Article(id=1156907874661261433, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1156907871645556837, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2308795, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1699459200000, receivedDateStr=2023-11-09, revisedDate=1717516800000, revisedDateStr=2024-06-05, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1753757931627, onlineDateStr=2025-07-29, pubDate=1737993600000, pubDateStr=2025-01-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753757931627, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-29, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753757931627, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753757931627, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1156907871645556837, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='3', pageStart='879', pageEnd='1312', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1753757930909, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1765095544280, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1204461268821320541, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1156907871645556837, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1204461268825514846, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1156907871645556837, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=924, endPage=932, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1156907877429502082, articleId=1156907874661261433, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=Influence of Matrix Suction on the Shear Strength of Fully Weathered Granite, columnId=1156262729351549255, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Papers·Astronomy and Geosciences, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Under the condition of heavy rainfall, the rock and soil saturation of fully weathered granite slope increases, and the shear strength decreases, which is easy to cause slope instability. In this process, the change of matrix suction is the key factor leading to the change of shear strength. Taking Laoshan fully weathered granite slope in Qingdao as the research object, the soil and water characteristic curve (SWCC) of fully weathered granite based on Van Genuchten model was obtained by means of centrifuge test, undrained direct shear test, X-ray diffraction analysis, conventional silicate chemical total analysis test and scanning electron microscope test. The effect of matrix suction on the shear strength of fully weathered granite was studied systematically. The results show these as follows. The saturation of fully weathered granite soil is negatively correlated with matrix suction, and the soil samples with uneven gradation have stronger drainage capacity. The shear strength index is affected by matrix suction differently. Cohesion is more sensitive to the change of matrix suction than the angle of internal friction. There is a positive correlation between matrix suction and shear strength in fully weathered granite soil. The research results can provide theoretical guidance for slope prevention in fully weathered granite area.

, correspAuthors=Qi-gang WANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Zhi-peng WANG, Hong-jun LIU, Wen-yu WU, Ming-yue ZHAO, Qi-gang WANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1156907953442873440, articleId=1156907874661261433, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=CN, title=基质吸力对全风化花岗岩抗剪强度的影响, columnId=1156262730077163858, journalTitle=科学技术与工程, columnName=论文·天文学、地球科学, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

在强降雨条件下,全风化花岗岩边坡岩土体饱和度增加,抗剪强度降低,易引发边坡失稳。在这一过程中,基质吸力变化是引起其抗剪强度变化的关键因素。以青岛市崂山全风化花岗岩边坡为研究对象,采用离心机试验、不排水直剪试验、X射线衍射分析、常规硅酸盐化学全分析试验和扫描电镜测试等手段,得到了基于Van Genuchten模型的全风化花岗岩的水土特征曲线,系统研究了基质吸力对全风化花岗岩抗剪强度的影响。研究结果表明:①全风化花岗岩土体饱和度与基质吸力呈负相关的趋势,级配较不均匀的土样排水能力较强;②抗剪强度指标受基质吸力的影响不同,黏聚力对基质吸力的变化相对于内摩擦角而言更加敏感;③全风化花岗岩土体中基质吸力与抗剪强度呈现正相关关系,基质吸力越大,抗剪能力越强。研究结果可为全风化花岗岩地区的边坡防治提供理论指导。

, correspAuthors=王起刚, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 王起刚(1974—),男,汉族,山东青岛人,高级工程师。研究方向:工程地质。E-mail:
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王志朋(1997—),男,汉族,山东诸城人,硕士研究生。研究方向:环境地质。E-mail:

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王志朋(1997—),男,汉族,山东诸城人,硕士研究生。研究方向:环境地质。E-mail:

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王志朋(1997—),男,汉族,山东诸城人,硕士研究生。研究方向:环境地质。E-mail:

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Journal of Hohai University(Natural Science Edition), 2009, 37(1): 12-15., articleTitle=Discussion on suction calculation formula and optimum centrifugation time in SWCC measurement, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1204542864396099754, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156907874661261433, awardId=BHKF2021Z11, language=CN, fundingSource=自然资源部滨海城市地下空间地质安全重点实验室开放基金(BHKF2021Z11), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1204542855139271361, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156907874661261433, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1204542855147659971, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156907874661261433, companyId=1204542855139271361, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1. 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caption=离心盒, figureFileSmall=ScIjuhYPy7wwGmGxuCE89A==, figureFileBig=GwaBZyiyaQG61k7Qq3ypSg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1204542860516368396, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156907874661261433, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Soil samples with different moisture content, figureFileSmall=dtA9xDQS+TlPv0RmmmbQew==, figureFileBig=nLjEpTIzHLuvFFVPyfRJFw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1204542860650586132, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156907874661261433, language=CN, label=图4, caption=不同含水率土样, figureFileSmall=dtA9xDQS+TlPv0RmmmbQew==, figureFileBig=nLjEpTIzHLuvFFVPyfRJFw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1204542860738666521, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156907874661261433, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=SWCC curve of completely weathered granite, figureFileSmall=seu2VLrZZAhURNuHUduR/Q==, figureFileBig=3svTxsQUaG+WMsqTMAGotQ==, tableContent=null), 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caption=基质吸力与抗剪强度的关系, figureFileSmall=iyWv+VcDQIh2efZyCadqBw==, figureFileBig=KVDiJ/Q3VmGWSe9bhymVKw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1204542863443992702, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156907874661261433, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Basic properties of samples

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天然
含水量/%
重度γ/
(kN·m-3)
孔隙比e 饱和度
Sr/%
液限
wL/%
塑限
wP/%
25.0 15.4 1.169 58 44.3 27.3
), ArticleFig(id=1204542863561433221, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156907874661261433, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

试样的基本性状

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
天然
含水量/%
重度γ/
(kN·m-3)
孔隙比e 饱和度
Sr/%
液限
wL/%
塑限
wP/%
25.0 15.4 1.169 58 44.3 27.3
), ArticleFig(id=1204542863657902218, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156907874661261433, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Particle size distribution of undisturbed soil

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粒径/mm 配比/g
土样1 土样2 土样3
>5 9.7 9.8 9.9
2~5 19.8 20.5 22.6
1~2 10.6 16.4 18.7
0.5~1 8.1 9.2 8.4
0.25~0.5 5.9 9.2 7.4
0.075~0.25 10.2 8.3 7.1
0.05~0.075 5.3 4.6 3.5
0.01~0.05 14.2 10.4 10.8
0.005~0.01 3.6 1.0 2.2
<0.005 12.6 10.6 10.4
), ArticleFig(id=1204542863783731344, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156907874661261433, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

原状土级配

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
粒径/mm 配比/g
土样1 土样2 土样3
>5 9.7 9.8 9.9
2~5 19.8 20.5 22.6
1~2 10.6 16.4 18.7
0.5~1 8.1 9.2 8.4
0.25~0.5 5.9 9.2 7.4
0.075~0.25 10.2 8.3 7.1
0.05~0.075 5.3 4.6 3.5
0.01~0.05 14.2 10.4 10.8
0.005~0.01 3.6 1.0 2.2
<0.005 12.6 10.6 10.4
), ArticleFig(id=1204542863888588945, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156907874661261433, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

SWCC measurement data

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转速/
(r·min-1)
土样1 土样2 土样3
基质吸
力/cm
含水
量/%
基质吸
力/cm
含水
量/%
基质吸
力/cm
含水
量/%
500 29.62 26.8 26.58 27.7 24.46 28.2
1 000 100.44 26.5 88.73 27.5 85.49 28.0
1 500 239.58 25.9 204.52 26.7 185.33 27.0
2 000 401.76 24.3 362.34 24.8 354.62 25.4
2 500 589.83 23.3 560.47 23.9 543.26 24.7
3 000 849.36 21.8 832.61 22.3 812.35 22.9
4 000 1 461.21 20.2 1 289.53 20.8 1 175.36 21.7
5 000 2 359.33 15.7 2 143.67 16.1 1 985.83 17.2
), ArticleFig(id=1204542863997640855, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156907874661261433, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

SWCC测量数据

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
转速/
(r·min-1)
土样1 土样2 土样3
基质吸
力/cm
含水
量/%
基质吸
力/cm
含水
量/%
基质吸
力/cm
含水
量/%
500 29.62 26.8 26.58 27.7 24.46 28.2
1 000 100.44 26.5 88.73 27.5 85.49 28.0
1 500 239.58 25.9 204.52 26.7 185.33 27.0
2 000 401.76 24.3 362.34 24.8 354.62 25.4
2 500 589.83 23.3 560.47 23.9 543.26 24.7
3 000 849.36 21.8 832.61 22.3 812.35 22.9
4 000 1 461.21 20.2 1 289.53 20.8 1 175.36 21.7
5 000 2 359.33 15.7 2 143.67 16.1 1 985.83 17.2
), ArticleFig(id=1204542864115081373, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156907874661261433, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Total analysis results of conventional silicate

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
检测项目及结果
矿物 SiO2 Fe2O3 Al2O3 Ti2O3 CaO MgO
含量/% 63.90 5.15 17.81 0.71 0.61 0.60
检测项目及结果
矿物 K2O Na2O MnO P2O5 LOI
含量/% 4.12 1.66 0.08 0.06 5.40
), ArticleFig(id=1204542864240910498, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156907874661261433, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

常规硅酸盐全分析结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
检测项目及结果
矿物 SiO2 Fe2O3 Al2O3 Ti2O3 CaO MgO
含量/% 63.90 5.15 17.81 0.71 0.61 0.60
检测项目及结果
矿物 K2O Na2O MnO P2O5 LOI
含量/% 4.12 1.66 0.08 0.06 5.40
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基质吸力对全风化花岗岩抗剪强度的影响
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王志朋 1 , 刘红军 1 , 武闻禹 1 , 赵明月 2 , 王起刚 3, *
科学技术与工程 | 论文·天文学、地球科学 2025,25(3): 924-932
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科学技术与工程 | 论文·天文学、地球科学 2025, 25(3): 924-932
基质吸力对全风化花岗岩抗剪强度的影响
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王志朋1 , 刘红军1, 武闻禹1, 赵明月2, 王起刚3, *
作者信息
  • 1.中国海洋大学环境科学与工程学院, 青岛 266100
  • 2.青岛地质工程勘察院, 青岛 266100
  • 3.青岛市勘察测绘研究院崂山分院, 青岛 266100
  • 王志朋(1997—),男,汉族,山东诸城人,硕士研究生。研究方向:环境地质。E-mail:

通讯作者:

* 王起刚(1974—),男,汉族,山东青岛人,高级工程师。研究方向:工程地质。E-mail:
Influence of Matrix Suction on the Shear Strength of Fully Weathered Granite
Zhi-peng WANG1 , Hong-jun LIU1, Wen-yu WU1, Ming-yue ZHAO2, Qi-gang WANG3, *
Affiliations
  • 1. College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
  • 2. Qingdao Geological Engineering Survey Institute, Qingdao 266100, China
  • 3. Qingdao Academy of Surveying and Mapping Laoshan Branch, Qingdao 266100, China
出版时间: 2025-01-28 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2308795
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在强降雨条件下,全风化花岗岩边坡岩土体饱和度增加,抗剪强度降低,易引发边坡失稳。在这一过程中,基质吸力变化是引起其抗剪强度变化的关键因素。以青岛市崂山全风化花岗岩边坡为研究对象,采用离心机试验、不排水直剪试验、X射线衍射分析、常规硅酸盐化学全分析试验和扫描电镜测试等手段,得到了基于Van Genuchten模型的全风化花岗岩的水土特征曲线,系统研究了基质吸力对全风化花岗岩抗剪强度的影响。研究结果表明:①全风化花岗岩土体饱和度与基质吸力呈负相关的趋势,级配较不均匀的土样排水能力较强;②抗剪强度指标受基质吸力的影响不同,黏聚力对基质吸力的变化相对于内摩擦角而言更加敏感;③全风化花岗岩土体中基质吸力与抗剪强度呈现正相关关系,基质吸力越大,抗剪能力越强。研究结果可为全风化花岗岩地区的边坡防治提供理论指导。

全风化花岗岩  /  基质吸力  /  抗剪强度  /  饱和度  /  SWCC

Under the condition of heavy rainfall, the rock and soil saturation of fully weathered granite slope increases, and the shear strength decreases, which is easy to cause slope instability. In this process, the change of matrix suction is the key factor leading to the change of shear strength. Taking Laoshan fully weathered granite slope in Qingdao as the research object, the soil and water characteristic curve (SWCC) of fully weathered granite based on Van Genuchten model was obtained by means of centrifuge test, undrained direct shear test, X-ray diffraction analysis, conventional silicate chemical total analysis test and scanning electron microscope test. The effect of matrix suction on the shear strength of fully weathered granite was studied systematically. The results show these as follows. The saturation of fully weathered granite soil is negatively correlated with matrix suction, and the soil samples with uneven gradation have stronger drainage capacity. The shear strength index is affected by matrix suction differently. Cohesion is more sensitive to the change of matrix suction than the angle of internal friction. There is a positive correlation between matrix suction and shear strength in fully weathered granite soil. The research results can provide theoretical guidance for slope prevention in fully weathered granite area.

fully weathered granite  /  matrix suction  /  shear strength  /  saturation  /  SWCC
王志朋, 刘红军, 武闻禹, 赵明月, 王起刚. 基质吸力对全风化花岗岩抗剪强度的影响. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (3) : 924 -932 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2308795
Zhi-peng WANG, Hong-jun LIU, Wen-yu WU, Ming-yue ZHAO, Qi-gang WANG. Influence of Matrix Suction on the Shear Strength of Fully Weathered Granite[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (3) : 924 -932 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2308795
土的抗剪强度是体现土体强度的重要指标之一,影响土的抗剪强度的因素有很多,包括颗粒级配、土体结构、矿物成分、密度和含水率等。传统土力学中,饱和土的抗剪强度问题目前已经有太沙基强度理论和摩尔库伦强度理论进行了理论上的基石铺垫[1];然而在实际工程中,大多数土体处于非饱和状态,且在一定区域内,土体的类型基本相同。边坡在遭遇强降雨时,发生滑坡的概率大大增加。学者们经过大量研究发现,饱和土体与非饱和土体之间土体抗剪强度差异巨大[2],在引入基质吸力的概念后,水土特征曲线(soil and water characteristic curve,SWCC)的研究展现了新的成果,非饱和土体抗剪强度的研究也逐渐完善。Chen等[3]通过固结排水剪切试验研究了非饱和砂土和黏性土抗剪强度与含水量的关系。董倩等[4]通过直剪试验和微观扫描分析研究了非饱和粉砂土体抗剪强度和基质吸力之间的关系。Zhou等[5]研究出一种新型的非饱和土持水模型,并提出一个新的非饱和土抗剪强度准则。Minabey等[6]通过X射线扫描、无侧限压缩试验和弯曲单元试验,研究了吸力对砂土强度和变形特性的影响。Zhou等[7]基于Fredlund-Xing模型对土水特征曲线试验数据进行非线性曲线拟合。卢应发等[8]通过试验和理论结合的方式,研究的土水特征曲线与含水率之间的关系。路易[9]通过模型试验得出影响天然黏性土体土水特征曲线的根本因素是矿物成分和孔隙结构。郑敏洲等[10]使用Origin软件拟合出精度较高的土水特征曲线,但基于基质吸力的非饱和土的研究还在理论研究的阶段,实际应用并没有得到广泛推广。水土特征曲线是用来描述岩土体中含水量与基质吸力之间的关系的曲线,水土特征曲线本身能够反映许多非饱和土的重要信息,包括体积变化、渗透性、土颗粒分布和应力状态等,对于研究非饱和土的基质吸力与含水量之间的关系,目前并没有统一的理论,大部分都需要通过试验来测量,通过经验公式来进行拟合,最后确定土水特征曲线。水土特征曲线与多种地质灾害的研究都有密切联系。降雨引发的边坡失稳,主要原因是持续降雨入渗导致的非饱和土体基质吸力降低,土的力学参数降低,从而使边坡的稳定性降低,发生滑坡。姚军等[11]通过建立双层模型,发现降雨入渗使土坡坡体内孔隙水压力增加,水位上升而导致边坡稳定性下降。杜忠原等[12]通过具体的矿区边坡实例,使用PLAXIS有限元软件分析研究不同降雨强度下雨水入渗对加固前后边坡的稳定性。李凯等[13]通过对比勘察风化花岗岩边坡和对不同层位的土体进行试验,研究发现湿热地区风化花岗岩的最优饱和度。田仕明等[14]结合实际工程,运用ABAQUS软件对边坡进行降雨条件下的入渗分析,对边坡稳定性进行评价。在土石坝的坝体防渗中,砾石土不同含水量时土体的基质吸力所对应的砾石土的强度能否满足需求,也需要进行研究[15]。全风化花岗岩多作为边坡土体的材料,在扰动和降雨入渗的情况下,土体强度降低,容易发生滑坡灾害[16]
目前国内外的研究学者对于饱和度对土体抗剪强度的影响有着不同意见,但大部分学者认为非饱和土体要比饱和土体的抗剪强度大。罗小龙[17]通过试验得到黏性土含水率与抗剪强度的关系,分析了含水率对地基和边坡的稳定性的影响。边加敏等[18]研究了一种用含水量确定非饱和土的抗剪强度的新的计算公式。钟茫[19]研究了西南丘陵紫色土的抗剪强度,对当地农耕具有重要指导意义。梅岭等[20]学者采用压力板仪法对不同深度的非饱和土的水土特征曲线进行研究。熊承仁等[21]学者研究了重塑黏性土的基质吸力与土体中含水量及土体密度状态的关系。Lu[22]将毛细作用与吸附作用对水土特征曲线的影响进行了研究,拟合土壤含水量与基质吸力的关系。Van Genuchten模型[23]是拟合得到非饱和土水土特征曲线应用最广泛的模型。林鸿州等[24]通过不同含水率的砂土试验证明,抗剪强度会出现“山峰效应”。梁斌等[25]通过研究证明,非饱和红黏土的抗剪强度随含水率的增加而降低。黄琨等[26]通过试验得出结论,土的黏聚力和内摩擦角都随含水率的增加而降低,但当含水率达到一个临界值时,土的黏聚力会骤减。当前研究中,鲜有学者对基质吸力与全风化花岗岩抗剪强度的关系进行系统探究。以青岛市崂山区的全风化花岗岩为例,对不同级配条件下的全风化花岗岩含水量与基质吸力之间的关系进行分析,通过直剪试验得出全风化花岗岩土体基质吸力与抗剪强度的关系,以期为类似地区边坡的安全性评估与防治提供参考。
全风化花岗岩土体的抗剪强度受饱和度影响只是外在宏观表现,其内在因素是饱和度的变化引起土体中基质吸力的变化,改变了岩土体内部结构,导致岩土体抗剪强度发生改变。为了测得饱和度变化对基质吸力产生的影响,通过离心机法测得全风化花岗岩含水量与基质吸力之间的关系。
试样选取自青岛市崂山区,所选择的土样为全风化花岗岩,经过X 射线衍射试验(X-ray diffraction,XRD),得到全风化花岗岩试样的矿物组成。由图1可知,崂山区全风化花岗岩的矿物组成以石英为主,与其他全风化花岗岩相比,崂山区全风化花岗岩中高岭石、钠长石和钾微斜长石等矿物较多,其他矿物含量较少。试样的基本性状如表1所示。
在离心机法、张力计法、压力膜仪法等众多测定SWCC的方法中,离心机法因操作简单、吸力测量范围广等优点而得到推广。但在试样离心过程中,所得到的SWCC曲线是在“变体积”情况下获得的,因此必须考虑试验过程中试样高度变化对基质吸力的影响[27]。试验研究了不同级配下的全风化花岗岩的水土特征曲线,设计3种不同粒径级配的土样,如表2所示。
(1)将经风干的土样过2 mm筛后,放入铝盒称重,然后将其放入烘箱恒温105 ℃下8 h后再次称重,求出天然含水量。
(2)将土样放入蒸馏水中浸泡48 h,待土壤饱和并放入铝盒称重,然后将其放入烘箱恒温105 ℃下8 h后再次称重,求出饱和含水量,如图2所示。
(3)将经风干的土样过2 mm筛后,按试验设计的3种不同粒径级配分别进行土样的填充。每个土样装填高度h0=4 cm,将装填后的土样使用蒸馏水浸泡至饱和,后将试管取出并放入离心盒;设置温度恒定,分三次离心150 min,每次离心50 min后将试管取出称重、测量并记录。
(4)通过设定离心机转速来表征不同压力的作用,根据研究的要求,将试验设定不同的转速n分别为500、1 000、1 500、2 000、2 500、3 000、4 000、5 000 r/min,如图3所示。
(5)当离心过程结束后,测定土样表面到离心盒盒口的距离,精确到千分位;根据式(2)和式(3)计算得到基质吸力,取出土样进行称重,计算得到离心后的土壤密度。将土样离心称重后,再进行烘干称重,计算不同转速下的土样的质量含水量。
离心盒如图3所示,离心力场的基准水面势φ1任意高度土壤水势φ0的差可表示为
$\begin{aligned} \varphi_{1}-\varphi_{0} & =\int_{r_{1}}^{r_{0}} r \omega^{2} \mathrm{~d} r \\ & =\frac{1}{2} \omega^{2}\left(r_{0}^{2}-r_{1}^{2}\right) \\ & =h \omega^{2}\left(r_{0}-\frac{h}{2}\right) \end{aligned}$
式(1)中:ω为角速度;r为旋转半径;r0为基准面旋转半径;r1为试样旋转半径;h=r0-r1
将离心场势能换算为重力场毛管势ρgh,有
ρgH'=ρgω2 r 0 - h 2
H'=h r 0 - h 2 ω 2 g =h r 0 - h 2 2 π n 60 2 990=h r 0 - h 2×1.118×10-5n2
式中:H'为基质吸力;ρ为土样密度;g为土样重力。
一般来说,在不考虑离心过程中中心土样高度h变化的情况下,已知离心盒预装转速n、土样厚度h0和基水面旋转半径r0时,即可求出吸力H'。由式(2)可以看出,在相同的角速度下,h随着土样的压缩逐渐减小,基质吸力也逐渐减小。
另外,考虑到试验过程中试样高度h变化对基质吸力的影响,通过式(4)和式(5)进行修正,即
h= 1 2[r0-(l+h')]
H= 1 2     r 0 - ( l + h ' ) r 0 - r 0 - ( l + h ' ) 4×1.118×10-5n2= 1 8(r0-l-h')(3r0+l+h')×10-5n2=1.397 5×10-6n2(r0-l-h')×(3r0+l+h')
式中:l为转子到离心盒顶端的聚力;h'为盒顶到试样表面的距离;H为修正后的基质吸力。
全风化地区岩土体边坡抗剪强度和基质吸力低,在降雨条件下极易诱发滑坡失稳,为得到青岛市崂山区全风化花岗岩土体物理力学参数和抗剪强度特性,分析饱和度对全风化花岗岩土体抗剪特性的影响,进行直剪试验测全风化花岗岩土的黏聚力和内摩擦角等物理性质。
在实际工程中的天然全风化花岗岩土体具有自己的结构,为了消除天然全风化花岗岩土体结构对试验结果的影响,使试验结果对实际工程中的边坡和堤坝具有更高的安全性,本文中的试验通过对不同饱和度下的重塑全风化花岗岩土体进行不排水直剪试验,测得不同垂直压力下的剪切位移与剪切应力,分析同一垂直压力下,不同饱和度对全风化花岗岩土体抗剪强度的指标,即黏聚力和内摩擦角的影响,进一步分析基质吸力与抗剪强度的关系。根据全风化花岗岩土体的性质特点,控制全风化花岗岩土样干密度为ρd = 1.9 g/cm3,过 2 mm 筛。土样饱和度设定为40%、50%、60%、70%,对应的全风化花岗岩土体的含水率为 13.2%、16.5%、19.8%、23.1%。
直剪试验方案如下。
(1) 取过2 mm筛的土按照40%、50%、60%、70%饱和度制成土样,如图4(a)所示。
(2)分别将40%、50%、60%、70%饱和度的土样按ρd = 1.9 g/cm3的密度,根据环刀体积称取每个试样所需的全风化花岗岩土样质量。
(3)分别将制备好的40%、50%、60%、70%饱和度重塑土样放入剪切容器中,上下两面均放入干滤纸和透水石。
(4)依次按照100、200、300、400 kPa的垂直压力进行剪切,控制全风化花岗岩重塑土样的剪切速度,尽量保持在1 mm/min,重塑土样剪损时长控制在3~5 min,如图4(b)所示。
SWCC测定试验最终测得数据如表3所示。
表3可以看出,全风化花岗岩土样中的基质吸力越大,含水量越少,但并没有存在明显的线性关系,在含水量趋于饱和时,基质吸力减小的速度变慢,说明全风化的花岗岩中的基质吸力与含水量之间并不是简单的线性关系。不同粒径级配下,粒径级配越小的土样,在同一含水量下的基质吸力越大,这说明粒径级配较小的土样,粒径的孔径较小,孔隙分布均匀,土样拥有更强的持水能力,排出水分所需要的吸力也更大。粒径级配较大时,大颗粒之间形成较多的孔隙,当基质吸力增大时,水分能够更加顺利地排出,相比于粒径级配较小的土样速度更快。细颗粒多,粗颗粒少的土样,水土特征曲线的斜率最大,随基质吸力的增加排水速率最快。基于Van Genuchten模型[23],对SWCC进行拟合,最终拟合得到全风化花岗岩SWCC曲线,如图5所示。
试验测得全风化花岗岩饱和时对应的含水量为33%,饱和度计算公式为
S= w w s×100%
式(6)中:w为土的含水量;ws为土的干容重。
将试验测得含水量换算为土体饱和度后,得到基质吸力与饱和度之间的关系曲线如图6所示,拟合得到饱和度与基质吸力之间的公式为
H=-5 011.86+48 127.28S-92 350.2S2+50 226.79S3
在垂直应力P为100、200、300、400 kPa的条件下,不同饱和度下的全风化花岗岩直剪试验剪切应力与剪切位移之间的关系如图7所示,由图7中曲线可以看出,全风化花岗岩土体塑性特征呈现先增长后趋于稳定的趋势,峰值后的残余强度基本无变化;随着饱和度的增大,相同剪切位移下的剪切应力减小,饱和度在40%的时候曲线斜率最大,表现出最大的剪切刚度。
全风化花岗岩不同饱和度下的抗剪强度与垂直压力之间的关系如图8所示,可以看出,所有饱和度的曲线中,剪切强度受垂直压力的影响都呈现正相关,但并非是正比例关系,垂直压力增大,则抗剪强度增加;不同饱和度曲线中,饱和度越高,同一垂直压力下的抗剪强度越低。
全风化花岗岩土体的抗剪强度受黏聚力和内摩擦角的影响,库伦定律表达式为τf=c+tanφ,其中τf为土的抗剪强度,c为土的黏聚力,φ为土的内摩擦角;由图9可以看出,全风化花岗岩在不同饱和度下黏聚力和内摩擦角所受影响不同,饱和度增大时,黏聚力降低速率较快,而内摩擦角的降低速率较小,结果表明,全风化花岗岩土体黏聚力对饱和度的变化更加敏感,而内摩擦角受饱和度变化的影响较小。
已有研究表明,土体的饱和度达到一定程度时,土体中的游离的氧化铝和氧化铁颗粒会与土体中的水结合形成胶结物,填充到孔隙中,影响土样的水土特征曲线,这种胶结作用在饱和度40%~60%时最为强烈。通过对40%~60%饱和度的全风化花岗岩土样分别进行常规硅酸盐化学全分析试验和扫描电镜测试,以探究胶结作用对水土特征曲线的影响,试验结果分别如表4图10所示。试验发现,全风化花岗岩土样中Al2O3和SiO2含量较高,起主要胶结作用,加强了土的黏聚力,且在全风化花岗岩土样中,当饱和度为40%时,土体的胶结作用最为显著。扫描电镜结果也出现了体积较小但孔隙较大的团状粒胶结体,这使得土体中的孔隙被填充,土体中的水分在强降雨或外部荷载作用时不易排出,易压缩变形,进而诱使坡体失稳。
全风化花岗岩土体抗剪强度受土体饱和度影响只是外在宏观表现,通过SWCC试验可以发现,饱和度的变化会产生胶结物填充到孔隙中,使岩土体内部结构发生变化,增加了土体的持水能力,造成岩土体中基质吸力的变化,从而影响岩土体的抗剪强度。
将不同垂直压力下,基质吸力与抗剪强度的关系进行拟合,结果如图11所示,相同垂直压力下,基质吸力越大,全风化花岗岩土体表现出更强的抗剪强度;垂直应力越大,全风化花岗岩土体的抗剪强度也越大。
以崂山全风化花岗岩为例,进行了离心机试验、直剪试验和扫描电镜测试等,探究了基质吸力对全风化花岗岩土体的抗剪强度的影响,得到如下主要结论。
(1)全风化花岗岩的抗剪强度指标受饱和度的影响不同,黏聚力对饱和度的变化比内摩擦角更敏感,岩土体饱和度增大时,黏聚力和内摩擦角都会不同程度的减小,但黏聚力减小的程度更大。
(2)全风化花岗岩土样的基质吸力随着饱和度的降低而增大;拟合公式较好地揭示了二者之间的定量关系;土样粒径级配越小,细颗粒越多时,土体持水能力越弱,排水的速度越快,对基质吸力增加的敏感度越大;这与土样中的孔隙相关,粒径级配小的土样中内部孔隙较多,且分布均匀,基质吸力的影响更加明显。
(3)全风化花岗岩土样在饱和度达到一定程度时,会产生胶结物填充到孔隙中,使排出水分所需要的基质吸力增大,饱和度达到40%时,胶结作用最为显著;当强降雨发生时,饱和度过高,土体易发生压缩变形,进而诱使坡体失稳。
(4)全风化花岗岩土体中基质吸力与抗剪强度呈现正相关的关系,基质吸力越大,表现出的抗剪能力越强,垂直应力越大时,同一基质吸力下的抗剪强度也会表现得更加明显。
  • 自然资源部滨海城市地下空间地质安全重点实验室开放基金(BHKF2021Z11)
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2308795
  • 接收时间:2023-11-09
  • 首发时间:2025-07-29
  • 出版时间:2025-01-28
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  • 收稿日期:2023-11-09
  • 修回日期:2024-06-05
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自然资源部滨海城市地下空间地质安全重点实验室开放基金(BHKF2021Z11)
作者信息
    1.中国海洋大学环境科学与工程学院, 青岛 266100
    2.青岛地质工程勘察院, 青岛 266100
    3.青岛市勘察测绘研究院崂山分院, 青岛 266100

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* 王起刚(1974—),男,汉族,山东青岛人,高级工程师。研究方向:工程地质。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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