anomalies arise and physical property values surpass the true values. Situations like these can be improved by the exponential focusing inversion that is based on penalty function constraints. Furthermore, the accuracy of the solution can be enhanced by the zonal processing of penalty function constraints. The above situation indicates that the inversion method based on the exponential-type focusing stabilizer and constrained by penalty functions has certain potential to be generalized.

exponential focus stabilizer  /  penalty function  /  three-dimensional inversion  /  gravity
鄢文强, 程天君, 陈晓, 赵斐宇, 谢启茂, 万晓东, 蒋学成, 王金凤. 基于指数型聚焦稳定器和惩罚函数约束的重力三维反演. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (3) : 893 -899 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2308285
Wen-qiang YAN, Tian-jun CHENG, Xiao CHEN, Fei-yu ZHAO, Qi-mao XIE, Xiao-dong WAN, Xue-cheng JIANG, Jin-feng WANG. Three-dimensional Gravity Inversion Based on Exponential Focus Stabilizer and Penalty Function Constraints[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (3) : 893 -899 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2308285
与光滑反演相比,聚焦反演具有突出尖锐边界的效果,一直是地球物理反演领域研究的热点。具有聚焦特性的稳定器形式是多样的,其中,最小支撑稳定器[1]和最小梯度支撑稳定器[2]是其中的典型,被国内外学者广泛应用[3-5]。文献[6-8]表明,最小支撑和最小梯度支撑稳定器中的聚焦因子对聚焦效果影响明显,该因子的选取一直是聚焦反演中的难题[9-10]。赵崇进等[11]提出了一种基于指数函数性质的指数型聚焦稳定器,并将其应用于二维重磁震联合反演,指出该稳定器具有突出物性边界的特点,且可以避免聚焦因子的选取和模型梯度的计算。郭一豪等[12]将指数型聚焦稳定器引入二维大地电磁测深反演,并指出该聚焦稳定器具有推广至高维地球物理方法聚焦反演的潜质。陈晓等[13]将指数型聚焦稳定器引入基于Gramian约束的二维重力综合反演,并用于江西相山地区某测线的实测资料处理中。樊驹等[14]将改进的可调指数型聚焦稳定器用于重力正则化反演中,验证了该类稳定器受聚焦因子的影响较小,有一定的适用性和稳定性。万晓东等[15]将指数型聚焦稳定器用于三维大地电磁测深混合正则化反演,得到了较好的聚焦效果。
在地球物理反演中,物性结果可能存在超出物性范围的情况,为了将反演结果约束在合理范围内,绝对约束法[2,16-17]是比较常见的方法,该方法直接将超过限定范围的物性反演结果“拉回来”,存在较强的人为干预。相比之下,惩罚函数法是一种比较灵活的方法,已广泛地应用于各种地球物理反演中。Li等[18]引入了惩罚函数法,将物性约束添加到目标函数中进行反演,实现了物性约束。王智等[19]将惩罚函数写入目标函数,实现了井中激电数据的三维反演。曾志文[20-21]将惩罚函数引入二维的重力和大地电磁测深宽范围物性约束联合反演,促使物性参数约束在合理范围内,并将新方法应用于安徽茶亭铜金矿床的资料处理中。陈晓等[22]以二维的重力和大地电磁联合反演为例,对比了转换函数法和惩罚函数法的约束效果,并指出了惩罚函数法是一种宽松的约束方法。Zeng等[23]将惩罚函数约束引入到三维非结构网格的重磁电宽范围物性约束联合反演,获得了较好的约束效果。
基于此,现将指数型聚焦稳定器和惩罚函数引入重力三维反演之中,并通过模型试验来验证该方法在三维重力中的有效性。
基于指数型聚焦稳定器和惩罚函数约束的重力三维反演的目标函数可以写为
P(m)=φ(m)+αS(m)+μC(m)
$S(\boldsymbol{m})=\int_{v}\left[\operatorname{diag}\left(\boldsymbol{W}_{\mathrm{m}}\right)\right]^{2}\left(1-\mathrm{e}^{-\left|\boldsymbol{m}-m_{\mathrm{apr}}\right|}\right) \mathrm{d} v$
式中:φSC分别为数据拟合泛函、模型稳定泛函和惩罚函数;αμ分别为正则化因子和惩罚函数项权重因子;Wm为模型加权矩阵;m为待解模型;mapr为先验模型。
数据拟合稳定泛函可写成观测数据和预测数据的二范数,即
φ(m)= A ( m ) - d o b s 2
式中:A正演算子;dobs为观测数据。
指数型聚焦稳定器[11]可写为
SEX(m)=∫v(1- e - m - m a p r)dv
对上述稳定器[11] 求偏导,得
S E X ( m n + 1 ) m n + 1=2 1 - e - m n - m a p r ( m n - m a p r ) 2 + ε 2(mn+1-mapr)
δSEX= 1 - e - m n - m a p r ( m n - m a p r ) 2 + ε 2
S E X ( m n + 1 ) m n + 1≈2δSEX(mn+1-mapr)
式中:ε为避免分母为0的小值;n为迭代次数;mapr为此处的先验模型。
惩罚函数约束是在目标函数中加入惩罚函数项,进而引入约束信息。设定模型参数向量的上下界物性值分别为bnan,n为迭代次数,其约束范围满足
bnmnan
h1(mn)=mn-bn
h2(mn)=an-mn
惩罚函数C及其对待解参数的偏导数可写为
$C(\boldsymbol{m})=\left\{\min \left[0, \boldsymbol{h}_{1}(\boldsymbol{m})\right]\right\}^{2}+\left\{\min \left[0, \boldsymbol{h}_{2}(\boldsymbol{m})\right]\right\}^{2}$
C ( m n ) m n=2{min[0,h1(mn)]-min[0,h2(mn)]}
此外,本文中拟对惩罚函数约束进行分区域处理,不同的区域给予不同的物性约束范围,旨在通过精确的物性约束来提高反演对复杂地质地球物理条件的适用性。
本文中采用快速高效的共轭梯度算法对目标函数式进行极小化,其基本流程表达式为
In= J T n[A(mn)-dobs]+αn W T mWmδSEX(mn-mapr)+μn{min[0,h1(m)]-min[0,h2(m)]}
βn= I n 2 I n - 1 2, I ~ n=In+βn I ~ n - 1, I ~ 0=I0
kn=< I ~ n,In>/[ J I ~ n 2+αnδSEX W m I ~ n 2+ m i n ( 0 , I ~ n ) 2]
mn+1=mn-kn I ~ n
式中:n为迭代次数;Jn为灵敏度矩阵,Jn= A ( m n ) m n;A(mn)和dobs分别为预测数据和观测数据,mn为待解模型;mapr为先验模型;Wm为模型加权矩阵;αn为正则化因子;In为梯度方向;βn为更新系数; I ~ n为共轭梯度方向;kn为迭代步长。
采用规则六面体单元进行网格剖分,并利用直立长方体重力异常积分公式[24]进行正演计算,采用自适应正则化算法[25]确定正则化因子,并将惩罚函数项权重系数设为定值。为了验证基于指数型聚焦稳定器和惩罚函数约束的重力三维反演的效果,设计了两个模型试验。
设计了如图1所示的密度模型。在背景剩余密度ρ=0 g/cm3的均匀半空间中,存在剩余密度为1.0 g/cm3的异常体,其中心坐标为(525 m,525 m,200 m),x方向边长为350 m,y方向边长为350 m,z方向边长为200 m。模拟测点441个,测点间距为50 m,反演共迭代70次。设计了如下对比试验:方案一,无稳定器的重力三维反演;方案二,基于指数型聚焦稳定器的重力三维反演;方案三,基于指数型聚焦稳定器和惩罚函数约束的重力三维反演,整个研究区域的密度约束范围为0 ~1.0 g/cm3;方案四,基于指数型聚焦稳定器和分区域惩罚函数约束的重力三维反演,在埋深为200~400 m的区域内,密度约束范围为0~1.0 g/cm3,其余区域的密度约束范围为0~0.2 g/cm3。四种方案的反演结果见图2所示。
方案一的反演结果,如图2(c)图2(d)所示:无稳定器约束的重力三维反演的密度体集中分布于地表,密度值也远小于真实值,最大值在0.6 g/cm3附近,无法还原真实模型的位置分布和密度。方案二的反演结果,如图2(e)图2(f)所示:指数型聚焦反演结果的异常体的空间位置与真实模型的空间位置基本一致,反演的密度值也得到改善,但是,存在反演的密度值超出真实密度的情况。方案三的反演结果,如图2(g)图2(h)所示:基于惩罚函数约束的指数型聚焦反演的密度更符合真实值。方案四的反演结果,如图2(i)图2(j)所示:在四种方案的反演结果中,基于分区域惩罚函数约束的指数型聚焦反演结果最贴近真实模型。分析图3,可以看出,四种方案的反演迭代误差曲线在前几次迭代均呈下降趋势,方案一很快就达到迭代终止条件,其余三种方案的迭代曲线均呈现先上升再平缓下降的特点。
设计了如图4所示的密度模型。在背景剩余密度ρ=0 g/cm3的均匀半空间中,存在剩余密度分别为1.0 g/cm3和-1.0 g/cm3的异常体,两个异常体的中心坐标分别为(275 m,525 m,200 m)和(775 m,525 m,200 m),边长均设为:x方向为250 m,y方向为350 m,z方向为200 m。模拟测点441个,测点间距为50 m,反演共迭代50次。设计了如下对比试验:方案一,无稳定器的重力三维反演;方案二,基于指数型聚焦稳定器的重力三维反演;方案三,基于指数型聚焦稳定器和惩罚函数约束的重力三维反演,整个研究区域的密度约束范围为-1.0~1.0 g/cm3;方案四,基于指数型聚焦稳定器和分区域惩罚函数约束的重力三维反演,在埋深为200~400 m的区域内,密度约束范围为-1.0~1.0 g/cm3,其余区域的密度约束范围为-0.2~0.2 g/cm3。四种方案的反演结果见图5所示。
方案一的反演结果,如图5(c)图5(d)所示:无稳定器约束的重力三维反演难以还原真实模型,反演的密度值处于-0.6~0.6 g/cm3,且集中分布在100 m以浅。方案二的反演结果,如图5(e)图5(f)所示:指数型聚焦反演结果具有较好的聚焦效果,但是反演的密度值存在高于或低于真实值的情况。方案三的反演结果,如图5(g)图5(h)所示:基于惩罚函数约束的指数型聚焦反演的密度值,基本上被约束在-1.0~1.0 g/cm3。方案四的反演结果,如图5(i)图5(j)所示:在四种方案的反演结果中,基于分区域惩罚函数约束的指数型聚焦反演结果最贴近真实模型。分析图6,可以看出,四种方案的迭代误差曲线在前几次迭代均呈下降趋势,方案一很快就达到迭代终止条件,其余三种方案的迭代曲线均呈现先上升再平缓下降的特点。
综合以上两个试验的结果,可以看出,无稳定器约束的重力三维反演的“趋肤现象”明显,效果较差,指数型聚焦反演可以获得聚焦效果,但存在“过聚焦”的风险,惩罚函数约束可以将反演的物性值约束在合理范围内,分区域惩罚函数约束可以实现更加精细化的约束。
本文实现了基于指数型聚焦稳定器和惩罚函数约束的三维重力正则化反演,并开展了模型试验,可以得出如下结论。
(1)指数型聚焦稳定器适用于重力三维反演,不用考虑聚焦因子的选择且具有明显的聚焦特性。
(2)基于惩罚函数约束的指数型聚焦反演可以促使反演结果约束在一定范围之内,此外,分区域惩罚函数约束可以实现更加精细化的约束。
需要指出的是,惩罚函数项权重因子的选择方法,以及惩罚函数项权重因子和正则化因子的联动调整方法是值得进一步开展研究的。
  • 国家自然科学基金(42064008)
  • 国家自然科学基金(42130811)
  • 国家重点研发计划(2023YFC2906602)
  • 江西省自然科学基金(20224BAB203046)
  • 赣鄱俊才支持计划(QN2023031)
  • 中石化石油工程地球物理公司科研项目(SGC-2021-05)
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2308285
  • 接收时间:2023-10-24
  • 首发时间:2025-07-29
  • 出版时间:2025-01-28
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出版历史
  • 收稿日期:2023-10-24
  • 修回日期:2024-08-31
基金
国家自然科学基金(42064008)
国家自然科学基金(42130811)
国家重点研发计划(2023YFC2906602)
江西省自然科学基金(20224BAB203046)
赣鄱俊才支持计划(QN2023031)
中石化石油工程地球物理公司科研项目(SGC-2021-05)
作者信息
    1.东华理工大学地球物理与测控技术学院, 南昌 330013
    2.东华理工大学核资源与环境省部共建国家重点实验室,南昌 330013
    3.中石化石油工程地球物理公司江汉分公司, 潜江 433100

通讯作者:

* 陈晓(1986—),男,汉族,山东德州人,博士,教授,博士研究生导师。研究方向:地球物理反演及联合反演。E-mail:
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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/kxjsygc/CN/10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2308285
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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